Article(id=1281323938395436006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751126400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421032760, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421032760, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421032760, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421032760, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281323885077447100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='2', pageStart='177', pageEnd='340', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783421020049, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422086911, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328359892303896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328359892303897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=192, endPage=203, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281323940521948137, articleId=1281323938395436006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Hydrodynamic properties of concentric arc-shaped structures in layered seawater, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of offshore wind power industry, the protection of wind turbine foundations has become increasingly important in engineering practice. Based on wave diffraction theory in stratified waters, this paper employs the eigenfunction expansion method to derive analytical solutions for wave interaction with concentric arc-shaped structures. The dimensionless wave loads induced by surface wave and internal wave as well as the corresponding maximum wave elevation distributions are obtained. The results show that the double-layer arc structure exhibits superior wave attenuation performance compared to the single-layer configuration. In stratified fluids, the wave loads induced by surface wave and internal wave are of comparable magnitude, indicating that the influence of internal waves cannot be neglected. Parameters such as wave incident angle, water depth, porosity, arc angle, and radius ratio significantly affect wave loading characteristics. Proper selection of porosity and arc angle can further enhance wave attenuation performance and optimize construction costs.

, authors=Wei JIANG1, Chang-jie LI2, Fei LIN1, Jie XU2, Tao-lüe YANG3, Kai WANG4, Zhen-feng ZHAI5, authorsList=Wei JIANG, Chang-jie LI, Fei LIN, Jie XU, Tao-lüe YANG, Kai WANG, Zhen-feng ZHAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kai WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281324004992594247, articleId=1281323938395436006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=分层海水中的同心弧形结构水动力特性分析, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着海上风电的快速发展,风机基础结构的防护问题具有重要的工程意义。基于分层海水中的水波绕射理论,本文采用特征函数展开法,推导波浪作用于同心弧形结构的解析解,计算表面波与内波的无量纲波浪载荷及最大波面分布。结果表明,双层弧形结构相较于单层结构具有更优的消浪性能。在分层海水中,表面波与内波对结构产生的无量纲载荷量级相当,内波影响不可忽视。波浪入射角、水深、透空率、弧形张角及半径比等参数均会影响波浪载荷特性。合理选择透空率与张角可进一步优化消浪效果与建造成本。

, authors=蒋维1, 李长杰2, 林菲1, 许洁2, 杨韬略3, 王凯4, 翟振峰5, authorsList=蒋维, 李长杰, 林菲, 许洁, 杨韬略, 王凯, 翟振峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王凯, authorNote=

蒋 维(1979–),男,博士,正高级工程师

, correspAuthorsNote=
王 凯(1985–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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蒋 维(1979–),男,博士,正高级工程师

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蒋 维(1979–),男,博士,正高级工程师

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分层海水中的同心弧形结构水动力特性分析
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蒋维 1 , 李长杰 2 , 林菲 1 , 许洁 2 , 杨韬略 3 , 王凯 4 , 翟振峰 5
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(2): 192-203
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (2) : 192 -203
分层海水中的同心弧形结构水动力特性分析
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蒋维1, 李长杰2, 林菲1, 许洁2, 杨韬略3, 王凯4 , 翟振峰5
作者信息
  • 1.中国大唐集团有限公司广东分公司,广州 510000
  • 2.广东大唐国际潮州发电有限责任公司,广东 潮州 515700
  • 3.南方电网电力科技股份有限公司,广州 510020
  • 4.中山大学 海洋工程与技术学院,广东 珠海 519000
  • 5.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室,广东 珠海 519000
通讯作者:
王 凯(1985–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

蒋 维(1979–),男,博士,正高级工程师

Hydrodynamic properties of concentric arc-shaped structures in layered seawater
Wei JIANG1, Chang-jie LI2, Fei LIN1, Jie XU2, Tao-lüe YANG3, Kai WANG4 , Zhen-feng ZHAI5
Affiliations
  • 1.China Datang Group Co., Ltd. Guangdong Branch, Guangzhou 510000, China
  • 2.Guangdong Datang International Chaozhou Power Generation Co., Ltd., Chaozhou 515700, China
  • 3.Southern Power Grid Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510020, China
  • 4.School of Ocean Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
  • 5.Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.002
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随着海上风电的快速发展,风机基础结构的防护问题具有重要的工程意义。基于分层海水中的水波绕射理论,本文采用特征函数展开法,推导波浪作用于同心弧形结构的解析解,计算表面波与内波的无量纲波浪载荷及最大波面分布。结果表明,双层弧形结构相较于单层结构具有更优的消浪性能。在分层海水中,表面波与内波对结构产生的无量纲载荷量级相当,内波影响不可忽视。波浪入射角、水深、透空率、弧形张角及半径比等参数均会影响波浪载荷特性。合理选择透空率与张角可进一步优化消浪效果与建造成本。

分层海水  /  表面波与内波  /  特征函数展开法  /  波浪绕射

With the rapid development of offshore wind power industry, the protection of wind turbine foundations has become increasingly important in engineering practice. Based on wave diffraction theory in stratified waters, this paper employs the eigenfunction expansion method to derive analytical solutions for wave interaction with concentric arc-shaped structures. The dimensionless wave loads induced by surface wave and internal wave as well as the corresponding maximum wave elevation distributions are obtained. The results show that the double-layer arc structure exhibits superior wave attenuation performance compared to the single-layer configuration. In stratified fluids, the wave loads induced by surface wave and internal wave are of comparable magnitude, indicating that the influence of internal waves cannot be neglected. Parameters such as wave incident angle, water depth, porosity, arc angle, and radius ratio significantly affect wave loading characteristics. Proper selection of porosity and arc angle can further enhance wave attenuation performance and optimize construction costs.

