Article(id=1324392786245583601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1324392762614882315, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764604800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793689446268, onlineDateStr=2026-11-03, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793689446268, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793689446268, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793689446268, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324392762614882315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='7', pageStart='1041', pageEnd='1220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793689440634, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793689440634, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1054, endPage=1064, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324392786480464626, articleId=1324392786245583601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Influence of steady ship wave and waterline integral on ship hydrodynamics calculation of frequency domain, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For the frequency domain hydrodynamic problems of ship sailing in waves, the influence of steady wave potential and waterline integral terms on ship hydrodynamic calculation is explored. The boundary integral equation is solved using the three-dimensional translating and pulsating (3DTP) source Green's function method, and the background flow field is linearized using two schemes: double-body (DB) flow and Neumann-Kelvin (NK) uniform flow. A numerical program is developed and hydrodynamic calculations on Wigley I, Wigley III, S60, and S175 ships are performed. The results show that taking into account the steady potential can significantly improve the calculation accuracy of ship motion response on the resonance band of frequency. In addition, directly adding the waterline integral term to the boundary integral equation can easily lead to unstable numerical results. When the waterline is sunk to the centroid of the adjacent panel, the numerical results converge and are generally consistent with the results when the waterline integral is neglected, From an engineering perspective, in the 3DTP method, considering the influence of steady potential enhances the accuracy of the results, whereas neglecting the waterline integral is more practical.

