Article(id=1281326807949480564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745510400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421716915, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421716915, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421716915, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421716915, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281326807345500788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='12', pageStart='1827', pageEnd='1990', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765728000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783421716772, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422145004, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328603572977733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328603572977734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326807345500788, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1978, endPage=1990, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281326808184361589, articleId=1281326807949480564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Research on identification of acoustic radiation hotspots and active control mechanism of underwater cylindrical shell, columnId=1241023038381158513, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydro/Structural Acoustics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Accurately identifying the far-field radiation hotspots of structures is of great significance for vibration and sound radiation control. In this paper, an open-source boundary element program is used to obtain the radiation impedance matrix of the cylindrical shell, and the normal vibration velocity of the shell is extracted. Based on the singular value decomposition, the non-negative intensity and radiated sound power of the underwater cylindrical shell are obtained, and the far-field acoustic radiation model is acquired, moreover, the method is verified by finite element software. On this basis, the influence of large stiffener at the stucture, where an excitation force is applied, on non-negative intensity is discussed. Furthermore, the mathematical model of active control is established with the aim of minimizing the acoustic radiation power. The influence of control force on structural sound radiation mode is analyzed, and its influence mechanism is revealed using the non-negative intensity distribution. The results show that the radiation mode of the structural surface must be changed to reduce the radiation acoustic power. And the essence of secondary force controlling structural vibration radiation is to change the structural vibration from strong radiation mode to weak mode, thus reducing the radiation efficiency of the structure.

, authors=Jin-yan ZHENG1, Wen-kai DONG1, Ying-long ZHAO2, 3, Mei-xia CHEN1, authorsList=Jin-yan ZHENG, Wen-kai DONG, Ying-long ZHAO, Mei-xia CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ying-long ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281326821354476244, articleId=1281326807949480564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=水下圆柱壳声辐射热点识别及有源控制机理研究, columnId=1241023038515376243, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体与结构声学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

准确识别结构的远场辐射热点对振动声辐射控制具有重要意义。本文采用开源边界元程序获取圆柱壳的辐射阻抗矩阵,并提取出壳体的法向振速,基于奇异值分解获取了水下圆柱壳的非负声强和辐射声功率,获得了远场声辐射模式,并利用有限元软件进行了方法验证。在此基础上,讨论了激励力处存在大加筋对非负声强的影响。进一步,以声辐射功率最小化为目标,建立了有源控制的数学模型,分析了控制力对结构声辐射模式的影响,并利用非负声强分布揭示其影响机理。结果显示,降低辐射声功率必须改变结构表面的辐射模式;次级力控制结构振动声辐射的本质是使结构振动从强辐射模式变为弱辐射模式,降低结构的辐射效率。

, authors=郑金焱1, 董文凯1, 赵应龙2, 3, 陈美霞1, authorsList=郑金焱, 董文凯, 赵应龙, 陈美霞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵应龙, authorNote=

郑金焱(2000–),男,硕士生

董文凯(1998–),男,博士研究生

陈美霞(1975–),女,博士,教授

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赵应龙(1976–),男,博士,研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
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Basic parameters of the calculation model

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名称符号/单位数值
壳体长度L1/m1.2
壳体半径R1/m0.4
厚度t/mm3
弹性模量E/Pa2.1E11
密度ρ1/kg·m−37800
泊松比μ/10.3
流体密度ρ0/kg·m−31000
流体声速c0/m·s−11500
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计算模型基本参数

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名称符号/单位数值
壳体长度L1/m1.2
壳体半径R1/m0.4
厚度t/mm3
弹性模量E/Pa2.1E11
密度ρ1/kg·m−37800
泊松比μ/10.3
流体密度ρ0/kg·m−31000
流体声速c0/m·s−11500
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水下圆柱壳声辐射热点识别及有源控制机理研究
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郑金焱 1 , 董文凯 1 , 赵应龙 2, 3 , 陈美霞 1
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2025,29(12): 1978-1990
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船舶力学 |流体与结构声学 2025 , 29 (12) : 1978 -1990
水下圆柱壳声辐射热点识别及有源控制机理研究
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郑金焱(2000–),男,硕士生

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郑金焱(2000–),男,硕士生

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董文凯(1998–),男,博士研究生

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郑金焱1, 董文凯1, 赵应龙2, 3 , 陈美霞1
作者信息
  • 1.华中科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,武汉 430074
  • 2.海军工程大学 振动与噪声研究所,武汉 430033
  • 3.船舶振动噪声重点实验室,武汉 430033
通讯作者:
赵应龙(1976–),男,博士,研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

