Article(id=1281323911166018279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745251200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421026268, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421026268, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421026268, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421026268, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281323885077447100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='2', pageStart='177', pageEnd='340', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783421020049, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422086911, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328359892303896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328359892303897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323885077447100, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=177, endPage=191, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281323911463813864, articleId=1281323911166018279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Prediction of wavenumber-frequency spectrum of wall pressure fluctuations on hydrofoils, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method was employed to simulate the pressure fluctuations on the wall of NACA 0015 hydrofoil. The spatio-temporal correlation characteristics were studied using wavenumber-frequency spectrum (WFS), and six empirical models were used to predict the WFS on the hydrofoil. The results show that at zero angle of attack, as the position of sensors moves towards the trailing edge, the dimensionless convection velocity gradually approaches the theoretical predicted value of 0.7. At the same incoming velocity, the spectral level of the WFS at the ridge increases with the increase of the angle of attack. The predictions of the six empirical models show differences from the simulation results, with the Efimtsov model having the minimum values and the Ffowcs-Williams model having the maximum values. The simulation results fall between the predicted values of the Efimtsov model and those of the Corcos model.

, authors=Ya-kun WANG1, Yong-ou ZHANG1, Piao XU1, Ya-guang SHI2, authorsList=Ya-kun WANG, Yong-ou ZHANG, Piao XU, Ya-guang SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ya-guang SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281323925091107701, articleId=1281323911166018279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=水翼壁面脉动压力波数–频率谱预报, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文采用基于大涡模拟(LES)的数值计算方法对NACA 0015水翼壁面流动的湍流边界层脉动压力进行仿真计算,利用波数–频率谱研究其时空关联特征,并使用六种波数–频率谱经验模型对水翼壁面脉动压力的波数–频率谱进行预报。结果表明:零度攻角时同一来流速度下,随着测点组位置向后缘移动,由测点组仿真数据计算得到的无量纲迁移速度逐渐接近理论预测值0.7,在同一来流速度下对应位置脉动压力的波数–频率谱迁移脊谱级随攻角增加而增加;六种波数–频率谱经验模型的预报结果与仿真结果存在一定差异,Efimtsov模型预报值最小,Ffowcs–Williams模型预报值最大,仿真计算得到的迁移脊谱级在Efimtsov模型与Corcos模型预报值之间。

, authors=王亚坤1, 张咏鸥1, 徐飘1, 施亚光2, authorsList=王亚坤, 张咏鸥, 徐飘, 施亚光, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=施亚光, authorNote=

王亚坤(1998–),男,硕士

, correspAuthorsNote=
施亚光(1990–),男,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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王亚坤(1998–),男,硕士

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323911166018279, language=CN, label=图18, caption=攻角$ \alpha ={6}^{\circ } $,水翼吸力面流向波数–频率谱预报结果, figureFileSmall=/MhT9yytShY7jc+U+o/6Ew==, figureFileBig=cg/FOMobGwVvAiZnUJlcOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281323933358080960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323911166018279, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of three different meshes

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网格方案第一层网格
高度/mm
网格数量/万
A0.0066284
B0.0066356
C0.0066428
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三种不同数量的网格对比

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网格方案第一层网格
高度/mm
网格数量/万
A0.0066284
B0.0066356
C0.0066428
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Different conditions of the NACA 0015 hydrofoil at different angles of attack and incoming velocities

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攻角$ \alpha $来流速度(m·s−1 $ R{e}_{c} $
工况1041.99×106
工况2062.99×106
工况3083.98×106
工况4341.99×106
工况5362.99×106
工况6383.98×106
工况7641.99×106
工况8662.99×106
工况9683.98×106
), ArticleFig(id=1281323933559407555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323911166018279, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

NACA 0015水翼在不同攻角、不同来流速度的工况

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攻角$ \alpha $来流速度(m·s−1 $ R{e}_{c} $
工况1041.99×106
工况2062.99×106
工况3083.98×106
工况4341.99×106
工况5362.99×106
工况6383.98×106
工况7641.99×106
工况8662.99×106
工况9683.98×106
), ArticleFig(id=1281323933634905028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323911166018279, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

