Article(id=1281326673438151120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326672238580175, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745510400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421684845, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421684845, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421684845, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421684845, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281326672238580175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783421684559, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422118948, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328494261026863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326672238580175, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328494261026864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281326672238580175, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=168, endPage=176, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281326673652060625, articleId=1281326673438151120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical prediction methods for flow-induced acoustic radiation of composite plate structures, columnId=1241023038381158513, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydro/Structural Acoustics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper focuses on a numerical algorithm for analyzing flow-induced noise of composite plates. In this study, a method based on the superposition of uncorrelated plane waves was proposed to synthesize turbulent fluctuating pressure and calculate flow-induced noise using the finite element acoustic-vibration coupling module. The detailed theory and procedures of this algorithm were provided for rectangular plates as an example. The computational results were compared with analytical theory to validate the accuracy of the algorithm. Based on the wave number filtering principle, the criteria for selecting the truncation wave number was given, and the algorithm was compared with traditional methods in terms of computational efficiency, demonstrating the advantages of the algorithm in computational efficiency and accuracy. Finally, the mechanism of flow-induced noise generation in composite plate structures with acoustic coating was analyzed in this paper using the proposed algorithm, providing theoretical support for reducing flow-induced noise of underwater vehicles.

, authors=Hao-hao HUa, Wang ZUOb, Ao ZHAOb, Rui-qi ZHUa, Biao WANGb, authorsList=Hao-hao HU, Wang ZUO, Ao ZHAO, Rui-qi ZHU, Biao WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hao-hao HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281326691087782530, articleId=1281326673438151120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=复合平板结构流激声辐射数值预报方法研究, columnId=1241023038515376243, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体与结构声学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文针对复合平板流激噪声数值算法展开研究,提出一种基于非相关平面波叠加等效的方法,用于合成湍流脉动压力,并结合有限元声振耦合模块计算流激噪声。首先,以矩形平板为例给出了该算法的详细理论和流程,将计算结果与解析理论进行对比,并验证了算法的准确性。其次,以波数滤波原理为基础,给出了截断波数的选择标准,并与传统算法在计算效率上进行了对比,从而显示了算法在计算效率与精度方面的优势。最后,采用本文算法分析了敷设声学覆盖层的复合平板结构流激噪声产生机理,为降低水下航行体流激噪声提供理论支撑。

, authors=胡昊灏a, 左旺b, 赵傲b, 朱瑞祺a, 王彪b, authorsList=胡昊灏, 左旺, 赵傲, 朱瑞祺, 王彪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡昊灏, authorNote=

左 旺(1999–),男,硕士研究生

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胡昊灏(1983–),男,高级工程师,硕士生导师,通讯作者, E-mail:
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caption=

Comparison of solving time required in different conditions

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Cholesky分解法平面波叠加法
网格大小 /mm0.50.51
网格数量992959929527897
计算时间 /s94825647
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不同工况求解时间对比

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Cholesky分解法平面波叠加法
网格大小 /mm0.50.51
网格数量992959929527897
计算时间 /s94825647
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Calculation parameters of the materials

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杨氏模量 E /Pa密度 ρ /(kg·m−3泊松比 v损耗因子 η
平板2.1e1178000.30
覆盖层3.5e611000.450.5
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材料参数

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杨氏模量 E /Pa密度 ρ /(kg·m−3泊松比 v损耗因子 η
平板2.1e1178000.30
覆盖层3.5e611000.450.5
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复合平板结构流激声辐射数值预报方法研究
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胡昊灏 a , 左旺 b , 赵傲 b , 朱瑞祺 a , 王彪 b
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2026,30(1): 168-176
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船舶力学 |流体与结构声学 2026 , 30 (1) : 168 -176
复合平板结构流激声辐射数值预报方法研究
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胡昊灏a , 左旺b, 赵傲b, 朱瑞祺a, 王彪b
作者信息
  • a江苏科技大学 海洋学院
  • b江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212100
通讯作者:
胡昊灏(1983–),男,高级工程师,硕士生导师,通讯作者, E-mail:
作者简介:

左 旺(1999–),男,硕士研究生

Numerical prediction methods for flow-induced acoustic radiation of composite plate structures
Hao-hao HUa , Wang ZUOb, Ao ZHAOb, Rui-qi ZHUa, Biao WANGb
Affiliations
  • aJiangsu University of Science and Technology School of Ocean
  • bJiangsu University of Science and Technology School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.016
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本文针对复合平板流激噪声数值算法展开研究,提出一种基于非相关平面波叠加等效的方法,用于合成湍流脉动压力,并结合有限元声振耦合模块计算流激噪声。首先,以矩形平板为例给出了该算法的详细理论和流程,将计算结果与解析理论进行对比,并验证了算法的准确性。其次,以波数滤波原理为基础,给出了截断波数的选择标准,并与传统算法在计算效率上进行了对比,从而显示了算法在计算效率与精度方面的优势。最后,采用本文算法分析了敷设声学覆盖层的复合平板结构流激噪声产生机理,为降低水下航行体流激噪声提供理论支撑。

流激噪声  /  非相关平面波  /  声学覆盖层  /  数值算法

This paper focuses on a numerical algorithm for analyzing flow-induced noise of composite plates. In this study, a method based on the superposition of uncorrelated plane waves was proposed to synthesize turbulent fluctuating pressure and calculate flow-induced noise using the finite element acoustic-vibration coupling module. The detailed theory and procedures of this algorithm were provided for rectangular plates as an example. The computational results were compared with analytical theory to validate the accuracy of the algorithm. Based on the wave number filtering principle, the criteria for selecting the truncation wave number was given, and the algorithm was compared with traditional methods in terms of computational efficiency, demonstrating the advantages of the algorithm in computational efficiency and accuracy. Finally, the mechanism of flow-induced noise generation in composite plate structures with acoustic coating was analyzed in this paper using the proposed algorithm, providing theoretical support for reducing flow-induced noise of underwater vehicles.