, authors=Xin-sheng FAN1, Ren-chuan ZHU1, Heng-dong BIAN1, Chuan-qing LI2, Min-min ZHENG2, authorsList=Xin-sheng FAN, Ren-chuan ZHU, Heng-dong BIAN, Chuan-qing LI, Min-min ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324392801709982580, articleId=1324392786245583601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=定常兴波和水线积分对航行船舶频域水动力计算的影响, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对船舶在波浪中航行的频域水动力问题,本文探究定常兴波以及水线积分在水动力数值计算中的影响。采用有航速的三维移动脉动(3DTP)源格林函数法求解船舶绕辐射问题,移动兴波流场分别采用叠模和均匀流两种线性化方案,编写了数值程序并对不同航速下Wigley I、Wigley III、S60和S175四种船型进行了水动力计算分析。研究表明,物面条件中考虑定常兴波的影响能够显著降低船舶运动共振区的响应幅值,且考虑与定常兴波势相关的回复力可进一步提高共振区和长波范围内船舶运动响应的预报精度。此外,边界积分方程中的水线积分项容易导致数值计算不稳定,将水线下沉至相邻面元的形心处时,数值结果稳定收敛且与忽略水线积分时的计算结果基本一致。从工程计算角度来说,考虑定常兴波的影响能提升结果精度,忽略水线积分的3DTP方法则较为实用。

, authors=范新升1, 朱仁传1, 卞恒东1, 李传庆2, 郑敏敏2, authorsList=范新升, 朱仁传, 卞恒东, 李传庆, 郑敏敏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

范新升(2000–),男,博士研究生

朱仁传(1969–),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Principal dimensions and parameters

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Wigley IWigley IIIS60S175
船长 L/m33140175
船宽 B/m0.30.32025.4
吃水 D/m0.18750.187589.5
方形系数 Cb0.5610.4620.70.586
重心x坐标 Xcg/m000−2.5
重心z坐标 Zcg/m−0.0175−0.017500.02
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主要船型参数

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Wigley IWigley IIIS60S175
船长 L/m33140175
船宽 B/m0.30.32025.4
吃水 D/m0.18750.187589.5
方形系数 Cb0.5610.4620.70.586
重心x坐标 Xcg/m000−2.5
重心z坐标 Zcg/m−0.0175−0.017500.02
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定常兴波和水线积分对航行船舶频域水动力计算的影响
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范新升 1 , 朱仁传 1 , 卞恒东 1 , 李传庆 2 , 郑敏敏 2
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(7): 1054-1064
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (7) : 1054 -1064
定常兴波和水线积分对航行船舶频域水动力计算的影响
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范新升1, 朱仁传1 , 卞恒东1, 李传庆2, 郑敏敏2
作者信息
  • 1上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • 2上海船舶运输研究所有限公司,上海 200135
作者简介:

范新升(2000–),男,博士研究生

朱仁传(1969–),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

Influence of steady ship wave and waterline integral on ship hydrodynamics calculation of frequency domain
Xin-sheng FAN1, Ren-chuan ZHU1 , Heng-dong BIAN1, Chuan-qing LI2, Min-min ZHENG2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2Shanghai Ship and Shipping Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200135, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.002
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针对船舶在波浪中航行的频域水动力问题,本文探究定常兴波以及水线积分在水动力数值计算中的影响。采用有航速的三维移动脉动(3DTP)源格林函数法求解船舶绕辐射问题,移动兴波流场分别采用叠模和均匀流两种线性化方案,编写了数值程序并对不同航速下Wigley I、Wigley III、S60和S175四种船型进行了水动力计算分析。研究表明,物面条件中考虑定常兴波的影响能够显著降低船舶运动共振区的响应幅值,且考虑与定常兴波势相关的回复力可进一步提高共振区和长波范围内船舶运动响应的预报精度。此外,边界积分方程中的水线积分项容易导致数值计算不稳定,将水线下沉至相邻面元的形心处时,数值结果稳定收敛且与忽略水线积分时的计算结果基本一致。从工程计算角度来说,考虑定常兴波的影响能提升结果精度,忽略水线积分的3DTP方法则较为实用。

频域  /  耐波性  /  自由面格林函数  /  定常兴波  /  水线积分

