Article(id=1324392813013631948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324392762614882315, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764518400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793689452650, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793689452650, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793689452650, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793689452650, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324392762614882315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='7', pageStart='1041', pageEnd='1220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793689440634, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793689440634, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1131, endPage=1146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324392814754268109, articleId=1324392813013631948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Optimization method of measuring points for the reconstruction of the deformation field of typical ship structures, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the problems of excessive measurement points and low nonlinear segment reconstruction efficiency in the deformation field reconstruction of ship structures, this paper proposes a deformation field reconstruction method (iFEM-PSO) based on dynamic measurement field optimization combining inverse finite element method (iFEM) and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). Taking three typical hull plate structures of flat plates, open flat plates and open reinforced plates as objects, different order buckling modes are applied as initial defects to obtain different failure characteristics, and the reconstruction accuracy under the input of optimized measurement points and full measurement points is compared and analyzed. The results show that the iFEM-PSO method can reduce the number of required strain sensors by about 75%, and the overall reconstruction error remains within 15%, effectively verifying its accuracy and efficiency in nonlinear deformation reconstruction. The optimized measurement points are mainly concentrated in areas with large initial defects, structural boundaries and stress concentration areas (such as the periphery of the opening, the connection between the ribs and plates), and the reconstruction accuracy is proportional to the degree of failure, revealing the inherent correlation between the failure characteristics and the sensitive areas of the measurement point, and providing theoretical basis and technical support for the optimization arrangement of the reconstruction measurement points of the typical structural deformation field of the ship.

, authors=Jia-yi PENG, Peng-yu WEI, authorsList=Jia-yi PENG, Peng-yu WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324392842872881336, articleId=1324392813013631948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=船舶典型结构变形场重构测点优化方法研究, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文提出一种结合逆向有限元法(iFEM)与粒子群优化算法(PSO)的基于动态测点优化的变形场重构方法(iFEM-PSO),以解决船舶结构变形场重构中测点数量多及非线性段重构效率低的问题。以平板、开口平板及开口加筋板三类典型船体板架结构为对象,通过施加不同阶次屈曲模态作为初始缺陷,得到不同失效特征,对比分析了优化测点与全测点输入下的重构精度。结果表明:iFEM-PSO方法能将所需应变传感器数量降低约75%,同时重构误差总体控制在15%以内,有效验证了该方法在非线性变形重构中的准确性与高效性。优化后的测点主要集中于初始缺陷较大区域、结构边界及应力集中区(如开口周边、筋−板连接处),且重构精度与失效程度成正比,揭示了失效特征与测点敏感区域的内在关联,为船舶典型结构变形场重构测点优化布置提供了理论依据和技术支撑。

, authors=彭佳怡, 韦朋余, authorsList=彭佳怡, 韦朋余, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

彭佳怡(2000–),女,硕士,通讯作者,E-mail:

韦朋余(1982–),男,博士,研究员

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language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Displacement simulation of plate with different initial defects, figureFileSmall=V+B9gk+D3WvUA8pq3C7vfQ==, figureFileBig=lKd/IlsVT4/c+A6XNOwvkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392846530314451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, label=图4, caption=平板不同初始缺陷下的位移仿真, figureFileSmall=V+B9gk+D3WvUA8pq3C7vfQ==, figureFileBig=lKd/IlsVT4/c+A6XNOwvkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392846610006228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=First-order buckling mode as the initial defect reconstruction, figureFileSmall=hFliyynSaqgYjzbO66EHIA==, figureFileBig=YK1pUkU4/NoGyPSMShXvWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392846693892309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, label=图5, caption=1阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构, 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figureFileBig=7kKpJRYfqcQ5eLYa7LQOqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392847138488537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, label=图7, caption=3阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构, figureFileSmall=QS7t+ssTutp8ebEImOcBQg==, figureFileBig=7kKpJRYfqcQ5eLYa7LQOqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392847213986010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Plate model with a cutout, figureFileSmall=fdc2T9+NWN2XPuKD+3PTng==, figureFileBig=wEo0T47KLeyYMoNHrJmtYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392847268511963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, label=图8, caption=开口平板模型, figureFileSmall=fdc2T9+NWN2XPuKD+3PTng==, figureFileBig=wEo0T47KLeyYMoNHrJmtYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392847339815132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Displacement simulation of plate with a cutout with different initial defects, figureFileSmall=c6jAC3wsxsoQYZsYSl806w==, figureFileBig=lNlBSus+Fc8mPmZl/YG/qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392847411118301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, label=图9, caption=开口平板不同初始缺陷下的位移仿真, figureFileSmall=c6jAC3wsxsoQYZsYSl806w==, figureFileBig=lNlBSus+Fc8mPmZl/YG/qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392847486615774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=First-order buckling mode as the initial defect reconstruction, figureFileSmall=NHD8I2EP6eee3js3VBodEw==, figureFileBig=l3ldI3cdGZutmxeEg8mYIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392847553724639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, 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figureFileSmall=NJmpirmoNO72ylM94Ds4mw==, figureFileBig=NozLQtLvQhxd6i31YqsW6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392847843131619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, label=图12, caption=3阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构, figureFileSmall=NJmpirmoNO72ylM94Ds4mw==, figureFileBig=NozLQtLvQhxd6i31YqsW6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392847927017700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Stiffened plate model with a cutout, figureFileSmall=EQSXcF7hyXPFrg9u5BBBfA==, figureFileBig=jP6mYaXxF3VFoiSe/8SrNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392848023486693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, label=图13, caption=开口加筋板模型, figureFileSmall=EQSXcF7hyXPFrg9u5BBBfA==, figureFileBig=jP6mYaXxF3VFoiSe/8SrNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392848094789862, 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journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, label=图15, caption=1阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构, figureFileSmall=Fkw+U+OcLueHaw+oO933Ig==, figureFileBig=UA7vUl8Vfy6x/TDO33tN2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392848421945578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Second-order buckling mode as the initial defect reconstruction, figureFileSmall=oOGZy0AgoOCrvLuCI+9s1w==, figureFileBig=3G0YLEWIkQUL3IS8jouSvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392848505831659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, label=图16, caption=2阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构, figureFileSmall=oOGZy0AgoOCrvLuCI+9s1w==, figureFileBig=3G0YLEWIkQUL3IS8jouSvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1324392848568746220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Third-order 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Geometric characteristics and material parameters of the plate

