Article(id=1281326804791181610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326672238580175, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748016000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421716162, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421716162, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421716162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421716162, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281326672238580175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783421684559, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422118948, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328494261026863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326672238580175, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328494261026864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326672238580175, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=69, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281326806674424107, articleId=1281326804791181610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Time-history deep learning for flow probes arrangement, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In flow experiments, it is often necessary to measure the flow time history at several locations. However, the number of sensors in the experiment is limited by sensor size and their interference with flow. By optimizing sensor placement, the testing efficiency and accuracy can be improved with more significant time-varying features being captured. Using a time history deep learning method, the study carries out the dimensionality reduction and clustering on the flows of the time-varying features, obtaining distribution of measurement points distributions with similar features. This provides a basis for optimal sensor placement. As an example, the low Reynolds number flow around a square and a circular cylinder was studied respectively. Firstly, dimensionality reduction and feature reconstruction was performed on the flow's time-varying big data. Next, clustering analysis was applied to the low-dimensional latent code, followed by feature judgment across different flow regions, yielding the optimal sensor arrangement for the physical quantities to be measured. The results show that the method in this paper obtains a more refined layout of sensors compared with traditional empirical approaches, providing a useful reference for flow experiments.

, authors=Qing-liang ZHAN1, 2, Zhi-yong WANG1, Yang CHAO1, Dong-ming BAO1, Xian-nian SUN1, authorsList=Qing-liang ZHAN, Zhi-yong WANG, Yang CHAO, Dong-ming BAO, Xian-nian SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qing-liang ZHAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281326808947736900, articleId=1281326804791181610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=流场测点位置选择的时程深度学习方法, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

流场实验时往往需要测量某些位置处的流场时程,但传感器的布设数量通常受传感器大小和对流场的干扰程度等因素的限制。通过在合理的位置布设传感器,可以提高流场实验的测量效率和精度,并捕捉到流场中重要的时变特征。本文基于时程深度学习方法,对流场测点处的时变特征进行降维与聚类,得到具有相似时变特征的流场测点分布,为流场测点布设位置的选择提供依据。以低雷诺数的方柱和圆柱绕流场为例,首先对流场时程大数据进行特征重构与降维,然后对低维表征编码进行聚类分析,进一步对不同类别的流动区域开展特征判断,最终确定待测物理量的最优测点分布区域。结果表明,本文方法提供了比传统经验更精细的测点布置方案,可为流场实验中的测点布设提供参考。

, authors=战庆亮1, 2, 王智勇1, 晁阳1, 包东明1, 孙先念1, authorsList=战庆亮, 王智勇, 晁阳, 包东明, 孙先念, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=战庆亮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
战庆亮(1987–),男,讲师,博士,通讯作者,E-mail:
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326804791181610, language=CN, label=图11, caption=圆柱绕流结果, figureFileSmall=kgIoHEZnnD7cK9hIYcBrYQ==, figureFileBig=byZi4rrV0yv72Y/D6yg9Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281326818275869064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281326804791181610, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Sample statistics of different clustering regions

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类别编号u平均值u标准差v平均值v标准差
第1类1.01440.0575−0.00070.0488
第2类1.12190.0258−0.14410.0322
第3类0.03860.07900.13990.0339
第4类0.42630.14620.00400.2622
第5类0.68420.1135−0.00190.2463
第6类0.85260.10920.00060.3072
第7类0.85570.16260.00040.2358
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不同分类区域的样本统计结果

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类别编号u平均值u标准差v平均值v标准差
第1类1.01440.0575−0.00070.0488
第2类1.12190.0258−0.14410.0322
第3类0.03860.07900.13990.0339
第4类0.42630.14620.00400.2622
第5类0.68420.1135−0.00190.2463
第6类0.85260.10920.00060.3072
第7类0.85570.16260.00040.2358
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Comparison of locations of measurement points in different experiments

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文献研究对象xy
本文方柱>1.53D<2D
实验[18]方柱2D0.5D
实验[19]方柱2.7D0.25D
实验[20]圆柱2D ~ 30D0.5D ~ 1.75D
实验[10]圆柱7.3D0.7D
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不同实验中的测点布置位置统计