For the frequency domain hydrodynamic problems of ship sailing in waves, the influence of steady wave potential and waterline integral terms on ship hydrodynamic calculation is explored. The boundary integral equation is solved using the three-dimensional translating and pulsating (3DTP) source Green's function method, and the background flow field is linearized using two schemes: double-body (DB) flow and Neumann-Kelvin (NK) uniform flow. A numerical program is developed and hydrodynamic calculations on Wigley I, Wigley III, S60, and S175 ships are performed. The results show that taking into account the steady potential can significantly improve the calculation accuracy of ship motion response on the resonance band of frequency. In addition, directly adding the waterline integral term to the boundary integral equation can easily lead to unstable numerical results. When the waterline is sunk to the centroid of the adjacent panel, the numerical results converge and are generally consistent with the results when the waterline integral is neglected, From an engineering perspective, in the 3DTP method, considering the influence of steady potential enhances the accuracy of the results, whereas neglecting the waterline integral is more practical.

frequency domain  /  seakeeping  /  free surface Green's function  /  steady wave  /  waterline integral
范新升, 朱仁传, 卞恒东, 李传庆, 郑敏敏. 定常兴波和水线积分对航行船舶频域水动力计算的影响. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (7) : 1054 -1064 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.002
Xin-sheng FAN, Ren-chuan ZHU, Heng-dong BIAN, Chuan-qing LI, Min-min ZHENG. Influence of steady ship wave and waterline integral on ship hydrodynamics calculation of frequency domain[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (7) : 1054 -1064 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.002
在船舶设计的初级阶段,频域势流方法凭借其快速、高效的优势,常作为船舶耐波性能评估的主流手段。对于有航速的船舶,现阶段与设计相关的运动性能评估计算仍主要采用二维切片法[1]。近年来,该问题的研究逐渐从二维向三维方向发展。在三维频域势流理论范畴,无航速的三维脉动(three-dimensional pulsating, 3DP)源格林函数方法发展较为成熟,3DP格林函数计算高效且数值稳定,工程上多采用航速修正[2]的方法将其应用于有航速船舶的水动力问题。三维移动脉动(three-dimensional translating and pulsating, 3DTP)源格林函数考虑了自由面的航速效应,理论上更为准确,但其积分核在自由面附近高频振荡的特性[3]使其计算相对耗时且数值稳定性较低。针对这一问题,Hong等[4]推导了Havelock型3DTP格林函数的半解析形式,通过在水平线段上对格林函数进行积分并交换积分顺序,降低了格林函数的奇异性。在此之后,Huang等[5]推导了Havelock型3DTP格林函数在面元上的解析积分表达式。无论是在水平线段还是在面元进行解析计算,均提高了格林函数积分计算的效率和稳定性。
当采用自由面格林函数进行有航速船舶绕辐射水动力计算时,现有研究多假定定常兴波势为小量,从而可对非定常扰动势简化求解。然而,也有研究表明,考虑定常兴波势对非定常扰动势的影响可以提高船舶水动力的计算精度。Nakos[6]采用频域Rankine面元法探究了定常兴波势对非定常绕辐射势计算的影响,背景流场分别采用叠模(DB, double-body)和均匀流(NK, Neumann-Kelvin)近似,通过对Wigley船进行水动力计算,发现DB方法水动力系数的计算精度比NK法更高。Zhang等[7]采用时域Rankine面元法分别在自由面和物面考虑定常兴波势的影响,探究两种边界条件的线性化方法对船舶水动力计算的影响,发现在物面m项中考虑DB定常势的影响可较为显著地提升水动力系数的计算精度,而边界条件的线性化方法对波浪力的影响较小。
此外,相比无航速情况,采用自由面格林函数进行有航速船舶绕辐射势计算时,边界积分方程会多出水线积分项。当场点与源点均位于水线上时,格林函数的高频振荡特性使得该项的数值计算极为困难,Iwashita等[8]在计算斜浪航行肥大型船的波浪力时直接将水线积分项忽略,计算结果与实验值在长波范围吻合较好。水线积分项在定常兴波问题中研究较多[9-10],其对波浪中航行船舶的水动力计算的影响尚不明确,已有研究[11]表明,水线积分项对直立圆柱和半球的一阶绕射波浪力和二阶平均力的影响可以忽略不计。通过数值方法探究水线积分项的影响时,为避免场点和源点均落在水线上,一般直接将水线忽略或取水线上的源强为相邻面元上的值。