flow-induced noise  /  uncorrelated wall plane waves  /  acoustic coating  /  numerical algorithm
胡昊灏, 左旺, 赵傲, 朱瑞祺, 王彪. 复合平板结构流激声辐射数值预报方法研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (1) : 168 -176 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.016
Hao-hao HU, Wang ZUO, Ao ZHAO, Rui-qi ZHU, Biao WANG. Numerical prediction methods for flow-induced acoustic radiation of composite plate structures[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (1) : 168 -176 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.016
当水下航行器以中、高航速行驶时,湍流脉动压力激励结构表面,引起流激振动噪声。水下结构的流激噪声问题是一个多物理场耦合问题,需要综合考虑流体、结构振动和声场等因素[13],其计算方法和物理机理[46]的研究具有较大的难度。近年来随着计算机性能的显著提升,数值计算方法在流激声辐射预报中得到了广泛应用。Allen等[7]以轻质流体环境中的简支矩形板作为研究对象,建立了随机激励下的结构声辐射有限元耦合边界元数值预报模型。陈美霞等[8]使用湍流脉动压力的空间–频率谱模型作为湍流激励力,提出了一种随机激励下的振动响应半解析半数值预报方法,并将该方法应用到了单双圆柱壳体的流激响应计算中。然而,由于水下航行器的结构尺寸和数值离散单元尺度与湍流边界层脉动压力空间相关尺度存在差异[9],采用传统的空间–频率谱结合有限元法时需要求解空间相关巨型矩阵,这导致计算效率和计算精度都受到了影响。Hekmati等[10]基于湍流脉动压力的空间–频率谱结合有限元法对简支板的流激声振响应展开研究,利用Cholesky分解法加速矩阵计算,提高计算效率。Maxit等[11]对比了空间–频率谱及波数–频率谱两种激励力形式,指出波数–频率谱能够明显降低内存占用,提高计算效率,同时具有更清晰的物理意义。刘进等[12]考虑到传统流激自噪声计算方法计算周期长的问题,建立了基于数值法混合解析法的声呐舱流激自噪声简化计算模型,具有良好的适用性及计算精度。综上所述,建立一种快捷高效的数值算法,是流激噪声预报亟待解决的问题。
本文首先提出一种计算流激噪声的快速预报方法,该方法基于非相关平面波叠加理论,等效合成湍流脉动压力谱,将随机问题转化为一组确定性问题,并结合有限元声振耦合模型计算流激结构振动声辐射。其次,在算法验证及关键参数分析的基础上,将该算法应用于水下复合结构的流激声辐射预报中,特别是对敷设声学覆盖层的平板结构流激声辐射机理进行了计算分析,这些研究为流激噪声预报及低频噪声控制提供理论支撑和技术参考。
本文提出的非相关平面波叠加等效技术,是受室内声场扩散声场理论的启发(扩散声场是由一系列不同方位的非相关平面波叠加而成[13]),即作用于结构表面的随机湍流脉动压力由多簇空间非相关平面波叠加而成。基于此,将原先的随机激励问题转化为相对简单的确定性激励问题,同时可以结合有限元声振耦合模块计算结构的流激声辐射。
图1所示,在考虑湍流脉动压力激励的情况下,研究了一个四边简支的矩形弹性平板的声振耦合问题。假设此时湍流是充分发展的状态,且满足平稳随机过程条件。同时,我们认为平板与湍流边界层之间存在弱耦合关系,即平板表面的振动响应不会影响湍流脉动压力场的分布。
本节首先介绍湍流脉动压力的空间谱$ S_{pp}^{{\text{TBL}}}({\boldsymbol{x}} - {\boldsymbol{x'}},\omega ) $与波数谱$ {\phi _{pp}}({\boldsymbol{k}},\omega ) $的关系(傅里叶变换),有下式成立
$ S_{pp}^{{\text{TBL}}}({\boldsymbol{x}} - {\boldsymbol{x'}},\omega ) = \frac{1}{{4{{\text{π}}^2}}}\int_\infty {{\phi _{pp}}} ({\boldsymbol{k}},\omega ){{\text{e}}^{{\text{i}}({\boldsymbol{kx}} - {\boldsymbol{x'}})}}{\text{d}}{\boldsymbol{k}} $