layered seawater  /  surface wave and internal wave  /  eigenfunction expansion approach  /  wave diffraction
蒋维, 李长杰, 林菲, 许洁, 杨韬略, 王凯, 翟振峰. 分层海水中的同心弧形结构水动力特性分析. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (2) : 192 -203 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.002
Wei JIANG, Chang-jie LI, Fei LIN, Jie XU, Tao-lüe YANG, Kai WANG, Zhen-feng ZHAI. Hydrodynamic properties of concentric arc-shaped structures in layered seawater[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (2) : 192 -203 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.002
为了响应国家节能减排的战略规划,新能源产业得到了空前的发展,其中海上风电工程尤为突出。为了提高海上风电样机的安全性,在其前段修建防护设施是十分必要的。Wiegel等[1]研究了半无限长薄壁防波堤的波浪绕射理论。Chwang等[2]阐述了透空机制对波浪作用的影响。在透空机制下Mciver等[3]理论分析了浅水波对半无限长薄壁透空防浪堤的绕射作用。Williams等[4]推导了透空圆形防波堤的波浪绕射解析解。近年来,弧形防波堤因其不仅节约经济成本而且兼顾与圆形防波堤类似的防浪效果而备受瞩目,成为研究热点问题。程建生和Chu等[56]深入解析了直立弧形防波堤的波浪作用力。Zhai等[7]通过引入浅水波模型给出椭圆余弦波与弧形结构相互作用的解析解。Han 等[8] 对斜入射波浪与弧形防波堤之间的水动力相互作用及其背后的波浪场分布情况进行了数值研究。Liang等[9]经过深入的解析研究,系统探讨了弧形防波堤对圆柱内部结构方面的防护效果,并重点分析了水动力共振现象产生的根本原因。
真实海洋一般都是不均匀的,在一些海域因阳光照射使上下层海水温度不同,海水密度出现跃变从而形成垂直层化现象,即海水分层。分层流体的类型主要包括连续分层、间断均匀分层和连续与间断混合分层,分层流体模式是海洋密度垂直层化的最常用模式之一。在密度层化流体中,表面波和内波是同时存在的。事实上,一些内波是海水跃变层受到扰动形成的。研究表明,内波在行进过程中可以携带大量的能量,从而对处于相应流域内的水下结构构成威胁。尤云祥等[10]建立了分层海水中大直径圆柱波浪绕射问题的解析计算方法,并将数值计算结果与均匀海水中的相应结果进行了对比分析。黄华等[11]对分层海水中大直径透空圆环柱的波浪载荷和波浪渗流载荷进行了理论计算。
本文将现有的均匀海水中直立单层圆弧型防波堤的微幅波绕射理论,拓展到分层海水中弧形防波堤的对应绕射场景,并引入表面透空结构为研究对象。通过应用特征函数展开法,系统研究了表面波与内波对直立弧形透空防波堤的绕射作用。解析结果表明,内波作用与表面波作用具有相同的量级,说明了内波的不可忽视性。并且与已有的二层海水中波浪对透空圆环柱的绕射理论结果进行对比。同时,分析了透空弧形防波堤的透空系数、绕射参数、张角、半径和水波入射角的变化对弧形结构水动力特性的影响。本文在圆环柱研究的基础上,拓展至具有更强通用性的双层圆弧结构,具有明确的工程应用价值与方法推广意义。
在水深为$ d $的两层海水中设置半径分别为$ a $$ b $的双层圆弧形贯底式透空防波堤,其水平位置如图1所示。取坐标系$ O\text{-}xyz $(即$ O\text{-}r\theta z $),$ O\text{-}xy $平面位于水底,原点位于圆弧形防波堤的圆心处。定义$ ox $轴使外层堤位于$ \theta ={\alpha }_{1} $$ \theta =2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{1} $,内层堤位于$ \theta ={\alpha }_{2} $$ \theta =2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{2} $,外层堤与内层堤对应的圆心角分别为$ {\gamma }_{1}=2\text{π} -2{\alpha }_{1} $$ {\gamma }_{2}=2\text{π} -2{\alpha }_{2} $$ oz $轴垂直向上。入射波为微幅平面波,入射角(与$ x $轴正向夹角)为$ \beta $。分别以$ a $$ b $为半径画同心圆柱面,将流场划分为圆柱外流区$\varOmega_1 $和圆柱内流区$\varOmega_2 $$\varOmega_3 $(如图1所示)。
由于防波堤是一种水下大尺度结构,可将海水看作无粘的不可压缩且运动无旋的理想势流,因此波浪与防波堤结构相互作用问题的研究可采用波浪绕射理论。设对应流域$ {\varOmega }_{j}(j=1,2,3) $的微幅波入射波势为$ \varPhi _{i}^{\pm (j)} $,散射波势为$ \varPhi _{s}^{\pm (j)} $,总波势为$ {\varPhi }^{\pm (j)} $,则对应绕射波势的边值问题的提法为
$ {\varPhi }^{\pm (j)}=\mathrm{Re}({\varphi }^{\pm (j)}),{\varphi }^{\pm (j)}=\varphi _{i}^{\pm }+\varphi _{s}^{\pm (j)}(j=0,1,2) $
$ {\nabla }^{2}{\varphi }^{\pm (j)}={\nabla }^{2}\varphi _{s}^{\pm (j)}=0({\varOmega }_{0},{\varOmega }_{1},{\varOmega }_{2}) $
$ g\frac{\partial {\varphi }^{\pm (j)}}{\partial z}-\omega _{\pm }^{2}{\varphi }^{\pm (j)}=g\frac{\partial \varphi _{s}^{\pm (j)}}{\partial z}-\omega _{\pm }^{2}\varphi _{s}^{\pm (j)}=0(z=d) $
$ \frac{\partial {\varphi }^{\pm (0)}}{\partial r}=\frac{\partial {\varphi }^{\pm (1)}}{\partial r}=\frac{i{\gamma }_{1}\rho {\omega }_{\pm }}{\mu }({\varphi }^{\pm (1)}-{\varphi }^{\pm (0)})=i{G}_{1}k\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }({\varphi }^{\pm (1)}-{\varphi }^{\pm (0)})(r=a,{\alpha }_{1}\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{1}) $
$ \frac{\partial {\varphi }^{\pm (1)}}{\partial r}=\frac{\partial {\varphi }^{\pm (2)}}{\partial r}=\frac{i{\gamma }_{2}\rho {\omega }_{\pm }}{\mu }({\varphi }^{\pm (2)}-{\varphi }^{\pm (1)})=i{G}_{2}k\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }({\varphi }^{\pm (2)}-{\varphi }^{\pm (1)})(r=b,{\alpha }_{2}\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{2}) $
$ \frac{\partial {\varphi }^{\pm (0)}}{\partial r}=\frac{\partial {\varphi }^{\pm (1)}}{\partial r}\begin{array}{c}\end{array}(r=a,0\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} ) $