为进一步提高有航速船舶在波浪上运动问题的数值计算精度和稳定性,本文采用半解析的移动脉动源格林函数法求解船舶绕辐射问题,并考虑了物面定常兴波势的影响。通过对Wigley I、Wigley III、S60和S175进行水动力计算,对比分析NK和DB两种线性化方法的预报精度,并对当前研究较少的与定常兴波势相关的回复力和水线积分项的影响进行探讨,最终得到一种数值稳定且计算精度较高的水动力计算方法。
对于船舶在波浪上运动问题的描述,引入两个笛卡尔直角坐标系,如图1所示。O0X0Y0Z0为大地坐标系,其位置固定,常用来描述入射波浪,Oxyz为参考坐标系,其随船体匀速前进,是描述船舶摇荡运动的基准坐标系,Oz轴竖直向上,Oxy平面位于静水面,Ox轴指向船艏。β为浪向角,定义为波浪传播方向与Ox轴正向的夹角。
船体相对于Oxyz参考系的位置变化即为船舶的运动位移。由于多普勒效应,在参考系中,船舶在自然频率为ω0的入射波激励下所感受到的频率为遭遇频率,其表达式为
$ {\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}={\omega }_{0}-{k}_{0}{U}_{0}\cos \beta $
式中:$ {\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}} $为遭遇频率,k0为波数,U0为船速。
在参考系中,基于流体无粘、均匀不可压且流动无旋的假定,引入速度势求解船舶在波浪上的运动问题。基于微幅波假定,总的速度势$ \varPsi $可分解为定常兴波势和非定常扰动势
$ \varPsi =-{U}_{0}x+\overline{\phi }+\left[{\varphi }_{0}-{\mathrm{i}}{\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}\sum \limits_{j=1}^{6}{\xi }_{j}{\varphi }_{j}+{\varphi }_{7}\right]{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-{\mathrm{i}}{{\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}}t} $
式中:$ \overline{\phi } $为定常兴波势,$ {\varphi }_{0} $和$ {\varphi }_{7} $为入射势和绕射势的空间复速度势,$ {\xi }_{j},{\varphi }_{j}(j=1,2,\cdots ,6) $分别表示第j模态的船舶复数运动幅值和规范化辐射势。入射波为无限水深的线性Airy波,其速度势为
$ {\varphi }_{0}=\dfrac{Ag}{{\mathrm{i}}{\omega }_{0}}{{\mathrm{e}}}^{{{k}_{0}}z+\mathrm{i}{{k}_{0}}(x\cos \beta +y\sin \beta )} $
式中:A为入射波幅值,g为重力加速度。
当采用NK均匀流模型时,视定常势$ \overline{\phi }=0 $;当采用DB叠模模型时,其满足的边值问题为
$ \begin{cases} [L]{\nabla }^{2}\overline{\phi }=0 & 在\varOmega 中\\[F]\dfrac{\partial \overline{\phi }}{\partial z}=0 & 在z=0处\\[S]\dfrac{\partial \overline{\phi }}{\partial n}={U}_{0}{n}_{1} & 在{S}_{0}上\\[R]\underset{R\rightarrow \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }\overline{\phi }=0\end{cases} $
式中:Ω为流体域,S0为船体平均湿表面,R为辐射面的距离。
对于非定常扰动势$ {\varphi }_{j}(j=1,2,\cdots,7) $,其满足的边值问题为
$ \begin{cases} {\nabla }^{2}{\varphi }_{j}=0& 在\varOmega 中\\g\dfrac{\partial {\varphi }_{j}}{\partial z}=\omega _{{\mathrm{e}}}^{2}{\varphi }_{j}-2{\mathrm{i}}{\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}{U}_{0}\dfrac{\partial {\varphi }_{j}}{\partial x}-U_{0}^{2}\dfrac{{\partial }^{2}{\varphi }_{j}}{\partial {x}^{2}}& 在z=0处\\\dfrac{\partial {\varphi }_{j}}{\partial n}={n}_{j}+\dfrac{i}{{\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}}{m}_{j},j=1,\cdots,6;\dfrac{\partial {\varphi }_{7}}{\partial n}=-\dfrac{\partial {\varphi }_{0}}{\partial n}& 在{{S}}_{0}上\\\nabla {\varphi }_{j}\rightarrow 0& 在z\rightarrow -\mathrm{\infty }处\\\underset{R\rightarrow \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }\sqrt{R}\left(\dfrac{\partial {\varphi }_{j}}{\partial R}-{\mathrm{i}}{k}_{0}{\varphi }_{j}\right)=0\end{cases} $