郑金焱(2000–),男,硕士生

董文凯(1998–),男,博士研究生

陈美霞(1975–),女,博士,教授

Research on identification of acoustic radiation hotspots and active control mechanism of underwater cylindrical shell
Jin-yan ZHENG1, Wen-kai DONG1, Ying-long ZHAO2, 3 , Mei-xia CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2.Institute of Noise and Vibration, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
  • 3.National Key Laboratory on Ship Vibration & Noise, Wuhan 430033, China
出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.014
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准确识别结构的远场辐射热点对振动声辐射控制具有重要意义。本文采用开源边界元程序获取圆柱壳的辐射阻抗矩阵,并提取出壳体的法向振速,基于奇异值分解获取了水下圆柱壳的非负声强和辐射声功率,获得了远场声辐射模式,并利用有限元软件进行了方法验证。在此基础上,讨论了激励力处存在大加筋对非负声强的影响。进一步,以声辐射功率最小化为目标,建立了有源控制的数学模型,分析了控制力对结构声辐射模式的影响,并利用非负声强分布揭示其影响机理。结果显示,降低辐射声功率必须改变结构表面的辐射模式;次级力控制结构振动声辐射的本质是使结构振动从强辐射模式变为弱辐射模式,降低结构的辐射效率。

声辐射  /  非负声强  /  有源控制

Accurately identifying the far-field radiation hotspots of structures is of great significance for vibration and sound radiation control. In this paper, an open-source boundary element program is used to obtain the radiation impedance matrix of the cylindrical shell, and the normal vibration velocity of the shell is extracted. Based on the singular value decomposition, the non-negative intensity and radiated sound power of the underwater cylindrical shell are obtained, and the far-field acoustic radiation model is acquired, moreover, the method is verified by finite element software. On this basis, the influence of large stiffener at the stucture, where an excitation force is applied, on non-negative intensity is discussed. Furthermore, the mathematical model of active control is established with the aim of minimizing the acoustic radiation power. The influence of control force on structural sound radiation mode is analyzed, and its influence mechanism is revealed using the non-negative intensity distribution. The results show that the radiation mode of the structural surface must be changed to reduce the radiation acoustic power. And the essence of secondary force controlling structural vibration radiation is to change the structural vibration from strong radiation mode to weak mode, thus reducing the radiation efficiency of the structure.

