Article(id=1281326856666333832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749916800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421728531, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421728531, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421728531, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421728531, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281326807345500788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='12', pageStart='1827', pageEnd='1990', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765728000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783421716772, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422145004, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328603572977733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328603572977734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1874, endPage=1884, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281326856884437641, articleId=1281326856666333832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Stream-function solution of a two-layer Boussinesq model, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Boussinesq model is a kind of wave model widely used in near-shore engineering, and its computational accuracy mainly depends on the basic performance of the model, while the upper bound of nonlinear application of the model has always been the focus of attention. In recent years, the two-layer Boussinesq model has gained great progress regarding theoretical properties, numerical modeling and applications. However, the value of its nonlinear upper bound has not been given in any literature. So in this study, the stream-function of the two-layer Boussinesq model was solved using a combination of genetic algorithm and Newton's method to determine the upper bound value of the model, considering the highest spatial derivatives of order 3 and 5. In the same way, the stream-function solutions of the corresponding one-layer Boussinesq model were derived. The numerical results show that the nonlinear upper bounds of the two-layer Boussinesq model with the highest derivatives of order 3 and 5 are H/L = 0.137 and 0.138. Compared with the one-layer Boussinesq model, the two-layer model has a greater water depth of applicability regarding strong nonlinear characteristics. The combination of genetic algorithm and Newton's method proposed in this study can provide some references for solving the stream-function waves of the related Boussinesq models.

, authors=Rui LIANG1, Zhong-bo LIU1, Ke-zhao FANG2, Jia-wen SUN2, 3, Ping WANG2, 3, authorsList=Rui LIANG, Zhong-bo LIU, Ke-zhao FANG, Jia-wen SUN, Ping WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhong-bo LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281326884009001863, articleId=1281326856666333832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=双层Boussinesq型水波方程的流函数解, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Boussinesq型水波方程是近岸工程中广泛应用的一种波浪模型,其计算精度取决于方程基本性能,而方程的非线性应用上界一直是关注的重点内容。近年来,双层Boussinesq方程的理论性能、数值建模及应用均取得了较大的进展,然而其非线性上界是多少,尚未有文献给出答案。为此,本文通过遗传算法和牛顿法求解最高空间导数为3阶和5阶的双层Boussinesq方程的流函数,以确定其上界。并以同样的方法,求出了相应单层Boussinesq方程的流函数解。数值结果表明:最高导数为3阶和5阶的双层Boussinesq方程的非线性上界为H/L=0.137、0.138;与单层Boussinesq方程相比,双层方程在强非线性特征上具有更大的适用水深。本文提出的遗传算法和牛顿法相结合的方法,可为求解相关Boussinesq型水波方程的流函数波浪提供一定的参考。

, authors=梁锐1, 刘忠波1, 房克照2, 孙家文2, 3, 王平2, 3, authorsList=梁锐, 刘忠波, 房克照, 孙家文, 王平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘忠波, authorNote=

梁 锐(2002–),男,博士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘忠波(1976–),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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梁 锐(2002–),男,博士研究生

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梁 锐(2002–),男,博士研究生

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journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326856666333832, language=CN, label=图7, caption=模型1、2的波面与解析解的绝对误差, figureFileSmall=GW8XoFT9xXFZXafI3zWaOQ==, figureFileBig=V36oL2tq3BCK9EKxnO/7pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281326888043922372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326856666333832, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Index of agreement between Model 1, Model 2 and the analytical solutions

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H/L模型1模型2
波面重合度n波面水平速度 重合度un波面垂直速度 重合度wn波面重合度n波面水平速度 重合度un波面垂直速度 重合度wn
0.130 ${{1 - 4}}{{.45 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.57 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.12 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.36 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.19 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.61 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.131 ${{1 - 8}}{{.09 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.21 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.86 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 6}}{{.28 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.63 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.18 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.132 ${{1 - 1}}{{.51 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.17 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.93 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.21 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.25 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.99 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.133 ${{1 - 2}}{{.87 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.67 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 5}}{{.49 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.39 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.15 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.14 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.134 ${{1 - 5}}{{.63 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 7}}{{.05 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 7}}{{.82 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.80 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.47 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 5}}{{.81 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.135 ${{1 - 1}}{{.14 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.11 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.14 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 9}}{{.91 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 6}}{{.47 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 8}}{{.29 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.136 ${{1 - 2}}{{.45 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.83 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.75 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.13 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 9}}{{.70 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.21 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$
0.137 ${{1 - 5}}{{.82 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.34 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.95 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.99 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.58 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.88 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$
0.138 ${{1 - 1}}{{.48 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.25 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.49 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1281326888115225541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326856666333832, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型1、模型2与解析解的重合度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
H/L模型1模型2
波面重合度n波面水平速度 重合度un波面垂直速度 重合度wn波面重合度n波面水平速度 重合度un波面垂直速度 重合度wn
