Article(id=1324392847226581772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324392762614882315, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765382400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793689460807, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793689460807, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793689460807, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793689460807, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324392762614882315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='7', pageStart='1041', pageEnd='1220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793689440634, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793689440634, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1158, endPage=1172, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324392847524377357, articleId=1324392847226581772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Hypervelocity impact damage characteristics and residual ultimate strength of composite sandwich panels, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issues of hypervelocity impact on composite sandwich panels and the evaluation of their post-impact residual strength, this study established a numerical calculation method for the hypervelocity impact behavior of composite sandwich panels and their post-impact residual strength, which incorporates multiple failure modes. A single-point impact case was designed, and hypervelocity impact tests were conducted using 7.5 mm cubic 45# steel fragments with an impact velocity of 1200 m/s ± 5%. Subsequent axial compression tests were performed on the impacted panels to determine their residual strength. The proposed numerical calculation method was implemented in the finite element software ABAQUS for simulation. The results indicate that the errors between the experimental and simulated values of residual velocity and maximum compressive load are both within 10%, thus verifying the effectiveness of the developed numerical calculation method. Based on this validated numerical method, the influence of the number of fragments on the post-impact residual strength of the sandwich panels was further investigated. Comparative analysis across different test cases reveals two key findings: first, the position of a single impact-induced breach has no significant effect on the residual strength of the composite sandwich panels; second, as the number of breaches increases from 1 to 3, the residual strength ratio decreases progressively, with the rate of decrease accelerating.

, authors=Wen-yuan KANGa, b, Shuang-xi XUa, b, Wei SHENa, b, Yu QIUa, b, Yi-gang WUa, b, Yan-chen NIa, b, authorsList=Wen-yuan KANG, Shuang-xi XU, Wei SHEN, Yu QIU, Yi-gang WU, Yan-chen NI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324392868156158846, articleId=1324392847226581772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=复合材料夹芯板高速冲击损伤特性和剩余极限强度研究, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对复合材料夹芯板高速冲击及其冲击后的剩余强度评估问题,本文建立考虑多种失效模式结合的复合材料夹芯板高速冲击及其冲击后的剩余强度数值计算方法,设计单点冲击工况,采用7.5 mm立方体45#钢破片(速度1200 m/s±5%)开展高速冲击试验,并对冲击后试板进行轴向压缩试验。在有限元软件ABAQUS中采用提出的数值计算方法开展仿真计算,发现试验与仿真的剩余速度、最大压缩载荷误差均在10%以内,验证了数值计算方法的有效性。基于提出的数值计算方法,探究了破片数量对夹芯板高速冲击后的剩余强度影响,对比各工况,发现单破口位置对复合材料夹芯板剩余强度无显著影响;当破口数量从1增加至3时,剩余强度比逐渐下降,下降速率加快。

, authors=亢文远a, b, 徐双喜a, b, 谌伟a, b, 邱屿a, b, 吴轶钢a, b, 泥衍辰a, b, authorsList=亢文远, 徐双喜, 谌伟, 邱屿, 吴轶钢, 泥衍辰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

亢文远(2002–),男,硕士研究生

徐双喜(1983–),男,博士,教授

邱 屿(1996–),男,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392874577638347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Design of fragment penetration target, figureFileSmall=cAlrl2B/SuvXwEAFgG2CAw==, figureFileBig=cT1CsWPiUV6pGX+p5l50IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392874644747212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=CN, label=图14, caption=破片高速冲击靶点设计, figureFileSmall=cAlrl2B/SuvXwEAFgG2CAw==, figureFileBig=cT1CsWPiUV6pGX+p5l50IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392874711856077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Test condition settings of residual compressive strength

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工况试验模型压力/N压缩速度/(mm·min−1)
预试验完好试板400−
C1完好试板−1
C2高速冲击后试板−1
), ArticleFig(id=1324392874799936462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

剩余压缩强度试验工况设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况试验模型压力/N压缩速度/(mm·min−1)
预试验完好试板400−
C1完好试板−1
C2高速冲击后试板−1
), ArticleFig(id=1324392874867045327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of simulation results with different grid sizes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格尺寸/mm10×105×53×32×21.5×1.50.5×0.5
剩余速度$ {v}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $/(m·s−1)920.4830.6790680.2670.7671.5
相对误差/%36.923.517.51.10.30.2
), ArticleFig(id=1324392874950931408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同网格尺寸仿真结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格尺寸/mm10×105×53×32×21.5×1.50.5×0.5
剩余速度$ {v}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $/(m·s−1)920.4830.6790680.2670.7671.5
相对误差/%36.923.517.51.10.30.2
), ArticleFig(id=1324392875026428881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Johnson-Cook constitutive model parameters of 45# steel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 $ \rho $/(kg·m−3)E/GPaμA/MPaB/MPaCnm
45#钢78002000.35063200.0640.281.06
), ArticleFig(id=1324392875097732050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

45#钢的Johnson-Cook本构模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 $ \rho $/(kg·m−3)E/GPaμA/MPaB/MPaCnm
45#钢78002000.35063200.0640.281.06
), ArticleFig(id=1324392875181618131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Parameters of carbon fiber and glass fiber