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尺寸/
mm
密度/
(t·mm−3)
弹性模量/
MPa
泊松比屈服强度/
MPa
600×180×47.85×10−92100000.3235
), ArticleFig(id=1324392850942722291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

平板的几何特征与材料参数

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尺寸/
mm
密度/
(t·mm−3)
弹性模量/
MPa
泊松比屈服强度/
MPa
600×180×47.85×10−92100000.3235
), ArticleFig(id=1324392851206963444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Error of plate reconstruction results compared with simulation

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1阶初始缺陷的误差2阶初始缺陷的误差3阶初始缺陷的误差
节点号优化后输入测点全输入优化后输入测点全输入优化后输入测点全输入
166.13%0.10%12.41%0.69%15.42%0.93%
466.87%0.01%9.78%0.11%6.91%0.25%
56510.39%0.16%13.00%0.50%10.99%0.50%
5689.67%0.10%11.20%0.50%8.33%0.55%
59513.15%0.02%5.23%0.33%6.85%0.44%
59911.87%0.05%8.84%0.24%11.03%0.43%
11148.08%0.18%13.33%1.05%15.50%1.28%
最大空间位移节点6.78%0.51%9.34%1.30%6.91%1.28%
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与仿真对比的平板重构结果误差

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1阶初始缺陷的误差2阶初始缺陷的误差3阶初始缺陷的误差
节点号优化后输入测点全输入优化后输入测点全输入优化后输入测点全输入
166.13%0.10%12.41%0.69%15.42%0.93%
466.87%0.01%9.78%0.11%6.91%0.25%
56510.39%0.16%13.00%0.50%10.99%0.50%
5689.67%0.10%11.20%0.50%8.33%0.55%
59513.15%0.02%5.23%0.33%6.85%0.44%
59911.87%0.05%8.84%0.24%11.03%0.43%
11148.08%0.18%13.33%1.05%15.50%1.28%
最大空间位移节点6.78%0.51%9.34%1.30%6.91%1.28%
), ArticleFig(id=1324392851550896374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Geometric characteristics and material parameters of the plate with a cutout

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
尺寸/
mm
开口
尺寸/
mm
密度/
(t·mm−3)
弹性
模量/
MPa
泊松比屈服
强度/
MPa
600×180×460×607.85×10−92100000.3235
), ArticleFig(id=1324392851622199543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

开口平板的几何特征与材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
尺寸/
mm
开口
尺寸/
mm
密度/
(t·mm−3)
弹性
模量/
MPa
泊松比屈服
强度/
MPa
600×180×460×607.85×10−92100000.3235
), ArticleFig(id=1324392851701891320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Error of plate with a cutout reconstruction results compared with simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1阶初始缺陷的误差2阶初始缺陷的误差3阶初始缺陷的误差
节点号优化后输入测点全输入优化后输入测点全输入优化后输入测点全输入
1613.20%0.19%12.59%1.37%27.24%2.82%
4610.95%0.76%6.44%0.52%33.93%0.98%
56513.65%0.12%15.96%0.91%13.91%1.61%
5685.06%0.11%9.40%0.67%39.28%1.06%
5955.66%0.14%10.46%0.66%12.58%1.03%
5998.01%0.11%8.34%0.62%41.50%0.90%
111413.22%0.01%8.73%1.46%15.75%0.31%
3788.67%0.14%5.43%1.22%10.85%1.46%
2509.17%0.17%9.87%0.99%13.66%2.23%
2175.10%0.47%7.39%0.78%9.07%3.03%
最大空间位移节点13.05%0.36%22.36%1.07%40.10%2.13%
), ArticleFig(id=1324392851789971705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

与仿真对比的开口平板重构结果误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1阶初始缺陷的误差2阶初始缺陷的误差3阶初始缺陷的误差
节点号优化后输入测点全输入优化后输入测点全输入优化后输入测点全输入
1613.20%0.19%12.59%1.37%27.24%2.82%
4610.95%0.76%6.44%0.52%33.93%0.98%
56513.65%0.12%15.96%0.91%13.91%1.61%
5685.06%0.11%9.40%0.67%39.28%1.06%
5955.66%0.14%10.46%0.66%12.58%1.03%
5998.01%0.11%8.34%0.62%41.50%0.90%
111413.22%0.01%8.73%1.46%15.75%0.31%
3788.67%0.14%5.43%1.22%10.85%1.46%
2509.17%0.17%9.87%0.99%13.66%2.23%
2175.10%0.47%7.39%0.78%9.07%3.03%
最大空间位移节点13.05%0.36%22.36%1.07%40.10%2.13%
), ArticleFig(id=1324392851978715386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Geometric characteristics and material parameters of the stiffened plate with a cutout

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平板尺寸/mm平板厚度/mm加强筋尺寸/mm加强筋厚度/mm两筋间距/mm密度/(t·mm−3)弹性模量/MPa泊松比屈服强度/MPa
600×6004600×6032007.85×10−92100000.3235
), ArticleFig(id=1324392852050018555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

开口加筋板的几何特征与材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平板尺寸/mm平板厚度/mm加强筋尺寸/mm加强筋厚度/mm两筋间距/mm密度/(t·mm−3)弹性模量/MPa泊松比屈服强度/MPa
600×6004600×6032007.85×10−92100000.3235
), ArticleFig(id=1324392852133904636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Error of stiffened plate with a cutout reconstruction results compared with simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1阶模态作为初始缺陷的误差2阶模态作为初始缺陷的误差三个模态参加作为初始缺陷的误差3阶模态作为初始缺陷的误差
节点号优化后
输入
测点全
输入
优化后
输入
测点全
输入
优化后
输入
测点全
输入
节点号优化后
输入
测点全
输入
底板462.78%0.29%10.69%4.24%4.91%1.70%底板4521.29%19.69%
底板493.97%1.02%9.69%3.64%12.05%1.44%底板5315.68%16.06%
底板524.62%1.49%11.57%5.48%22.21%1.52%底板9517.38%15.41%
底板9611.27%1.34%6.03%1.06%10.43%0.86%底板10316.16%11.36%
底板996.44%0.73%8.06%8.51%6.16%0.80%筋12418.51%15.98%
底板1024.83%0.14%9.61%0.07%5.54%0.94%筋13214.99%10.44%
筋1282.86%2.72%6.75%9.96%0.00%2.44%筋15313.23%11.04%
筋1572.90%2.21%4.75%2.28%2.25%2.71%筋16111.29%16.96%
最大空间
位移节点
3.97%0.73%9.69%3.64%6.16%0.80%最大空间
位移节点
15.63%15.41%
), ArticleFig(id=1324392852213596413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1324392813013631948, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