WFS at sensor array on the suction side at different incoming velocities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
U=4 m/sU=6 m/sU=8 m/s
测点组3ss测点组4ss测点组3ss测点组4ss测点组3ss测点组4ss
谱级峰值(dB)–20–16.4–15.4–13.2–11.8–8.2
频域分布范围(Hz)(0,330)(0,260)(0,480)(0,418)(0,567)(0,560)
波数域分布范围(rad/m)(0,670)(0,600)(0,670)(0,650)(0,700)(0,700)
迁移速度(m/s)2.82.554.134.065.242.25
无量纲迁移速度0.640.670.630.70.60.67
), ArticleFig(id=1281323933710402501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323911166018279, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同来流速度下,吸力面测点组波数–频率谱结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
U=4 m/sU=6 m/sU=8 m/s
测点组3ss测点组4ss测点组3ss测点组4ss测点组3ss测点组4ss
谱级峰值(dB)–20–16.4–15.4–13.2–11.8–8.2
频域分布范围(Hz)(0,330)(0,260)(0,480)(0,418)(0,567)(0,560)
波数域分布范围(rad/m)(0,670)(0,600)(0,670)(0,650)(0,700)(0,700)
迁移速度(m/s)2.82.554.134.065.242.25
无量纲迁移速度0.640.670.630.70.60.67
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水翼壁面脉动压力波数–频率谱预报
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王亚坤 1 , 张咏鸥 1 , 徐飘 1 , 施亚光 2
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(2): 177-191
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (2) : 177 -191
水翼壁面脉动压力波数–频率谱预报
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王亚坤(1998–),男,硕士

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王亚坤(1998–),男,硕士

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王亚坤1, 张咏鸥1, 徐飘1, 施亚光2
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430061
  • 2.武汉第二船舶设计研究所,武汉 430064
通讯作者:
施亚光(1990–),男,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

王亚坤(1998–),男,硕士

Prediction of wavenumber-frequency spectrum of wall pressure fluctuations on hydrofoils
Ya-kun WANG1, Yong-ou ZHANG1, Piao XU1, Ya-guang SHI2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan 430061, China
  • 2.Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430064, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.001
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本文采用基于大涡模拟(LES)的数值计算方法对NACA 0015水翼壁面流动的湍流边界层脉动压力进行仿真计算,利用波数–频率谱研究其时空关联特征,并使用六种波数–频率谱经验模型对水翼壁面脉动压力的波数–频率谱进行预报。结果表明:零度攻角时同一来流速度下,随着测点组位置向后缘移动,由测点组仿真数据计算得到的无量纲迁移速度逐渐接近理论预测值0.7,在同一来流速度下对应位置脉动压力的波数–频率谱迁移脊谱级随攻角增加而增加;六种波数–频率谱经验模型的预报结果与仿真结果存在一定差异,Efimtsov模型预报值最小,Ffowcs–Williams模型预报值最大,仿真计算得到的迁移脊谱级在Efimtsov模型与Corcos模型预报值之间。

湍流边界层  /  脉动压力  /  水翼  /  波数–频率谱  /  大涡模拟

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method was employed to simulate the pressure fluctuations on the wall of NACA 0015 hydrofoil. The spatio-temporal correlation characteristics were studied using wavenumber-frequency spectrum (WFS), and six empirical models were used to predict the WFS on the hydrofoil. The results show that at zero angle of attack, as the position of sensors moves towards the trailing edge, the dimensionless convection velocity gradually approaches the theoretical predicted value of 0.7. At the same incoming velocity, the spectral level of the WFS at the ridge increases with the increase of the angle of attack. The predictions of the six empirical models show differences from the simulation results, with the Efimtsov model having the minimum values and the Ffowcs-Williams model having the maximum values. The simulation results fall between the predicted values of the Efimtsov model and those of the Corcos model.