acoustic radiation  /  non-negative intensity  /  active control
郑金焱, 董文凯, 赵应龙, 陈美霞. 水下圆柱壳声辐射热点识别及有源控制机理研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (12) : 1978 -1990 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.014
Jin-yan ZHENG, Wen-kai DONG, Ying-long ZHAO, Mei-xia CHEN. Research on identification of acoustic radiation hotspots and active control mechanism of underwater cylindrical shell[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (12) : 1978 -1990 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.014
圆柱壳作为潜艇和工程结构中最主要的结构元件,其振动与声辐射问题的研究一直以来都受到关注,多年来人们对其开展相关研究工作并取得了大量的成果。
振动模态叠加和声辐射模态叠加是研究结构振动声辐射的两个重要方法,声辐射模态相比于结构模态在开展声辐射特性的计算和控制中具有极大的便利。国内外众多学者针对声辐射模态进行了大量研究和分析。Borgiotti[1]最早通过辐射声功率的二次型表达式,引入一个辐射算子并对其进行奇异值分解,获得了结构表面的高效辐射速度分量,为后续声辐射模态理论的发展奠定了基础。Gibbs等[2]研究了结构模态与声辐射模态的关系。
国内,姜哲[3-4]通过定义一个包含声辐射性质的算子,对振动物体表面的辐射模式进行了描述,并对典型辐射体进行了声辐射模态计算。张晓宇等[5]以加筋圆柱壳和圆锥壳为研究对象,运用有限元和边界元方法,对二者的声辐射模态特性进行了相关阐述。随着计算机技术的快速发展,王纪会等[6]利用边界元和特征值分解的方法,计算了两端简支圆柱壳的声辐射模态及远场指向性特征。
由于近场振动声能量的复杂性,传统有功声强并不能准确标识出结构的远场辐射亮点,基于声辐射模态理论,多位学者在结构表面分别定义了超声声强、非负声强等概念,进行远场声辐射热点识别。Williams[7]定义了超声声强矢量的概念,其仅由辐射到远场的波分量组成,而后他又进一步使用空间傅里叶变换,筛除了亚声速成分,识别了有限平板结构的声辐射热点区域。Marburg等[8]则基于声辐射模态,提出了一种识别振动结构表面对辐射声功率贡献的方法,其结果表明,振动结构表面上的声强并不直接对应能够辐射到远场的表面贡献。刘正浩[9]在Marburg的基础上,使用表面贡献的方法对300 t巡逻艇的远场辐射热区进行了求取。耿宁烨等[10]对非负声强计算方法进行相关改进,减小了辐射声功率的计算量,同时以另外一种截断准则对有用声强法进行改进,然后以四边简支铝板为例,验证了上述改进方法的准确性。近年来,林伟等[11]利用边界元的方法获取了声源在非自由情况下的自由场特性,并以圆柱壳为例,利用表面贡献的方法在近场标识出结构的远场辐射亮点。
各阶声辐射模态对辐射声功率的贡献相互独立,该特性被广大学者运用到振声控制领域。Hu等[12]以简支板为研究对象,讨论了最佳次级力源的数量和振幅对声辐射模态控制的影响。Loghmani等 [13]研究了基于辐射模态的圆柱壳辐射声功率的主动噪声控制,从控制圆柱壳的第一阶辐射模式角度出发,使用改进的高次谐波控制(MHHC)方法,降低了结构的辐射声功率。上述国外学者的研究显现了声辐射模态在有源控制方面的优点。在国内,黄银龙等[14]以声功率灵敏度作为指导,采用拓扑优化的方法,选取不同位置进行加筋,得到了辐射声功率最小的加筋布局。胡新欢[15]以有限长加筋圆柱壳为研究对象,基于声辐射模态理论,分析了圆柱壳的振声特性,并在此基础上建立了圆柱壳与隔振系统耦合的数学模型,进行数值计算和分析。丁少虎等[16]利用声辐射模态与振动模态的关系,确定了低频段内圆柱壳的最大贡献模态,从降低结构辐射声功率的角度出发,采用施加次级力的方式对结构进行有源控制。
上述学者的研究表明,开展振动声辐射研究与控制具有重要的理论价值与工程意义。目前,针对简单结构的声辐射模态计算已逐渐完善,许多学者为平板等结构的声辐射热区识别提供了技术途径,并且基于辐射模态理论的有源控制研究成果已颇为丰硕,但是对于不规则的形状结构,辐射阻抗矩阵的求取仍存在一定的困难;在有源控制方面,如何抑制结构的振声扰动,也仍是水中声对抗需解决的关键问题。
鉴于此,本文以圆柱壳为研究对象,基于非负声强对其远场辐射亮点区域进行识别,针对所需的辐射阻抗矩阵和法向振速,分别采用开源边界元程序和有限元软件进行获取,对于复杂结构的声辐射阻抗矩阵计算困难问题,本文所采用的开源边界元程序不仅计算效率高,且满足精度要求。然后从声学角度出发,讨论激励力处存在加筋时对结构声辐射模式的影响;进一步,以降低结构振动为出发点,建立圆柱壳有源控制的数学模型,初步讨论结构振动与辐射噪声之间的关系,最终利用非负声强阐明有源控制前后声辐射的机理。
由声学理论可知,有限结构的辐射声功率W可由其表面声压pe和法向速度vn来表示
$ W = \frac{1}{2}\int\limits_S {{{\mathrm{Re}}} ({p_{\mathrm{e}}}{v_{\mathrm{n}}}^{\text{H}}){\mathrm{d}}S} $
式中:S代表结构表面,Re表示取实部,上标“H”表示取共轭转置。
对结构表面进行离散,将表面上的每一单元的声压和振速用形函数插值得到,即
$ \begin{gathered} {{\boldsymbol{p}}_{{\mathrm{rad}}}} = {{\boldsymbol{N}}_\text{s}}{{\boldsymbol{p}}_\text{e}} \\ {{\boldsymbol{v}}_{{\mathrm{rad}}}} = {{\boldsymbol{N}}_\text{s}}{{\boldsymbol{v}}_{\mathrm{n}}} \\ \end{gathered} $