其中,${{{\mathrm{i}}}} = \sqrt { - 1} $为纯虚数,$\omega $为角频率,$ \boldsymbol{x}、\boldsymbol{x}^{\prime } $对应平板上两个位置的坐标,$ {\boldsymbol{k}} = ({k_x},{k_y}) $为沿流向和展向的波数。
式(1)中的反常积分可以通过波数空间截断和矩形求和得到,即
$ S_{pp}^{{\text{TBL}}}({\boldsymbol{x}} - {\boldsymbol{x'}},\omega ) \approx \frac{1}{{4{{\text{π}}^2}}}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{{{{N}}_x}} {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{{{{N}}_y}} {{\phi _{pp}}} } (k_x^i,k_y^j,\omega ){{\text{e}}^{{\text{i}}{\boldsymbol{k}}({\boldsymbol{x}} - {{\boldsymbol{x}}^\prime })}}{\delta}{k_x}{\delta}{k_y} $
其中,$ \delta{k}_{x}、\delta{k}_{y} $分别为流向和展向的波数分辨率,NxNy分别为沿$ {k}_{x}、{k}_{y} $方向的点数。
接下来建立非相关平面波等效压力场与式(2)之间的关系。对于空间多列广义平面波叠加,其表达式可以写成
$ {P_{}}(x,y,t) = \sum\limits_x^\infty {\sum\limits_y^\infty {{A_{xy}}(t){{\text{e}}^{\text{j}{k_x}x + {\mathrm{j}}{k_y}y}}} } $
其中,${A_{xy}}(t)$为平面波幅值,对式(3)作统计相关运算以及傅里叶变换后,得到对应的空间–频率谱函数
$ S_{pp}^{}({\boldsymbol{x}} - {\boldsymbol{x'}},\omega ) = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^{{{{N}}_x}} {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{{{{N}}_y}} {{\varLambda _{ij}}} } {\text{e}^{{\text{i}}{\boldsymbol{k}}({\boldsymbol{x}} - {\boldsymbol{x'}})}} $
比较式(2)和式(4)发现,当且仅当幅值$ {\varLambda _{ij}} $满足式(5)时,非相关平面波等效的压力场$ S_{pp}^{}({\boldsymbol{x}} - {\boldsymbol{x'}},\omega ) $近似等于湍流脉动压力场$ S_{pp}^{{\text{TBL}}}({\boldsymbol{x}} - {\boldsymbol{x'}},\omega ) $
$ {\varLambda _{ij}} = \frac{{{\phi _{pp}}({k_x},{k_y},\omega ){\delta}{k_x}{\delta}{k_y}}}{{4{{\text{π}}^2}}} $
最终得到湍流脉动压力等效激励力为
$ {p}_{\text{inc}}^{l}(\boldsymbol{x},\omega )={\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{{{N}}_{x}}{\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{{{N}}_{y}}\sqrt{{\varLambda }_{ij}}}}{\text{e}}^{\text{i}({k}_{x}x+{k}_{y}y+{\phi }_{ij}^{l})}\text{,}i=1,2\cdots, \begin{array}{cc}& j=1,2\cdots \end{array} $
其中,${\varphi _{ij}}$$[0,2{\text{π }}]$上均匀分布的随机相位,表示平面波是空间不相关的。
将式(5)代入式(6),即可以得到作用于平板空间网格节点上的压力表达式如下