$ {\varphi }^{\pm (0)}={\varphi }^{\pm (1)}(r=a,0\leq \theta \leq {\alpha }_{1},2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{1}\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} ) $
$ \frac{\partial {\varphi }^{\pm (1)}}{\partial r}=\frac{\partial {\varphi }^{\pm (2)}}{\partial r}\begin{array}{c}\end{array}(r=b,0\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} ) $
$ {\varphi }^{\pm (1)}={\varphi }^{\pm (2)}(r=b,0\leq \theta \leq {\alpha }_{2},2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{2}\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} ) $
$ \frac{\partial {\varphi }^{\pm (j)}}{\partial z}=0(z=0) $
$ \frac{\partial {\varphi }^{\pm (j)}}{\partial z}{|}_{z={{h}_{2}}+0}=\frac{\partial {\varphi }^{\pm (j)}}{\partial z}{|}_{z={{h}_{2}}-0} $
$ {\rho }_{1}{\left[g\frac{\partial {\varphi }^{\pm (j)}}{\partial z}-{\omega _{\pm }^{2}}{{\varphi }^{\pm (j)}}\right]}_{z={{h}_{2}}+0}={\rho }_{2}{\left[g\frac{\partial {\varphi }^{\pm (j)}}{\partial z}-{\omega _{\pm }^{2}}{{\varphi }^{\pm (j)}}\right]}_{z={{h}_{2}}-0} $
$ \underset{r\rightarrow \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }{r}^{1/2}\left(\frac{\partial \varphi _{s}^{\pm (0)}}{\partial r}-ik\varphi _{s}^{\pm (0)}\right)=0 $
以上各式中:$ {\varphi }^{\text{+}} $$ {\varphi }^{-} $分别为表面波势和内波势;$ {G}_{1}={\gamma }_{1}\rho \omega /\mu k,{G}_{2}={\gamma }_{2}\rho \omega /\mu k $,两者分别为外层及内层弧形堤透空系数;而$ \rho $$ k $$ {\gamma }_{1}({\gamma }_{2}) $$ \mu $分别为海水密度、波数、具有长度量纲的材料系数及流体粘性系数。方程(11)与方程(12)为上下二层流体分层面条件。方程(13)为表面波与内波的辐射条件。此外,还有以下色散关系成立
$ \omega _{\pm }^{2}=gk\frac{({T}_{1}+{T}_{2})\pm \sqrt{{({{T}_{1}}+{{T}_{2}})}^{2}-4(1-\lambda ){T}_{1}{T}_{2}(1+\lambda {T}_{1}{T}_{2})}}{2(1+\lambda {T}_{1}{T}_{2})} $
式中:$ {T}_{1}=\tan k{h}_{1} $$ {T}_{2}=\tan k{h}_{2} $h1h2为上下两层海水的深度;$ \lambda ={\rho }_{1}/{\rho }_{2} $表示上下层海水密度比。$ {\omega }_{+} $$ {\omega }_{-} $分别为表面波和内波的波频;相应的表面波和内波的入射波长为λ+λ;表面波和内波的波数根据对应的波频求得。对于分层海水,入射波势可表达为
$ \begin{split}&\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\quad \varPhi _{i}^{\pm }=\mathrm{Re}(\varphi _{i}^{\pm }),\\&\varphi _{i}^{\pm }=-\frac{ig{A}_{\pm }}{{\omega }_{\pm }}{Z}_{\pm }(z)\text{e}^{-i{{\omega }_{\pm }}t}\text{e}^{ikr\cos (\theta -\beta )}=-\frac{ig{A}_{\pm }}{{\omega }_{\pm }}{Z}_{\pm }(z)\text{e}^{-i{{\omega }_{\pm }}t}\left[\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_{n}\text{J}_{n}(kr)\cos n\theta \cos \mathrm{n}\beta +\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_{n}{J}_{\mathrm{n}}(kr)\sin n\theta \sin n\beta \right]\end{split} $
式中:$ {\beta }_{n}=(2-{\delta }_{n0}){i}^{n} $$ {A}_{+} $$ {A}_{-} $分别为对应$ {\omega }_{+} $$ {\omega }_{-} $的自由面波幅,相应的H+H分别对应表面波和内波的波高。另有
$ {Z}_{\pm }(z)=\begin{cases} \cosh k(z-d)+{T}_{\pm }(k)\sinh k(z-d),\quad{h}_{2}\leq z\leq d\\{E}_{\pm }(k)\cosh kz,\quad\text{0}\leq z\leq {h}_{2}\end{cases} $
$ {E}_{\pm }(k)=\frac{{T}_{\pm }(k)\cosh k{{h}}_{1}-\sinh k{{h}}_{1}}{\sinh k{{h}}_{2}} $
由式(15),使用特征函数展开法可取总波势为
$\begin{split}&{\varphi }^{\pm (0)}=\varphi _{i}^{\pm }+\varphi _{s}^{\pm (0)}=\\&\qquad -\frac{ig{A}_{\pm }}{{\omega }_{\pm }}{Z}_{\pm }(z)\text{e}^{-i{{\omega }_{\pm }}t}\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left\{[{\beta }_{n}\cos n\beta \text{J}_{n}(kr)+A_{n}^{\pm (0)}\text{H}_{n}^{(1)}(kr)]\cos n\theta + [{\beta }_{n}\sin \mathrm{n}\beta \text{J}_{n}(kr)+B_{n}^{\pm (0)}\text{H}_{n}^{(1)}(kr)]\sin \mathrm{n}\theta \right\}\end{split} $
$ {\varphi }^{(1)}=-\frac{ig{A}_{\pm }}{{\omega }_{\pm }}{Z}_{\pm }(z)\text{e}^{-i{{\omega }_{\pm }}t}\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\{[A_{n}^{\pm (1)}\cos \mathrm{n}\theta +B_{n}^{\pm (1)}\sin n\theta ]\text{J}_{n}(kr)+[C_{n}^{\pm (1)}\cos n\theta +D_{n}^{\pm (1)}\sin n\theta ]\text{H}_{n}^{(1)}(kr)\} $