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料E1/GPaE2/GPaE3/GPa $ \nu $12 $ \nu $13 $ \nu $23
CFRP606090.090.250.25
GFRP181890.120.30.3
材料G12/GPaG13/GPaG23/GPaXt/MPaXc/MPaYt/MPa
CFRP105.35.310314501031
GFRP977573407573
材料Yc/MPaZt/MPaZc/MPaS12/MPaS13/MPaS23/MPa
CFRP45051130555550
GFRP40740100454545
), ArticleFig(id=1324392875257115604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

碳纤与玻纤参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料E1/GPaE2/GPaE3/GPa $ \nu $12 $ \nu $13 $ \nu $23
CFRP606090.090.250.25
GFRP181890.120.30.3
材料G12/GPaG13/GPaG23/GPaXt/MPaXc/MPaYt/MPa
CFRP105.35.310314501031
GFRP977573407573
材料Yc/MPaZt/MPaZc/MPaS12/MPaS13/MPaS23/MPa
CFRP45051130555550
GFRP40740100454545
), ArticleFig(id=1324392875336807381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Material parameters of cohesive interface elements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度
$ \rho $/(kg·m−3)
界面法向模量
En/GPa
界面切向模量
Es/GPa
界面切向模量
Et/GPa
Ⅰ型断裂能量释放率
$ {G}_{{\mathrm{IC}}} $/(J·m−2)
Ⅱ型断裂能量释放率
$ {G}_{{\mathrm{IIC}}} $/(J·m−2)
40031.51.5520970
), ArticleFig(id=1324392877014528983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

内聚力界面单元材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度
$ \rho $/(kg·m−3)
界面法向模量
En/GPa
界面切向模量
Es/GPa
界面切向模量
Et/GPa
Ⅰ型断裂能量释放率
$ {G}_{{\mathrm{IC}}} $/(J·m−2)
Ⅱ型断裂能量释放率
$ {G}_{{\mathrm{IIC}}} $/(J·m−2)
40031.51.5520970
), ArticleFig(id=1324392877098415064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Parameter settings of PVC foam

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$ \rho $/(t·mm−3)E/MPa $ \mu $ $ \sigma $/$ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{f}}} $
1×10−10109.480.40.75
), ArticleFig(id=1324392877173912537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

PVC泡沫参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$ \rho $/(t·mm−3)E/MPa $ \mu $ $ \sigma $/$ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{f}}} $
1×10−10109.480.40.75
), ArticleFig(id=1324392877291353050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Residual velocity of fragments under various working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况目标靶点 $ {v}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $/(m·s−1)工况目标靶点 $ {v}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $/(m·s−1)
1B670.76A677.5
2A672.6B732.5
3A673.5C781.6
B674.87A672.5
4A676.8B675.4
B678.28A674.6
C679.8B834.6
5A671.4C936.9
B673.2
), ArticleFig(id=1324392877383627739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

各工况下破片剩余速度$ {v}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况目标靶点 $ {v}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $/(m·s−1)工况目标靶点 $ {v}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $/(m·s−1)
1B670.76A677.5
2A672.6B732.5
3A673.5C781.6
B674.87A672.5
4A676.8B675.4
B678.28A674.6
C679.8B834.6
5A671.4C936.9
B673.2
), ArticleFig(id=1324392877463319516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Calculation results of residual compressive strength under various working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况最大压缩位移/mm最大压缩载荷/kN剩余压缩强度/MPa剩余强度比/%
13.19193.7022.4261.98
23.16192.0522.1361.45
32.82177.0720.4956.66
42.60145.7616.8746.64
52.83178.1620.7457.01
62.65147.4917.0747.19
72.88179.620.7957.47
82.71150.2717.3948.08
), ArticleFig(id=1324392877555594205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392847226581772, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

各工况剩余压缩强度计算结果

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工况最大压缩位移/mm最大压缩载荷/kN剩余压缩强度/MPa剩余强度比/%
13.19193.7022.4261.98
23.16192.0522.1361.45
32.82177.0720.4956.66
42.60145.7616.8746.64
52.83178.1620.7457.01
62.65147.4917.0747.19
72.88179.620.7957.47
82.71150.2717.3948.08
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复合材料夹芯板高速冲击损伤特性和剩余极限强度研究
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亢文远 a, b , 徐双喜 a, b , 谌伟 a, b , 邱屿 a, b , 吴轶钢 a, b , 泥衍辰 a, b
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(7): 1158-1172
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (7) : 1158 -1172
复合材料夹芯板高速冲击损伤特性和剩余极限强度研究
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亢文远a, b, 徐双喜a, b, 谌伟a, b, 邱屿a, b , 吴轶钢a, b, 泥衍辰a, b
作者信息
  • a武汉理工大学 舰艇爆炸冲击毁伤与防护湖北省国防科技重点学科实验室
  • b武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程 学院, 武汉 430063
作者简介:

亢文远(2002–),男,硕士研究生

徐双喜(1983–),男,博士,教授

邱 屿(1996–),男,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

Hypervelocity impact damage characteristics and residual ultimate strength of composite sandwich panels
Wen-yuan KANGa, b, Shuang-xi XUa, b, Wei SHENa, b, Yu QIUa, b , Yi-gang WUa, b, Yan-chen NIa, b
Affiliations
  • aWuhan University of Technology Hubei Defense Science and Technology Key Laboratory of Ship Explosion Damage and Protection
  • bWuhan University of Technology School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.010
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针对复合材料夹芯板高速冲击及其冲击后的剩余强度评估问题,本文建立考虑多种失效模式结合的复合材料夹芯板高速冲击及其冲击后的剩余强度数值计算方法,设计单点冲击工况,采用7.5 mm立方体45#钢破片(速度1200 m/s±5%)开展高速冲击试验,并对冲击后试板进行轴向压缩试验。在有限元软件ABAQUS中采用提出的数值计算方法开展仿真计算,发现试验与仿真的剩余速度、最大压缩载荷误差均在10%以内,验证了数值计算方法的有效性。基于提出的数值计算方法,探究了破片数量对夹芯板高速冲击后的剩余强度影响,对比各工况,发现单破口位置对复合材料夹芯板剩余强度无显著影响;当破口数量从1增加至3时,剩余强度比逐渐下降,下降速率加快。

复合材料夹芯结构  /  高速冲击  /  剩余压缩强度  /  数值计算方法

To address the issues of hypervelocity impact on composite sandwich panels and the evaluation of their post-impact residual strength, this study established a numerical calculation method for the hypervelocity impact behavior of composite sandwich panels and their post-impact residual strength, which incorporates multiple failure modes. A single-point impact case was designed, and hypervelocity impact tests were conducted using 7.5 mm cubic 45# steel fragments with an impact velocity of 1200 m/s ± 5%. Subsequent axial compression tests were performed on the impacted panels to determine their residual strength. The proposed numerical calculation method was implemented in the finite element software ABAQUS for simulation. The results indicate that the errors between the experimental and simulated values of residual velocity and maximum compressive load are both within 10%, thus verifying the effectiveness of the developed numerical calculation method. Based on this validated numerical method, the influence of the number of fragments on the post-impact residual strength of the sandwich panels was further investigated. Comparative analysis across different test cases reveals two key findings: first, the position of a single impact-induced breach has no significant effect on the residual strength of the composite sandwich panels; second, as the number of breaches increases from 1 to 3, the residual strength ratio decreases progressively, with the rate of decrease accelerating.