$ p_{{\text{inc}}}^l({{\boldsymbol{x}}^q},\omega ) = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^{{{{N}}_x}} {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{{{{N}}_y}} {\sqrt {\frac{{{\phi _{pp}}({k_x},{k_y},\omega ){\delta}{k_x}{\delta}{k_y}}}{{4{{\text{π}}^2}}}} } } {{\text{e}}^{{\text{i}}(k_x^q + {k_y}{y^q} + \varphi _{ij}^l)}} $
式(7)中${\phi _{pp}}({k_x},{k_y},\omega )$为湍流脉动压力的波数–频率谱,可由如下经验公式Corcos模型给出
$ {\phi _{pp}}({k_x},{k_y},\omega ) = {S_{pp}}(\omega ){\left(\frac{{{U_{\mathrm{c}}}}}{\omega }\right)^2}{\overline \phi _{PP}}({k_x},{k_y},\omega ) $
其中,${S_{pp}}(\omega )$为自谱,$ {U_{\mathrm{c}}} $为迁移速度,${\overline \phi _{PP}}({k_x},{k_y},\omega )$为归一化互谱,其表达式为
$ {\overline \phi _{PP}}({k_x},{k_y},\omega ) = \dfrac{{4{\alpha _1}{\alpha _3}}}{{\left[ {{\alpha _1}^2 + {{\left(1 - \dfrac{{{U_{\mathrm{c}}}{k_x}}}{\omega }\right)}^2}} \right]\left[ {{\alpha _3}^2 + {{\left(\dfrac{{{U_{\mathrm{c}}}{k_y}}}{\omega }\right)}^2}} \right]}} $
其中,${\alpha _1} = 0.116,{\alpha _3} = 0.7$分别为沿流向和展向的衰减系数。
非相关平面波等效湍流脉动压力法将空间–频率域的复杂问题变换到波数–频率域进行简化。它通过将时–空随机的湍流脉动压力化作一组确定性载荷,并利用不同组平面波空间相位的随机性来实现湍流脉动压力场的随机性,以提高计算效率,实现快速预报。通过MATLAB编程求解式(7)所示的网格节点激励力,并利用COMSOL有限元软件的接口导入数据求解平板的振动声学响应。
n组平面波激励下的结构位移$ {{\boldsymbol{u}}^n} $满足线性方程组(10),其中的$ {\boldsymbol{D}} $为动刚度矩阵。
$ {\boldsymbol{D}}{{\boldsymbol{u}}^n} = {{\boldsymbol{f}}^n} $
$ {\boldsymbol{D}} = {\boldsymbol{K}} - {{{\mathrm{i}}}}\omega {\boldsymbol{C}} - {\omega ^2}{\boldsymbol{M}} $
其中,$ {\boldsymbol{K}}、{\boldsymbol{C}}$${\boldsymbol{M}} $分别为结构的刚度、阻尼和质量矩阵,$ {{\boldsymbol{f}}^n} $为式(7)中第n组平面波压力场,在对动刚度矩阵求逆之后,即得到平板位移响应如下
$ {{\boldsymbol{u}}^n} = {{\boldsymbol{D}}^{ - 1}}{{\boldsymbol{f}}^n} $
通过计算多组非相关平面波激励下的振动与声辐射响应,并取集平均得到最终随机响应结果如下
$ {S_{uu}} = {{E}}({{\boldsymbol{u}}^n}{\overline {\boldsymbol{u}} ^n}) $
$ {\Pi _\text{rad}} = \sum\limits_S {{E}} ({\boldsymbol{p}}\overline {\boldsymbol{v}} )\varDelta {\boldsymbol{x}} $
其中,${E}$表示不同组的集平均,$ {\overline {\boldsymbol{u}} ^n} $表示结构位移$ {{\boldsymbol{u}}^n} $的复共轭,$ {\boldsymbol{p}} $表示辐射声压,$ \overline {\boldsymbol{v}} $表示振速的复共轭。
图2给出了采用本文提出的方法预报流激噪声的流程图,需要补充说明的是,尽管本文研究的对象为平板(湍流脉动压力的波数–频率谱经验公式只适用于不含曲率的模型),但我们可以通过修正边界层参数来处理此类问题,这将是后续需要展开深入研究的问题。