turbulent boundary layer  /  pressure fluctuation  /  hydrofoil  /  wavenumber-frequency spectrum  /  LES
王亚坤, 张咏鸥, 徐飘, 施亚光. 水翼壁面脉动压力波数–频率谱预报. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (2) : 177 -191 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.001
Ya-kun WANG, Yong-ou ZHANG, Piao XU, Ya-guang SHI. Prediction of wavenumber-frequency spectrum of wall pressure fluctuations on hydrofoils[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (2) : 177 -191 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.001
湍流边界层内的脉动压力是重要的流噪声声源[1],在流体诱发振动与噪声的众多工程应用问题中脉动压力十分重要,它不仅可以直接产生辐射噪声,还会激励物面结构振动并产生辐射噪声[23]。例如,空中或水下航行器壳体表面的湍流边界层脉动压力会引起壳体振动和伴随舱内外噪声,这不仅会影响结构完整性,还会激发强烈的噪声;低马赫数下,舰艇水动力噪声以湍流脉动压力激励结构振动产生的声辐射为主[2];舰艇航行时,声呐导流罩内的自噪声以罩壳结构受脉动压力激励产生的振动辐射噪声为主[4],该噪声是声呐平台区自噪声的主要成分[5]
在计算湍流边界层内脉动压力的直接辐射噪声或因脉动压力激发结构振动而产生的辐射噪声时,定性定量地分析壁面脉动压力的特性至关重要。有别于普通噪声,湍流边界层脉动压力是一种面分布的随机激励源,其在频域和波数域内呈现出独特的能量分布规律,能量主要集中于迁移脊区域,通常采用波数–频率谱定量地描述湍流边界层内随时间和空间位置变化的脉动压力。吕世金等[6]试验测量了水下航行体壁面脉动压力的波数–频率谱。徐嘉启等[5]总结了湍流边界层脉动压力研究的波数–频率谱方法。
翼型结构在航空航天和船舶海洋工程领域都有十分广泛的应用,水下航行器的围壳、艏艉舵和螺旋桨叶片等结构都可以抽象为翼型结构。翼型结构的壁面流动通常伴随压力梯度,俞孟萨和林立[7]指出逆压梯度流动及弹性表面湍流边界层脉动压力波数–频率谱的研究是水下噪声研究中的前沿基础问题之一。为准确预报流噪声,有必要对不同压力梯度下的壁面流动规律及脉动压力分布特性开展深入研究。舒礼伟等[8]对不同厚度翼型的壁面脉动压力进行数值模拟,研究了压力梯度对壁面流动的影响。因此,研究翼型壁面湍流边界层脉动压力的时空关联特性对于飞机、船舶和潜艇等的减振降噪具有重要意义。
大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation, LES)方法的主要思想是通过滤波函数将湍流运动分解为大尺度涡和小尺度涡,并且假设大尺度涡结构几乎包含了所有的能量,而小尺度涡主要起到耗散作用。LES方法对湍流脉动的大尺度部分直接计算,对于较小尺度的湍流涡旋结构则采用亚格子涡模型进行建模。流场中的瞬态量$ \phi $可分解为滤波量$ \overline{\phi } $和亚格子量$ {\phi }_{{\mathrm{sgs}}} $,其表达式为
$ \phi =\tilde{\phi }+{\phi }_{{\mathrm{sgs}}} $
将非定常的N–S方程滤波,可得到LES湍流模型的控制方程。滤波后的连续方程和动量方程为
$ \begin{split}&\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad \frac{\partial \rho {\tilde{u}}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}}=0\\&\frac{\partial \rho {\tilde{u}}_{i}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \rho {\tilde{u}}_{i}{\tilde{u}}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{j}}=-\frac{\partial \tilde{p}}{\partial {x}_{i}}+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left[\mu \left(\frac{\partial {\tilde{u}}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}+\frac{\partial {\tilde{u}}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right)+\rho \left({\tilde{u}}_{i}{\tilde{u}}_{j}-{u}_{i}{u}_{j}\right)\right]\end{split} $
其中,$ \rho \left({\tilde{u}}_{i}{\tilde{u}}_{j}-{u}_{i}{u}_{j}\right) $为亚格子尺度应力,称为$ {\tau }_{ij} $,可通过求解亚格子涡模型得到。
在大涡模拟中常用的亚格子涡模型有常系数Smagorinsky模型、WALE(Wall–Adapting Local Eddy–viscosity)模型、KET模型和动态Smagorinsky模型等。张晓龙等[9]采用四种亚格子涡模型对平板壁面湍流边界层脉动压力进行了研究,结果表明WALE模型计算结果较好。本文采用LES方法结合WALE亚格子涡模型对平板和翼型的壁面脉动压力开展数值研究。WALE模型将涡黏性系数表示为
$ {\mu }_{{\mathrm{t}}}=\rho {\Delta }^{2}{S}_{{\mathrm{W}}} $
其中,$ \Delta $为湍流长度尺度,$ {S}_{{\mathrm{W}}} $为变形参数。
$ \Delta =\left\{\begin{aligned}& {C}_{{\mathrm{W}}}{V}^{1/3}\\&\min (\kappa {\mathrm{d}},{C}_{{\mathrm{W}}}{V}^{1/3})\end{aligned}\right.\qquad {C}_{{\mathrm{W}}}=0.544,\;\; \kappa =0.41 $
$\begin{split}&{S}_{{\mathrm{W}}}=\frac{{S}_\text{d}\colon {S}_\text{d}{}^{3/2}}{{S}_\text{d}\colon {S}_\text{d}{}^{5/4}+S\colon {S}^{5/2}}\\&{S}_\text{d}=\frac{1}{2}\left[\nabla u\cdot \nabla u+{\left(\nabla u\cdot \nabla u\right)}^{{\mathrm{T}}}\right]-\frac{1}{3}{\mathrm{tr}}\left(\nabla u\cdot \nabla u\right)I\end{split} $
LES湍流模型在求解边界层内的湍流运动时对网格质量要求比较高,因此本文在对计算模型进行网格划分时,通过不断试算和调整网格,保证了近壁面网格符合计算要求。
Bulté等[10]在风洞中测量了NACA 0012翼型壁面的脉动压力,试验工况为:攻角$ {2.5}^{\circ } $,来流速度70 m/s。参考Gloerfelt等[11]的仿真计算模型,建立本文仿真计算的三维模型,如图1(a)所示,弦长c=495 mm,钝后缘高度t=2.66 mm,展向长度为0.02c,在翼型上下表面x/c=0.16的弦长位置使用绊线诱发转捩,绊线长度a=5 mm,绊线高度b=0.24 mm。
流体介质建模采用理想气体(ideal gas)模型,计算域如图1(b)所示,流场四周为压力远场边界,计算域两侧为周期性边界,翼型及绊线表面为无滑移边界。在翼型吸力面距后缘5 mm处布置由18个测点组成的测点组T,测点间距4.5 mm,因此截止波数为697 rad/m。
仿真计算时首先采用SST $ k-\omega $湍流模型进行定常计算,生成稳态流场并将其作为非定常计算的初始流场,采用LES方法结合WALE亚格子涡模型进行非定常计算,得到壁面湍流边界层脉动压力信号。非定常计算中时间步长$ \Delta t={10}^{-5} $ s,采样频率fs=100 kHz,截止频率为50 kHz。
流场计算稳定后得到的壁面压力系数分布与Bulté等[10]在风洞中的试验数据和Gloerfelt等[11]的仿真计算结果对比如图2(a)所示。可以看到,本文仿真得到的翼型壁面压力系数分布与试验数据和Gloerfelt等计算得到的结果一致。压力面不同位置处的速度剖面与试验结果对比如图2(b)所示,可以看到速度剖面的仿真计算结果与试验结果较为一致。