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文献研究对象xy
本文方柱>1.53D<2D
实验[18]方柱2D0.5D
实验[19]方柱2.7D0.25D
实验[20]圆柱2D ~ 30D0.5D ~ 1.75D
实验[10]圆柱7.3D0.7D
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流场测点位置选择的时程深度学习方法
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战庆亮 1, 2 , 王智勇 1 , 晁阳 1 , 包东明 1 , 孙先念 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(1): 69-77
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (1) : 69 -77
流场测点位置选择的时程深度学习方法
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战庆亮1, 2 , 王智勇1, 晁阳1, 包东明1, 孙先念1
作者信息
  • 1.大连海事大学 交通运输工程学院,辽宁 大连 116026
  • 2.运通交通科技(大连)有限公司 智能流体研发中心,辽宁 大连 116023
通讯作者:
战庆亮(1987–),男,讲师,博士,通讯作者,E-mail:
Time-history deep learning for flow probes arrangement
Qing-liang ZHAN1, 2 , Zhi-yong WANG1, Yang CHAO1, Dong-ming BAO1, Xian-nian SUN1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Transportation and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
  • 2.Smart Fluid Research Center, Yuntong Transport Technology Company, Dalian 116023, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.008
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流场实验时往往需要测量某些位置处的流场时程,但传感器的布设数量通常受传感器大小和对流场的干扰程度等因素的限制。通过在合理的位置布设传感器,可以提高流场实验的测量效率和精度,并捕捉到流场中重要的时变特征。本文基于时程深度学习方法,对流场测点处的时变特征进行降维与聚类,得到具有相似时变特征的流场测点分布,为流场测点布设位置的选择提供依据。以低雷诺数的方柱和圆柱绕流场为例,首先对流场时程大数据进行特征重构与降维,然后对低维表征编码进行聚类分析,进一步对不同类别的流动区域开展特征判断,最终确定待测物理量的最优测点分布区域。结果表明,本文方法提供了比传统经验更精细的测点布置方案,可为流场实验中的测点布设提供参考。

流场测点  /  时程深度学习  /  时变特征  /  时程大数据  /  聚类

In flow experiments, it is often necessary to measure the flow time history at several locations. However, the number of sensors in the experiment is limited by sensor size and their interference with flow. By optimizing sensor placement, the testing efficiency and accuracy can be improved with more significant time-varying features being captured. Using a time history deep learning method, the study carries out the dimensionality reduction and clustering on the flows of the time-varying features, obtaining distribution of measurement points distributions with similar features. This provides a basis for optimal sensor placement. As an example, the low Reynolds number flow around a square and a circular cylinder was studied respectively. Firstly, dimensionality reduction and feature reconstruction was performed on the flow's time-varying big data. Next, clustering analysis was applied to the low-dimensional latent code, followed by feature judgment across different flow regions, yielding the optimal sensor arrangement for the physical quantities to be measured. The results show that the method in this paper obtains a more refined layout of sensors compared with traditional empirical approaches, providing a useful reference for flow experiments.