与仿真对比的开口加筋板重构结果误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1阶模态作为初始缺陷的误差2阶模态作为初始缺陷的误差三个模态参加作为初始缺陷的误差3阶模态作为初始缺陷的误差
节点号优化后
输入
测点全
输入
优化后
输入
测点全
输入
优化后
输入
测点全
输入
节点号优化后
输入
测点全
输入
底板462.78%0.29%10.69%4.24%4.91%1.70%底板4521.29%19.69%
底板493.97%1.02%9.69%3.64%12.05%1.44%底板5315.68%16.06%
底板524.62%1.49%11.57%5.48%22.21%1.52%底板9517.38%15.41%
底板9611.27%1.34%6.03%1.06%10.43%0.86%底板10316.16%11.36%
底板996.44%0.73%8.06%8.51%6.16%0.80%筋12418.51%15.98%
底板1024.83%0.14%9.61%0.07%5.54%0.94%筋13214.99%10.44%
筋1282.86%2.72%6.75%9.96%0.00%2.44%筋15313.23%11.04%
筋1572.90%2.21%4.75%2.28%2.25%2.71%筋16111.29%16.96%
最大空间
位移节点
3.97%0.73%9.69%3.64%6.16%0.80%最大空间
位移节点
15.63%15.41%
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彭佳怡 , 韦朋余
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(7): 1131-1146
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (7) : 1131 -1146
船舶典型结构变形场重构测点优化方法研究
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彭佳怡 , 韦朋余
作者信息
  • 中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
作者简介:

彭佳怡(2000–),女,硕士,通讯作者,E-mail:

韦朋余(1982–),男,博士,研究员

Optimization method of measuring points for the reconstruction of the deformation field of typical ship structures
Jia-yi PENG , Peng-yu WEI
Affiliations
  • China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.008
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本文提出一种结合逆向有限元法(iFEM)与粒子群优化算法(PSO)的基于动态测点优化的变形场重构方法(iFEM-PSO),以解决船舶结构变形场重构中测点数量多及非线性段重构效率低的问题。以平板、开口平板及开口加筋板三类典型船体板架结构为对象,通过施加不同阶次屈曲模态作为初始缺陷,得到不同失效特征,对比分析了优化测点与全测点输入下的重构精度。结果表明:iFEM-PSO方法能将所需应变传感器数量降低约75%,同时重构误差总体控制在15%以内,有效验证了该方法在非线性变形重构中的准确性与高效性。优化后的测点主要集中于初始缺陷较大区域、结构边界及应力集中区(如开口周边、筋−板连接处),且重构精度与失效程度成正比,揭示了失效特征与测点敏感区域的内在关联,为船舶典型结构变形场重构测点优化布置提供了理论依据和技术支撑。

板架结构  /  iFEM  /  PSO

In response to the problems of excessive measurement points and low nonlinear segment reconstruction efficiency in the deformation field reconstruction of ship structures, this paper proposes a deformation field reconstruction method (iFEM-PSO) based on dynamic measurement field optimization combining inverse finite element method (iFEM) and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). Taking three typical hull plate structures of flat plates, open flat plates and open reinforced plates as objects, different order buckling modes are applied as initial defects to obtain different failure characteristics, and the reconstruction accuracy under the input of optimized measurement points and full measurement points is compared and analyzed. The results show that the iFEM-PSO method can reduce the number of required strain sensors by about 75%, and the overall reconstruction error remains within 15%, effectively verifying its accuracy and efficiency in nonlinear deformation reconstruction. The optimized measurement points are mainly concentrated in areas with large initial defects, structural boundaries and stress concentration areas (such as the periphery of the opening, the connection between the ribs and plates), and the reconstruction accuracy is proportional to the degree of failure, revealing the inherent correlation between the failure characteristics and the sensitive areas of the measurement point, and providing theoretical basis and technical support for the optimization arrangement of the reconstruction measurement points of the typical structural deformation field of the ship.