composite sandwich structure  /  hypervelocity impact  /  residual strength  /  numerical calculation method
亢文远, 徐双喜, 谌伟, 邱屿, 吴轶钢, 泥衍辰. 复合材料夹芯板高速冲击损伤特性和剩余极限强度研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (7) : 1158 -1172 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.010
Wen-yuan KANG, Shuang-xi XU, Wei SHEN, Yu QIU, Yi-gang WU, Yan-chen NI. Hypervelocity impact damage characteristics and residual ultimate strength of composite sandwich panels[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (7) : 1158 -1172 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.010
为应对现代海战对隐蔽性的严苛要求,具有低可探测性、优异力学性能与轻量化优势的复合材料桅杆已成为新型舰船设计的重要发展方向。在现代海战毁伤体系中,高速破片作为重要的毁伤元,对舰船复合材料桅杆构成显著威胁。由于桅杆结构在遭受攻击后仍需维持作战系统的完整性,若剩余强度不足,可能导致局部结构失稳甚至整体功能瘫痪。因此,量化评估冲击损伤后的剩余承载性能,是保障复合材料桅杆“带伤工作”能力的重要技术指标。
复合材料抗高速冲击及冲击后力学性能的研究,已成为结构防护领域的核心方向之一,国内外学者围绕材料体系、结构形式与载荷条件开展了大量探索。在高速冲击响应与抗侵彻机制方面,相关研究主要聚焦于单一结构或特定参数的影响规律:卢涛[1]采用多方法融合研究体系,系统探究了碳纤维增强复合材料的准静态/动态加载响应特性及结构构型对抗弹性能的影响机制,研究发现弹道极限与板厚呈正相关。郝永强[2]通过开展改变着角的弹道冲击试验,系统探究了长方体破片侵彻碳纤维复合材料的动态响应机制,揭示了材料厚度与侵彻角度对弹道极限的耦合影响规律。在高速冲击数值模拟方面,孙卫兵[3]采用多尺度建模方法,系统研究了Kevlar/环氧树脂层合板在高速冲击过程中的响应,研究构建了破片–材料动态耦合模型,并自主开发MATLAB解析求解器实现破片剩余速度的高效预测。在材料体系优化方面,文献[4−7]对不同堆叠顺序的Kevlar、碳、玻璃纤维和树脂混合纤维层压板进行了高速冲击试验,结果表明,采用混合纤维体系的层合结构在能量吸收方面显著优于单一碳纤维增强复合材料,其中以玻璃纤维或芳纶纤维作为表层的梯度构型展现出更优的抗冲击特性。此外,针对层合板与金属复合结构,王玥[8]以碳纤维金属层合板三明治结构为研究对象,研究发现增加芯材层数能够更加有效地促进爆炸冲击波作用下的层间应力扩散,有助于提升结构的抗爆性能。
在冲击后压缩性能研究领域,国内外学者则围绕损伤演化机制、结构优化与数值建模展开探索。在试验研究层面,赖家美等[9]采用VARTM工艺制备了缝合/非缝合碳纤维–泡沫夹芯复合材料,通过低速冲击及冲击后压缩试验研究其损伤演化规律。研究表明,在相同冲击能量下,缝合试件凹坑深度较非缝合试件显著减少,剩余压缩强度保留率明显提高。Verma等[10]对真空辅助注塑法制备的伪弹性形状记忆合金玻璃/环氧复合材料层合板的高速冲击后压缩行为进行了试验研究。结果表明,在70 m/s速度下,PE-SMA基复合材料具有较好的损伤容限,而在较高的速度下,由于损伤的局部化程度较高,玻璃/环氧均质复合材料的分层面积减小,压缩强度反而较高。孙杰等[11]针对碳纤维增强复合材料的低速冲击损伤演化规律开展了系统研究,通过冲击试验与冲击后压缩试验相结合的方法,揭示了材料损伤阻抗的相关机制。研究发现碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)的分层损伤阈值由材料纤维/基体界面强度等本征特性及成型工艺参数共同决定,与冲击能量无显著相关性。在数值模拟层面,陈勇等[12]通过试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,系统研究了玻璃纤维增强铝合金(GLARE)层板在高速冲击载荷下的损伤容限特性。结果表明,GLARE层板通过多级能量耗散机制吸收冲击动能,金属层塑性变形与裂纹扩展耗能占比超过一半,纤维–金属界面脱粘与纤维断裂吸收了剩余能量。Tuo等[13]通过构建多能级冲击试验方案,构建了融合层内基体开裂、纤维断裂与层间界面脱粘的三维跨尺度损伤表征模型,精确复现复合材料在复杂载荷序列下的渐进失效过程,数值预测结果与多源试验数据呈现显著相关性。
综上所述,可以发现现有研究两处不足。其一,现有高速冲击与CAI研究多集中于层合板或简单三明治结构,对于碳纤维泡沫夹芯结构的关注不足,特别是其芯层泡沫与面板的界面作用和泡沫吸能机制对高速冲击响应的影响以及冲击后夹芯结构整体承载能力的演化规律,相关研究仍较为零散,缺乏系统性试验与理论支撑;其二,现有研究多将高速冲击与冲击后压缩视为独立过程,而针对复合材料夹芯板从高速冲击损伤萌生、扩展到冲击后压缩失效的全流程一体化数值计算方法,目前鲜有文献研究。本文开展了复合材料夹芯板高速冲击试验及其冲击后剩余强度试验,并提出考虑多种失效模式结合的复合材料夹芯板高速冲击及其冲击后的剩余强度一体化的数值计算方法,通过试验与仿真对比,验证了数值仿真方法的有效性,并根据该数值仿真方法,探究了破片数量对复合材料夹芯板剩余压缩强度的影响。
选取某桅杆的局部典型夹芯板结构进行研究,夹芯板由两侧3 mm厚的复合材料面板与中间30 mm厚的PVC泡沫夹芯构成,两侧面板均由4层玻璃纤维与14层碳纤维铺层而成,其中4层玻璃纤维在外侧,铺层角度为[45/−45]2,14层碳纤维在内侧,5~6层铺层角度为[0/90],7~14层铺层角度为[0/90/45/−45]2,15~18层铺层角度[0/90]2。试板尺寸如图1(a)所示。