0.130 ${{1 - 4}}{{.45 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.57 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.12 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.36 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.19 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.61 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.131 ${{1 - 8}}{{.09 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.21 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.86 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 6}}{{.28 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.63 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.18 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.132 ${{1 - 1}}{{.51 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.17 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.93 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.21 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.25 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.99 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.133 ${{1 - 2}}{{.87 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.67 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 5}}{{.49 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.39 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.15 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.14 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.134 ${{1 - 5}}{{.63 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 7}}{{.05 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 7}}{{.82 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.80 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.47 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 5}}{{.81 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.135 ${{1 - 1}}{{.14 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.11 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.14 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 9}}{{.91 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 6}}{{.47 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 8}}{{.29 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.136 ${{1 - 2}}{{.45 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.83 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.75 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.13 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 9}}{{.70 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.21 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$
0.137 ${{1 - 5}}{{.82 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.34 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.95 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.99 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.58 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.88 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$
0.138 ${{1 - 1}}{{.48 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.25 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.49 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1281326888186528710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326856666333832, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Index of agreement of surface elevation between different models and the analytical solution

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$kh$模型1模型3 $kh$模型2模型4
3 ${{1 - 5}}{{.67 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 8}}{{.00 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$10 ${{1 - 9}}{{.91 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.22 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
6 ${{1 - 3}}{{.36 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.76 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$15 ${{1 - 9}}{{.89 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.36 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
8 ${{1 - 3}}{{.89 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 8}}{{.84 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$20 ${{1 - 1}}{{.11 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.30 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
10 ${{1 - 4}}{{.45 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 8}}{{.32 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$25 ${{1 - 1}}{{.03 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.47 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$
12 ${{1 - 5}}{{.04 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 6}}{{.10 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$30 ${{1 - 1}}{{.04 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
75 ${{1 - 9}}{{.03 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$250 ${{1 - 5}}{{.59 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1281326888270414791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326856666333832, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同模型波面与解析解的重合度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$kh$模型1模型3 $kh$模型2模型4
3 ${{1 - 5}}{{.67 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 8}}{{.00 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$10 ${{1 - 9}}{{.91 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.22 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
6 ${{1 - 3}}{{.36 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.76 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$15 ${{1 - 9}}{{.89 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.36 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
8 ${{1 - 3}}{{.89 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 8}}{{.84 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$20 ${{1 - 1}}{{.11 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.30 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
10 ${{1 - 4}}{{.45 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 8}}{{.32 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$25 ${{1 - 1}}{{.03 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.47 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$
12 ${{1 - 5}}{{.04 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 6}}{{.10 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$30 ${{1 - 1}}{{.04 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
75 ${{1 - 9}}{{.03 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$250 ${{1 - 5}}{{.59 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1281326888350106568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326856666333832, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Index of agreement of surface elevation between numerical (Model 1/3) and analytical solutions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
H/L模型1模型3
5阶7阶3阶5阶7阶
0.1300 ${{1 - 3}}{{.73 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.38 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.76 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.77 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.85 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$
0.1310 ${{1 - 6}}{{.99 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 6}}{{.28 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.61 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.09 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.09 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$
0.1320 ${{1 - 1}}{{.34 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.20 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.31 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.74 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.53 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$
0.1330 ${{1 - 2}}{{.63 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.36 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 7}}{{.75 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.09 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.42 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$