$ {\varphi }^{(2)}=-\frac{ig{A}_{\pm }}{{\omega }_{\pm }}{Z}_{\pm }(z)\text{e}^{-i{{\omega }_{\pm }}t}\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}[A_{n}^{\pm (2)}\cos \mathrm{n}\theta +B_{n}^{\pm (2)}\sin n\theta ]\text{J}_{n} $
式中:$ \text{J}_{n}(x) $$ \text{H}_{n}^{(1)}(x) $分别表示$ n $阶的第一类Bessel函数和第一类Hankel函数;$ A_{\text{n}}^{\pm \text{(0)}} $$ A_{\text{n}}^{\pm \text{(1)}} $$ A_{n}^{\pm (2)} $$ B_{n}^{\pm (0)} $$ B_{n}^{\pm (1)} $$ B_{n}^{\pm (2)} $$ C_{n}^{\pm (1)} $$ D_{n}^{\pm (1)} $分别为待定系数,且满足$ B_{0}^{\pm (0)}=B_{0}^{\pm (1)}=B_{0}^{\pm (2)}=D_{0}^{\pm (1)} $
由边界条件式(6)和(8),且利用三角函数$ \{\cos n\theta ,0\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} \} $$ \{\sin n\theta ,0\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} \} $的正交性可得
$ {\beta }_{m}\cos m\beta {{\text{J}^{\prime}_{m}}}(ka)+A_{m}^{\pm (0)}\text{H}_{m}^{(1) \prime}(ka)=A_{m}^{\pm (1)}{{\text{J}^{\prime}_{m}}}(ka)+C_{m}^{\pm (1)}\text{H}_{m}^{(1) \prime}(ka)\quad\text{(}m\text{=0,1,}\cdots \text{)} $
$ {\beta }_{m}\sin m\beta {{\text{J}^{\prime}_{m}}}(ka)+B_{m}^{\pm (0)}\text{H}_{m}^{(1) \prime}(ka)=B_{m}^{\pm (1)}{{\text{J}^{\prime}_{m}}}(ka){+D}_{m}^{\pm (1)}\text{H}_{m}^{(1) \prime}(ka)\quad\text{(}m\text{=1,2,}\cdots \text{)} $
$ A_{m}^{\pm (1)}{{\text{J}^{\prime}_{m}}}(kb)+C_{m}^{\pm (1)}\text{H}_{m}^{(1) \prime}(kb)=A_{m}^{\pm (2)}{{\text{J}^{\prime}_{m}}}(kb)\quad\text{(}m\text{=0,1,}\cdots \text{)} $
$ B_{m}^{\pm (1)}{{\text{J}^{\prime}_{m}}}(kb)+D_{m}^{\pm (1)}\text{H}_{m}^{(1) \prime}(kb)=B_{m}^{\pm (2)}{{\text{J}^{\prime}_{m}}}(kb)\quad\text{(}m\text{=1,2,}\cdots \text{)} $
将速度势函数(18)、(19)和(20)代入边界条件(4)、(5)、(7)和(9)可得
$\begin{split}&f_{1}^{\pm }(\theta )=\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\{[{\beta }_{n}\cos n\beta \text{J}_{n}(ka)+A_{n}^{\pm (0)}\text{H}_{n}^{(1)}(ka)]\cos \mathrm{n}\theta +[{\beta }_{n}\sin n\beta \text{J}_{n}(ka)+B_{n}^{\pm (0)}\text{H}_{n}^{(1)}(ka)]\sin n\theta \}-\\&\quad \sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\{[A_{n}^{\pm (1)}\cos n\theta +B_{\mathrm{n}}^{\pm (1)}\sin n\theta ]\text{J}_{n}(ka)+[C_{n}^{\pm (1)}\cos \mathrm{n}\theta +D_{n}^{\pm (1)}\sin \mathrm{n}\theta ]\text{H}_{n}^{(1)}(ka)\}= 0(0\leq \theta \leq {\alpha }_{1},2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{1}\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} )\end{split} $
$ \begin{split}&f_{2}^{\pm }(\theta )=\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\{[A_{n}^{\pm (1)}\cos n\theta +B_{\mathrm{n}}^{\pm (1)}\sin n\theta ]k{{\text{J}^{\prime}_{n}}}(ka)+[C_{n}^{\pm (1)}\cos \mathrm{n}\theta +D_{n}^{\pm (1)}\sin n\theta ]k\text{H}_{n}^{(1) \prime}(ka)\}-\\&\qquad i{G}_{1}\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\{[A_{n}^{\pm (1)}\cos n\theta +B_{\mathrm{n}}^{\pm (1)}\sin n\theta ]k\text{J}_{n}(ka)+[C_{n}^{\pm (1)}\cos \mathrm{n}\theta +D_{n}^{\pm (1)}\sin n\theta ]kH_{\mathrm{n}}^{(1)}(ka)\}+\\&\qquad i{G}_{1}\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\{[{\beta }_{n}\cos n\beta k\text{J}_{n}(ka)+A_{n}^{\pm (0)}k\text{H}_{n}^{(1)}(ka)]\cos \mathrm{n}\theta +[{\beta }_{n}\sin n\beta k\text{J}_{n}(ka)+B_{n}^{\pm (0)}k\text{H}_{n}^{(1)}(ka)]\sin n\theta \text{}\}=0\\&\qquad ({\alpha }_{1}\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{1}) \end{split} $
$ \begin{split}&g_{1}^{\pm }(\theta )=\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\{[A_{n}^{\pm (1)}\cos n\theta +B_{\mathrm{n}}^{\pm (1)}\sin n\theta ]\text{J}_{n}(kb)+[C_{n}^{\pm (1)}\cos \mathrm{n}\theta +D_{n}^{\pm (1)}\sin n\theta ]\text{H}_{n}^{(1)}(kb)\}-\\&\qquad \sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}[A_{n}^{\pm (2)}\cos n\theta +B_{\mathrm{n}}^{\pm (2)}\sin n\theta ]\text{J}_{n}(kb)=0(0\leq \theta \leq {\alpha }_{2},2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{2}\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} )\end{split} $