测点组T脉动压力计算得到的波数–频率谱(WFS)与试验结果对比如图3所示。可以看到仿真计算得到的迁移脊谱级峰值为–40 dB,Bulté试验得到的迁移脊谱级峰值为–37 dB,本文仿真计算结果误差在–5 dB以内。
NACA 0015模型及计算域形状如图4所示,弦长c=500 mm,展向长度为0.3c。前方和下方为速度入口,来流速度U=8 m/s,攻角$ \alpha ={8}^{\circ } $,计算域上方和后方为压力出口,翼型表面为无滑移壁面,展向两侧为周期性边界。
使用六面体网格对模型划分结构网格,整体采用CH型计算网格,如图4(b)所示。基于弦长的雷诺数$ R{e}_{c} $=3×106,经过多次试算迭代,最终壁面$ {y}^{+}\approx 1 $。为进行网格无关性验证,建立了稀、中、密三套网格,对节点分布数量与分布密度进行控制,分别对应网格方案A、B、C,如表1所示。为准确求解水翼壁面湍流边界层的脉动压力,近壁面网格需要足够精细,三种网格的壁面首层网格高度均保证$ {y}^{+}\approx 1 $,基于弦长的雷诺数$ {{Re}}_{c}=3\times {10}^{6} $
三种网格方案计算得到的水翼吸力面不同位置脉动压力的自功率谱结果,如图5所示,参考声压$ {p}_{{\mathrm{ref}}}=1\;\text{μPa} $。可以看到中、密网格计算得到的自功率谱结果较为接近。
三种网格方案计算得到的水翼壁面测点组T的波数–频率谱如图6所示,参考值为1 Pa2/(rad/s)(rad/m)。方案B与方案C计算得到的波数–频率谱迁移脊峰值均在–5 dB左右,在高频区的迁移脊分布也较为一致;而稀疏网格方案A计算得到的迁移脊在高频区的波数–频率谱能量降低,其原因可能是因为随着网格尺寸变大,由亚格子涡模型计算得到的涡能耗散不准确导致。
通过对比不同方案网格计算得到的壁面脉动压力的自功率谱与波数–频率谱可以发现,方案B的网格是满足计算要求的。综上,本文对NACA 0015水翼计算模型的网格划分是合理的。
对不同雷诺数、不同攻角下三维NACA 0015翼型水绕流问题的湍流边界层壁面脉动压力特性进行数值研究。不同工况如表2所示。
为了研究水翼壁面不同弦长位置的流动状态变化及脉动压力特性,在NACA 0015水翼的吸力面和压力面设置四组测点,每组有25个测点,相邻测点间距4 mm,图7给出了每组测点中心测点的位置。
NACA 0015水翼在不同来流速度下的壁面压力系数分布和Clauser压力梯度参数$ {\beta }_{c} $[12]图8所示。在x/c>0.2区域,压力梯度斜率为负且$ {\beta }_{c} $均大于零,说明流场受逆压梯度作用。
U=4 m/s、6 m/s和8 m/s的三种来流速度下,水翼吸力面弦向不同位置脉动压力的自功率谱如图9所示。在x/c=0.2位置,其脉动压力自功率谱均不具有稳定的平台区,在190~400 Hz的范围出现峰值,峰值谱级超过145 dB,大于其他测点的平台区谱级,符合刘进等[13]发现的转捩区脉动压力自功率谱峰值比充分发展的湍流区高这一规律。
NACA 0015水翼在不同来流速度下吸力面不同测点组的波数–频率谱如图10~12所示,谱级采用$ 10{\log }_{10}[\Phi ({k}_{x},\omega )//1{\text{Pa}}^{2}/(\text{rad/s})(\text{rad/m})] $表示,图中黑色斜虚线为Corcos波数–频率谱经验模型对迁移脊的预测位置,斜线斜率为$ \omega /{k}_{c}={U}_{c} $,其中$ {U}_{c}=0.7{U}_{e} $$ {U}_{e} $取每组测点中心测点处的边界层边缘速度,kc为对流波数。
从图中可以看到,零度攻角时在同一来流速度下,随着测点组位置向后缘移动,由测点组仿真数据计算得到的无量纲迁移速度逐渐接近理论预测值0.7;且随着频率增加,迁移脊变宽,幅值降低。谱级最高的部分,也就是大尺度涡的分布区域,主要分布在小于300 Hz的低频范围,说明大尺度涡对应频谱的低频区域。由NACA 0015水翼在不同来流速度下弦向不同位置脉动压力波数–频率谱的分析结果(表3)可以看到,三种工况下随着测点位置向后缘移动,测点组3ss与测点组4ss的无量纲迁移速度逐渐增大到0.7,接近理论值,且随着频率增加迁移脊变宽,幅值降低。随着来流速度增加谱级最高部分的分布范围由0~300 Hz扩大到0~400 Hz、0~560 Hz,说明湍流能量随流速的增加而增加。