式中:pradvrad分别为各个单元上的声压与振速,Ns为结构形函数矩阵,利用式(2)对式(1)进行化简可得
$ W=\frac{1}{2} \operatorname{Re}\left(\boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}{ }^{\mathrm{H}} {\boldsymbol{\varPhi}} \boldsymbol{p}_{\text {rad }}\right) $
式中:$ {\boldsymbol{\varPhi}} = \displaystyle\int\limits_S {{{\boldsymbol{N}}_{\mathrm{S}}}^{\text{H}}} {{\boldsymbol{N}}_{\mathrm{S}}}{\mathrm{dS}} $$ {\boldsymbol{\varPhi}} $表示结构形函数矩阵在表面S上的积分。根据边界元理论可知,结构表面声压pe和法向振速vn的关系为pe=Zvn,同理可知prad=Zvrad,将其代入式(3),可得
$ W=\frac{1}{2} \operatorname{Re}\left(\boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}{ }^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{\varPhi} \boldsymbol{Z} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}\right)=\boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}{ }^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Z}_\text{R} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }} $
式中:ZR表示结构声辐射阻抗矩阵,$ {{\boldsymbol{Z}}_{\mathrm{R}}} = \dfrac{{\boldsymbol{\varPhi}} }{2}{\text{Re}}\left( {\boldsymbol{Z}} \right) $
这里将1/2保留,定义$\boldsymbol{Z}_{\mathrm{r}}=\boldsymbol{\varPhi} \operatorname{Re}(\boldsymbol{Z})$,根据式(4)辐射声功率可以写成如下形式
$ W=\frac{1}{2} \operatorname{Re}\left(\boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}{ }^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{\varPhi} \boldsymbol{Z} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}\right)=\frac{1}{2} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}{ }^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Z}_\text{r} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }} $
Zr矩阵进行奇异值分解
$ \boldsymbol{Z}_\text{r}=\boldsymbol{Q} \boldsymbol{\varLambda} \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} $
式中:QZr矩阵进行特征分解的特征向量,ΛZr矩阵的特征值对角矩阵。
将式(6)代入式(5)中,可得
$ W=\frac{1}{2} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Q} \boldsymbol{\varLambda} \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }} $
由线性代数的知识可得Zr矩阵存在如下性质
$ \begin{aligned}& \boldsymbol{Q} \boldsymbol{Z}_\text{r} \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}}=\boldsymbol{\varLambda} \\& \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{\varPhi} Q=\mathbf{I}\end{aligned} $
式中:I为单位矩阵。利用Zr矩阵的性质,逐步对式(8)进行化简,辐射声功率可写为