0.1340 ${{1 - 5}}{{.27 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.74 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.50 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 7}}{{.02 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 5}}{{.31 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$
0.1350 ${{1 - 1}}{{.09 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 9}}{{.81 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.17 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.37 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 9}}{{.45 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$
0.1360 ${{1 - 2}}{{.35 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.13 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 7}}{{.58 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.98 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.91 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.1370 ${{1 - 5}}{{.61 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 5}}{{.12 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.73 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 7}}{{.68 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.40 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.1375 ${{1 - 9}}{{.93 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 9}}{{.15 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.50 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 7}}{{.99 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.1380 ${{1 - 1}}{{.84 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.71 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.34 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1281326888433992649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326856666333832, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模型1、模型3的波面与解析解的重合度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
H/L模型1模型3
5阶7阶3阶5阶7阶
0.1300 ${{1 - 3}}{{.73 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.38 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.76 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.77 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.85 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$
0.1310 ${{1 - 6}}{{.99 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 6}}{{.28 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 7}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.61 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.09 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.09 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$
0.1320 ${{1 - 1}}{{.34 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.20 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.31 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.74 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.53 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$
0.1330 ${{1 - 2}}{{.63 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.36 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 7}}{{.75 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.09 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.42 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$
0.1340 ${{1 - 5}}{{.27 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.74 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.50 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 7}}{{.02 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 5}}{{.31 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$
0.1350 ${{1 - 1}}{{.09 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 9}}{{.81 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$ ${{1 - 3}}{{.17 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.37 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 9}}{{.45 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 6}}}}$
0.1360 ${{1 - 2}}{{.35 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.13 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 7}}{{.58 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.98 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.91 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.1370 ${{1 - 5}}{{.61 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 5}}{{.12 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 2}}{{.73 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 7}}{{.68 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 4}}{{.40 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.1375 ${{1 - 9}}{{.93 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 9}}{{.15 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.50 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 7}}{{.99 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 5}}}}$
0.1380 ${{1 - 1}}{{.84 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.71 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$ ${{1 - 1}}{{.34 \times 1}}{{{0}}^{{{ - 4}}}}$
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双层Boussinesq型水波方程的流函数解
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梁锐 1 , 刘忠波 1 , 房克照 2 , 孙家文 2, 3 , 王平 2, 3
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(12): 1874-1884
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2025 , 29 (12) : 1874 -1884
双层Boussinesq型水波方程的流函数解
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梁锐1, 刘忠波1 , 房克照2, 孙家文2, 3, 王平2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.大连海事大学 交通运输工程学院,辽宁 大连 116026
  • 2.大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 3.国家海洋环境监测中心 国家环境保护海洋生态环境整治修复重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116023
通讯作者:
刘忠波(1976–),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

梁 锐(2002–),男,博士研究生

Stream-function solution of a two-layer Boussinesq model
Rui LIANG1, Zhong-bo LIU1 , Ke-zhao FANG2, Jia-wen SUN2, 3, Ping WANG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Transportation Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 3.State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment Restoration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.005
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Boussinesq型水波方程是近岸工程中广泛应用的一种波浪模型,其计算精度取决于方程基本性能,而方程的非线性应用上界一直是关注的重点内容。近年来,双层Boussinesq方程的理论性能、数值建模及应用均取得了较大的进展,然而其非线性上界是多少,尚未有文献给出答案。为此,本文通过遗传算法和牛顿法求解最高空间导数为3阶和5阶的双层Boussinesq方程的流函数,以确定其上界。并以同样的方法,求出了相应单层Boussinesq方程的流函数解。数值结果表明:最高导数为3阶和5阶的双层Boussinesq方程的非线性上界为H/L=0.137、0.138;与单层Boussinesq方程相比,双层方程在强非线性特征上具有更大的适用水深。本文提出的遗传算法和牛顿法相结合的方法,可为求解相关Boussinesq型水波方程的流函数波浪提供一定的参考。

Boussinesq方程  /  流函数  /  非线性上界  /  遗传算法  /  牛顿法

The Boussinesq model is a kind of wave model widely used in near-shore engineering, and its computational accuracy mainly depends on the basic performance of the model, while the upper bound of nonlinear application of the model has always been the focus of attention. In recent years, the two-layer Boussinesq model has gained great progress regarding theoretical properties, numerical modeling and applications. However, the value of its nonlinear upper bound has not been given in any literature. So in this study, the stream-function of the two-layer Boussinesq model was solved using a combination of genetic algorithm and Newton's method to determine the upper bound value of the model, considering the highest spatial derivatives of order 3 and 5. In the same way, the stream-function solutions of the corresponding one-layer Boussinesq model were derived. The numerical results show that the nonlinear upper bounds of the two-layer Boussinesq model with the highest derivatives of order 3 and 5 are H/L = 0.137 and 0.138. Compared with the one-layer Boussinesq model, the two-layer model has a greater water depth of applicability regarding strong nonlinear characteristics. The combination of genetic algorithm and Newton's method proposed in this study can provide some references for solving the stream-function waves of the related Boussinesq models.