plate-shell structure  /  iFEM  /  PSO
彭佳怡, 韦朋余. 船舶典型结构变形场重构测点优化方法研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (7) : 1131 -1146 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.008
Jia-yi PENG, Peng-yu WEI. Optimization method of measuring points for the reconstruction of the deformation field of typical ship structures[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (7) : 1131 -1146 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.008
接触式测量技术通过传感器与被测物体表面直接物理接触来感知力学响应,具有技术成熟、响应快等优点,但受限于测点布置困难、总体采样数目有限且分布离散等问题,无法获得全域场数据信息[1]。为了实时高效地获取船舶模型试验全过程变形数据,揭示全过程失效机理,需建立基于有限离散实测数据的变形场重构方法[2]。目前常用的变形场重构方法有模态法、逆向有限元法(iFEM)、Ko位移理论和曲率法等。其中,模态法利用已知模态参数结合位移与模态的关系重构出位移场[3];iFEM基于最小二乘变分原理,通过最小化应变理论值与测量值之间的平方误差之和,推导出结构表面应变与结构位移之间的关系[4-5];Ko位移理论通过构建变形与外载荷等物理量的微分方程得出位移[6];曲率法将应变场转换为离散的曲率,再通过插值重构出整个三维变形形状[7]。在上述四种方法中,模态法需要额外的动态测试和模态参数,对环境要求高;Ko位移理论在处理复杂结构时可能受限且依赖于传感器布置密度,不适用于非线性变形和多方向载荷;曲率法大多适用于柔性结构,且边界条件和复杂形状易增加误差和成本;而iFEM不需要结构的模态信息,能够适应复杂结构,并能实现高精度的全局实时位移重构,因此是较为理想的变形场重构方法。
目前,基于iFEM的变形场重构多以数值仿真中的离散网格为单元,均匀布置应变传感器测点。但这种布置方式存在测点规模过大的问题,不仅增加成本,也可能降低数据处理效率。因此,需要发展新型测点优化算法,以实现在大幅减少测点数量的同时,仍能保持较高的变形场重构精度。目前优化算法主要包括:遗传算法(GA)[8]、粒子群优化算法(PSO)[9]、深度学习算法(DL)[10]、蚁群算法(ACO)[11]等,其中PSO通过模拟鸟群觅食行为,根据个体和群体经验调整每个粒子的速度和位置,通过迭代更新找到最佳方案[9]。相比于其他算法,PSO具有快速收敛、简单易实现、所需参数少、全局搜索能力强等优势,适用于连续优化和动态环境中的优化。而GA虽适应性强,但收敛速度慢且解的精度有限;DL需依赖大量标注数据训练模型,成本较高;ACO在测点优化方面效果有限,更适用于路径规划问题和调度问题。基于PSO算法,Ding等[12]提出一种改进的惯性和自适应粒子群优化(IIAPSO)测点优化方法,加入自适应变异机制和惯性权重,增强了全局搜索能力。李晓涵等[13-14]提出了改进的自适应多目标粒子群优化算法(IAMOPSO),针对“劣解”及效率问题,引入引导粒子选择策略以及外部候选解集合维护策略,并应用到梁模型与板梁一体模型的重构测点优化中。刘宏林等[15]提出了一种在变异部分引入模拟退火思想的PSO-SA算法,改善了粒子“早熟”及局部寻优能力较差等问题,并针对工字型梁开展了试验验证。徐文超[16]提出了一种线性递减惯性权重的PSO-X算法,在初期进行广泛探索以避免陷入局部最优,在后期减小惯性权重进行细致局部搜索以提高解的精度,基于此将加筋板测点数量降低到原来的56%且重构误差小于15%。尽管PSO已被初步应用于测点优化,但测点数量仍有下降空间,且在非线性段的重构较为耗时,因此亟需改进以获得更高效的iFEM重构方法并进一步减少测点数量,从而更好地满足试验需求。
本文首先基于iFEM建立离散应变与位移场的重构模型,并结合PSO方法动态优化测点布局,提出一种改进的基于测点优化的变形场重构方法(iFEM-PSO)。针对平板、开口平板、开口加筋板三类船体典型结构开展变形场重构分析,揭示不同失效特征下的测点布置规律与重构误差特性,进而探索降低测点布置规模的可行途径。
iFEM采用Mindlin-Reissner板理论构建四节点逆壳单元(iQS4)[17],示意图如图1所示,平板内任一点坐标为$ (x,y,z) $,其中$ z\in [-h,h] $,$ z=0 $表示板中性面。原点位于单元形心处,$ u、 v、 w $分别是该坐标系下沿正方向的位移,$ {\theta }_{x}、 {\theta }_{y}、 {\theta }_{z} $分别是绕着$ -x、 +y、 +z $的转角,1、2、3、4分别为逆壳单元四个节点。
根据一阶剪切变形理论[18],结构表面上任意一点的变形为
$ \begin{cases} u={u}_{0}+z{\theta }_{y0}\\v={v}_{0}-z{\theta }_{x0}\\w={w}_{0}\end{cases} $
式中:$ {u}_{0}、{v}_{0}、{w}_{0} $分别表示与点$ (x,y,z) $对应的中性面上点$ \left(x,y,0\right) $的位移,$ {\theta }_{{{x}_{0}}}、{\theta }_{{{y}_{0}}} $表示中性面上点$ \left(x,y,0\right) $绕$ +x、+y $轴方向的旋转角度。
iFEM在由中性面位移场表示的理论应变数据与仿真或实测的上下表面应变推导得到的中性面应变数据之间构建一个最小二乘误差函数$ {\phi }_{{\mathrm{e}}}\left({\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right) $[5]。通过求解该误差函数的极小值,可以得到应变与位移之间的传递函数。计算如下
$ {\phi }_{{\mathrm{e}}}\left({\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right)={w}_{{\mathrm{e}}}{\left|\left|\boldsymbol{e}\left({\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right)-{\boldsymbol{e}}^{\epsilon }\right|\right|}^{2}+{w}_{{\mathrm{k}}}{\left|\left|\boldsymbol{k}\left({\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right)-{\boldsymbol{k}}^{\varepsilon }\right|\right|}^{2}+{w}_{{\mathrm{g}}}\left|\left|\boldsymbol{g}\left({\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right)-{\boldsymbol{g}}^{\epsilon }\right|\right| $
