Article(id=1281323912323633990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754496000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421026545, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421026545, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421026545, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421026545, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281323788058996778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='3', pageStart='341', pageEnd='506', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783420996918, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422057887, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=341, endPage=351, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281323913091191623, articleId=1281323912323633990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical investigation on shallow water effect on resistance and flow field of high-speed trimaran, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the characteristics of high-speed trimaran’s resistance and flow field under shallow water conditions, a numerical method was established based on URANS equation and overset grid technology. Numerical simulations were carried out and the influences of water depths on resistance, navigational attitude and flow field of high-speed trimaran were analyzed. The results indicate that the resistance of high-speed trimaran under shallow water is mainly affected by wave-making and depicts different variation characteristics at different speeds. At Fr=0.439, the hull resistance in shallow water increases by 4.64%~23.04% compared to resistance in deep water and reaches the peak at critical water depth. At Fr=0.658, the hull resistance increases by 2.07% at critical water depth. With the depth continuing to decrease, the hull resistance decreases by 3.61%~4.86% compared to resistance in deep water. The change of water depth has little effect on the frictional resistance, while has a great effect on the residual resistance. With the decrease of water depth, the heave of the high-speed trimaran changes from sinking to lifting, the trim increases and the axial nominal wake fraction decreases. Around the critical water depth, there is a significant wave crest in the area between the bow of the main hull and the front of the side hull at Fr=0.439.

, authors=Xiao-shuai SUN, Cheng MA, Zheng-fang QIAN, authorsList=Xiao-shuai SUN, Cheng MA, Zheng-fang QIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zheng-fang QIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281323916975117157, articleId=1281323912323633990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=浅水效应对高速三体船阻力及流场影响数值研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究浅水条件下的高速三体船阻力及流场特点,本文基于URANS方程和重叠网格技术建立了浅水条件下高速三体船直航数值模拟方法,分析了不同水深对高速三体船阻力、航行姿态、流场等的影响。结果表明,高速三体船的浅水阻力主要受兴波的影响,在不同航速下呈现不同的变化特点,Fr=0.439时,船体阻力较深水中增大4.64%~23.04%,在临界水深时阻力最大;Fr=0.658时,船体阻力在临界水深时增加2.07%,水深继续减小时,阻力较深水中减小3.61%~4.86%。水深变化对摩擦阻力的影响较小,主要影响剩余阻力。随水深减小,高速三体船的升沉由下沉变为抬升,艉倾较深水中增大,轴向标称伴流分数较深水中下降。在临界水深附近,Fr=0.439时船体首部和片体前方之间的区域出现明显的兴波波峰。

, authors=孙小帅, 马骋, 钱正芳, authorsList=孙小帅, 马骋, 钱正芳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=钱正芳, authorNote=

孙小帅(1990−),男,博士,助理研究员

马 骋(1963–),男,研究员,博士生导师

, correspAuthorsNote=
钱正芳(1973−),男,博士,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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孙小帅(1990−),男,博士,助理研究员

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Numerical calculation cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
hh / TFrh1Frh2
0.422.51.4382.157
0.8551.0171.525
1.277.50.8301.246
1.69100.7191.079
2.54150.5870.881
3.38200.5080.763
5.41320.4020.603
), ArticleFig(id=1281323927402156959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323912323633990, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
hh / TFrh1Frh2
0.422.51.4382.157
0.8551.0171.525
1.277.50.8301.246
1.69100.7191.079
2.54150.5870.881
3.38200.5080.763
5.41320.4020.603
), ArticleFig(id=1281323927465071520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323912323633990, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Numerical and experimental resistance of the high-speed trimaran in deep water

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傅劳德数$ Fr $单位排水量阻力$ R/\Delta \times {10}^{-2} $升沉s /(mm)纵倾θ /(°)
计算值试验值误差计算值试验值计算值试验值
0.1470.5090.513−0.78%−1.7530.356−0.022−0.029
0.2952.1772.218−1.85%−5.349−3.522−0.098−0.089
0.4424.4234.531−2.38%−15.317−16.678−0.554−0.443
0.5906.7596.898−2.02%−10.156−10.356−1.003−0.801
), ArticleFig(id=1281323927536374689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323912323633990, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