$ \begin{array}{c}W =\dfrac{1}{2} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Q} \boldsymbol{\varLambda} \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\sqrt{\boldsymbol{\varLambda}} \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}\right)^{\mathrm{H}}\left(\sqrt{\boldsymbol{\varLambda}} \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}\right) =\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\sqrt{\boldsymbol{\varLambda}} \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}\right)^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{\varPhi} \boldsymbol{Q}\left(\sqrt{\boldsymbol{\varLambda}} \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}\right) \\ =\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\boldsymbol{Q} \sqrt{\boldsymbol{\varLambda}} \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}\right)^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{\varPhi}\left(\boldsymbol{Q} \sqrt{\boldsymbol{\varLambda}} \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\text {rad }}\right)\end{array} $
这里设定$ \boldsymbol{\beta}=\boldsymbol{Q} \sqrt{\boldsymbol{\varLambda}} \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\mathrm{rad}} $,可得
$ W=\frac{1}{2} \boldsymbol{\beta}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{\varPhi} \boldsymbol{\beta}=\frac{1}{2} \int_S \eta(x, y, z) {\mathrm{d}} S $
式中:β为一向量(针对单频),η为一恒正值,将其定义为非负声强,深入分析η的物理意义可知,非负声强是将远场的声能量映射到结构表面得到的物理量。
由于η在结构表面处处为正,可以认为η代表着节点处的传播波对辐射声功率的贡献,而节点处同样存在倏逝波,其能量有正有负,相互抵消之后对总辐射声功率贡献为零。η这一物理量巧妙地利用了倏逝波能量的正负抵消性质,过滤掉循环于振动结构表面的能量流,利用η可以对振动结构表面对总辐射声能量有贡献的区域进行识别定位。
求取远场辐射热区时,关键的是需要获取辐射阻抗矩阵Z,本文采用开源边界元程序求解Helmholtz积分方程获取辐射阻抗矩阵。
针对空间中任意形状的封闭结构Ω,如图1所示,Q1是结构表面上的点,P1是外部空间中某一场点的坐标。应用Kirchhoff–Helmholtz积分公式可求得P1点的声压如下
$ C(P)p({P}_{1})={{\displaystyle \int }}_{\Omega }\left(p({Q}_{1})\frac{\partial G({R}_{pq})}{\partial \overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{n}}}}+\text{j}\rho \omega G({R}_{pq})v({Q}_{1})\right)\text{d}\Omega +4\text{π} {p}^{\text{I}}({P}_{1}) $
式中:CP)为声压系数,与P1点的位置有关,当P1点位于结构外部时,CP)=1;当P1点位于结构内部时,CP)=0;当P1点位于光滑的结构表面时,CP)=0.5。$ \overrightarrow {\boldsymbol{n}} $为结构表面Q1点的外法线方向,pI为外部入射声场,GRpq)为自由空间的格林函数,其表达式GRpq)=e−ikRpq/RpqRpqP1Q1两点之间的距离,k为流体自由波数,k=ω/cc为外部流体的声速,ρ为外部流体密度,ω为角频率。
运用边界元方法将结构表面离散成N个单元,得到Helmholtz表面积分方程(无外部声场激励)为
$ \frac{1}{2}p\left({r}_{{a}_{m}}\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{{\displaystyle \int }}_{{\text{Ω}}_{{a}_{i}}}\left(p\left({r}_{{a}_{i}}\right)\frac{\partial G\left({r}_{{a}_{i}},{r}_{{a}_{m}}\right)}{\partial \overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{n}}}}+\text{j}\rho \omega G\left({r}_{{a}_{i}},{r}_{{a}_{m}}\right)v\right){\mathrm{d}}\text{Ω}\left({r}_{{a}_{i}}\right) $
式中:$ p\left( {{r_{{a_m}}}} \right) $$ p\left( {{r_{{a_{\text{i}}}}}} \right) $分别为结构表面第m个和第i个单元的声压,$ {r_{{a_i}}} $$ {r_{{a_m}}} $是对应的位置矢径。