式中:$ \boldsymbol{e}\left({\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right)、\boldsymbol{k}\left({\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right)、\boldsymbol{g}\left({\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right) $分别为基于线弹性理论的中面膜应变、中面弯曲应变以及中面横向剪切应变,e为单元号,$ {\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{e}}} $为四节点单元位移矩阵。$ {\boldsymbol{e}}^{\varepsilon }、{\boldsymbol{k}}^{\varepsilon }、{\boldsymbol{g}}^{\varepsilon } $分别为根据仿真或应变片实测的表面膜应变、表面弯曲应变以及横向剪切应变信息推导的中面应变。$ {w}_{{\mathrm{e}}}、{w}_{{\mathrm{k}}}、{w}_{{\mathrm{g}}} $为无量纲加权系数,对于一般实体,当实测应变都不为0时,可取$ {w}_{{\mathrm{e}}}={w}_{{\mathrm{k}}}={w}_{{\mathrm{g}}}=1 $;对于板架结构(如加筋板),由于横向剪切应变较小,可取$ {w}_{{\mathrm{g}}}={10}^{-5}\sim {10}^{-3} $,$ {w}_{{\mathrm{e}}}={w}_{{\mathrm{k}}}=1 $。
对$ {\phi }_{{\mathrm{e}}}\left({\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right) $关于位移向量求偏导并令其为零,得到误差函数的极小值为
$ \frac{\partial }{\partial {\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}}{\phi }_{\mathrm{e}}\left({\boldsymbol{u}}^{\mathrm{e}}\right)={\boldsymbol{k}}^{\mathrm{e}}{\boldsymbol{u}}^{\mathrm{e}}-{\boldsymbol{f}}^{\mathrm{e}}=0 $
移项后可得
$ {\boldsymbol{k}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}{\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}={\boldsymbol{f}}^{{\mathrm{e}}} $
其中,$ {\boldsymbol{k}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}和{\boldsymbol{f}}^{{\mathrm{e}}} $的表达式如下
$ {\boldsymbol{k}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}={\iint }_{{{A}^{{\mathrm{e}}}}}\left({w}_{{\mathrm{e}}}{\left(\boldsymbol{B}_{{\mathrm{m}}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right)}^{{\mathrm{T}}}\boldsymbol{B}_{{\mathrm{m}}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}+{w}_{{\mathrm{k}}}{\left(2h\right)}^{2}{\left(\boldsymbol{B}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right)}^{{\mathrm{T}}}\boldsymbol{B}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}+{w}_{{\mathrm{g}}}{\left(\boldsymbol{B}_{{\mathrm{s}}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right)}^{{\mathrm{T}}}\boldsymbol{B}_{{\mathrm{s}}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right){\mathrm{d}}x{\mathrm{d}}y $
$ {\boldsymbol{f}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}=\frac{1}{n}{\iint }_{{{A}^{{\mathrm{e}}}}}\left({w}_{{\mathrm{e}}}{\left(\boldsymbol{B}_{{\mathrm{m}}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right)}^{{\mathrm{T}}}\boldsymbol{e}_{\alpha }^{\varepsilon }+{w}_{{\mathrm{k}}}{\left(2h\right)}^{2}{\left(\boldsymbol{B}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right)}^{{\mathrm{T}}}\boldsymbol{k}_{\alpha }^{\varepsilon }+{w}_{{\mathrm{g}}}{\left(\boldsymbol{B}_{{\mathrm{s}}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right)}^{{\mathrm{T}}}\boldsymbol{g}_{\alpha }^{\varepsilon }\right){\mathrm{d}}x{\mathrm{d}}y $
式中:$ {\boldsymbol{k}}^{{\mathrm{e}}} $为单元刚度矩阵,$ {\boldsymbol{f}}^{{\mathrm{e}}} $为单元载荷矩阵,$ {\boldsymbol{u}}^{\text{e}} $为单元位移矩阵,$ {A}^{{\mathrm{e}}} $为单元面积,$ n $为单元内传感器数量,$ \boldsymbol{B}_{{\mathrm{m}}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}、\boldsymbol{B}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}、\boldsymbol{B}_{{\mathrm{s}}}^{{\mathrm{e}}} $为逆壳单元膜应变、弯曲应变及剪切应变相关的位移形函数的偏导数矩阵。
将单元矩阵按照有限元总体矩阵组装步骤组装为整体矩阵
$ \boldsymbol{K}=\sum \limits_{{\mathrm{e}}=1}^{{n}_{{\mathrm{el}}}}\overline{{\boldsymbol{k}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}}=\sum \limits_{{\mathrm{e}}=1}^{{n}_{{\mathrm{el}}}}{\left({\boldsymbol{T}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}\right)}^{{\mathrm{T}}}{\boldsymbol{k}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}{\boldsymbol{T}}^{{\mathrm{e}}} $