为了验证本文算法的正确性,我们建立一个四边简支弹性板的有限元声振耦合计算模型。通过COMSOL软件接口,将多组非相关平面波合成的湍流脉动激励力加载到弹性板表面,并结合软件的有限元数值算法来预报流激平板声辐射。最后,将计算结果与文献中的解析值[14]进行对比验证。
流激平板有限元计算模型示意图如图3所示。其中弹性钢板尺寸为${L_x} = {L_y} = 0.5{\text{ m}}$,厚度$h = 0.005{\text{ m}}$,来流水速为${U_\infty } = 5{\text{ m/s}}$。从图4可看出,本文算法与解析算法有较好的一致性,验证了非相关平面波等效湍流脉动压力方法结合有限元计算能够准确地预报流激声辐射。图4中显示低频时两种方法存在一定误差,可能原因为解析解中的刚性障板被假设为无限大,但是在有限元法建模中障板只能取有限尺寸所致。
由合成湍流脉动压力的表达式(7)可知,影响流激振动声辐射精度的关键因素包括截断波数范围和网格分辨率等,本节针对这些问题展开讨论。
(1) 截断波数选取原则
水下结构的流激振动声辐射,可理解为结构波数对湍流脉动压力波数的滤波响应[15]图5(a)~(c)分别给出了湍流脉动压力的波数–频率谱、平板振动传递函数的波数–频率谱以及两者相乘得到的振动响应。假设波数${k_y} = 0$,平板中心为振动响应位置,图5中的白色虚线代表迁移波数${k_{\mathrm{c}}}{\text{ = }}{{{\omega _{\max }}} / {{U_{\mathrm{c}}}}}$,白色实线代表平板的弯曲波数${k_{\mathrm{f}}} = {({\omega _{\max }}\sqrt {\rho h/D} )^{1/2}}$
图5(a)可以发现湍流脉动压力最大值分布在迁移波数${k_{\mathrm{c}}}$附近,从图5(b)可以发现平板的振动传递函数最大值主要分布在小于等于弯曲波数${k_{\mathrm{f}}}$的范围内,图5(c)为流激板振动响应,通过计算发现,湍流脉动压力和振动传递函数两者相乘得到的流激振动响应最大值也分布在弯曲波数附近。因此可以将结构弯曲波数${k_{\mathrm{f}}}$作为截断波数的上限参考值。为了更加精细地确认截断波数对流激声辐射的影响,本文进一步计算了$ 0.5{k}_{{\mathrm{f}}}、 \text{2}{k}_{{\mathrm{f}}} $$4{k_{\mathrm{f}}}$三种截断波数下的辐射声功率(如图6所示),发现当截断波数取两倍弯曲波数${k_{\mathrm{f}}}$时,计算结果完全收敛,后续计算均采用此标准。
(2) 网格分辨率的影响
采用有限元法计算结构声辐射时,网格分辨率是影响计算精度的关键因素。不同于机械激励下的声振耦合问题,在研究流激声振耦合问题时的网格分辨率不仅要考虑弹性结构波长和声波长,还要考虑湍流脉动压力的空间分布(一般以湍流迁移波长为参考标准)。要获得流激振动声辐射的收敛结果,对网格尺寸的要求更加严格,其划分密度需远超常规声学有限元问题中$\Delta L = \lambda /6$的准则;另外,由于流激振动声辐射是一个时–空随机问题,湍流脉动激励须考虑空间各点的互谱,导致湍流激励力的矩阵维度很大,需要进行Cholesky矩阵分解,这进一步降低了计算效率。而本文提出的方法,将随机声振耦合问题转化为一般的确定性问题,降低了激励力矩阵维度,在保证计算精度的同时可以有效提高计算效率。
图7比较了不同网格大小下传统Cholesky分解法与本文算法的计算结果,可以发现当网格分辨率相同时,本文算法与解析解有更好的一致性,而采用Cholesky分解的计算方法在中高频范围内有较大的误差,这是由于Cholesky法的网格收敛标准更严格为${{2{\text{π}} }}/(3{k_{\mathrm{c}}})$,在中高频不再满足其收敛标准时,粗糙的网格会将湍流脉动压力的微小部分放大,导致中高频计算结果偏高。区别于对网格尺寸要求严苛的传统方法,本文算法在网格大小取${\text{π }}/(2{k_{\mathrm{f}}})$时,计算结果就足够收敛。表1给出了不同算法单频的计算时间(采用普通台式机计算),进一步证明了本文算法的优势。
在实际工程应用中,水下航行器表面一般敷设有声学覆盖层,且覆盖层内部含有复杂的周期单元,这导致数值计算时网格数及计算量激增,传统的空间—频率域有限元法只能处理较低频问题,因此本节采用非相关平面波等效算法,结合有限元声振耦合模块,求解敷设了均匀声学覆盖层结构和敷设了含周期空腔声学覆盖层结构的流激声辐射。