式中:$ {n}_{j} $为物面广义法向,$ {m}_{j} $为物面m项,其体现了定常兴波势对非定常扰动势的影响
$ \begin{cases} \left({m}_{1},{m}_{2},{m}_{3}\right)=-\left(\boldsymbol{n}\cdot \nabla \right)\boldsymbol{W}\\\left({m}_{4},{m}_{5},{m}_{6}\right)=-\left(\boldsymbol{n}\cdot \nabla \right)\left(\boldsymbol{r}\times \boldsymbol{W}\right)\end{cases} $
式中:$ \boldsymbol{W}=\nabla \left(-x{U}_{0}+\overline{\phi }\right) $。当采用NK均匀流模型时,物面m项简化为
$ \begin{cases} ({m}_{1},{m}_{2},{m}_{3})=(0,0,0)\\({m}_{4},{m}_{5},{m}_{6})=(0,{U}_{0}{n}_{3},-{U}_{0}{n}_{2})\end{cases} $
从式(6)可以看出,物面m项的计算涉及定常兴波势的一阶和二阶偏导数计算,对于定常兴波势所满足的边值问题式(4),采用源分布法求解,具体可参考文献[12]。
在求得物面m项后,采用源偶混合分布的方法求解非定常扰动势$ {\varphi }_{j}(j=1,2,\cdots ,7) $所满足的边值问题式(5),其中格林函数G(p,q)采用满足自由面条件和远方辐射条件的移动脉动源格林函数
$ \alpha \left(p\right)\varphi \left(p\right)=\dfrac{1}{4\text{π} }{\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}\left[\dfrac{\partial \varphi \left(q\right)}{\partial {n}_{q}}G\left(p,q\right)-\varphi \left(q\right)\dfrac{\partial G\left(p,q\right)}{\partial {n}_{q}}\right]{\mathrm{d}}{s}_{q}-\dfrac{1}{4\text{π} g}{\oint }_{{\mathrm{WL}}}\left[2{U}_{0}{\mathrm{i}}{\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}\varphi G-U_{0}^{2}\left(\varphi \dfrac{\partial G}{\partial \xi }-G\dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial \xi }\right)\right]{\mathrm{d}}\eta $
式中:p为场点,q为源点,$ \alpha (p) $为p点的固体角,nq为q处的法向,指向流域外为正,S0为船体物面,WL为水线。格林函数G(p,q)采用Havelock形式的移动脉动源格林函数,其可表示为Rankine部分和航速波动部分
$ G=\dfrac{1}{r}-\dfrac{1}{{r}_{1}}+\sum \limits_{m,n=1}^{2}\int \limits_{0}^{\text{π} }\dfrac{{(-1)}^{m-1}{k}_{m}{{\mathrm{e}}}^{{{k}_{m}}{{\alpha }_{n}}}[{E}_{1}({k}_{m}{\alpha }_{n})+2\text{π} {\mathrm{i}}{H}_{mn}]}{\text{π} \sqrt{1-4\tau \cos \theta }}{\mathrm{d}}\theta $
式中:r和r1分别为场点和源点及源点镜像的距离,km为积分核的奇点,E1为复指数积分函数,Hmn为Heaviside阶跃函数,$ {\alpha }_{n}=(z+\zeta )+{\mathrm{i}}\left[\left(x-\xi \right)\cos \theta +{\left(-1\right)}^{n+1}\left(y-\eta \right)\sin \theta \right] $为位置函数,$ \tau ={U}_{0}{\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}/g $,参数的具体表达式可进一步参考文献[4]。
在求得速度势后,可根据伯努利方程得到流场的压力分布,进而沿船体湿表面积分得到流体作用力。其中入射波浪力$ F_{j}^{{\mathrm{I}}} $和绕射波浪力$ F_{j}^{{\mathrm{D}}} $经推导可表示为
$ \begin{cases} F_{j}^{{\mathrm{I}}}=\left\{\rho {\mathrm{i}}{\omega }_{0}{\displaystyle\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}{\varphi }_{0}{n}_{j}{\mathrm{d}}s-\rho {\displaystyle\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}\left(\nabla {\varphi }_{0}\cdot \nabla \overline{\phi }\right){n}_{j}{\mathrm{d}}s\right\}{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-{\mathrm{i}}{{\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}}t}\\F_{j}^{{\mathrm{D}}}=-\rho {\displaystyle\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}{\varPhi }_{{\mathrm{D}}t}{n}_{j}{\mathrm{d}}s-\rho {\displaystyle\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}\left(\boldsymbol{W}\cdot \nabla {\varPhi }_{{\mathrm{D}}}\right){n}_{j}{\mathrm{d}}s\end{cases} $