$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{a_{mi}} = \displaystyle \int \nolimits_{{{{\Omega }}_{{a_i}}}} \dfrac{{\partial G\left( {{r_{{a_i}}},{r_{{a_m}}}} \right)}}{{\partial \overrightarrow {\boldsymbol{n}} }}{\mathrm{d}}{{\Omega }}\left( {{r_{{a_i}}}} \right)} \\ {{b_{mi}} = \displaystyle \int \nolimits_{{{{\Omega }}_{{a_i}}}} {\text{j}}\rho \omega G\left( {{r_{{a_i}}},{r_{{a_m}}}} \right){\mathrm{d}}{{\Omega }}\left( {{r_{{a_i}}}} \right)} \end{array}} \right. $
则式(12)可写为如下形式
$ {\left[ {\boldsymbol{A}} \right]_{N \times N}}{\left\{ p \right\}_{N \times 1}} = {\left[ {\boldsymbol{B}} \right]_{N \times N}}{\left\{ v \right\}_{N \times 1}} $
其中,矩阵[A]和矩阵[B]两者第m行第i列上的值可分别利用amibmi表达成
$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{{\boldsymbol{A}}_{mi}} = \dfrac{1}{2}{\delta _{mi}} - {a_{mi}} = \dfrac{1}{2}{\delta _{mi}} - \displaystyle \int \nolimits_{{{{\Omega }}_{{a_i}}}} \dfrac{{\partial G\left( {{r_{{a_i}}},{r_{{a_m}}}} \right)}}{{\partial \overrightarrow {\boldsymbol{n}} }}{\mathrm{d}}{{\Omega }}\left( {{r_{{a_i}}}} \right)}\\ {{{\boldsymbol{B}}_{mi}} = {b_{mi}} = \displaystyle \int \nolimits_{{{{\Omega }}_{{a_i}}}} {\text{j}}\rho \omega G\left( {{r_{{a_i}}},{r_{{a_m}}}} \right){\mathrm{d}}{{\Omega }}\left( {{r_{{a_i}}}} \right)} \end{array}} \right. $
式中:δ为狄拉克函数,当m=i时,δmi=1;当mi时,δmi=0。
进一步由式(14)可得
$ {\left\{ p \right\}_{N \times 1}} = {\left[ {\boldsymbol{A}} \right]_{N \times N}}^{ - 1}{\left[ {\boldsymbol{B}} \right]_{N \times N}}{\left\{ v \right\}_{N \times 1}} = {{\boldsymbol{Z}}_{N \times N}}{\left\{ v \right\}_{N \times 1}} $
由此,建立了结构表面声压和速度的矩阵表达式,其中Z为表面声辐射阻抗矩阵。观察系数矩阵[A]、[B]的表达,可以发现Z只取决于结构几何尺寸、形状、激励频率及外部流体介质。本文参考相关开源边界元程序,利用Matlab编程求解相关系数,进一步可求得结构的辐射阻抗矩阵Z
结构的低频振动与辐射噪声控制长期以来受到国内外众多学者的广泛关注,传统的无源控制方法,如在结构上敷设一定面积的阻尼,并不能有效地控制结构的低频线谱,而有源控制方法为解决结构的低频振动和声辐射问题提供了新的途径。基于这一背景,本文采取结构声有源控制技术,即施加有源控制力对辐射噪声进行控制,以辐射声功率为控制目标,消减结构的振动声辐射。
参考文献[15]基于有源控制的相关理论,推导了当初级力(即扰动输入)的位置、幅值已知时以及次级力(控制输入)位置已知时噪声幅值的表达式。图2为水中圆柱壳的有源控制模型示意图,xpθp为激励力位置,xcθc为次级力位置。
由前述推导可知,辐射声功率可表示为壳体法向振速求和的形式
$W=\boldsymbol{v}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Z}_{\mathrm{R}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\mathrm{n}} $
根据叠加原理,加上控制力后,壳体振动速度为
$ \boldsymbol{v}_{\mathrm{n}}=\boldsymbol{v}_\text{P}+\boldsymbol{v}_\text{C}=\boldsymbol{H}_\text{p} \boldsymbol{F}_\text{p}+\boldsymbol{H}_\text{c} \boldsymbol{F}_\text{c} $
式中:HpHc分别为激励力和控制力到壳体表面位移的传递函数,FpFc为初级力和次级力的幅值向量。
将式(18)代入式(17),辐射声功率可展开为
$ \begin{aligned}W=\left(\boldsymbol{H}_\text{p} \boldsymbol{F}_\text{p}\right)^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Z}_\text{R}\left(\boldsymbol{H}_\text{p} \boldsymbol{F}_\text{p}\right)+\left(\boldsymbol{H}_\text{c} \boldsymbol{F}_\text{c}\right)^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Z}_\text{R}\left(\boldsymbol{H}_\text{c} \boldsymbol{F}_\text{c}\right) +\left(\boldsymbol{H}_\text{p} \boldsymbol{F}_\text{p}\right)^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Z}_\text{R}\left(\boldsymbol{H}_\text{c} \boldsymbol{F}_\text{c}\right)+\left(\boldsymbol{H}_\text{c} \boldsymbol{F}_\text{c}\right)^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Z}_\text{R}\left(\boldsymbol{H}_\text{p} \boldsymbol{F}_\text{p}\right)\end{aligned} $