高速三体船深水阻力计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
傅劳德数$ Fr $单位排水量阻力$ R/\Delta \times {10}^{-2} $升沉s /(mm)纵倾θ /(°)
计算值试验值误差计算值试验值计算值试验值
0.1470.5090.513−0.78%−1.7530.356−0.022−0.029
0.2952.1772.218−1.85%−5.349−3.522−0.098−0.089
0.4424.4234.531−2.38%−15.317−16.678−0.554−0.443
0.5906.7596.898−2.02%−10.156−10.356−1.003−0.801
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浅水效应对高速三体船阻力及流场影响数值研究
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孙小帅 , 马骋 , 钱正芳
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(3): 341-351
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (3) : 341 -351
浅水效应对高速三体船阻力及流场影响数值研究
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孙小帅, 马骋, 钱正芳
作者信息
  • 海军研究院,北京 100161
通讯作者:
钱正芳(1973−),男,博士,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

孙小帅(1990−),男,博士,助理研究员

马 骋(1963–),男,研究员,博士生导师

Numerical investigation on shallow water effect on resistance and flow field of high-speed trimaran
Xiao-shuai SUN, Cheng MA, Zheng-fang QIAN
Affiliations
  • Naval Research Institute, Beijing 100161, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.001
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为研究浅水条件下的高速三体船阻力及流场特点,本文基于URANS方程和重叠网格技术建立了浅水条件下高速三体船直航数值模拟方法,分析了不同水深对高速三体船阻力、航行姿态、流场等的影响。结果表明,高速三体船的浅水阻力主要受兴波的影响,在不同航速下呈现不同的变化特点,Fr=0.439时,船体阻力较深水中增大4.64%~23.04%,在临界水深时阻力最大;Fr=0.658时,船体阻力在临界水深时增加2.07%,水深继续减小时,阻力较深水中减小3.61%~4.86%。水深变化对摩擦阻力的影响较小,主要影响剩余阻力。随水深减小,高速三体船的升沉由下沉变为抬升,艉倾较深水中增大,轴向标称伴流分数较深水中下降。在临界水深附近,Fr=0.439时船体首部和片体前方之间的区域出现明显的兴波波峰。

三体船  /  浅水效应  /  阻力  /  流场

In order to investigate the characteristics of high-speed trimaran’s resistance and flow field under shallow water conditions, a numerical method was established based on URANS equation and overset grid technology. Numerical simulations were carried out and the influences of water depths on resistance, navigational attitude and flow field of high-speed trimaran were analyzed. The results indicate that the resistance of high-speed trimaran under shallow water is mainly affected by wave-making and depicts different variation characteristics at different speeds. At Fr=0.439, the hull resistance in shallow water increases by 4.64%~23.04% compared to resistance in deep water and reaches the peak at critical water depth. At Fr=0.658, the hull resistance increases by 2.07% at critical water depth. With the depth continuing to decrease, the hull resistance decreases by 3.61%~4.86% compared to resistance in deep water. The change of water depth has little effect on the frictional resistance, while has a great effect on the residual resistance. With the decrease of water depth, the heave of the high-speed trimaran changes from sinking to lifting, the trim increases and the axial nominal wake fraction decreases. Around the critical water depth, there is a significant wave crest in the area between the bow of the main hull and the front of the side hull at Fr=0.439.