式中:$ {\varphi }_{0} $为入射势,$ {\varPhi }_{{\mathrm{D}}}={\varphi }_{7}{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-{\mathrm{i}}{{\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}}t} $为绕射势。
辐射波浪力$ F_{j}^{R} $可表示为
$ F_{j}^{R}=-\sum \limits_{k=1}^{6}{\mu }_{jk}{\ddot{x}}_{k}-\sum \limits_{k=1}^{6}{\lambda }_{jk}{\dot{x}}_{k} $
式中:$ {\mu }_{jk} $和$ {\lambda }_{jk}(j,k=1,2,\cdots,6) $分别为船舶第k模态运动诱导其所受到的第j方向的附加质量和阻尼系数,可表示为
$ \begin{cases} {\mu }_{jk}=\mathrm{Re}\left[\rho {\displaystyle\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}{\varphi }_{k}{n}_{j}{\mathrm{d}}s+\rho \dfrac{{\mathrm{i}}}{{\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}}{\displaystyle\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}\left(\boldsymbol{W}\cdot \nabla {\varphi }_{k}\right){n}_{j}{\mathrm{d}}s\right]\\{\lambda }_{jk}/{\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}=\mathrm{Im}\left[\rho {\displaystyle\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}{\varphi }_{k}{n}_{j}{\mathrm{d}}s+\rho \dfrac{{\mathrm{i}}}{{\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}}{\displaystyle\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}\left(\boldsymbol{W}\cdot \nabla {\varphi }_{k}\right){n}_{j}{\mathrm{d}}s\right]\end{cases} $
与航速无关的静压力沿船体湿表面积分得到与航速无关的静水回复力Fcj
$ {F}_{cj}=-\rho g{\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}\left({\xi }_{3}+y{\xi }_{4}-x{\xi }_{5}\right){n}_{j}{\mathrm{d}}s=\sum \limits_{k=1}^{6}{\{C\}}_{jk}{\xi }_{k} $
式中:C为与航速无关的回复力矩阵,其具体表达可参考文献[13]。
与航速相关的静压力沿船体湿表面积分得到与航速相关的回复力$ F_{cj}^{s} $
$ F_{cj}^{s}=-\rho {\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}\left[\left(\boldsymbol{\delta }\cdot \nabla \right)\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\nabla \overline{\phi }\cdot \nabla \overline{\phi }\right)+\left(\boldsymbol{\delta }\cdot \nabla \right)\left(-{U}_{0}{\overline{\phi }}_{x}\right)\right]{n}_{j}{\mathrm{d}}s=\sum \limits_{k=1}^{6}{\{{{C}_{{\mathrm{s}}}}\}}_{jk}{\xi }_{k}\qquad j=1,2,\cdots ,6 $
式中:δ为船上任意一点在参考系下的位移矢量,Cs为与航速相关的回复力矩阵,体现了定常兴波势对回复力的影响,经推导,其可表示为
$ \dfrac{{\{{{C}_{{\mathrm{s}}}}\}}_{jk}}{\rho }=\begin{cases} \dfrac{1}{2}{\displaystyle\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}{\tilde{\phi }}_{k}{n}_{j}{\mathrm{d}}s+{U}_{0}{\displaystyle\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}{\phi }_{k}{n}_{j}{\mathrm{d}}s & k=1,2,3\\\dfrac{1}{2}{\displaystyle\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}{\left({\overset{\rightharpoonup }{r}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}\times \overset{\rightharpoonup }{\tilde{\phi }}\right)}_{k-3}{n}_{j}{\mathrm{d}}s+{U}_{0}{\displaystyle\iint }_{{{S}_{0}}}{\left({\overset{\rightharpoonup }{r}}_{b}\times \overset{\rightharpoonup }{\phi }\right)}_{k-3}{n}_{j}{\mathrm{d}}s & k=4,5,6\end{cases} $