本节所分析模型为一敷瓦平板,长${L_x} = 0.8{\text{ m}}$,宽${L_y} = 0.5{\text{ m}}$,底板厚度${h_1} = 0.005{\text{ m}}$,在板的上方敷设均匀声学覆盖层,厚度${h_2} = 0.02{\text{ m}}$,模型材料参数由表2给出,来流速度${U_\infty } = 8{\text{ m/s}}$
图8给出了均匀声学覆盖层降噪效果图,可以看出在大于200 Hz的频率范围,声学覆盖层对流激噪声有明显的抑制作用,这是由于此时覆盖层材料产生的剪切损耗消耗了大量声能[16]。然而针对低阶模态峰值,均匀覆盖层的降噪效果不理想,从图8可以发现低阶的声辐射峰值主要来自于系统的低阶共振。
在实际的工程应用中,声学覆盖层并不是均匀结构,而是嵌入含周期空腔的多孔结构。此类声学覆盖层通过空腔单极子共振以及波形转换将声能转换为热能耗散掉,实现减振降噪。图9为敷设含周期空腔声学覆盖层模型示意图,图9(a)中底板为弹性钢板,厚度为${h_1}$,覆盖层分为三层,分别是厚度为${h_{21}}、{h_{23}}$的上下两层均匀层和中间厚度为${h_{22}}$的周期圆柱空腔层,因此覆盖层总厚度为${h_{21}} + {h_{22}} + {h_{23}}$图9(b)展示了声学覆盖层的周期特性,定义两个相邻圆,圆心间隔为晶格常数为$\Delta x$,空腔尺寸为$d$,控制边缘最小距离${x_{\min }}$以避免边界效应。
为了对比不同覆盖层结构的降噪效果,取和上节相同的弹性平板,分别敷设均匀覆盖层和含周期空腔声学覆盖层(后者见图10所示)。其中均匀覆盖层的厚度${h_2} = 0.02{\text{ m}}$,周期空腔声学覆盖层参数分别为$ {h_{21}} = {h_{23}} = 0.005{\text{ m}} $$ {h_{22}} = 0.01{\text{ m}} $,空腔尺寸$d = 0.03{\text{ m}}$,晶格常数$\Delta x = 0.08{\text{ m}}$,边缘最小距离${x_{\min }} = 0.015{\text{ m}}$,材料使用表2中的参数。
图11给出了三种情况下的流激辐射噪声对比,可以看到相较于均匀覆盖层,含周期空腔的声学覆盖层能显著降低100~500 Hz的模态峰值。一方面空腔单元更容易产生波形转换,从而将纵波声能耗散掉。另一方面,周期空腔阵列相当于阻抗失配层,对来自底板的振动声波具有一定的阻隔效应。遗憾的是,对于低频模态峰值,这两类覆盖层均未表现出较好的降噪效果,后续研究中有待探索更为复杂的周期结构的低频降噪性能(如包含低频禁带的局域共振结构)。
图12分别给出了低、高频情况下敷设两种不同声学覆盖层表面的流激位移云图。对比图12(a)、(b)发现,敷设均匀声学覆盖层的模型,其低频位移场振动更加剧烈、紊乱;而敷设含周期空腔覆盖层的模型,其低频位移峰值只在空腔结构处出现。而在高频时,对比图12(c)、(d)发现,这两种不同声学覆盖层形式对振动的影响不大。据此,可以总结为,含周期空腔的声学覆盖层具有更多的可调控性,后续研究中可以分析周期结构的能带特性对流激噪声的影响。
本文提出的基于非相关平面波等效合成湍流脉动激励,结合有限元快速预报流激噪声的方法,将随机声学问题转化为确定性问题,从而实现计算效率的提高;同时将该方法应用于敷设覆盖层的复杂结构的流激噪声预报,并探讨其减振降噪机理,得到如下结论:
(1)本文快速预报方法能够准确预报结构流激振动噪声,并显著提高计算效率;
(2)从波数滤波机理出发,得到了本算法波数域的截断准则,并分析了有限元网格分辨率等关键参数对计算精度的影响;
(3)敷设含周期圆柱空腔声学覆盖层与传统敷设均匀覆盖层结构相比,在降低水下流激噪声方面更具优势,其在中低频展现出更好的控制能力。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.01.016
  • 接收时间:2025-04-25
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-25
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    a江苏科技大学 海洋学院
    b江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212100

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胡昊灏(1983–),男,高级工程师,硕士生导师,通讯作者, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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