trimaran  /  shallow water effect  /  resistance  /  flow field
孙小帅, 马骋, 钱正芳. 浅水效应对高速三体船阻力及流场影响数值研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (3) : 341 -351 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.001
Xiao-shuai SUN, Cheng MA, Zheng-fang QIAN. Numerical investigation on shallow water effect on resistance and flow field of high-speed trimaran[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (3) : 341 -351 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.001
三体船属于高性能船范畴,由1个主船体(简称主体)和主体两侧各1个片体组成,主体和片体之间通过连接成为一个整体,主体和片体之间的水动力可以形成有利干扰,具有快速性好、适航性好、破损稳性好、抗沉性优良、甲板面积宽阔等特点,在民船和军船上均有应用,如法国“海上协和”号渡轮(船长130 m,最大航速40节)、澳大利亚“Benchijigua Express”号客货滚装渡轮(船长126.7 m,最大航速40.5节)、美国“独立”号濒海战斗舰等(舰长127.6 m,最大航速46节)。为充分发挥三体船的快速性优势,三体船的设计航速一般较高。设计航速是假定船舶在无限水深(以下简称深水)条件下能达到的航速。当船舶在近海、内河等浅水条件下航行时,其所受阻力与在深水条件航行时的阻力相比将发生变化,进而影响航速;同时,船舶的兴波波形、航行姿态、操纵性和耐波性等在不同水深下也存在显著差别[14]。高速三体船的航速高,其主体和2个片体之间的流场复杂且相互影响,存在强烈的水动力干扰,可能导致其浅水效应与常规单体船不同。因此,有必要对高速三体船在浅水条件下的阻力、流场特性等水动力性能开展研究。然而目前国内外对船舶浅水效应的研究主要集中于单体船,针对高速三体船浅水效应的研究十分少见。
基于粘流理论的CFD方法是研究船舶浅水效应的重要途径之一。Ammar等[5]使用CFD软件Fluent研究了集装箱驳船的浅水阻力和波型。Song等[6]基于CFD方法研究了船体表面粗糙度对KCS船浅水阻力的影响,发现等水深吃水比h/T=1.1~1.3时,粗糙度对压差阻力的影响更明显。孙帅等[7]采用RANS方程和混合网格技术,不考虑自由面和航态影响,针对KCS集装箱船约束模开展了不同水深条件下的阻力及流场特性数值分析,发现水深小于10倍吃水时,KCS船模的阻力显著增大。李浩然等[8]采用CFD方法和重叠网格技术对KCS船的浅水阻力进行数值分析,发现水深为2倍吃水时的阻力较深水时增加7.5倍,其中96%的阻力增量源于剩余阻力增加。朱广春等[9]、梁光琪等[10]对KCS船浅水阻力的研究得到了类似的结论。胡方凡[11]、王清[12]基于RANS方程研究了KVLCC2船的浅水阻力,发现水深吃水比越小,船舶的阻力、纵倾和升沉均增大。Zentari等[13]针对顶推船的浅水阻力进行了数值和模型试验研究,发现h/T小于2时,阻力显著增加。董明玉等[14]开展了低速铰接式顶推船的浅水阻力模型试验,并根据ITTC 2017推荐规程换算得到实船阻力,发现h/T=1.2时的阻力较深水时增加3.5倍。张琳琳等[15]采用CFD方法对高速双体船浅水航行特性进行了分析,发现阻力峰值出现在临界水深附近(水深傅劳德数Frh=0.93),超过临界水深后阻力较深水时下降;同时指出,临界水深附近船舶的航态变化较大,影响阻力预报,需进一步深入研究数值预报与试验方法。侯毅男等[16]采用CFD方法对高速双体风电运维船的浅水阻力进行研究,发现在临界水深时数值计算不稳定,且船前较大范围出现孤立波。
通过分析国内外相关研究情况可以发现,目前采用粘流CFD方法开展船舶浅水阻力研究时,均保持船模位置不变,根据船舶航速设定计算域入口的来流速度,底部一般设置为滑移壁面,或设置为无滑移壁面但具有与来流速度相同的水平方向速度。作者采用上述方法开展了高速三体船浅水直航数值模拟的探索,发现存在临界水深时结果难收敛的问题。在水深傅劳德数Frh≈1时($ F{r}_{h}=V/\sqrt{gh} $,其中$ V $为航速,单位为m/s;$ g $为重力加速度,单位为m/s2h为水深,单位为m),数值模拟结果显示船体前方出现了明显的横波,向前传播的横波到达入口边界时发生反射,并再次传播至船体与其发生作用,导致数值计算结果不准确。因此,需探索研究高速三体船浅水直航的数值模拟方法,尤其是针对临界水深条件。