本次高速冲击试验采用标准立方体弹道破片作为高速冲击体。破片选用45#钢经精密数控加工而成,尺寸为7.5 mm×7.5 mm×7.5 mm的标准立方体,质量为3.3 g,取自文献[14],具体可见图1(b)。为精确测定破片速度,在靶体前后配置测速靶网,采用时差法测速原理计算剩余速度。夹芯板试件四角通过夹持装置固定。夹芯板试件上B点作为高速冲击的目标靶点,破片初速度为(1200±5%) m/s。试验系统如图1(c)所示。
测量得到破片在试验前的速度为1163.5 m/s,在试验后的速度为672.6 m/s,试验前后速度差为490.9 m/s。试验结果如图2所示,发现破片在试板上造成孔洞,并穿透试板,且破口尺寸基本与破片尺寸相当。迎弹面破口形状与破片形状相近,呈旋转后的正方形。破口处纤维明显损伤外露,纤维发生分层且断裂面整齐,整体向破片高速冲击方向凹陷,泛白区域约为50 mm×50 mm,大致呈圆形。背弹面破口形状更接近圆形,破口处呈现放射状开裂,有大量纤维破损剩余物,其中玻璃纤维较为完好,每根纤维间较为分明;碳纤维损伤较为严重,纤维断裂后混合在一起。纤维损伤外露、发生分层且断裂面整齐,断裂纤维整体向板外突出,泛白区域约为60 mm×50 mm,大致呈十字形。
高速冲击下剩余强度试验使用的试件为1.1节中高速冲击试验后的试板(编号为C1)与一块完好试板(编号为C2)。本文冲击后压缩强度试验参考美国材料试验协会ASTM D7137/D7137M,该标准被广泛应用于复合材料夹芯板冲击后剩余强度评价试验。根据该标准,剩余压缩强度定义为[15]
$ P=\dfrac{{F}_{{\mathrm{max}}}}{A} $
式中:P为冲击后的剩余压缩强度,单位为MPa;A为总横截面面积,单位为mm2;Fmax为压缩失效前的最大压缩力,单位为N。
压缩试验的工装如图3所示。试验工装整体放置在槽道上,两侧挡板下端通过螺栓孔和垫板与槽道固定。上限位块用以限制试板侧向位置的除垂直方向外的所有平动位移和所有转动位移,下限位块将试板底部完全固定,侧限位块用以限制试板侧向位置的除垂直方向外的所有平动位移,试板被上、下和两侧的限位块以及顶部的压头所约束,限制试件面外的位移,有效防止压缩过程中的失稳和屈曲。
第一次试验为预试验,使用试验系统的力控制模式,控制压头加压400 N,加压完成后,首先确定试件的压缩方向未发生偏移,然后确定试件的上下部分面外变形一致。正式试验时,采用试验系统的位移控制模式,根据试验标准建议将压缩速率设置为1 mm/min,为确保安全,设置最大位移10 mm或最大载荷下降至80%时自动停止(工况设置如表1所示)。
对于C1试件,通过观察迎弹面和背弹面,发现在高速冲击试验造成的初始损伤处,产生了平行于板宽方向的白色损伤痕迹。通过观察试板侧面,发现迎弹面和背弹面的面板都出现了分层和剥离现象,面板向外凸出约2 mm;中间的PVC泡沫芯层也发生了明显的变形和压缩,芯层的完整性受到破坏。对于C2试件,即完好复合材料夹芯板同样产生了平行于板宽方向的白色损伤痕迹,但其最终发生断裂的位置不同,断裂发生在夹芯板中间偏向加载端的位置,从断裂处到试板顶端约为105 mm。试验结果如图4所示。
含初始损伤板的最大压缩位移为3.19 mm,最大压缩载荷为193.70 kN,完好试板的最大压缩位移为3.73 mm,最大压缩载荷为312.51 kN,根据式(1)求解得到含初始损伤板与完好复合材料夹芯板的极限压缩强度分别为22.42 MPa和36.17 MPa。
本文采用三维Hashin失效准则[30]构建复合材料损伤判据体系,具体公式如下
(1)纤维拉伸损伤($ {\sigma }_{11}\geq 0 $):$ {\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{11}}{{X}_{{\mathrm{T}}}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{12}}{{S}_{12}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{13}}{{S}_{13}}\right)}^{2}=1 $
(2)纤维压缩损伤($ {\sigma }_{11} \lt 1 $):$ {\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{11}}{{X}_{{\mathrm{C}}}}\right)}^{2}=1 $
(3)基体拉伸损伤($ {\sigma }_{22}+{\sigma }_{33} \gt 0 $):$ {\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{11}}{2{X}_\text{T}}\right)}^{2}+\dfrac{\sigma _{22}^{2}}{\left| {Y}_\text{T}{Y}_\text{C}\right| }+{\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{12}}{{S}_{12}}\right)}^{2}+{\sigma }_{22}\left(\dfrac{1}{{Y}_\text{T}}+\dfrac{1}{{Y}_\text{C}}\right)=1 $
(4)基体压缩损伤($ {\sigma }_{22}+{\sigma }_{33} \lt 0 $):$ {\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{11}}{2{X}_\text{T}}\right)}^{2}+\dfrac{\sigma _{22}^{2}}{\left| {Y}_\text{T}{Y}_\text{C}\right| }+{\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{12}}{{S}_{12}}\right)}^{2}+{\sigma }_{22}\left(\dfrac{1}{{Y}_\text{T}}+\dfrac{1}{{Y}_\text{C}}\right)=1 $