$ \boldsymbol{F}=\sum \limits_{{\mathrm{e}}=1}^{{n}_{{\mathrm{el}}}}\overline{{\boldsymbol{f}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}}=\sum \limits_{{\mathrm{e}}=1}^{{n}_{{\mathrm{el}}}}{\boldsymbol{T}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}{\boldsymbol{f}}^{{\mathrm{e}}} $
$ \boldsymbol{U}=\sum \limits_{{\mathrm{e}}=1}^{{n}_{{\mathrm{el}}}}\overline{{\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}}=\sum \limits_{{\mathrm{e}}=1}^{{n}_{{\mathrm{el}}}}{\boldsymbol{T}}^{{\mathrm{e}}}{\boldsymbol{u}}^{{\mathrm{e}}} $
式中:$ {n}_{{\mathrm{el}}} $为逆向单元个数,$ \boldsymbol{K} $为总体刚度矩阵,$ \boldsymbol{F} $为总体实测应变矩阵,$ \boldsymbol{U} $为总体位移矩阵。
最终,所有单元矩阵组装成总体矩阵后,可重构中性面所有单元节点位移$ \boldsymbol{U} $
$ \boldsymbol{K}\boldsymbol{U}=\boldsymbol{F} $
特别地,结构在非线性变形阶段不再严格满足胡克定律,因此无法继续采用简单的线性模型精确重构其变形场。目前,处理非线性段重构的方法主要有增量法和迭代法[19-20]。增量法通过逐步线性逼近非线性响应,稳定性好但受限于步长累积误差和极值点处刚度矩阵奇异问题;迭代法通过反复修正解逼近真实解,收敛快但需频繁计算逆刚度矩阵,计算成本随问题规模和非线性程度增加。二者分别适用于强非线性和光滑非线性问题,但均存在求解效率与精度的固有矛盾。
为此,本文提出一种新方法以解决非线性段重构效率问题,即在最小二乘法中引入正则化。其核心在于正则化项对模型参数(如描述非线性变形的高阶多项式系数、网格节点的位移关联参数等)施加约束,使拟合所得的变形模型既能精准匹配实际测量数据,又能符合结构非线性变形的整体物理规律,从而以更稳定高效的计算过程实现高精度的非线性段重构。
此外,在坐标转换过程中对大变形进行判断与修正,即在全局坐标系转为局部坐标系的计算部分,需确保坐标系的基向量与法向量始终正交,从而在大变形情况下保持计算的稳定性。具体公式为
$ \boldsymbol{l}={\boldsymbol{X}}_{n}-\left(\boldsymbol{n}\cdot {\boldsymbol{X}}_{n}\right)\cdot \boldsymbol{n} $
式中:将局部坐标系中的$ x $轴方向向量(即切向量)$ {\boldsymbol{X}}_{n}=[1,0,0] $投影到与法向量$ \boldsymbol{n} $垂直的平面上,得到的向量$ \boldsymbol{l} $是$ {\boldsymbol{X}}_{n} $在该平面上的分量,需要与$ \boldsymbol{n} $正交。
当$ \boldsymbol{n} $和$ {\boldsymbol{X}}_{n} $几乎平行时(即单元的形状和方向发生显著变化),叉积$ \boldsymbol{n}\times {\boldsymbol{X}}_{n} $的模会非常小。当$ \left|\left|\boldsymbol{n}{\boldsymbol{X}}_{n}\right|\right|<1\times {10}^{-6} $时,直接将$ \boldsymbol{l} $设置为沿$ z $轴的方向[20],通过直接指定向量$ \boldsymbol{l} $的方向简化几何计算。
将面外位移的加权均方误差$ {\mathrm{RMS}} $作为优化的目标函数[21]
$ {\mathrm{RM{S}}}_{x}=\sqrt{\frac{\sum \left(\varphi _{x}^{2}\cdot {\omega }_{x}\right)}{\sum {\omega }_{x}}} $
式中:x为指定结构,$ {\varphi }_{x} $为节点位移误差,$ {\omega }_{x} $为节点对应权重,权重与节点位移大小有关,$ \sum {\omega }_{x} $表示所有被选中单元的节点对应的权重之和。$ {\varphi }_{x} $和$ {\omega }_{x} $的计算公式如下
$ {\varphi }_{x}=\frac{\left| u_{x}^{{\mathrm{ifem}}}-u_{x}^{{\mathrm{fem}}}\right| }{\left| u_{x}^{{\mathrm{fem}}}\right| +1{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-6}} $
$ {\omega }_{x}={\left(\left| {u}_{j}\right| +1\right)}^{10} $
式中:$ u_{x}^{{\mathrm{ifem}}} $为节点重构位移,$ u_{x}^{{\mathrm{fem}}} $为节点仿真位移,$ 1{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-6} $是为了防止$ u_{x}^{{\mathrm{fem}}} $为0导致分母为0,$ {u}_{j} $为节点实际的位移,$ j $为节点编号。
若结构由多个部分组成,应当对不同的部分单独计算其范围内的$ {\mathrm{RMS}} $再加权求和。例如船用加筋板由平板和加强筋组成,因此总目标函数为
$ {\mathrm{objective}}={\omega }_{1}\cdot {\mathrm{RM}}{{\mathrm{S}}}_{{\mathrm{plate}}}+{\omega }_{2}\cdot {\mathrm{RM}}{{\mathrm{S}}}_{{\mathrm{stiffener}}} $
式中:${\mathrm{ RM{S}}}_{{\mathrm{plate}}} $和$ {\mathrm{RM{S}}}_{{\mathrm{stiffener}}} $分别为加筋板中平板与加强筋的加权均方误差,$ {\omega }_{1}、{\omega }_{2} $分别为其权重,代表了各自对目标函数的影响程度,可取$ {\omega }_{1}={\omega }_{2}=0.5 $。
粒子的位置表示选择的测点集合,粒子速度更新公式为
$ {v}_{i}\left(t+1\right)=\omega \cdot {v}_{i}\left(t\right)+{c}_{1}{r}_{1}\left({\mathrm{pbes{t}}}_{i}-{x}_{i}\left(t\right)\right)+{c}_{2}{r}_{2}\left({\mathrm{gbest}}-{x}_{i}\left(t\right)\right) $
式中:$ {v}_{i} $是粒子$ i $的速度,$ \omega $是惯性权重,$ {c}_{1}、{c}_{2} $是学习因子,$ {r}_{1}、{r}_{2} $是随机数,$ {\mathrm{pbes{t}}}_{i} $是粒子$ i $的个体最优位置,$ {\mathrm{gbest}} $是全局最优位置。
粒子位置更新公式为
$ {x}_{i}\left(t+1\right)={x}_{i}\left(t\right)+{v}_{i}\left(t+1\right) $