$ \begin{split}&g_{2}^{\pm }(\theta )=\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}[A_{n}^{\pm (2)}\cos n\theta +B_{\mathrm{n}}^{\pm (2)}\sin n\theta ]k{{\text{J}^{\prime}_{n}}}(kb)-i{G}_{2}\left(\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }\right)\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}[A_{n}^{\pm (2)}\cos \mathrm{n}\theta +B_{n}^{\pm (2)}\sin n\theta ]k\text{J}_{n}(kb)+\\&\qquad i{G}_{2}\left(\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }\right)\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\{[A_{n}^{\pm (1)}\cos n\theta +B_{n}^{\pm (1)}\sin \mathrm{n}\theta ]k\text{J}_{n}(kb)+[C_{n}^{\pm (1)}\cos \mathrm{n}\theta +D_{n}^{\pm (1)}\sin n\theta ]k\text{H}_{n}^{(1)}(kb)\}({\alpha }_{2}\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{2}) \end{split} $
现定义函数$ {f}^{\pm }(\theta ) $$ {g}^{\pm }(\theta ) $如下
$ {f}^{\pm }(\theta )=\begin{cases} f_{1}^{\pm }(\theta ),\quad 0\leq \theta \leq {\alpha }_{1},2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{1}\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} \\f_{2}^{\pm }(\theta ),\quad {\alpha }_{1}\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{1}\end{cases} =0 $
$ {g}^{\pm }(\theta )=\begin{cases} g_{1}^{\pm }(\theta ),\quad 0\leq \theta \leq {\alpha }_{2},2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{2}\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} \\g_{2}^{\pm }(\theta ),\quad {\alpha }_{2}\leq \theta \leq 2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{2}\end{cases} =0 $
利用三角函数的正交性以及傅里叶级数展开可得
$\begin{split}&\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_{n}\cos n\beta \text{J}_{n}(ka)\left[I_{nm}^{(1)}+i{G}_{1}\left(\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }\right)kI_{nm}^{(2)}\right]+\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}A_{n}^{\pm (0)}\text{H}_{n}^{(1)}(ka)\left[I_{nm}^{(1)}+i{G}_{1}\left(\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }\right)kI_{nm}^{(2)}\right]+\\&\qquad \sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}A_{n}^{\pm (1)}\left[k{{\text{J}^{\prime}_{n}}}(ka)I_{nm}^{(2)}-\text{J}_{n}(ka)\left(I_{nm}^{(1)}+i{G}_{1}\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }kI_{nm}^{(2)}\right)\right]+\\&\qquad \sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}C_{n}^{\pm (1)}\left[k\text{H}_{n}^{(1) \prime}(ka)I_{nm}^{(2)}-\text{H}_{n}^{(1)}(ka)\left(I_{nm}^{(1)}+i{G}_{1}k\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }I_{nm}^{(2)}\right)\right]=0\text{(}m\text{=0,1,2,}\cdots\text{)}\end{split} $
$ \begin{split}&\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_{n}\sin \mathrm{n}\beta \text{J}_{n}\left(ka\right)\left[I_{nm}^{\left(3\right)}+i{G}_{1}\left(\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }\right)kI_{nm}^{\left(4\right)}\right]+\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}B_{n}^{\pm \left(0\right)}\text{H}_{n}^{\left(1\right)}\left(ka\right)\left[I_{nm}^{\left(3\right)}+i{G}_{1}\left(\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }\right)kI_{nm}^{\left(4\right)}\right]+\\&\qquad \sum\limits_{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}B_{n}^{\pm \left(1\right)}\left[k{{\text{J}^{\prime}_{n}}}\left(ka\right)I_{nm}^{\left(4\right)}-\text{J}_{n}\left(ka\right)\left(I_{nm}^{\left(3\right)}+i{G}_{1}\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }kI_{nm}^{\left(4\right)}\right)\right]+\\&\qquad \sum\limits_{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}D_{n}^{\pm \left(1\right)}\left[k\text{H}_{n}^{\left(1\right)}{}^{\prime}\left(ka\right)I_{nm}^{\left(4\right)}-\text{H}_{n}^{\left(1\right)}\left(ka\right)\left(I_{nm}^{\left(3\right)}+i{G}_{1}k\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }I_{nm}^{\left(4\right)}\right)\right]=0\left(m=1,2,\cdots \right) \end{split} $