式中:$ {X}_{{\mathrm{T}}} $、$ {X}_{{\mathrm{C}}} $表征沿纤维方向的拉伸和压缩强度,$ {Y}_{{\mathrm{T}}} $、$ {Y}_{{\mathrm{C}}} $表征沿横向的拉伸和压缩强度,$ {S}_{12} $、$ {S}_{13} $和$ {S}_{23} $表征三个方向的剪切强度。
采用连续损伤场变量表征复合材料夹芯结构的损伤演化过程,构建基于刚度衰减因子的渐进失效分析模型。该多尺度刚度退化模型可通过分层张量分解方法建立,其本构关系参考文献[16]。考虑在高速冲击时复合材料会产生应变率效应,通过构建动态增强因子(Dynamic Increase Factor,DIF)参数化模型,可实现多轴率敏感本构参数的智能约简。该动态强化效应量化表征方程可表述为
$ {\mathrm{DIF}}=\left\{\left[\tanh \left(\left(\log \left(\dfrac{\dot{\varepsilon }}{{\dot{\varepsilon }}_{0}}\right)-A\right)\times B\right)\right]\times \left[\dfrac{C}{\left(C+1\right)/2}-1\right]+1\right\}\times \dfrac{C+1}{2} $
式中:A、B、C是描述应变率效应的经验常数;$ {\dot{\varepsilon }}_{0} $为参考应变率,取值为$ {\dot{\varepsilon }}_{0} $=1 s−1;$ \dot{\varepsilon } $为复合材料真实应变率。
考虑应变率效应的强度和模量的表达式分别描述如下
$ \left\{{\boldsymbol{S}}_{\text{RT}}\right\}\mathbf=\left\{{\boldsymbol{S}}_{{0}}\right\}\mathbf{\times }{\mathrm{DIF}} $
$ \left\{{\boldsymbol{E}}_{\text{RT}}\right\}=\left\{{\boldsymbol{E}}_{{0}}\right\}\times {\mathrm{DIF}} $
其中,$ \left\{{\boldsymbol{S}}_{{0}}\right\} $和$ \left\{{\boldsymbol{E}}_{{0}}\right\} $分别为相应的复合材料准静态下的强度与模量,$ \left\{{\boldsymbol{S}}_{\text{RT}}\right\} $和$ \left\{{\boldsymbol{E}}_{\text{RT}}\right\} $指材料在动态条件下的强度、模量,其沿各方向上的分量如下所示
$ \left\{{\boldsymbol{S}}_{\text{RT}}\right\}\mathbf={\left\{{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\mathrm{T}},{\boldsymbol{Y}}_{\text{T}},{\boldsymbol{X}}_{{\mathrm{C}}},{\boldsymbol{Y}}_{{\mathrm{C}}},{\boldsymbol{Z}}_{{\mathrm{T}}},{\boldsymbol{Z}}_{{\mathrm{C}}},{\boldsymbol{S}}_{\text{12}},{\boldsymbol{S}}_{\text{23}},{\boldsymbol{S}}_{\text{31}}\right\}}^{\mathrm{T}} $
$ \left\{{\boldsymbol{E }}_{\text{RΤ}}\right\}\mathbf={\left\{{\boldsymbol{E }}_{\text{11}},{\boldsymbol{E }}_{\text{22}},{\boldsymbol{E }}_{\text{33}},{\boldsymbol{G}}_{\text{12}},{\boldsymbol{G}}_{\text{23}},{\boldsymbol{G}}_{\text{31}}\right\}}^{\mathrm{T}} $
式中:ZT、ZC表征沿厚度方向的拉伸和压缩强度,E11表征沿纤维方向的弹性模量,E22表征沿横向的弹性模量,E33表征沿厚度方向的弹性模量,G12、G23、G31表征三个方向的剪切模量。
PVC泡沫失效准则采用ABAQUS可压碎泡沫本构模型。由于该模型未内嵌损伤表征模块,需独立构建失效表征体系。当前主要采用两类方法:其一基于三维压缩主应力与层间剪切应力的阈值判据[17],其二通过延性破坏与剪切破坏准则的耦合应用[18−26]。
鉴于剪切冲塞是泡沫夹芯在高速冲击下的主导失效机制[27],本文构建能量型损伤演化模型,通过临界能量释放率量化剪切失效过程,建立泡沫材料的动态失效表征方法。
ABAQUS引入基于内聚力模型的内聚力单元处理复合材料界面问题,采用二次名义应力准则构建内聚力模型损伤起始判据,实现混合模式损伤的精确表征。
当内聚力单元的损伤超过临界值时,其刚度系数随外载增大呈现非线性递减规律。采用双线性本构关系[28]描述该过程。
内聚力模型损伤演化过程如图5所示:当界面分离位移$ \delta _{{\mathrm{m}}}^{0} $超过临界位移$ {\delta }_{{\mathrm{m}}} $时,应力$ \sigma _{{\mathrm{m}}}^{0} $达到峰值并触发刚度衰减;位移增至完全失效阈值$ \delta _{\mathrm{m}}^{\max } $时,界面承载能力完全丧失。刚度退化系数D∈[0,1]表征损伤程度,其与当前刚度K0及初始刚度K满足线性退化关系。
$ D=1-\dfrac{{\delta }_\text{m}\sigma _\text{m}^{0}}{\delta _\text{m}^{0}{\sigma }_\text{m}}=\dfrac{\delta _\text{m}^{\max}(\delta _\text{m}^{0}-{\delta }_\text{m})}{\delta _\text{m}^{0}(\delta _\text{m}^{\max}-{\delta }_\text{m})} $