Boussinesq model  /  stream-function  /  nonlinear upper bound  /  genetic algorithm  /  Newton’s method
梁锐, 刘忠波, 房克照, 孙家文, 王平. 双层Boussinesq型水波方程的流函数解. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (12) : 1874 -1884 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.005
Rui LIANG, Zhong-bo LIU, Ke-zhao FANG, Jia-wen SUN, Ping WANG. Stream-function solution of a two-layer Boussinesq model[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (12) : 1874 -1884 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.005
Boussinesq型水波方程是描述波浪传播的重要数学模型,在近岸和海洋工程水动力模拟中具有重要应用。自1967年Peregrine[1]首次提出变水深的水平二维Boussinesq型水波方程以来,近岸波浪的时域模拟得到了广泛的关注。为克服经典Boussinesq型水波方程弱非线性和弱色散性的缺陷,相应的研究工作也随之展开。Witting[2]引入了Padé逼近的方法以确定方程中的色散系数。Madsen等[3]、Nwogu[4]提出了改进型方程,但适用水深不超过$kh = {\text{6}}$k为波数,h为水深)。近年来,Liu等[5-6]的研究取得了较大的进展,他们推导了多层Boussinesq方程,大大扩展了Boussinesq型水波方程的适用水深范围。最新的有关Boussinesq型水波方程的优秀综述,可参见Kirby[7]和孙家文等[8]的工作。
Boussinesq型水波方程的核心思想是将复杂的三维水波问题简化为水平二维问题,通过将速度对坐标$z$的导数转化为水平导数,显著提高了求解效率。从理论层面,Liu等[6]论述了Boussinesq型水波方程的发展阶段,包括弱色散、弱非线性、二阶非线性、近似的二阶完全非线性以及极端水深的完全非线性方程。Liu等[5]推导的双层Boussinesq方程,通过傅里叶展开方法,给出了Stokes线性波解、二阶Stokes波解和三阶Stokes波解,充分展示了该方程在非线性波理论模拟中的精确性。该Boussinesq数值模型在孤立波[9]、聚焦波[10]和双色波群演化[11]等的强非线性模拟中均展现了较好的性能。特别地,Liu等[11]开发了双层Boussinesq方程数值模型,通过与流函数波浪解析对比,验证了模型的强非线性特性,他们给出了数值模型的最大适用波陡H/L = 0.123(H为波高,L为波长)。尽管如此,关于该方程在强非线性特征方面如流函数波浪的适用上界,目前尚无文献报道。
众所周知,Stokes破碎波的理论上界为H/L≈0.142,而流函数波浪(通过数值逼近求得)与基于摄动展开方法的Stokes三阶波存在本质差异,前者能考虑高阶对低阶的非线性作用,而后者的解析不能考虑高阶对低阶的非线性作用。当前,关于Boussinesq型水波方程流函数的求解仅有Otta等[12]和Madsen等[13]开展过相关研究。因此,本文旨在探讨以下几个问题:(1) Liu等[5]、刘忠波等[14]提出的双层Boussinesq方程的流函数解是怎样的?其波陡上界是多少?(2)双层Boussinesq方程与单层Boussinesq方程流函数解的差异如何?(3)波面速度公式中的高阶项对双层Boussinesq方程的非线性有什么影响?是否有必要提高其最高阶导数的阶数?