式中:$ \phi $和$ \widetilde{\phi } $为定常兴波势的二阶导数项
$ \begin{cases}\overset{\rightharpoonup }{\phi }=\left({\overline{\phi }}_{xx},{\overline{\phi }}_{xy},{\overline{\phi }}_{xz}\right) \quad \overset{\rightharpoonup }{\tilde{\phi }}=\left({\tilde{\phi }}_{1},{\tilde{\phi }}_{2},{\tilde{\phi }}_{3}\right)\\{\tilde{\phi }}_{1}=2\left({\overline{\phi }}_{xx}+{\overline{\phi }}_{yx}+{\overline{\phi }}_{zx}\right) \quad {\tilde{\phi }}_{2}=2\left({\overline{\phi }}_{xy}+{\overline{\phi }}_{yy}+{\overline{\phi }}_{zy}\right) \quad {\tilde{\phi }}_{3}=2\left({\overline{\phi }}_{xz}+{\overline{\phi }}_{yz}+{\overline{\phi }}_{zz}\right)\end{cases} $
在求得流体作用力后,根据动量定理可得参考系下船舶在波浪上的运动方程
$ \sum \limits_{k=1}^{6}{M}_{jk}{\ddot{\xi }}_{k}\left(t\right)={F}_{j}\qquad j=1,2,\cdots ,6 $
式中:M为船舶的质量矩阵,Fj为流体作用力。将所有流体作用力代入式(17)的右端项,并消去时间因子,可得船舶运动的频域方程
$ \sum \limits_{k=1}^{6}\left[-\omega _{{\mathrm{e}}}^{2}\left({M}_{jk}+{\mu }_{jk}\right)-{\mathrm{i}}{\omega }_{{\mathrm{e}}}{\lambda }_{jk}+{\left(C+{C}_{s}\right)}_{jk}\right]{\xi }_{k}=f_{j}^{{\mathrm{I}}}+f_{j}^{{\mathrm{D}}} $}}
式中:$ f_{j}^{{\mathrm{I}}} $和$ f_{j}^{{\mathrm{D}}} $分别为入射波浪力和绕射波浪力的空间部分。
采用常值面元法求解边界积分方程式(8),其离散形式可表示为
$ 2\text{π} \varphi ({p}_{i})+\sum \limits_{j=1}^{N}\varphi ({q}_{j}){\iint }_{\Delta {{S}_{j}}}\dfrac{\partial G({p}_{i},{q}_{j})}{\partial {n}_{q}}{\mathrm{d}}s=\sum \limits_{j=1}^{N}\dfrac{\partial \varphi ({q}_{j})}{\partial {n}_{q}}{\iint }_{\Delta {{S}_{j}}}G({p}_{i},{q}_{j}){\mathrm{d}}s+\Delta WL({p}_{i},{q}_{j}) $
式中:N为船体总的面元数,ΔSj为第j个面元,ΔWL为水线修正项,将在第四章详细介绍。
对于船舶在有航速工况下的水动力问题,满足自由面条件的格林函数是移动脉动(3DTP)源格林函数。上述方程的求解涉及3DTP源格林函数及其法向导数在面元上的积分计算,对于格林函数的Rankine部分,采用Gauss-Legendre数值积分方法计算,对于含航速的波动部分,为提高数值计算的效率和稳定性,采用Hong等[4]提出的半解析的水平线段源方法进行积分计算:首先,将面元划分为多条水平线段,并计算格林函数在这些线段上的积分值;随后,沿垂直方向采用高斯积分法计算整个面元上的积分值。
本文采用3DTP格林函数法求解船舶在波浪上运动的有航速频域问题,旨在探究定常兴波势和水线积分的影响。对于定常兴波势,若将其忽略,即为经典的NK方法,若考虑其影响,本文采用叠模近似的方法求解。对于边界积分方程中的水线积分项,可将其视为小量并将其忽略,若将其保留,则需在数值处理中细致计算并考察其影响。当然,这两个要素的影响也与航速高低以及船型肥瘦等因素相关,为此,本文选取了四种不同方形系数的船型(见2.3节),并在不同航速下进行了水动力计算。
基于上述理论,编写了数值程序,选择数学船型Wigley I、Wigley III以及实际工程船型S60和S175进行水动力计算。四种船型作为船舶耐波性分析的典型船型,具有丰富的实验数据,可为数值结果提供参考,此外,船舶方形系数和型线复杂程度的不同也可体现研究的充分性。算例船的主要船型参数如表1所示。
对四种船型进行网格收敛分析,达到收敛时的网格数分别为640、640、680和800,网格划分结果如图2所示。
与航速相关的回复力式(14)体现了定常兴波势对回复力的影响。当采用NK均匀流模型(3DTP_NK)时,该项为0。当采用DB叠模模型时,对比分析在船舶运动方程式(18)中考虑(3DTP_DB_CIJ)与不考虑(3DTP_DB)航速相关回复力时运动响应RAO的计算差异。