flow measurement points  /  time history deep learning  /  time-varying features  /  time history big data  /  clustering
战庆亮, 王智勇, 晁阳, 包东明, 孙先念. 流场测点位置选择的时程深度学习方法. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (1) : 69 -77 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.008
Qing-liang ZHAN, Zhi-yong WANG, Yang CHAO, Dong-ming BAO, Xian-nian SUN. Time-history deep learning for flow probes arrangement[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (1) : 69 -77 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.008
流场实验是船舶工程、海洋工程、航空工程和机械工程等多学科的重要研究手段[1]。由于流体在微小剪力作用下会产生连续的变形,在实验中对流场物理量的观察与特征提取往往比较困难。即便流动显示技术得到了一定发展,通过流场中固定位置的测点观测流动物理量[2],仍是目前最普遍的流动测量方式。
通常情况下,与复杂流动的特征维度相比,实验中布置的传感器数量极为有限。一方面,复杂流动的多个尺度的特征维度很大,全分辨率测量需要的传感器数量异常庞大[3];另一方面,传感器的存在会对周围流动产生干扰,且测点的布置位置也可能受传感器尺寸等因素的限制[4]。因而,如何利用有限的测点传感器获得流场中更多有价值的流动信息,对于流体实验非常重要。
然而,目前对流场实验中测点布置位置的选择并没有准确且统一的方法。以外形简单的经典圆柱绕流[5]、方柱绕流[6]等问题为例,一般都会在尾流中布置若干个流场速度传感器,用于采集这些测点处的流场时程信号[7]。这些流场时程数据既可用于计算斯特劳哈尔数(Strouhal number)等[8],也可用于研究尾流分布特征[9]。但是尚未见到针对这些测点布置位置的专门研究,且不同的文献所采用的测点布设位置各不相同。由于最佳测点位置选择难度大,因此现有研究中的流场测点的布置位置一般靠经验给出[10]
流场测点位置选择的主要难点可归纳为两点:一是流场中不同位置处的流动特征差异大,属于典型的大数据问题;二是同一测点处的流动特征随时间变化复杂,属于显著的复杂特征问题。面对海量流动数据,人工智能方法尤其是深度学习方法为流体研究提供了全新的视角。例如,借鉴深度学习在图像识别领域的突破,基于流动快照(snapshot)的深度学习特征提取研究取得了一系列的突破与应用[11]。随着流场时程深度学习方法的不断深入[12],从测点监测数据的角度出发也取得了初步进展[13-14],这些研究使得对海量流动时程数据的特征深度分析[15]成为可能,也为流场实验中测点布置的选择问题提供了全新的思路。
综上所述,针对流场测点位置的布设问题,本文基于流场时程深度学习方法,以低雷诺数方柱和圆柱绕流为例,采用数值模拟方法获得流场时程大数据并开展测点布设位置的研究。通过时程深度学习识别测点信号特征的相似区域,进而定位特征明显的区域。在此基础上,提出基于时程深度学习的流动测点布置方法,为流动实验的测点位置选择提供精准、通用的测点布设方案。
本文以低雷诺数方柱绕流为例阐述方法,采用zFlower[16]及其深度学习大数据提取模块获取流场中一定范围内的测点时程大数据。以方柱边长计算的雷诺数为100,将计算中各时间步的流场速度分量分类保存,形成各测点的流向速度时程与横向速度时程参数集。在流向方柱–2D~+8D、横向–3D~+3D 范围内布置了共计5900个测点,具体分布范围如图1所示,其中D为方柱的边长。x轴为顺流方向,速度分量为uy轴为横流方向,速度分量为v
选择稳定流动阶段(100~200 s)的数据进行分析。采样间隔为0.05 s。由于流动的非线性特性,不同空间位置的测点时程数据差异较大。为直观展示测点时程数据,在方柱的侧面、回流区以及尾流区等位置选择了共计6个测点(见图1红色点)进行观察,所得到的流向速度与横向速度时程列于图2中。可见,若选时变特征更加突出的测点位置进行实验测量,将得到更显著的特征结果,因此本研究可为流动特征分析提供必要支撑。
采用FTH-AE模型[17]对方柱流场的时程大数据进行压缩,该方法不仅能够对各测点处的流场时变特征进行压缩,同时压缩后的数据保留了时程中的重要时变特征,模型的结构如图3所示。
模型训练过程中的损失函数结果如图4所示,采用ADAM方法加快模型收敛,学习率为1.0×10−4。训练的批量大小为16,输入与输出之间的差异用MSE损失函数来衡量,流向速度与横向速度的最终损失值分别为7×10−6和2×10−4
图5为上文中所选择的6个测点(图1中的红色测点)的模型重构结果,其中原始样本用实线表示,重构的样本用虚线表示。由图中的结果可以发现,对于不同均值、不同振幅以及不同时变形状的流场时程样本数据,重构结果与原始样本高度一致。
进一步地,为定量分析表征模型的重构误差,定义无量纲的相对误差为
$ R{\mathrm{err}} = \frac{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {\left| {{f_i} - f{{_i^{}}^\prime }} \right|} }}{{{u^\infty }n}} $
其中,fi为原始样本曲线;fi为重构样本曲线;u为来流速度,n为时程数据的长度。将样本的物理坐标与该误差相结合,并使用不同的颜色对误差范围进行划分,可分别得到流向速度和横向速度的表征模型误差分布,结果如图6所示。