$ \begin{split}&\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}A_{n}^{\pm \left(1\right)}\left[\text{J}_{n}\left(kb\right)\hat{I}_{nm}^{\left(1\right)}+i{G}_{2}k\left(\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }\right)\text{J}_{n}\left(kb\right)\hat{I}_{nm}^{\left(2\right)}\right]+\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}A_{n}^{\pm \left(2\right)}\Bigg\{\left[k{{\text{J}^{\prime}_{n}}}\left(kb\right)-i{G}_{2}k\left(\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }\right)\text{J}_{n}\left(kb\right)\right]\hat{I}_{nm}^{\left(2\right)}-\\&\qquad \text{J}_{n}\left(kb\right)\hat{I}_{nm}^{\left(1\right)}\Bigg\}+\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}C_{n}^{\pm \left(1\right)}\left[\text{H}_{n}^{\left(1\right)}\left(kb\right)\hat{I}_{nm}^{\left(1\right)}+i{G}_{2}k\left(\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }\right)\text{H}_{n}^{\left(1\right)}\left(kb\right)\hat{I}_{nm}^{\left(2\right)}\right]=0\left(m=0,1,2,...\right)\end{split} $
$ \begin{split}&\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}B_{n}^{\pm \left(1\right)}\left[\text{J}_{n}\left(kb\right)\hat{I}_{nm}^{\left(3\right)}+i{G}_{2}k\left(\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }\right)\text{J}_{n}\left(kb\right)\hat{I}_{nm}^{\left(4\right)}\right]+\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}B_{n}^{\pm \left(2\right)}\Bigg\{\left[k{{\text{J}^{\prime}_{n}}}\left(kb\right)-i{G}_{2}k\left(\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }\right)\text{J}_{n}\left(kb\right)\right]\hat{I}_{nm}^{\left(4\right)}-\\&\qquad \text{J}_{n}\left(kb\right)\hat{I}_{nm}^{\left(3\right)}\Bigg\}+\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}D_{n}^{\pm \left(1\right)}\left[\text{H}_{n}^{\left(1\right)}\left(kb\right)\hat{I}_{nm}^{\left(3\right)}+i{G}_{2}k\left(\frac{{\omega }_{\pm }}{\omega }\right)\text{H}_{n}^{\left(1\right)}\left(kb\right)\hat{I}_{nm}^{\left(4\right)}\right]\left(m=1,2,\cdots \right)\end{split} $
式中:
$ \begin{cases} I_{nm}^{(1)}=\displaystyle\int\limits_{-{\alpha }_{1}}^{{\alpha }_{1}}\cos m\theta \cos n\theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta ,\\I_{nm}^{(2)}=\displaystyle\int\limits_{{\alpha }_{1}}^{2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{1}}\cos m\theta \cos n\theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta ,\\I_{nm}^{(3)}=\displaystyle\int\limits_{-{\alpha }_{1}}^{{\alpha }_{1}}\sin m\theta \sin \mathrm{n}\theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta ,\\I_{nm}^{(4)}=\displaystyle\int\limits_{{\alpha }_{1}}^{2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{1}}\sin m\theta \sin \mathrm{n}\theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta \end{cases} $
$ \begin{cases} \hat{I}_{nm}^{(1)}=\displaystyle\int\limits_{-{\alpha }_{2}}^{{\alpha }_{2}}\cos m\theta \cos n\theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta ,\\\hat{I}_{nm}^{(2)}=\displaystyle\int\limits_{{\alpha }_{2}}^{2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{2}}\cos m\theta \cos n\theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta ,\\\hat{I}_{nm}^{(3)}=\displaystyle\int\limits_{-{\alpha }_{2}}^{{\alpha }_{2}}\sin m\theta \sin n\theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta ,\\\hat{I}_{nm}^{(4)}=\displaystyle\int\limits_{{\alpha }_{2}}^{2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{2}}\sin m\theta \sin \mathrm{n}\theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta \end{cases} $