本文参照船舶在浅水条件航行的真实物理模型,设立数值拖曳水池,采用URANS方程求解流场,基于重叠网格技术模拟船舶直航和航行姿态变化,建立了浅水条件下高速三体船直航数值模拟方法,模拟了不同水深条件下高速三体船的直航过程,分析了水深对高速三体船阻力、航行姿态、伴流场和船体兴波的影响,为掌握高速三体船在浅水条件下的水动力特性提供技术支撑。
计算流体力学CFD方法可以计入粘性和非线性的影响,处理湍流、波浪破碎等非线性水动力问题[17],在船舶的快速性、操纵性和耐波性等水动力性能分析中应用广泛。非定常雷诺平均法(Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes,URANS)是求解不可压非定常粘性流体的常用方法之一。采用该方法的粘性流动控制方程包括连续性方程和动量方程[18],分别为
$ \frac{\partial {U}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}}=0 $
$ \frac{\partial {U}_{i}}{\partial t}+{U}_{j}\frac{\partial {U}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}=-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial P}{\partial {x}_{i}}+\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left(\mu \frac{\partial {U}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}-\rho \overline{{u}_{i}{u}_{j}}\right) $
式中:$ \rho $为流体密度;$ t $为时间;$ {x}_{i} $$ {x}_{j} $分别为$ i $$ j $方向的坐标($ i $=1、2、3;$ j $=1、2、3);$ {U}_{i} $为时均速度分量;$ P $为时均压力;$ \mu $为动力粘度;$ {u}_{i} $$ {u}_{j} $为速度分量脉动值;$ \rho \overline{{u}_{i}{u}_{j}} $为雷诺应力分量。
选用在工业领域广泛应用的Realizable $ k $-$ \varepsilon $湍流模型封闭RANS方程,采用有限体积法对流动控制方程进行离散和求解。为提高计算精度,时间离散采用二阶格式,对流项的空间离散采用二阶迎风格式,扩散项的空间离散使用二阶中心差分格式。压力和速度耦合采用SIMPLE算法。壁面处理采用全y+处理方法,根据y+值的大小自动选择处理方式:当y+<1时直接求解粘性底层流场,当y+>30时使用壁面函数求解边界层流场,当1<y+<30时使用混合函数求解边界层流场。自由液面捕捉采用VOF(Volume of Fluid)方法。
使用六自由度运动求解器DFBI(Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction)和重叠网格技术数值模拟高速三体船在浅水条件下的直航:保持背景网格域固定,强制包含船模的重叠网格域按照设定航速向前直航。由于航行姿态对高速船的阻力有显著影响[19-20],因此直航过程中允许高速三体船升沉和纵倾。数值模拟时根据船体受到的垂向力和纵倾力矩,调整船体升沉和纵倾,直至船体的航行姿态达到稳定。
计算对象为高速三体船,长(L)为4.5 m,宽(B)为1.6 m,吃水(T)为0.169 m,附体包括双轴、双轴支架、双舵,其三维模型如图1所示。
为提高计算效率,采用半船进行计算。计算域分为背景网格域和重叠网格域(如图2所示),背景网格域保持固定不动,其长宽分别为25L、1L,水面以上高度为1L,水面以下深度根据计算工况的水深确定。出口设置为压力出口,右侧设置为对称面,入口、左侧、顶部均设置为速度入口(来流速度为0),底部设置为无滑移壁面;重叠网格域随船移动,具有纵向平动、垂向升沉和纵倾三个运动自由度,其长、宽、高分别为1.2L、0.25L、0.3L,外边界均设置为重叠网格界面,船体表面设置为无滑移壁面。
网格划分采用非结构六面体剪切型(Trimmer)网格(如图3所示),在船体表面设置7层棱柱层网格用于模拟边界层流动,调整第一层网格厚度使船体表面大部分y+值处于30~200之间。对船体艏艉、附体及自由液面附近区域的网格进行加密,以更好地捕捉流场细节,其中自由液面垂向加密区域为−2TT的区域(T为吃水,静水面垂向坐标为0)。水深为32倍吃水时,计算域网格总数为415.4万,其中背景域、重叠网格域的网格数量分别为327.6万、87.8万,其他水深时,背景域网格数量适当减少。
设定2个航速工况,对应的傅劳德数$ Fr $$ Fr=V/\sqrt{gL} $,其中$ V $为航速,$ g $为重力加速度)分别为0.439和0.658。根据第30届国际拖曳水池会议(ITTC)推荐,试航时不计浅水影响的最小水深应同时满足