在目标函数中加入了一个惩罚项,以动态调整对非选中单元的惩罚力度,平衡约束条件和目标函数之间的关系,防止测点减少过多,保证数值稳定性和收敛性
$ {\lambda }_{{\mathrm{penalty}}}={\lambda }_{{\mathrm{initial}}}\cdot \frac{{\mathrm{current\; objective}}}{{\mathrm{initial\; objective}}} $
式中:$ {\lambda }_{{\mathrm{initial}}} $是初始惩罚项系数,$ {\mathrm{current \; objective}} $是当前粒子的目标函数,$ {\mathrm{initial \;objective}} $是最初目标函数。
加入惩罚项的罚函数为
$ {\mathrm{penalty}}={\lambda }_{{\mathrm{penalty}}}\cdot \frac{1}{n}\sum \limits_{i=1}^{n}{x}_{i} $
式中:$ n $为粒子的总数,$ {x}_{i} $为第$ i $个粒子的位置(0或1)。
随着不断更新迭代,最终目标函数为
$ {\mathrm{objective}}\_ {\mathrm{final}}={\mathrm{objective}}+{\mathrm{penalty}} $
iFEM-PSO以“动态测点优化-变形场重构-误差反馈-迭代优化”为核心逻辑,实现测点数量减少与重构精度的平衡,其完整流程涵盖设计变量定义、粒子初始化、约束与目标函数构建、迭代优化及结果输出五大环节,流程框架如图2所示。
首先,将结构离散网格的每个单元作为潜在测点,定义设计变量为“测点选择状态”:取值为1时表示该单元被选为测点(输入应变数据),取值为0时表示不选为测点(不输入应变数据)。优化启动前需构建误差基准:对所有单元(全测点)输入应变数据,计算此时重构位移与仿真位移的加权均方误差,将该误差作为后续优化的“精度参照基准”,确保优化后的重构精度不偏离合理范围。
为避免粒子初始位置随机导致收敛缓慢,采用“应变能驱动”的初始化方法:通过有限元仿真计算各单元的应变能,将应变能高的单元(多为变形集中区、应力突变区)设为初始测点。初始参数设置需匹配板架结构特性:初始粒子数量可设为500~1000个(一个粒子对应一组测点布置方案),迭代次数可设为500~1000次。
在优化过程中,将所有单元的重构位移与仿真位移的加权均方误差作为优化的根本目标函数,将优化后测点数量占测点全输入的比重作为罚函数加入目标函数,从而防止测点数量过度减少而导致重构精度下降。将结构边界条件作为优化过程的硬约束,粒子速度和位置作为优化过程的软约束。在约束条件下不断优化迭代,不断改变粒子的位置,从而不断改变测点方案,逐渐减小目标函数值,最终输出测点最优布置方案及基于测点优化的重构结果。综上,每次迭代中,PSO生成测点组合后,iFEM基于当前测点重构位移场,接着计算加权均方误差(目标函数)并反馈至PSO更新粒子。
平板是船体结构的重要组成部分,直接承受外部载荷作用。本文平板模型如图3所示,详细的特征与参数如表1所示。
采用Abaqus软件进行建模和仿真,均匀划分1080个10 mm×10 mm的四边形网格,每个网格为一个测点布置单元。船体舱段在波浪中承受的纵向压力(如中拱/中垂效应)是导致屈曲失效的主要载荷之一,结构在此极限状态下承受轴向压缩载荷。为了模拟实际典型轴向压缩载荷,平板结构的短边一端固支,一端仅释放轴向位移自由度,长边两端自由,轴向载荷沿短边方向施加。为使模型具有不同的初始缺陷,本文对平板模型分别附加1阶、2阶、3阶的屈曲模态作为初始缺陷,阶数越高,初始缺陷越复杂。选取非线性变形阶段的某一屈曲失效时刻,空间位移云图如图4所示。由图可知,1阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷时,平板中段凸起,而2阶和3阶作为初始缺陷时,分别出现2个和3个凸起区域。这三种变形均为局部屈曲失效,且初始缺陷越复杂,失效越复杂且最大变形越小。
将仿真数据作为输入数据输入到测点优化程序中,得到优化后的测点布局(蓝色为测点位置),并分别基于优化测点和测点全输入进行空间位移重构,选取随机点位和最大位移点进行误差对比。
(1)1阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构结果
优化后的平板模型,所需测点数量降至全测点的24%,共262个测点,其布置方案、优化后的重构云图及全输入重构结果云图如图5所示。
(2)2阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构结果
优化后的平板模型,所需测点数量降至全测点的25%,共269个测点,其布置方案、优化后的重构云图及全输入重构结果云图如图6所示。
(3)3阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构结果
优化后的平板模型,所需测点数量降至全测点的25%,共269个测点,其布置方案、优化后的重构云图及全输入重构结果云图如图7所示。
由优化后的测点布置图和重构结果云图可知,测点主要集中于屈曲失效的区域(该区域内测点大多沿长边排列,少量沿短边方向且靠近边界,整体呈“十”字或“一”字型)及边缘四周,尤其是轴压边与固定边附近。
随机选取七个节点(大多在屈曲失效区域)及重构位移最大节点进行误差对比分析,表2中为三种初始缺陷的测点优化后的重构、测点全输入的重构分别与数值仿真的误差结果。由表可得,测点全输入的重构结果与仿真结果的误差总体小于1%,而优化后输入的误差总体小于15%。其中,1阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构精度最高,因为位移场在空间上变化平缓且失效模式相对简单,而2、3阶时重构位移的空间梯度更大且失效复杂,若测点数量不足,会导致重构精度下降,因此,对于简单失效模式,可采用较粗网格作为测点布置基本单元以降低成本,而对于复杂失效模式,则需在测点局部区域加密。此外,复杂失效对应的矩阵列向量之间相关性更高(如相邻模态的局部变形相似),导致矩阵条件数增大,逆问题求解时数值误差被放大。同时,测点优化算法倾向于选择对低阶模态敏感的测点,这是因为低阶模态对结构变形行为具有主导作用,而高阶模态的敏感性可能被弱化,进一步降低了重构精度。此外,材料非线性的误差主要源于塑性应变累积导致筋−板连接处重构误差增大,而几何非线性的误差则源于大旋转使局部坐标系失效。
开口平板通过开孔降低自重并保持承载能力,但会导致应力集中。开口平板模型如图8所示,在几何中心处开一个正方形孔,详细的特征与参数如表3所示。
对模型均匀划分1040个10 mm×10 mm的四边形网格后,施加和平板相同的初始缺陷及工况。选取和平板相同的非线性变形时刻,具体空间位移数值仿真结果如图9所示。由图可得,开口平板在不同初始缺陷下的失效情况与平板相似,且失效模式均表现为局部屈曲失效,但最大变形比平板略小。
(1)1阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构结果
优化后,开口平板模型所需测点数量降至全测点的23%,共262个测点,其布置方案、优化后的重构云图及全输入重构结果云图如图10所示。
(2)2阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构结果
优化后,开口平板模型所需测点数量降至全测点的29%,共298个测点,其布置方案、优化后的重构云图及全输入重构结果云图如图11所示。
(3)3阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构结果
优化后,开口平板模型所需测点数量降至全测点的25%,共258个测点,其布置方案、优化后的重构云图及全输入重构结果云图如图12所示。
由优化后的测点布置图和重构结果云图可知,对于优化后的测点布置,测点集中在开口周围及屈曲失效区域靠近长边处,还有少量集中在轴压边与固定边边缘。