为了求解以上问题,本文采用类似Madsen等[13]的方法,构造了最高阶导数为3阶和5阶的双层Boussinesq型水波方程的流函数;进一步,通过遗传算法和牛顿法进行求解,以确定双层Boussinesq型水波方程的非线性上界。
在水体无旋、无粘的假设下,Liu等[5]将深度为$h$的水体分为两层(如图1所示),在$z = - {h_1}(h_1=2\alpha h)$处连接上下层水体的水平速度和垂向速度,并结合水底($z = - h$)的运动学条件、波面($z = \eta $)的运动学和动力学边界条件构成了双层Boussinesq方程。
具体公式如下, 其中,$ {u_\eta } $$ {w_\eta } $分别表示波面的水平速度和垂向速度分量;$ {u_{10}} $$ {w_{10}} $分别表示静止水位的水平速度和垂向速度分量,静止水位即图1$z $ = 0处;$ u_{\text{1}}^* $$ w_{\text{1}}^* $$ u_2^* $$ w_2^* $分别表示上层水体和下层水体的水平伪速度、垂向伪速度;$ {u_1} $$ {w_1} $$ {u_2} $$ {w_2} $分别表示上层水体和下层水体的水平速度、垂向速度;g为重力加速度;下标$x$$xx$$xxx$分别表示对$x$求一阶导数、二阶导数和三阶导数。
波面的运动学和动力学边界条件为
$ \frac{{\partial \eta }}{{\partial t}} = {w_\eta } - {u_\eta }{\eta _x} $
$ \frac{{\partial {u_\eta }}}{{\partial t}} = - {\mathrm{g}}{\eta _x} - \frac{1}{2}{\left( {{{\left( {{u_\eta }} \right)}^2} + 2{u_\eta }{w_\eta }{\eta _x}} \right)_x} - {\eta _x}\frac{{\partial {w_\eta }}}{{\partial t}} + {w_\eta }{\left( {{u_\eta }{\eta _x}} \right)_x} $
静止水位到波面的速度连接公式为
$ {u_\eta } = {u_{10}} + \eta {w_{10x}} - \frac{1}{2}{\eta ^{\text{2}}}{u_{10xx}} - \frac{1}{6}{\eta ^3}{w_{10xxx}} $
$ {w_\eta } = {w_{10}} - \eta {u_{10x}} - \frac{1}{2}{\eta ^{\text{2}}}{w_{10xx}} + \frac{1}{6}{\eta ^3}{u_{10xxx}} $
为简化下面的表达式,本文引入ab两个变量,具体表达为
$ a = - \alpha h $
$ b = \beta h $
在静止水位的速度表达式为
$ {u_{10}} = u_1^* - \frac{2}{5}{a^2}u_{1xx}^* - aw_{1x}^* + \frac{1}{{15}}{a^3}w_{1xxx}^* $
$ {w_{10}} = w_1^* - \frac{2}{5}{a^2}w_{1xx}^* + au_{1x}^* - \frac{1}{{15}}{a^3}u_{1xxx}^* $
在上下层水体的连接处,速度应保持连续,其表达式为
$ u_1^* - \frac{2}{5}{a^2}u_{1xx}^* + aw_{1x}^* - \frac{1}{{15}}{a^3}w_{1xxx}^* = u_2^* - \frac{2}{5}{b^2}u_{2xx}^* + bw_{2x}^* - \frac{1}{{15}}{b^3}w_{2xxx}^* $
$ w_1^* - \frac{2}{5}{a^2}w_{1xx}^* - au_{1x}^* + \frac{1}{{15}}{a^3}u_{1xxx}^* = w_2^* - \frac{2}{5}{b^2}w_{2xx}^* - bu_{2x}^* + \frac{1}{{15}}{b^3}u_{2xxx}^* $
在水底的运动学条件表达式为
$ w_2^* - \frac{2}{5}{b^2}w_{2xx}^* + bu_{2x}^* - \frac{1}{{15}}{b^3}u_{2xxx}^* = 0 $
式(1)~(11)即为双层Boussinesq方程。而下文中有关剖面速度的计算,可采用式(12)和式(13)计算上层水体任意点水平速度和垂向速度,采用式(14)和式(15)计算下层水体任意点水平速度和垂向速度。
$ {u_1}(x,z) = u_1^* - \left( {\frac{1}{2}{{\left( {z - a} \right)}^2} - \frac{1}{{10}}{a^2}} \right)u_{1xx}^* + \left( {z - a} \right)w_{1x}^* - \left( {\frac{1}{6}{{\left( {z - a} \right)}^3} - \frac{1}{{10}}{a^2}\left( {z - a} \right)} \right)w_{1xxx}^* $
$ {w_1}(x,z) = w_1^* - \left( {\frac{1}{2}{{\left( {z - a} \right)}^2} - \frac{1}{{10}}{a^2}} \right)w_{1xx}^* - \left( {z - a} \right)u_{1x}^* + \left( {\frac{1}{6}{{\left( {z - a} \right)}^3} - \frac{1}{{10}}{a^2}\left( {z - a} \right)} \right)u_{1xxx}^* $