方程(33)、(34)、(41)和(42)构成了内层弧形堤未知系数部分联立方程。最终方程(22)、(23)、(30)、(31)、(33)、(34)、(41)、(42)构成了未知系数无限维联立代数完备方程组。在实际计算中,通过合理的有限维的数值计算,在满足计算精度的情况下也可求得对应系数$ A_{\text{n}}^{\pm \text{(0)}} $$ A_{\text{n}}^{\pm \text{(1)}} $$ A_{n}^{\pm (2)} $$ B_{n}^{\pm (0)} $$ B_{n}^{\pm (1)} $$ B_{n}^{\pm (2)} $$ C_{n}^{\pm (1)} $$ D_{n}^{\pm (1)} $。其中,已取$ B_{0}^{\pm (0)}=B_{0}^{\pm (1)}=B_{0}^{\pm (2)}=D_{0}^{\pm (1)}=0 $
分层海洋中波浪对透空弧形堤的绕射波面公式为
$ {\eta }^{\pm (j)}=-\frac{1}{g}\frac{\partial {\varPhi }^{\pm (j)}}{\partial t}\left| {}_{z=d}\right.=\mathrm{Re}(\eta _{0}^{\pm (j)})\quad \text{(}j\text{=0,1,2)} $
在分层流体海水中,波浪场动压公式为
$ {P}^{\pm (j)}=-\rho \frac{\partial {\varPhi }^{\pm (j)}}{\partial t}=\mathrm{Re}({p}^{\pm (j)})\quad\text{(}j\text{=0,1,2 )} $
对应外层弧形堤的表面波与内波波浪力及力矩算式分别为
$ F_{x1}^{\pm }=-\int\limits_{0}^{d}dz\int\limits_{{\alpha }_{1}}^{2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{1}}[{P}^{\pm (0)}-{P}^{\pm (1)}]{|}_{r=a}a\cos \theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta =\mathrm{Re}(f_{x1}^{\pm }) $
$ F_{y1}^{\pm }=-\int\limits_{0}^{d}dz\int\limits_{{\alpha }_{1}}^{2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{1}}[{P}^{\pm (0)}-{P}^{\pm (1)}]{|}_{r=a}a\sin \theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta =\mathrm{Re}(f_{{y}_{1}}^{\pm }) $
$ M_{x1}^{\pm }=-\int\limits_{0}^{d}zdz\int\limits_{{\alpha }_{1}}^{2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{1}}[{P}^{\pm (0)}-{P}^{\pm (1)}]{|}_{r=a}a\cos \theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta =\mathrm{Re}(m_{x1}^{\pm }) $
$ M_{y}^{\pm }=-\int\limits_{0}^{d}zdz\int\limits_{{\alpha }_{1}}^{2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{1}}[{P}^{\pm (0)}-{P}^{\pm (1)}]{|}_{r=a}a\sin \theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta =\mathrm{Re}(m_{y1}^{\pm }) $
对应的内层弧形堤的表面波与内波波浪力及力矩算式分别为
$ F_{x2}^{\pm }=-\int\limits_{0}^{d}dz\int\limits_{{\alpha }_{2}}^{2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{2}}[{P}^{\pm (1)}-{P}^{\pm (2)}]{|}_{r=a}b\cos \theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta =\mathrm{Re}(f_{x2}^{\pm }) $
$ F_{y2}^{\pm }=-\int\limits_{0}^{d}dz\int\limits_{{\alpha }_{2}}^{2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{2}}[{P}^{\pm (1)}-{P}^{\pm (2)}]{|}_{r=a}b\sin \theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta =\mathrm{Re}(f_{y2}^{\pm }) $
$ M_{x2}^{\pm }=-\int\limits_{0}^{d}zdz\int\limits_{{\alpha }_{2}}^{2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{2}}[{P}^{\pm (1)}-{P}^{\pm (2)}]{|}_{r=a}b\cos \theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta =\mathrm{Re}(m_{x2}^{\pm }) $
$ M_{y2}^{\pm }=-\int\limits_{0}^{d}zdz\int\limits_{{\alpha }_{2}}^{2\text{π} -{\alpha }_{2}}[{P}^{\pm (1)}-{P}^{\pm (2)}]{|}_{r=a}b\sin \theta {\mathrm{d}}\theta =\mathrm{Re}(m_{y2}^{\pm }) $
以上各式中:$ F_{x1}^{\pm } $$ F_{y1}^{\pm } $分别为外层弧形堤沿$ Ox $轴和$ Oy $轴的水平波浪力;$ F_{x2}^{\pm } $$ F_{y2}^{\pm } $分别为内层弧形堤沿$ Ox $轴和$ Oy $轴的水平波浪力;$ M_{x1}^{\pm } $$ M_{y1}^{\pm } $分别为外层弧形堤绕$ Oy $轴和$ Ox $轴的水平波浪力矩;$ M_{x2}^{\pm } $$ M_{y2}^{\pm } $分别为内层弧形堤绕$ Oy $轴和$ Ox $轴的水平波浪力矩;相应的外层及内层弧形堤总波浪力和力矩分别为
$ F_{1}^{\pm }=\sqrt{{({F_{x1}^{\pm }})}^{2}+{({F_{y1}^{\pm }})}^{2}} $
$ M_{1}^{\pm }=\sqrt{{({M_{x1}^{\pm }})}^{2}+{({M_{y1}^{\pm }})}^{2}} $
$ F_{2}^{\pm }=\sqrt{{({F_{x2}^{\pm }})}^{2}+{({F_{y2}^{\pm }})}^{2}} $
$ M_{2}^{\pm }=\sqrt{{({M_{x2}^{\pm }})}^{2}+{({M_{y2}^{\pm }})}^{2}} $