$ {h}_{\min } \gt 2.5\sqrt{BT} $
$ {h}_{\min } \gt 2.4\times {V}^{2}/g $
式中:$ {h}_{\min } $为不计浅水影响的最小水深,B为船宽,T为吃水。
根据高速三体船的船型参数,按照式(3)和(4)计算,上述2个航速工况可不考虑浅水影响的最小水深分别为2.08 m和4.68 m,对应约12倍吃水和28倍吃水。因此,将计算域的水深h设定为0.42 m、0.85 m、1.27 m、1.69 m、2.54 m、3.38 m、5.41 m,对应的$ h/T $分别为2.5、5、7.5、10、15、20和32,其中$ h/T=32 $时视为深水。具体计算工况如表1所示,其中Frh1、Frh2分别为Fr=0.439、0.658时不同水深条件下的水深傅劳德数。
为了对本文数值计算方法进行验证,针对文献[18]中的高速三体船在深水中的阻力进行计算。该高速三体船的长(L)为5.209 m,宽(B)为1.324 m,吃水(T)为0.169 m。采用本文的计算方法进行该高速三体船深水条件下的阻力数值模拟,计算域、边界条件及网格划分方法如1.3节所述,网格数量约为420万。傅劳德数$ Fr $为0.147~0.590时,本文的数值计算结果与文献[18]中的模型试验结果对比见表2,其中,升沉s负值表示下沉,纵倾θ负值表示艉倾。由表2可知,本文数值计算得到的船体阻力、升沉和纵倾结果与文献[18]试验值吻合良好,表明本文的阻力数值计算方法是可行的。
图4给出了高速三体船的单位排水量阻力随水深傅劳德数的变化。可以发现,Fr=0.439时,随着水深减小,船体阻力先略微下降约2.9%,然后逐渐增加,在水深傅劳德数Frh=1.017(h=5T)时阻力达到最大,此时阻力较水深h=32T时的阻力增大23.04%;随着水深进一步减小,船体阻力略有下降,h=2.5T时的阻力较水深h=32T时的阻力增加9.95%。Fr=0.658时,随着水深减小,船体阻力在临界水深(Frh=0.882,h=15T)略微增大2.07%,然后阻力开始减小,在水深h=2.5~10T时的阻力较h=32T时的阻力降低3.61%~4.86%。从阻力成分看,水深变化对摩擦阻力的影响较小,主要影响剩余阻力;Fr=0.439时,水深对剩余阻力的影响在Frh=1.017达到最大,使剩余阻力增加47.65%;Fr=0.658时,水深h<10T后剩余阻力开始下降, h=2.5~10T时的剩余阻力下降5.87%~9.30%。从主船体和片体对三体船总阻力的贡献看,主船体的阻力占比较大;随水深变化,主船体阻力变化较为显著,片体阻力变化不大。
图56给出了高速三体船的升沉s和纵倾θ 随水深的变化。可以发现,水深对高速三体船的航行姿态有显著影响。随着水深减小,船体的升沉在Fr=0.439和0.658时均由下沉变为抬升,变化量分别为19.649 mm和12.031 mm,表明船体受到的水动力升力增加;船体的纵倾在Fr=0.439和0.658时呈现不同的变化特点,Fr=0.439时船体艉倾呈现明显的增大趋势,由0.3°左右增大至约1°,Fr=0.658时船体艉倾略微增大。
图78给出了高速三体船不同水深条件下螺旋桨盘面处的轴向速度云图。可以发现,不同水深条件下的伴流分布整体趋势基本一致,在螺旋桨盘面中心形成一个封闭的高伴流区,等值线向船体方向延伸,越靠近船体,轴向伴流越大。
图9给出了高速三体船不同水深条件下螺旋桨盘面处的轴向标称伴流分数ωx。可以看出,随着水深减小,Fr=0.439时伴流分数先增大后减小,变化相对显著,h=2.5T时的伴流分数较h=32T时下降15.94%;Fr=0.658时伴流分数变化较小,呈现出先降低后增大的特点,变化区间为−2.24%~3.76%。
图1011给出了高速三体船在不同水深下的兴波波形。可以发现,在亚临界水深(Frh<1),随着水深减小(水深傅劳德数Frh增大),高速三体船横散波交点线与纵中剖面间的夹角变大,兴波的扇形面明显增大;在Fr=0.658时,由于主船体与片体兴波叠加,导致片体尾部和主船体之间出现明显的波谷区域。在临界水深(Frh=1)附近,高速三体船的横波和散波合并,在船体首部前方出现明显的横波;在Fr=0.439时,船体首部和片体前方之间的区域出现明显的兴波波峰,造成兴波阻力显著增加。在超临界水深(Frh>1),高速三体船的横波消失,仅剩散波,兴波区域随着Frh增大而减小。
图1213给出了高速三体船中纵剖面的兴波波高,其中x为船长方向的位置坐标,x/L=1为船首位置,x/L=0为船尾位置,hw/T为波高与吃水之比,0< x/L <1时为主船体表面波高。由图可知,在船首和船尾出现明显的波峰和波谷,符合高速船首波峰和鸡尾流的兴波特性。在临界水深附近,Fr=0.439时主船体表面的波高明显高于其他水深,Fr=0.658时主船体表面的波高与其他水深差异不大。
通过以上对高速三体船阻力、航行姿态、伴流场、兴波流场的分析,可以发现,高速三体船在浅水中的阻力变化符合经典的浅水效应理论,主要受浅水对兴波的影响,在临界水深附近出现阻力峰。但在不同航速下的阻力、航行姿态和兴波变化幅度不同。