$ \begin{gathered} {u_2}\left( {x,z} \right) = u_2^* - \left( {\frac{1}{2}{{\left( {z - b + h} \right)}^2} - \frac{1}{{10}}{b^2}} \right)u_{2xx}^* + \left( {z - b + h} \right)w_{2x}^* - \left( {\frac{1}{6}{{\left( {z - b + h} \right)}^3} - \frac{1}{{10}}{b^2}\left( {z - b + h} \right)} \right)w_{2xxx}^* \\ \end{gathered} $
$ \begin{gathered} {w_2}\left( {x,z} \right) = w_2^* - \left( {\frac{1}{2}{{\left( {z - b + h} \right)}^2} - \frac{1}{{10}}{b^2}} \right)w_{2xx}^* - \left( {z - b + h} \right)u_{2x}^* + \left( {\frac{1}{6}{{\left( {z - b + h} \right)}^3} - \frac{1}{{10}}{b^2}\left( {z - b + h} \right)} \right)u_{2xxx}^* \\ \end{gathered} $
为了得到双层Boussinesq方程的流函数,本文采用了类似Madsen(2002)[13]的方法,将式(1)和(2)写为
$ - {w_\eta } + {u_\eta }\frac{{\partial \eta }}{{\partial x}} = 0 $
$ {\mathrm{g}}\eta + \frac{{{w_\eta }^2}}{2} + \frac{{{u_\eta }^2}}{2} = R $
式中:R是伯努利常数。
对应的$\eta $$w_2^*$$u_2^*$的傅里叶级数解可表达为
$ \eta \left( x \right) = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^M {{A_j}\cos \left( {jkx} \right)} $
$ u_2^*\left( x \right) = \bar u + \sum\limits_{j = 1}^M {{B_j}\cos \left( {jkx} \right)} $
$w_2^*\left( x \right) = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^M {{C_j}\sin \left( {jkx} \right)} $
式中:k是波数,${A_j}$${B_j}$${C_j}$是幅值。
将式(19)~(20)代入式(11)可得
$ {C_j} = {r_j}{B_j} $
$ {r_j} = {\lambda _j}\left( {\frac{{1 + \dfrac{1}{{15}}{\lambda _j}^2}}{{1 + \dfrac{2}{5}{\lambda _j}^2}}} \right) $
$ {\lambda _j} = bjk $
相应地,$w_1^*$$u_1^*$的表达式可写为
$ u_1^* = \bar u + \sum\limits_{j = 1}^M {{P_j}{B_j}\cos (jkx)} $
$ w_1^* = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^M {{Q_j}{B_j}\sin (jkx)} $
${P_j}$${Q_j}$可通过将式(24)~(25)代入式(9)~(10)得到,具体表达式如下
$ {P_j} = \frac{{{B_{1j}}{E_j} - {B_{2j}}{F_j}}}{{{E_j}^2 - {F_j}^2}} $
$ {Q_j} = \frac{{{B_{1j}}{F_j} - {B_{2j}}{E_j}}}{{{F_j}^2 - {E_j}^2}} $
式中的${B_{1j}}$${B_{2j}}$${E_j}$${F_j}$的计算公式如下
$ {B_{1j}} = 1 + \frac{2}{5}{\left( {bjk} \right)^2} + bjk{r_j} + \frac{1}{{15}}{\left( {bjk} \right)^3}{r_j} $
${B_{2j}} = {r_j} + \frac{2}{5}{\left( {bjk} \right)^2}{r_j} + bjk + \frac{1}{{15}}{\left( {bjk} \right)^3} $
$ {E_j} = 1 + \frac{2}{5}{\left( {ajk} \right)^2} $
$ {F_j} = ajk + \frac{1}{{15}}{\left( {ajk} \right)^3} $
与上类似,${w_{10}}$${u_{10}}$的表达式可写为
$ {u_{10}} = \bar u + \sum\limits_{j = 1}^M {{p_j}{B_j}\cos (jkx)} $
$ {w_{10}} = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^M {{q_j}{B_j}\sin (jkx)} $
其中,${p_j}$${q_j}$可通过将式(32)~(33)代入式(7)~(8)得到,具体表达式如下
$ {p_j} = {P_j} + \frac{2}{5}{\left( {ajk} \right)^2}{P_j} - ajk{Q_j} - \frac{{{{\left( {ajk} \right)}^3}}}{{15}}{Q_j}$