选取和平板相同的节点、重构位移最大节点及开口周围节点进行误差对比分析,具体结果如表4所示。由表可得,测点全输入的重构误差较小,而对于优化测点后输入,1阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构精度最高,多数节点误差小于15%,而2、3阶的精度相对较低。开口平板的重构误差总体大于平板,其原因在于:开口平板的几何不连续性引发应力集中,其变形形状与实际失效路径脱节;同时,开口附近刚度突变,放大了形状不匹配对失效细节的干扰,使重构难以捕捉核心变形特征。
为解决平板大跨度易变形问题,工程中常通过焊接加强筋形成加筋板结构。开口加筋板在普通加筋板的基础上增加了开口,应力集中现象较为明显。本文开口加筋板模型如图13所示,在几何中心处开一个正方形孔并在中心两侧对称位置平行布置两条筋,详细的特征与参数如表5所示。
对开口加筋板模型的平板均匀划分396个30 mm×30 mm的四边形网格,加强筋均匀划分120个30 mm×20 mm的四边形网格后,施加与平板模型相同阶数的屈曲模态初始缺陷,以及三个模态叠加的初始缺陷,并模拟相同工况(与加强筋长度方向垂直的两端一端固支,一端仅释放轴向位移自由度,与加强筋长度方向平行的两端自由,且沿加强筋长度方向施加轴向载荷)。选取非线性变形阶段的某一屈曲失效时刻,具体的空间位移数值仿真结果如图15所示。
由图14可知,1阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷时,与加强筋平行的两侧均有1个凸起区域且方向相同,两筋均有1个凸起区域且方向相反,开口周围凹陷;2阶作为初始缺陷时,与加强筋平行的两侧均有1个凸起区域且方向相反,两筋均有1个凸起区域且方向相同,开口周围一侧隆起一侧凹陷;3阶作为初始缺陷时,与加强筋平行的两侧均有2个凸起区域且方向相同,两筋均有2个凸起区域且方向相反,开口周围一侧隆起一侧凹陷;三个模态叠加时和1阶模态下的变形形状相同但总体变形更大,这是因为1阶模态临界载荷最低,始终主导变形形状,而三个模态叠加通过激发非线性效应使结构变形更剧烈。这四种变形均为局部屈曲失效,且不叠加模态作为初始缺陷时,阶数越大,失效越复杂。
(1)1阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构结果
优化后的开口加筋板模型,所需测点数量降至全测点的24%,共126个测点,其布置方案、优化后的重构云图及全输入重构结果云图如图15所示。
(2)2阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构结果
优化后的开口加筋板模型,所需测点数量降至全测点的22%,共115个测点,其布置方案、优化后的重构云图及全输入重构结果云图如图16所示。
(3)3阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷的重构结果
优化后的开口加筋板模型,所需测点数量降至全测点的26%,共133个测点,其布置方案、优化后的重构云图及全输入重构结果云图如图17所示。
(4)三个屈曲模态叠加作为初始缺陷的重构结果
优化后的开口加筋板模型,所需测点数量降至全测点的24%,共123个测点,其布置方案、优化后的重构云图及全输入重构云图如图18所示。
由优化后的测点布置图和重构结果云图可知,对于优化后的测点布置,4种变形有相似之处。主要布置在平板无约束的两条自由边附近(即平板屈曲失效处)、筋变形较大处、开口周边的应力集中区域、两筋之间的板中心位置(该处受筋约束小,局部屈曲更复杂)以及筋−板连接处(监测筋条与板的协同变形)。
由于加筋板结构复杂且部分区域变形较小(<1 mm),为方便误差对比,需选择板和筋的大变形、较大变形节点和重构最大位移节点作为验证点,具体选点如图19所示,其中黑色或白色圆圈中的节点分别为板和筋上的所选节点。
表6展示了这四种变形下的测点优化后、测点全输入的空间位移重构结果分别与数值仿真结果的误差。从表中可以看出,1阶、2阶和3阶屈曲模态叠加作为初始缺陷时,失效相对简单,因此测点全输入的重构误差较小,而优化测点后输入的误差基本小于10%。1阶和3阶叠加虽局部失效大致相同,但1阶变形更小且误差总体小于3阶叠加,由此可推断重构误差大小和失效程度成正相关(较小变形除外)。由于2阶变形形状不对称,局部效应更明显,重构时难以准确捕捉这些细节,而1阶初始缺陷更接近实际变形,导致2阶误差略大于1阶。3阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷时,失效相对复杂,无论是测点全输入还是测点优化后的输入,误差基本在10%~20%之间,相比于其他三种误差较大,可能是因为3阶模态含更多的局部弯曲特征,导致结构的局部非线性行为,增加了重构的难度。而三个模态叠加虽然也包含3阶的成分,但变形主要由低阶模态主导,变形模式相对于纯3阶简单,所以误差相对纯3阶较小。为提高3阶模态的重构精度,可在曲率大、变形突变区域增加测点,且针对板−筋交界处的局部屈曲,沿筋条纵向布置高密度应变片。和开口平板相比,开口加筋板因结构复杂,局部效应更加显著,重构更加复杂,因此误差总体大于开口平板。
综合上述三类结构的测点优化结果,可归纳出以下测点布置准则:测点应优先布置于初始缺陷集中区、应力集中区(开孔周边、筋−板连接处)及结构边界(固支边与自由边交接处、轴压边中点),同时预留少量冗余测点于结构中心、筋条中点等通用区域。本文方法有效降低了约75%的测点数量,重构误差控制在15%以内。
本文提出了一种结合逆向有限元法(iFEM)与粒子群优化算法(PSO)的动态测点优化的变形场重构方法(iFEM-PSO),用于解决船舶板架结构变形场重构中测点规模过大、成本高昂及非线性段重构耗时等问题。以平板、开口平板及开口加筋板三类典型船体结构为对象,结合不同初始缺陷(1–3阶屈曲模态)下的非线性变形特性,系统分析了不同失效特征下的测点敏感性规律与重构精度。主要结论如下:
(1)针对屈曲失效模式下的不同失效特征,变形场重构所需的应变传感器减少了约75%,同时重构误差总体控制在15%以内,验证了iFEM-PSO在非线性变形场景下的准确性。
(2)通过分析平板、开口平板及开口加筋板的变形特性,发现优化后的测点主要集中于初始缺陷区域、边界及应力集中区域(如开口周边、加强筋连接处)。对于失效特征较简单的结构,重构误差较小,而对于失效特征较复杂、变形微小或变形不对称的区域或结构,重构误差相对较大。这些规律揭示了失效特征与测点敏感区域的关联,为测点布置提供了参考。
(3)基于不同模态下的布点共性规律,提炼出通用测点布置准则:优先布置于初始缺陷集中区、应力集中区及结构边界;同时预留少量冗余测点布置于结构中心、筋条中点等通用区域,以应对模态不确定性。
(4)对于复杂结构的变形场重构问题,后续研究应该主要关注位移、应变梯度大的区域(如几何突变处、载荷集中区)和结构不连续的应力集中区域(如孔洞、连接接头、焊缝)的测点优化和优化后的重构精度,并进一步研究测点缩减规模的规律。
  • 船舶总体性能创新研究开放基金(26822212)
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2026年第30卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.008
  • 接收时间:2025-12-01
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-01
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船舶总体性能创新研究开放基金(26822212)
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    中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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