采用B-K准则构建失效判据,定量描述高速冲击下夹芯板的失效,表达方程如下
$ {G}_{{\mathrm{IC}}}+({G}_{{\mathrm{IIC}}}-{G}_{{\mathrm{IC}}}){\left(\dfrac{{G}_{{\mathrm{II}}}}{{G}_{{\mathrm{T}}}}\right)}^{\eta }={G}_{{\mathrm{C}}} $
式中:$ {G}_{{\mathrm{IC}}} $和$ {G}_{{\mathrm{IIC}}} $对应I型与Ⅱ型断裂模式的临界能量释放率;混合载荷条件下的临界能量释放率$ {G}_{{\mathrm{T}}} $表征为综合断裂参数,需满足基本约束条件$ {G}_{{\mathrm{T}}}={G}_{{\mathrm{I}}}+{G}_{{\mathrm{II}}} $;参数$ \eta $代表由三点弯折试验标定的复合失效模式特征常数。对于混合断裂临界能量释放率$ {G}_{{\mathrm{C}}} $的数学表达式可表述为
$ {G}_{{\mathrm{C}}}=\dfrac{1}{2}K\delta _{{\mathrm{m}}}^{0}\delta _{{\mathrm{m}}}^{\max} $
在ABAQUS中建立复合材料夹芯板有限元模型,如图6(a)所示。计算时需要进行网格收敛性分析,在破片高速冲击区域设置6种不同网格尺寸梯度,通过对比6种不同网格密度下的破片剩余速度与试验时破片剩余速度,最终确定本文所使用的网格尺寸,结果如表2所示。
从破片侵彻剩余速度来看,1.5 mm网格计算结果与0.5 mm网格计算结果之间误差仅为0.1%,可判断1.5 mm网格与0.5 mm网格的计算结果误差可忽略不计,而进一步加密单元尺寸,计算成本显著增加,因此本文在高速冲击区域单元网格尺寸选择1.5 mm。立方体破片的边长为7.5 mm,使用均匀网格进行划分,网格尺寸为0.75 mm。复合材料夹芯板的几何尺寸为400 mm×240 mm×36 mm,其中PVC芯层的厚度为30 mm,单侧面板和胶层的总厚度为3 mm。夹芯板网格划分采用分区策略。在破片高速冲击区域,划出20 mm×20 mm的区域进行网格细化,使用尺寸为1.5 mm×1.5 mm的网格进行划分,正方形的中心点与破片高速冲击中心点重合。其余区域使用6 mm×6 mm的网格进行划分。厚度方向上,面板以各层厚度进行划分,PVC芯层则沿厚度方向以6 mm的尺寸均匀划分网格。破片与复合材料夹芯板之间使用面–面接触,设置法向接触为硬接触,切向摩擦系数为0.3。网格类型上,胶层采用Explicit中的Cohesive单元类型,COH3D8单元,其余网格采用Explicit中的3D Stress单元类型,C3D8R六面体单元。
高速冲击数值仿真时,试件边界条件与实际试验条件一致,为四角固支;破片在预定义场中设定初速度为1200 m/s。剩余压缩强度数值仿真时,试件边界条件与试验保持一致,具体如图6(b)所示,施加Z方向均布载荷模拟试验中试验机压头对试件的加载,并参考试验中的失效位移情况设置夹层板顶端位移为10 cm。由于破片不再参与剩余压缩强度有限元仿真计算,但剩余压缩强度数值仿真时需要将高速冲击数值仿真结果整体导入,因此将破片的边界条件更改为限制所有方向的平动与转动自由度,使其不参与剩余压缩强度数值仿真。
破片材料为45#钢,使用Johnson-Cook本构模型描述,具体材料参数见文献[8],如表3所示。对于复合材料夹芯板,共包含四种不同的材料,分别为碳纤维、玻璃纤维、PVC泡沫和胶层。碳纤维与玻璃纤维参数如表4所示,胶层材料参数如表5所示,PVC泡沫参数参考文献[29],如表6所示。
本文计算框架采用统一损伤演化体系,通过VUMAT子程序实现冲击–压缩全过程的本构模型一致性。根据2.1节中的损伤与退化准则编写VUMAT子程序,高速冲击计算在ABAQUS/Explicit中求解。得到高速冲击模拟结果后,在ABAQUS/Standard中计算剩余压缩强度。将ABAQUS/Explicit分析结果通过设置“重启动”输入到ABAQUS/Standard,实现冲击损伤到剩余压缩强度分析初始损伤的传递,传递的数据包括冲击后的变形网格、夹芯板的材料属性、残余应力、单元损伤模式、单元刚度退化情况和单元的失效状态等,完成数据传递后的模型可对其边界条件和施加载荷等信息进行重新设置。具体计算流程,如图7所示。
对45#钢破片高速冲击复合材料夹芯板的试验进行有限元仿真计算,计算得到破片剩余速度为670.7 m/s,试验后测得破片剩余速度为672.6 m/s,试验与仿真的相对误差约为0.3%,两者吻合较好。结合试验结果与仿真结果,对高速冲击损伤下的夹芯板损伤特性进行分析。图8为夹芯板抗高速冲击中过程示意图及破片剩余速度–时间曲线图。I1阶段为前面板被高速冲击,前碳纤维–玻璃纤维面板发生损伤,通过观察试验后试板情况并对比仿真结果,可以发现损伤主要产生于纤维断裂与基体断裂,并且出现分层现象。前面板与PVC泡沫芯层之间的胶层发生破坏,产生了较小的破口。I2阶段为PVC泡沫被高速冲击,由于PVC泡沫芯层轻质多孔,强度较低,抗高速冲击能力较弱,因此PVC泡沫芯层发生剪切破坏,破片在此段的速度下降较小。I3阶段为后面板被高速冲击,在经过前面板和PVC泡沫芯层的削弱后,破片速度有所下降,其对后面板的高速冲击能力相比前面板较弱。但由于破片挤压PVC泡沫芯层,后碳纤维–玻璃纤维面板上方的胶层出现破口,并且后面板出现轻微变形,导致其承载力有所减弱。通过观察试验后试板情况并对比仿真结果,可以发现损伤主要产生于纤维断裂与基体断裂,各层间出现分层损伤。后面板与PVC泡沫芯层之间的胶层产生尺寸大于破片尺寸的破口。I3段后为高速冲击结束,夹层板整体产生了从前碳纤维–玻璃纤维面板到后碳纤维–玻璃纤维面板的穿孔。各组分最终损伤情况如图9所示。
有限元仿真结果与试验结果出现相同的损伤模式和损伤效果(如图10所示)。迎弹面都产生近似破片形状的破口,并且表面玻纤断裂,向内凹陷,露出内部的碳纤维;侧面在背弹面处都产生破口后纤维向外突出;背弹面都产生略大于破片大小的破口,表面玻璃纤维向外突出。