$ {q_j} = {Q_j} + \frac{2}{5}{\left( {ajk} \right)^2}{Q_j} - ajk{P_j} - \frac{{{{\left( {ajk} \right)}^3}}}{{15}}{P_j} $
将式(32)~(33)代入式(3)~(4)可得$ {u_\eta } $$ {w_\eta } $的表达式如下
$ {u_\eta } = \bar u + \sum\limits_{j = 1}^M {\left( {{p_j} + jk\eta {q_j} + \frac{1}{2}{{(jk\eta )}^{\text{2}}}{p_j} + \frac{1}{6}{{(jk\eta )}^3}{q_j}} \right)} \cos \left( {jkx} \right){B_j} $
$ {w_\eta } = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^M {\left( {{q_j} + jk\eta {p_j} + \frac{1}{2}{{(jk\eta )}^{\text{2}}}{q_j} + \frac{1}{6}{{(jk\eta )}^3}{p_j}} \right)\sin (jkx)} {B_j} $
$ H - \eta \left( 0 \right) + \eta \left( {\frac{L}{2}} \right) = 0 $
上式中,H为波高,L为波长。参考Madsen等(2002)[13]的方法,将式(17)应用于从波谷到波峰的M+1个等距点,将式(16)应用于M个交错点(其他点之间的中间)。再加上式(38)构造了2M+2个非线性方程。而方程组中存在${A_j}$${B_j}$$\bar u$$R$共2M+2个变量,可通过牛顿法求解。
波面水平速度和垂向速度的精确表达式为
$ {u_\eta } = \bar u + \sum\limits_{j = 1}^M {{B_j}} \frac{{\cosh \left( {jk\left( {\eta + h} \right)} \right)}}{{\cosh \left( {jkh} \right)}}\cos \left( {jkx} \right) $
$ {w_\eta } = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^M {{B_j}} \frac{{\sinh \left( {jk\left( {\eta + h} \right)} \right)}}{{\cosh \left( {jkh} \right)}}\sin \left( {jkx} \right) $
将式(39)~(40)代入式(16)、式(17)和式(38)构成的方程组中,即可获得流函数波浪理论的解析解。
牛顿法是一种高精度求解非线性方程组的方法,但需要初始解驱动,对初始解的要求相对苛刻。而遗传算法是用于求解最优化问题的常用算法,可以给定变量的取值范围,但在处理复杂问题时求解精度不高。使用遗传算法求解非线性方程组的思想与高卫峰等(2021)[15]类似。本文综合遗传和牛顿两种方法的特点,用以求解流函数波浪理论的解析解,该方法的算法流程及细节详见附录1。解析解的$\bar u$$R$${A_j}$可直接作为双层Boussinesq方程流函数的初始解,${B_j}$可通过下式转换为方程流函数的初始解,即
$ {B_j} = \frac{{\cosh \left( {jk\left( {\eta + h} \right)} \right)}}{{\cosh \left( {jkh} \right)}} \times \dfrac{{{B_j}}}{{{p_j} + jk\eta {q_j} + \dfrac{1}{2}{{\left( {jk\eta } \right)}^{\text{2}}}{p_j} + \dfrac{1}{6}{{\left( {jk\eta } \right)}^3}{q_j}}} $
下文中将Liu等 [5]提出的双层Boussinesq方程简称为模型1;将刘忠波等 [14]提出的最高阶空间导数为5阶的双层Boussinesq方程简称为模型2;将刘必劲等[16]和Madsen等[13]在其工作中给出的最高阶空间导数为3阶和5阶的单层Boussinesq方程简称为模型3和模型4。使用同样的方法可获得所有模型的流函数解。下文计算中,模型1中的$\alpha $$\beta $的取值为0.1053和0.3947;模型2中$\alpha $$\beta $取值为0.06和0.44。
下面计算中,各模型LM的取值不变,分别取$\text{π} $和20。为了量化模型流函数解与解析解的差异,本文引入了Gobbi(1999)等[17]提出的重合度,具体公式如下
$ {d_i} = 1 - \frac{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{2M + 1} {{{\left[ {y\left( j \right) - {y_d}\left( j \right)} \right]}^2}} }}{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{2M + 1} {{{\left[ {\left| {y\left( j \right) - {Y_d}} \right| + \left| {{y_d}\left( j \right) - {Y_d}} \right|} \right]}^2}} }} $
$ {Y_d} = \frac{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{2M + 1} {{y_d}\left( j \right)} }}{{2M + 1}} $