式(19)为 Hermitian 的标准形式,为使声功率最小化,对控制力Fc进行求导可得
$ \boldsymbol{F}_{\text {opt }}=-\left(\left(\boldsymbol{H}_\text{c}\right)^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Z}_\text{R} \boldsymbol{H}_\text{c}\right)^{-1}\left(\boldsymbol{H}_\text{c}\right)^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Z}_\text{R}\left(\boldsymbol{H}_\text{p} \boldsymbol{F}_\text{p}\right) $
由此得出控制力的表达,当有多个控制力作用时,Fopt为一向量。
对圆柱壳的远场辐射热区进行分析时,重要的一步是获取壳体表面法向振速,本文采用COMSOL有限元软件,建立有限元模型进行网格划分及动力学分析,模型具体参数如表1所示。
利用有限元软件建立的三维模型如图3所示,边界条件为两端简支,壳体轴向划分50份,周向网格份数共40份。为激起结构产生更多振动模态,激励力施加位置应该避开前几阶模态振型节点,在(x=0.44 m, θ=0°)处施加径向点力,幅值大小为1 N,分析频段为10~500 Hz,频率间隔为2 Hz。同时为保证壳体节点法向振速的求取足够精确,在圆柱壳外建立一大小为1.5 m的小球体将其包裹,并对流固耦合面上的流体网格进行加密处理。为了模拟无反射边界条件,在水域最外层设置完美匹配层(PML)。
由于声辐射模态只与结构形状、大小、激励频率及外部流体介质有关,将上节划分的壳体表面网格数据导入开源边界元程序进行计算,导入后的节点网格如图4所示。
由于导入的网格模型包含两端刚性障板,在提取出节点的法向振速后,对端板上的节点进行强制赋零的操作。然后编写相关程序计算辐射声功率,与有限元结果进行对比,曲线如图5所示(为了更清晰和直观地展示曲线,这里对计算出的辐射声功率取级,Lw=10lg(W/W0),其中参考级W0=10−12 W,同时后文所绘制的辐射声功率曲线图均采用上述公式进行计算)。
图5可以看出两条曲线基本吻合,编写的计算程序基本上可以捕捉到圆柱壳的所有峰值频率,后续将使用该程序计算圆柱壳的远场辐射热区云图及有源控制模型算例。
在结构的初期设计阶段,工程人员往往从振动角度出发,在板壳上布置各种纵横加筋来提高结构的强度与刚度。但是,这些加筋未必都有利于降低结构的辐射噪声,如何对加强筋位置进行优化设计是舰船振动噪声控制的关键问题。基于此,本文从声学角度入手,讨论激励力处存在强加筋时对结构振动与辐射声功率的影响,模型如图6所示,激励力处存在一矩形框架肋骨,具体尺寸为0.06 m×0.003 m,加筋材料的参数与壳体一致,激励力、其他参数同未加筋。
这里先给出结构的均方振速及均方振速级的相关定义如下
$ {V_n} = \frac{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{{\left| {{v_i}} \right|}^2}} }}{N},\;\;{L_v} = 10{\text{lg}}\left( {\frac{{{V_n}^2}}{{{V_0}^2}}} \right) $
式中:Vn为均方振速,vi表示结构表面第i个单元对应的速度,N表示结构表面的单元总数,Lv表示均方振速级,V0为参考级,V0=10−9 m/s。
图7为激励力处是否存在加筋时圆柱壳的均方振速与辐射声功率曲线。
观察图7可知,当激励力位置处存在强加筋时,结构振动在整个频段范围内得到明显抑制,但辐射声功率并未下降,与无加筋时的曲线几乎完全一致。为了便于分析,选取辐射声功率的代表性峰值278 Hz进行讨论,在图8中绘制了激励力处有无加筋的法向速度及非负声强云图。
图8可以明显看出,当激励力作用在强加筋时,加筋的刚度显著影响结构的振动,集中力激发的振动能量均匀地传递到整个圆柱壳,即加筋较充分地参与了抵抗变形的过程,所以其振动幅值明显降低;同时,观察加筋前后的非负声强云图可见,圆柱壳的表面辐射模式并未发生改变,仍以类似单极子源模式向外辐射,这说明在低频情况下,当激励力处存在强加筋时,结构的声辐射性能并不会有所下降,换言之振动模式的改变并不意味着结构声辐射模式的改变,结构的法向速度与辐射声功率之间并非单调关系,因此要降低辐射声功率,必须从结构的声辐射模式入手。
同样取前文所述算例进行分析,初级力位置保持不变,坐标为(x0=0.44 m,θ0=0°)。根据文献[14]可知,辐射声功率的控制效果对次级力的作用位置十分敏感。为达到满意的控制效果,在壳体不同位置处施加次级径向激励,讨论次级力位置及个数对声功率的控制效果(圆柱壳有源控制中控制力布放的基本准则可参考文献[15])。如图9所示,次级力1的位置为(x1=0.6 m, θ1=0°)、次级力2的位置为(x2=0.76 m, θ2=0°)、次级力3的位置为(x3=0.76 m, θ3=180°)。
图10(a)为不同位置次级力作用后辐射声功率的变化曲线,图10(b)为多个控制力与单个控制力控制后壳体辐射声功率的对比曲线。