结果表明,在方柱下游位置处的流向速度与横向速度的样本重构误差均较大,这是由于此处流场受到方柱干扰较大,因而流动的时变特征较复杂,导致模型的重构难度更大。总的来说,在整个计算域中,本文模型实现了较高精度的表征与重构,能够对不同位置处、具有不同时变特征的流动大数据进行分析。因此,可以采用表征模型压缩后的特征编码进行更深入的流场时变特征研究。
对编码降维所得到的低维空间中的特征编码进行K-Means聚类计算,即对流场中不同位置处时变特征的低维表征进行聚类,可以得到不同测点所包含的主要时变特性。K-Means聚类模型原理如图7所示。
其中物理量的特征编码对应于FTH-AE模型中的隐变量编码(latent code),这些编码中包含了各个测点的主要时变特征。进一步将分类结果按照流场测点的空间位置进行显示,并用不同的颜色区分聚类结果,就可以得到不同物理量时变特征在空间中的分布情况。
流向速度和横向速度的流动特征聚类为7类的结果如图8所示,其中不同颜色代表具有不同的相似流动时变特征的测点分布,同一颜色代表所具有的时变特征相似。
为直观展示不同区域内的流动特征差异,在各区域内随机选择了20个测点进行时程显示,各特征聚类区域的样本情况见图9。结果表明,不同区域内同一类的时程样本具有较一致的时变特征,包括均值、均方根以及相位等信息。因此本文模型能够根据不同区域内测点时程的时变特征,将流场合理地划分为具有不同特征的区域。
对于流向速度结果:第1类为远场区域,此处的速度受方柱干扰相对较小,故而此处流场流向速度均值基本为来流速度;第2类区域内流场受到方柱的干扰发生加速,为流动加速区;第3、4、5类为方柱的下游阻碍区,流动速度均值小,且受干扰有一定的波动;第6、7类为卡门涡街引起的速度振荡区,流场时程脉动大。
对于横向速度结果:第1类为远场区域,此处的横向速度受方柱干扰小因而均值接近零且脉动小;第2类和第3类分别为由方柱的阻碍引起的横向速度上下非对称区;第4、5、6、7类为卡门涡街引起的横向速度交汇区,此处流动速度时程均值为零但脉动较大。
此外,图6中流向速度和横向速度重构误差较大的区域与图9中时程波动较大的区域一致,说明流动的复杂程度会影响FTH-AE模型的精度。同时,横向速度的振幅更大,这可能是导致横向速度重构误差较大的主要原因。
总的来说,本文方法能够对该流动时程大数据的特征进行准确且合理的区分。
根据上述特征聚类结果,进行测点位置选择方法的分析。以测量方柱的斯特劳哈尔数(St数)为例,为了便于准确地计算St数,可选择流动脉动特征更明显的区域。因此,将每个区域内时程的统计特征列于表1并进行选择。
根据表1结果,选择u标准差大于0.1、且v标准差大于0.2的区域,如图10所示。在这些区域中,流动的流向速度和横向速度均具有更大的脉动值,因而在这些区域内布置测点有助于同时捕捉到卡门涡街引起的丰富流动时程信息。
为验证本文方法解决其他问题的可行性,进一步对低雷诺数下的圆柱绕流也开展了类似分析,结果如图11所示。可以发现本文方法同样也可用于圆柱绕流问题的分析,且结果表明圆柱和方柱的结果有一些差别,这是由于两者流场的绕流特征不同导致的。
尽管圆柱与方柱绕流的流动细节存在差异,但两种柱体对流场的干扰作用具有一定相似性。例如,流向速度特征聚类结果中都得到了相似的流动加速区、下游阻碍区和速度振荡区,横向速度结果中的速度交汇区结果也比较相似,体现了本文方法对流动特征区域识别具有一定的稳定性。
通过参考实验文献[10,18-20]表2中列出了一些实验中测点布置位置情况,这些测点的布置位置都基于作者各自的经验。可以发现这些位置都处于本文结果的范围内,且本文给出了定量的、更加精细化的布设方案,因此具有较大的参考价值。
本文通过对不同位置处的流动特征进行压缩与聚类,得到了具有相似时变特征的流动区域,进而确定了流场中测点的合理布设位置。可得到以下结论:
(1)对低雷诺数方柱和圆柱绕流的流场时程大数据进行特征重构与降维,结果表明FTH-AE模型可以准确实现流场时程数据的降维与还原,得到了包含流动关键时变特征的低维编码。
(2)基于低维特征编码的聚类计算,可获得所研究物理量的特征分布图,且不同区域中同一类的样本具有一致的时变特征,从而实现了海量测点的特征类型分析。
(3)对流场中流速脉动显著的区域进行判断,得到流向速度与横向速度均呈现显著脉动的区域,在其中布置测点可测得更显著的流场脉动,得到的测点布置区域比经验方法更加精细。
(4)本文案例分析中仅对具有较大脉动特征的测点进行了统计,同样可对具有其他相似时变特征(如相位等)的样本点集进行研究,可根据不同测量目的得到准确的测点布设区域。

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2026年第30卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.008
  • 接收时间:2025-05-24
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-24
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    1.大连海事大学 交通运输工程学院,辽宁 大连 116026
    2.运通交通科技(大连)有限公司 智能流体研发中心,辽宁 大连 116023

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战庆亮(1987–),男,讲师,博士,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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