为方便计,在结果图形中将$ {A}^{+} $$ {A}^{-} $统一用符号$ A $表示,以$ \rho $表示上层流体密度$ {\rho }_{1} $,最大表面波与内波的水平波浪力$ F_{\max}^{\pm } $和力矩$ M_{\max}^{\pm } $分别统一用符号$ F $$ M $表示,且分别按因子$ \rho gAad $$ \rho gAa{d}^{2} $进行无量纲化。为验证本文理论方法结果的可靠性,选取外层弧形结构的圆心角$ {\gamma }_{1}=2\text{π} ,{{G}}_{1}=1 $,内层弧形结构取内层半径$ b=0 $。 此时双层弧形堤转化为透空直立圆柱,取相同参数的情况下,将本文方法所得结果与文献[11]所得的波浪力及波浪力矩进行比较,结果如图2所示。图2中所用参数如下:λ=0.9,b/a=1/2,d/a=1,h1/h2=2/3,β=0,γ1=2π,γ2=2π,G1=1,G2=0。图中$ |F|=F/{\rho }_{1}g\text{π} Aad $表示最大无量纲水平波浪力,$ |M|=M/ {\rho }_{1}g\text{π} Aa{d}^{2} $表示最大无量纲水平波浪力矩。图中结果表明:在相同条件下,两种理论解式所得到的表面波与内波波浪载荷结果均差别不大,说明本文应用于分层海水中双层弧形结构波浪绕射的解析方法是合理可靠的。
图3(a) 、(b)展示了在正入射条件下,当内外层弧形堤拥有相同的透空系数时,最大无量纲表面波和内波波浪力随参数 kd 变化的趋势。图3中用到的参数如下:λ=0.9,b/a=1/2,d/a=1/5,h1/h2=1,β=0,γ1=π/2,γ2=2π/3。由图可见,当内外层弧形堤由密实结构转变为透空结构时,其所受波浪载荷明显减小,表明在弧形结构表面布孔可有效削弱波浪对防波堤的直接作用,尤其在参数 kd较小时减弱效果更为显著。此外,在密实状态下,内外层堤的波浪力随 kd变化呈现较大波动,可能源于结构间的水动力共振现象;而在透空状态下,共振现象得到明显抑制。实际工程中,双层堤结构不仅需保障堤后水域的平稳性,更需确保自身结构安全。对于外层堤透空、内层堤密实的配置,需特别关注其安全性。综合而言,内外堤均采用适度透空的设计更为合理,既可有效降低波浪载荷,又有助于增强内层堤的防护能力及周边水体的循环性。
图4 为外层防波堤所受最大无量纲表面波和内波波浪力矩对比图。图4中所用参数如下:λ=0.9,b/a=1/2,d/a=1/5,h1/h2=1,β=0,γ1=π/2,γ2=2π/3,G1=0,G2=1。由图4可知,在一定条件下,作用在外层防波堤上的两种波浪力矩具有相同的量级,这说明内波对弧形堤的作用不容忽视。因此,在建造双层弧形堤时,当所在流域存在分层现象时,需要考虑内波的影响。
图5为透空双层弧形堤在不同张角时最大无量纲表面波浪力随参数kd的变化示意图。图5中用的参数如下:λ=0.9,b/a=1/2,d/a=1/5,h1/h2=1,β=0,γ2=2π/3,G1=G2=1。其中,图5(a)为内层堤张角设置为$ {\gamma }_{2}\text{=}2\text{π}/3 $,外层防波堤张角改变;图5(b)为外层堤张角设置为$ {\gamma }_{1}=2\text{π}/3 $,而内层堤张角变化。图中结果表明,若将外层堤张角设为$\gamma_1=\text{π}/2 $、内层堤张角设为$\gamma_2=2\text{π}/3 $,可在节约建设成本的同时满足实际工程要求。其主要依据在于,在这两个参数附近,波浪荷载的变化幅度较小,对内层堤的影响也很有限。此外,内层堤的张角变化对外层防波堤波浪力幅值的影响同样较小,仅在参数kd较小时,内层堤受到的影响有所增加。这与外层张角变化对波浪荷载的影响趋势一致。总体而言,防波堤张角的变化并未显著减弱波浪力的幅值,尤其是在内层张角固定的情况下。
图6为内层堤在不同上下层流体密度比λ情况下,无量纲波浪载荷随参数kd的变化趋势图。图6中用到的参数如下:G1=G2=1,b/a=1/2,d/a=1/5,h1/h2=1,β=0,γ1=π/2,γ2=2π/3。图中结果显示:表面波波浪力随着参数kd变化均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。最大内波波浪力随着上下层流体密度比变化相对明显。事实上,上下层海水密度比是海水层化现象的重要参数,该特征参数对内波作用的影响大于对表面波的作用。
图7为不同透空系数时双层堤周围的最大无量纲表面波波面等高线图,包括以下四种工况:图7(a)内外层堤均密实($ {G}_{1}={G}_{2}=0 $);图7(b)外层堤密实,内层堤透空($ {G}_{1}=0,{G}_{2}=1 $);图7(c)外层堤透空,内层堤密实($ {G}_{1}=1,{G}_{2}=0 $);图7(d)内外层堤均透空($ {G}_{1}={G}_{2}=1 $)。图7中所用参数如下:λ=0.9,b/a=1/2,d/a=1/5,h1/h2=1,β=0,γ1=π/2,γ2=2π/3,G1=0,G2=0。比较图7(a)与7(b)可以发现,外层堤密实时,内层堤是否透空对整体波面幅值影响不大,表明外层堤在整个系统中起到了主要的防护作用。比较图7(c)与7(d)时,在外层堤透空的情况下,内层堤透空相较于内层堤密实,能更有效地降低防护系统周围的波面幅值。因此,采用内外层弧形结构均透空的工况,能够有效减小内外堤上的波浪载荷,并降低其周围波面幅值的变化。
图8为正入射情况下,内外层防波堤在不同透空系数下的最大无量纲表面波剖面图。图8中所用参数如下:λ=0.9,y=0,b/a=1/2,d/a=1/5,h1/h2=1,kd=0.5,β=0,γ1=π/2,γ2=2π/3。从图中可见,在内外层堤均为密实或外层堤密实、内层堤透空的结构形式下,两者外层堤前的最大表面波幅值基本相同,而密实内层堤前的波面幅度大于透空内层堤的最大波幅,这与防波堤透空可有效降低最大波面幅值的结论一致。而在外层堤透空、内层堤密实或外层堤透空、内层堤密实的情况下,外层堤前的最大波面幅值接近,密实内层堤前的波面幅度较大。实际工程中,内外层堤均密实时对防波堤抗载能力要求较高,需谨慎选择。综上所述,内外层防波堤均透空的结构形式较为合理,不仅能够有效降低最大波面幅度,还能减轻防波堤所承受的波浪荷载,同时保持内层堤后的水面稳定性。
图9是正入射情况下,单层弧形堤与双层弧形堤内堤在相同的参数以及相同的位置时的最大波面分布剖面图。图9中所用参数如下:λ=0.9,y=0,b/a=1/2,d/a=1/5,kd=1.5,h1/h2=1,β=0,γ1=π/2,γ2=2π/3,G1=G2=1。由图中结果可知,相较于单层防波堤,双层防波堤结构中的内层堤前后波面幅值均显著降低。这表明外层堤的设置在一定程度上削弱了入射波能,从而有效减小了内层堤后的波面扰动及其所受的波浪载荷。因此,在经济条件可接受的前提下,采用双层防波堤结构可实现更优的消波性能,具有较高的工程应用价值。
为了确保海上风机的安全应用,本文基于分层流体模型和波浪绕射理论,采用特征函数法推导了分层流体中双层弧形堤的绕射解析解。通过该方法,计算了作用于防波堤上的表面波与内波的波浪力,并得到了最大无量纲波面分布。主要结论如下:
(1)通过将本文方法与已有文献中相同参数下的结果进行对比,结果一致,验证了本文理论结果的可靠性;
(2)内波与表面波的最大无量纲波浪力和力矩量级相当,表明内波在传播过程中可能携带巨大能量,对防波堤及堤后海上结构(如风机)构成潜在威胁,故内波作用不可忽视;
(3)在分层海水中,上下层海水的密度比对内波影响显著;
(4)当防波堤透空时,可以有效降低表面波的波浪爬高,这对实际工程具有重要应用价值。对于双层堤结构,内外层堤均采用透空结构,不仅能够提升自身安全性,还能增强堤后水域的稳定性,并促进防波堤周围的水循环。

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2026年第30卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.002
  • 接收时间:2025-06-29
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-29
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    1.中国大唐集团有限公司广东分公司,广州 510000
    2.广东大唐国际潮州发电有限责任公司,广东 潮州 515700
    3.南方电网电力科技股份有限公司,广州 510020
    4.中山大学 海洋工程与技术学院,广东 珠海 519000
    5.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室,广东 珠海 519000

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王 凯(1985–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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