观察图10(a)可以发现,有源控制后,壳体的振动声辐射在整个频段内得到明显抑制,次级力的布放位置对控制效果有很大的影响,对比同一周向位置的控制力1和控制力2可知,次级力与初级力的作用位置越近,控制效果越好;对比同一轴向位置的控制力2和控制力3可知,次级力与初级力的周向相差角度越小,控制效果越明显。在402 Hz处单独施加控制力1、2、3,辐射声功率并未受到抑制,这是因为此时控制力与激励力同时施加时,两个力的施加位置正好处于结构振动模态的节线处,如图11所示。
另外,对比多个控制力的控制效果可知,控制力数量的增多并不意味着壳体的控制效果更好。由于控制力1和2存在相位差,两个控制力联合作用与单独作用时相比,在10~200 Hz范围内控制效果并没有提升,在342 Hz后辐射噪声才有所降低,并且两个控制力同时作用相比于单独加载,将402 Hz处的辐射声功率进行了削弱。可见,在实际控制中应根据需要,合理地选择控制力的数量及布置位置。
由于非负声强消除了由倏逝波所引起的振动表面声强矢量的能量循环,只留下了能够向远场进行辐射的分量,并且其在振动表面的求和等于辐射到远场的声功率,而前述的有源控制也是以辐射声功率最小化为目标,这里将二者进行结合,利用非负声强来解释有源控制中控制力降低振动声辐射的机理。基于此,本文选取控制前辐射声功率曲线的两个峰值频率150 Hz和278 Hz进行分析,以次级力1为控制力,绘制控制前、后表面法向振速及非负声强云图对比,如图12图13所示。
观察图12(b)的非负声强云图,控制前圆柱壳存在沿周向分布的4个远场辐射亮区,辐射效率较大,同时可以看到壳体的非负声强显示面积过大,对远场辐射声功率有实质贡献的区域分辨率较低,这是因为远场声福射热区完全使用传播波信息进行识别,丢失了声场的相位信息[9]。另一方面,在近场声全息领域中,倏逝波包含了丰富的声学信息,是突破1/2声波波长衍射极限的关键[9]。非负声强通过消除近场倏逝波带来的干扰后,其分辨率就无法突破这一限制,因此在低频段,结构识别出的辐射亮点面积过大。施加控制力后壳体的速度分布发生改变,法向振速量级也有所降低,圆柱壳出现边、角辐射模态,即通过施加控制力改变了圆柱壳的辐射模式,降低了结构的辐射效率,同时,还可发现控制后圆柱壳的非负声强很好地吻合了结构的边角辐射模态理论[17]
下面对边角辐射模态[17]产生的条件进行说明。以有限大的平板为例,板的振动可以看作各种振动模态的叠加。以无限障板上的简支平板为例,根据被激发具有最大幅值的模态对应的波数,在波数空间中的位置和辐射主贡献区的不同,可将模态分为角模态、边模态和表面模态。边模态发生的条件为:两个波数(kx, ky)中有任何一个大于流体中的自由波数k0;角模态出现的条件为:两个波数(kx, ky)都大于流体中的自由波数k0。对于圆柱壳这一回转体结构,只有边模态,控制后在150 Hz处的轴向驻波计算波数为5.2360,远大于此时流体中的自由波数k0=0.6283。
同样地,在278 Hz时,观察非负声强云图可以发现,控制前圆柱壳以类似单极子源模式进行辐射,而控制后壳体以偶极子模式进行辐射,非负声强出现在壳体的上下边缘,即施加控制力改变了圆柱壳的非负声强分布,使壳体从强辐射模式变为弱辐射模式。另外,观察壳体振速,相比控制之前,轴向和周向出现多个半波,幅值也有所降低,每个节点块对应的速度有正有负,法向振速相位为正的区域表面向外推动流体,法向振速相位为负的区域表面向内压缩流体,导致循环于结构表面的振动能量流存在互相抵消的作用。同时,也证明了非负声强能够准确标识出结构的远场辐射亮点。
继续以278 Hz为例,利用不同控制力作用后的非负声强云图,阐释单个控制力的布放位置对辐射声功率的影响,如图14所示。
观察不同控制力作用后的非负声强云图可以发现,针对控制前的远场辐射亮区,对非负声强量级最大的点施加控制的效果最好,即次级力1作用后壳体以偶极子模式向外辐射;次级力2与次级力1相比,在壳体的上边缘出现明显的辐射亮点,对于不施加在辐射热区的次级力3,其控制后壳体的声辐射模式相比控制前未发生明显变化,仍以单极子源向外辐射,只是非负声强量级减小,辐射区域转移至x=−0.4平面附近。将非负声强云图综合对比分析可知次级力布放的一些基本准则:针对不同频率下的远场辐射热区,在辐射热区进行布置的效果优于非辐射热区,在非负声强量级大的区域进行有源控制可以得到更好的控制效果。
本文基于非负声强对圆柱壳结构的远场辐射热区进行识别,针对非负声强所需要的辐射阻抗矩阵,采用开源边界元程序进行提取;对于壳体的法向振速,利用有限元软件进行计算。然后从声学角度出发,讨论了激励力处存在强加筋时对辐射声功率的影响。进一步,以辐射声功率最小化为目标,建立了主动控制的数学模型,利用非负声强,解释了有源控制中次级力降低振动声辐射的影响机理。结果表明,若要降低辐射声功率,必须改变结构的声辐射模式。在结构的声有源控制中,以声辐射功率为目标函数施加的控制力,声辐射降低的本质是改变结构的辐射模式,让结构以弱辐射模式辐射声。本文工作为后续水下更复杂工程结构的声辐射热点识别与有源控制相关研究提供了新流程与新方法,对水下结构物声辐射问题的本质性研究具有一定意义。

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2025年第29卷第12期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.12.014
  • 接收时间:2025-04-25
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-25
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    1.华中科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,武汉 430074
    2.海军工程大学 振动与噪声研究所,武汉 430033
    3.船舶振动噪声重点实验室,武汉 430033

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赵应龙(1976–),男,博士,研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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