图3为Wigley I以Fn=0.3迎浪航行时的运动响应计算结果,实验值来自Journee[14]。可以看出, NK方法计算得到的垂荡和纵摇运动响应RAO峰值偏大,考虑物面DB定常势的影响后,运动响应峰值降低,与实验值更为接近。此外,在DB线性化方法中,考虑航速相关回复力后,垂荡运动响应在峰值和长波范围略微增大,纵摇运动响应在峰值附近略微变小,且与实验值吻合较好。
图4为S60(Cb=0.7)以Fn=0.2迎浪航行时的运动响应计算结果,图中实验值来自Gerritsma和 Beukelman[15]。可以看出,考虑DB定常势的影响后,S60船型的垂荡和纵摇运动响应幅值在共振区间降低,与实验值更为一致。此外,航速相关的回复力(3DTP_DB_CIJ)对S60垂荡运动响应影响偏小,略微降低了其纵摇运动响应在共振区间的幅值,使其纵摇运动响应预报精度得到了进一步提升。
图5~6分别为S175以航速Fn=0.2和0.25迎浪航行时的运动响应计算结果,实验值来自ITTC[16]。两个航速下的S175船型算例表明,考虑定常兴波势的影响后,S175船垂荡和纵摇运动响应在共振区间的幅值均有所降低,运动响应的预报精度得到提升。进一步考虑航速相关的回复力后,运动响应幅值在共振区间和长波范围得到了微小的修正。
总之,相比NK均匀流方法,考虑定常兴波势的影响能够有效提升航行船舶运动响应在共振区间附近的预报精度。
理论上而言,在求解有航速船舶绕辐射势时,边界积分方程会多出水线积分项。为避免场点p与源点q均位于水线上给数值计算带来的困难,不改变线性方程组的维数,仅在船体平均湿表面设置控制点p,而通过水线修正自由面附近第一层船体面元的强度,即假定水线处的源强等于其所在面元处的源强,从而避免了场点p与源点q的垂向坐标均为零的情况。
由于水线位于自由面和船体湿表面的交界处,自由面条件为一阶线性自由面条件,而物面条件为不可穿透条件,这会导致水线处的边界条件存在不一致性。由于假定水线处源强与其所在面元处的源强相等,这实际上在水线处采用了物面条件,为使得这一假定更为合理,可将水线适当下沉处理,一方面可使此假定更具一致性,另一方面可避免场点p与源点q垂向坐标之和BZ=z+ζ趋于零引起的数值不稳定性。
为探究水线积分项对航行船舶频域水动力计算的影响,分别在NK和DB两种线性化方法中直接添加水线,并将水线下沉一定深度进行计算分析,下沉深度取水线所在网格垂向距离的一半(0.5dz),即将水线下沉至相邻面元的形心位置。这样选取的依据为,采用常值面元法离散时,控制点p取在每个船体面元的形心处,将水线下沉至相邻面元的形心处时,水线修正相邻面元强度的假定最为合理。
分别对Fn=0.2和0.3的S60和Wigley III进行水动力计算。Wigley III的附加质量和阻尼系数计算结果如图7~8所示,图中实验值来自Journee[14]。对于NK线性化方法,图中3DTP_NK为不考虑水线积分项的计算结果;3DTP_NK_WL为直接添加水线的计算结果;3DTP_NK_WL(0.5dz)为添加水线且将水线下沉至相邻面元形心处的计算结果,该表述同样适用于DB线性化方法。可以看出,无论是NK还是DB线性化方法,直接添加水线均导致水动力系数数值计算不稳定,且DB背景流场下水动力系数曲线振荡更为显著。将水线下沉至相邻面元形心处后,水动力系数曲线变得光滑且与忽略水线积分项时的计算结果基本一致。对比计算收敛的数值结果还可以看出,相比NK线性化方法,DB方法计算得到的水动力系数与实验值更为接近,这也是前述DB方法在运动响应计算中更为准确的原因之一。
S60的附加质量和阻尼系数计算结果如图9~10所示,图中实验值来自Gerritsma和Beukelman[15]。同样可以看出,直接添加水线容易导致S60船型水动力数值计算不稳定,将水线下沉至第一层面元的形心处时,计算结果收敛且与忽略水线积分时的结果基本一致。
通过对Wigley III和S60水动力计算表明,忽略水线积分项的3DTP方法数值稳定,且与实验值吻合较好。添加水线积分项且将其下沉至相邻面元形心处后,同样可得准确且稳定的结果,但在当前计算中两者差异不大。此外,在前文船舶运动响应的计算中,均忽略了水线积分项,并取得了较为准确的结果,故在当前计算中可认为水线积分项的影响偏小,实际计算中可将其忽略。未来可对其他船型进一步验证或采用其他数值方法进一步探究水线积分项在有航速船舶绕辐射问题中的影响。
本文采用三维移动脉动(3DTP)源格林函数方法,探究了定常兴波势和水线积分项对航行船舶频域水动力计算的影响。通过对四种不同船型进行水动力数值计算,得到以下结论:
(1)在3DTP方法中,考虑物面定常兴波势的影响可以显著降低船舶在共振频率处的运动响应幅值,考虑与定常兴波势相关的回复力能够进一步提高共振区间和长波范围运动响应的预报精度。
(2)在3DTP方法中,保留水线积分项的计算易导致数值计算的不稳定,将水线下沉至相邻面元的形心处可获得准确且收敛的数值结果。
(3)在3DTP方法中,忽略水线积分项与将水线下沉后的计算结果基本一致,可认为水线积分项在当前船舶频域水动力计算中的影响较小。
综上所述,考虑物面定常兴波势的影响且忽略水线积分项的3DTP方法高效稳定,在工程应用中是较为实用的方法。本文的研究对相关研究人员理解频域理论方法、选择工程计算数值处理手段具有参考价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2141228)
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2026年第30卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.07.002
  • 接收时间:2025-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-11-03
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-02
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2141228)
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    1上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
    2上海船舶运输研究所有限公司,上海 200135
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