对工况C1下破片高速冲击复合材料夹芯板后的剩余压缩试验进行有限元仿真计算。提取试板的最大压缩载荷为193.70 kN,达到最大压缩载荷的位移为3.19 mm,分别与试验中获得的试板最大压缩载荷182.26 kN与达到最大压缩载荷的位移3.31 mm相比对。两者相对误差分别为6.3%和3.6%,吻合较好。结合试验结果与仿真结果,对复合材料夹芯板抗高速冲击后的压缩过程进行分析。试板整体毁伤过程如图11所示。对于前后面板的损伤,如图12(a)所示,可以发现当到达60%最大压缩载荷时,面板最内层中心产生塑性变形并失效,中心区域产生向面板外侧的突出性变形,并挤压更外层的面板使其应力增大并也开始产生塑性变形,同时自身在失效后应力降低。达到最大压缩载荷时,面板最外层发生塑性变形与失效的面积都明显大于最内层,这是由于面板最外层产生塑性变形与失效后,无法再继续将能量与应力传递给下一层,因此产生的损伤与破坏最大。对于PVC泡沫芯层损伤,如图12(b)所示。在加载至100%最大压缩载荷的过程中,PVC泡沫的最大应力一直在破口处,在加载至90%最大压缩载荷时,PVC泡沫最大应力大小几乎不变。在高速冲击下,PVC泡沫可能会发生局部屈服或塑性变形,导致PVC泡沫芯层处于塑性平台阶段,此时应力趋于稳定,变形持续累积而整体应力水平可能不会显著增加。对于胶层损伤,如图12(c)所示,破口处在加载始末均产生明显的应力集中,且应力大小由破口处向四周逐渐递减。这是由于破口处存在初始损伤缺陷,导致结构强度较弱,应力增长速度更快。对比前胶层与后胶层的应力,可以发现前胶层的应力相比后胶层更大。这是由于压缩时前胶层相比后胶层损伤更小,承受能力更强,因此最大应力更大。从图13可以看出,有限元仿真结果与试验结果出现相同的损伤模式和损伤效果,验证了计算方法的有效性。迎弹面与背弹面均在初始高速冲击损伤处沿板宽方向产生了垂直于板长-板宽平面的凸出性损伤。从侧面可以看到,迎弹面与背弹面在压缩载荷下均发生了塑性变形,并产生了纤维断裂与分层损伤。
本节将通过有限元仿真计算,根据高速冲击破片数量不同设置8个工况,为消除偶然性误差,在破片中心间距分别为60 mm、30 mm和12 mm条件下进行三组对比分析,研究复合材料夹芯板在不同数量的破片高速冲击下剩余压缩强度的变化规律。破片的初始速度均为1200 m/s,具体如图14所示。
本文研究仅考虑破片逐发高速冲击试板的情况,即相邻两发破片之间的时间间隔足够长,前发对后发没有应变率的增加效应。计算得到各工况下破片剩余速度如表7所示,各工况下的剩余压缩强度计算结果如表8所示。
对比结果发现:1个破口时,当破口在靶点B位置时,复合材料夹芯板的剩余强度比减小38.0%;当破口在靶点A位置时,复合材料夹芯板的剩余强度比减小38.81%,两者差异仅0.81%,表明单破口位置对剩余强度的影响无显著差异。破片中心间距为60 mm组,1个破口时复合材料夹芯板的剩余强度比减小38.0%,2个破口时,复合材料夹芯板的剩余强度比减小43.34%,3个破口时,复合材料夹芯板的剩余强度比减小53.36%,差值分别为5.34%和10.02%。破片中心间距为30 mm组,1个破口时复合材料夹芯板的剩余强度比减小38.0%,2个破口时,复合材料夹芯板的剩余强度比减小42.99%,3个破口时,复合材料夹芯板的剩余强度比减小52.81%,差值分别为4.99%和9.82%。破片中心间距为12 mm组,1个破口时复合材料夹芯板的剩余强度比减小38.0%,2个破口时,复合材料夹芯板的剩余强度比减小42.53%,3个破口时,复合材料夹芯板的剩余强度比减小51.92%,差值分别为4.53%和9.39%。由此可知,随着破口数量的增加,复合材料夹芯板的剩余强度逐渐减小,下降速率加快。
本文针对复合材料夹芯板高速冲击及冲击后的剩余强度问题,开展了高速冲击及冲击后剩余强度试验,建立了考虑多种失效模式的复合材料夹芯板高速冲击及其冲击后剩余强度一体化的数值计算方法,验证了模型有效性,并探究了破片数量对夹芯板剩余压缩强度的影响。
(1)复合材料夹芯板在破片高速冲击下呈现显著的分层多区域损伤:迎弹面与背弹面发生纤维压缩断裂、基体拉伸破坏及层间分层,PVC泡沫芯层发生剪切破坏。
(2)本文建立了复合材料夹芯板高速冲击与冲击后剩余压缩强度一体化的数值计算方法,高速冲击数值仿真结果与试验的破片剩余速度的相对误差为0.3%,剩余压缩强度数值仿真结果与试验结果最大载荷相对误差为6.3%,位移相对误差为3.6%,损伤模式吻合良好,证明该模型可准确预测冲击响应与剩余强度。
(3)通过本文提出的数值仿真方法,探究了破片数量对复合材料夹芯板剩余压缩强度的影响,对比各工况,发现单破口位置对复合材料夹芯板剩余强度压缩无显著影响,随着破口数量的增加,复合材料夹芯板的剩余强度逐渐减小,下降速率加快。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52471338);工信部船舶CAE研发应用项目(CBZ01N23-01)
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2026年第30卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.010
  • 接收时间:2025-12-11
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-11
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52471338);工信部船舶CAE研发应用项目(CBZ01N23-01)
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    a武汉理工大学 舰艇爆炸冲击毁伤与防护湖北省国防科技重点学科实验室
    b武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程 学院, 武汉 430063
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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