Fr=0.439时,船体阻力在临界水深(h/T =5)附近达到最大,较深水时增加23.04%;此时船体的航行姿态较深水发生明显变化,由下沉变为抬升,同时艉倾值达到最大;同时,船的横波和散波合并,在船体首部前方出现明显的横波,船体表面的波高也明显大于其他水深。在超临界水深,船体阻力降低,但仍高于深水时的阻力9.95%;船体兴起的横波消失,仅剩有散波。
Fr=0.658时,随水深变浅,船体阻力在临界水深(h/T =15)附近略微增加(约2.07%),船体的下沉量和艉倾角较深水时减小,船体首部前方出现横波,但波高幅值较小。在超临界水深,船体阻力较深水降低3%~5%。此时船体姿态较深水时发生变化,由下沉变为抬升,同时艉倾值变小;船体表面的波高在不同水深时变化不大。
KCS、KVLCC2等单体船为民用船舶,航速较低,其浅水效应主要受回流的影响,在浅水中的阻力较深水中大幅增加,文献[8-9]的研究表明KCS船在浅水中的阻力增幅可达400%~750%。而对于高速船,其浅水效应主要受兴波的影响,阻力一般在临界水深附近达到峰值,阻力增加幅度相对较小,且与航速有关。文献[15]的研究表明高速双体船在临界水深出现阻力峰,阻力较深水时增加8.00%。
为进一步与高速单体船的浅水阻力进行对比,针对本文研究的高速三体船的主船体(以下简称单主船体),开展不同水深条件下的浅水直航数值模拟。图14给出了高速三体船与单主船体在不同水深时的阻力。由图14可知,高速三体船与单主船体在不同水深时的阻力变化特点一致;Fr=0.439时,高速三体船和单主船体的阻力在临界水深(h/T =5)附近达到最大,较深水时分别增加23.04%和24.41%;Fr=0.658时,高速三体船和单主船体的阻力在临界水深(h/T =15)附近分别增加2.07%和3.41%;表明高速三体船的阻力主要受主船体阻力的影响。单主船体的阻力在Fr=0.439时与高速三体船主船体阻力大小相当,在Fr=0.658时较高速三体船主船体阻力增加约5%,表明高速三体船的主船体和片体在Fr=0.658时产生了有利的水动力干扰,降低了主船体阻力。
本文参照船舶在浅水条件航行的真实物理模型,设立数值拖曳水池,采用URANS方法求解流场,基于重叠网格技术模拟船舶直航和航行姿态变化,建立了浅水条件下高速三体船直航数值模拟方法,模拟了不同水深条件下的高速三体船直航,分析了水深对高速三体船阻力、航行姿态、伴流场和船体兴波的影响,主要结论如下:
(1)采用“背景网格域固定、重叠网格域移动”的方式模拟船舶在浅水条件下的直航运动,可以准确设定边界条件模拟真实物理模型,实现包括临界水深在内的浅水条件下船舶直航数值模拟。
(2)高速三体船的浅水阻力主要受兴波的影响,在不同航速下呈现不同的变化特点。针对本文研究的高速三体船,Fr=0.439时,船体阻力在水深小于10T时均大于深水时的阻力,在临界水深(h=5T)时达到最大,较h=32T时的阻力增大23.04%;Fr=0.658时,船体阻力在临界水深(h/T =15)增加2.07%,在水深小于10T时均小于深水时的阻力,阻力减小3.61%~4.86%。水深变化对摩擦阻力的影响较小,主要影响剩余阻力。
(3)随着水深减小,高速三体船的升沉在Fr=0.439和0.658时均由下沉变为抬升,船体艉倾在Fr=0.439时呈现明显的增大趋势,在Fr=0.658时略微增大。
(4)轴向标称伴流分数随水深的变化在Fr=0.439时较为显著,h=2.5T时的伴流分数较h=32T时下降15.94%;Fr=0.658时变化较小。
(5)在临界水深(Frh=1)附近,Fr=0.439时船体首部和片体前方之间的区域出现明显的兴波波峰,造成兴波阻力显著增加。
由于三体船主船体和片体的不同布局,会导致主船体与片体的水动力干扰发生变化,进而影响其水动力性能和浅水效应,后续还需进一步深入研究三体船主船体和片体布局对浅水效应的影响。同时,目前还缺少高速三体船浅水模型试验数据,尚需进一步开展模型试验与数值计算方法验证工作。

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2026年第30卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.001
  • 接收时间:2025-08-07
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-07
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    海军研究院,北京 100161

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钱正芳(1973−),男,博士,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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