式中:${d_i}$为重合度,${y_d}$为解析解,$y$为模型流函数解。
$kh = 10$时,表1中给出了模型1和模型2与解析解在波面、波面水平速度和垂向速度的重合度。由表可见,模型1、 模型2与解析解的重合度较高,模型2的性能略优于模型1。随H/L增加,模型1和模型2与解析解的重合度开始减小,波面重合度要高于速度分量的重合度。在H/L为0.137和0.138时,模型1和模型2达到波陡上界。
图2图3给出了模型1和模型2取各自波陡上界时的流函数解,包括波面以及水体速度的垂向空间分布,其中(a)、(c)为模型流函数解,(b)、(d)为解析解。由图23可知:模型流函数解与解析解基本一致。实际上,模型1、模型2在波峰处的水平速度与解析解间的误差分别约为7.4%和5%(可参考图4),增大波陡误差将更大,这或许是模型不能收敛的主因。
将模型1和模型3、模型2和模型4分别进行对比,可分析单层和双层Boussinesq方程的性能差异。模型1/3和模型2/4的H/L分别取0.13和0.135。表2给出了各模型波面与解析解的重合度。结果表明,在单层方程适用水深范围内,双层方程的性能比单层方程更优;随着水深的增加,单层方程的性能随$kh$增加而快速下降。模型3和模型4的$kh$极限值分别约为12和25;而模型1和模型2的$kh$极限值分别约为75和250。
图5图6给出了解析解和各模型流函数解在波峰处水平速度剖面以及0.15L处垂向速度剖面的比较结果。模型1、模型2与解析解的重合度很高,仅在静止水位处存在微小的差异。而模型3、模型4与解析解存在一定差异。
本小节以模型1和模型3为例,分析波面水平速度和垂向速度公式中最高阶导数对Boussinesq型水波方程性能的影响。表3给出了将导数阶数扩展至5阶、7阶时,模型流函数解与解析解在波面的重合度。模型1和模型3中$kh$分别取10和6。由表3可知:提升波面速度公式中最高阶导数的阶数能进一步提升方程的非线性,模型1和模型3的波陡上界可提升至0.138。与从3阶到5阶相比,5阶到7阶提升较少。而3阶到5阶也仅是微弱的提升,因此实际应用中3阶方程是性价比相对较高的选择。
图7给出了模型1(图7(a))、模型2(图7(b))在不同α下的波面与对应解析解的绝对误差,其坐标轴进行了无因次化处理。绝对误差的计算公式为:$ {\mathrm{err}}(x) = \left| {\eta (x) - {\eta _*}(x)} \right| \div \max ({\mathrm{err}}) $${\eta _*}$表示解析解的波面。模型1和模型2的H/L、kh分别取0.135、10。由图6可知,模型1更容易受$\alpha $的影响,当模型1中$\alpha $取0.1时,其计算结果最优,半波长内误差和为0.285 m。模型2中误差和最小的$\alpha $为0.12,误差和为0.247 m;其次为0.06,误差和为0.249 m。
本文利用遗传算法和牛顿法相结合的方法,给出了最高空间导数阶数为 3阶和5阶的双层Boussinesq方程的流函数解,并将这些结果与相应解析解(流函数波浪理论)进行比较,得到的主要结论如下:
(1)最高导数阶数为3阶和5阶的双层Boussinesq方程的非线性波陡上界可达0.137和0.138。5阶方程的性能略优于3阶方程。而现有文献中通过数值模拟求解的最大H/L为0.123,还未达其上界。这表明现有的数值模拟方法,还有进一步的提升空间。
(2)在单层和双层Boussinesq方程均适用的$kh$取值情况下,双层Boussinesq方程的性能更优。最高导数为3阶和5阶的单层Boussinesq方程的$kh$适应极限值约为12、25;而相应双层方程的$kh$适应极限误值约为75、250。
(3)将最高导数为3阶的Boussinesq型水波方程中波面速度公式的最高阶导数提升至5阶、7阶,可进一步提升方程的非线性性能。单层和双层Boussinesq方程的波陡上界均可提升至0.138。但随着最高阶导数的提升,方程性能的提升将逐渐减少。从实际应用的角度出发,3阶方程的性价比会更高。
综上,最高导数为3阶的双层Boussinesq方程(模型1)更有利于工程实践,但本文研究主要是在平底下进行的理论分析,下一步将结合本文研究内容,有针对性地对双层Boussinesq水波方程进行高精度求解,并应用到变水深情况,以期为工程实践提供更多参考。

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2025年第29卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.005
  • 接收时间:2025-06-15
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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    1.大连海事大学 交通运输工程学院,辽宁 大连 116026
    2.大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
    3.国家海洋环境监测中心 国家环境保护海洋生态环境整治修复重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116023

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刘忠波(1976–),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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