图13以来流速度U=6 m/s下的工况为例,给出了不同攻角下NACA 0015水翼吸力面不同弦长位置处波数–频率谱的对比。在同一攻角下,在同一位置脉动压力的波数–频率谱迁移脊谱级随攻角增加而增加;同时可注意到,波数–频率谱中出现两条迁移脊,一条随频率变化比较明显(图中实线所示),另一条随频率变化不明显(图中点划线所示),其波数域分布范围集中在(–100,100) rad/m,频域分布范围随测点位置向后缘移动而扩大,整体上分布在(0,200)Hz范围内,这条迁移脊可能是湍流中大尺度涡运动所形成。脉动压力波数–频率谱迁移脊的谱级随测点向后缘移动而增大,同时吸力面同一弦长位置波数–频率谱的谱级要大于压力面对应位置,且压力面第二条迁移脊比吸力面在波数域和频域分布的范围更大。
图14给出了来流速度U=6 m/s,不同攻角下NACA 0015水翼压力面不同弦长位置处波数–频率谱的对比。可以看到,相比于吸力面同一位置的波数–频率谱,压力面波数–频率谱第二条迁移脊更加明显。
流向的一维波数–频率谱$ \Phi ({k}_{x},\omega ) $是将二维的波数–频率谱对展向波数进行积分得到[15],即采用式(6)进行积分
$ \Phi ({k}_{x},\omega )=\int\limits_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\Phi ({k}_{x},{k}_{z},\omega )\text{d}{k}_{z} $
其中,$ {k}_{x} $为流向波数,$ {k}_{z} $为展向波数。Abraham和Keith[16]给出了Corcos波数–频率模型对展向波数积分的解析解
$ \Phi ({k}_{x},\omega )=\frac{\Phi (\omega )}{\text{π} {k}_{c}}\frac{\alpha }{\left[{\alpha }^{2}+{\left({k}_{x}/{k}_{c}-1\right)}^{2}\right]} $
其中,衰减常数$ \alpha =-0.125 $。除Corcos模型外,其他波数–频率谱模型大多形式复杂,难以获得采用式(6)积分的解析解,本文采用数值积分方法对二维的波数–频率谱模型进行积分[17]
$ \Phi ({k}_{x},\omega )=\sum\limits_{i=-k}^{k}\Phi ({k}_{x},{k}_{z}^{i},\omega )\Delta {k}_{z} $
经过反复计算,本文选取k=1000。当使用波数–频率谱模型进行预报时,需要脉动压力的自功率谱$ \Phi (\omega ) $作为输入,$ \Phi (\omega ) $可由仿真计算或试验得到。图15对比了f=100 Hz,$ \Phi (\omega )=2.83 $时,Corcos波数–频率谱模型使用数值积分获得的$ \Phi ({k}_{x},\omega ) $与解析解的结果。可以看到,数值积分值与解析解计算得到的迁移波数一致,解析解结果与数值积分结果最大误差约为1 dB。
本文采用Graham[14]对比的Corcos模型、Efimtsov模型、Smol’yakov模型、Ffowcs-Williams模型、Chase I和Chase II模型等六种波数–频率谱经验模型对NACA 0015水翼壁面脉动压力的一维流向波数–频率谱进行了预报。为排除$ \Phi (\omega ) $由经验模型计算带来的误差,本文直接将仿真计算得到的$ \Phi (\omega ) $代入各波数–频率谱模型。
图16给出了NACA 0015水翼在攻角为零,不同来流速度下吸力面测点组4波数–频率谱的预报结果。图17给出了在攻角$ \alpha ={3}^{\circ } $时,吸力面测点组4波数–频率谱的预报结果。
图18给出了NACA 0015水翼在攻角$ \alpha ={6}^{\circ } $,不同来流速度下吸力面测点组4波数–频率谱的预报结果。
图16~18展示了六种波数–频率谱模型在100 Hz和200 Hz的典型频率下一维流向波数–频率谱$ \Phi ({k}_{x},\omega ) $模型预报值与仿真计算结果的对比。分析图中数据可以发现,六种波数–频率谱模型的预报值除与仿真计算值存在差别外,各自预报结果也存在差异。就迁移波数而言,各波数–频率谱模型计算得到的迁移波数一致,预报值与仿真结果较为接近,其差异是由波数–频率谱模型预报时假设的$ {U}_{c}=0.7U $导致,在测点组4的脉动压力波数–频率谱仿真计算中迁移速度$ {U}_{c} $$ 0.7U $接近但并不相等。
对于Corcos模型,在100 Hz和200 Hz频率下,在−1000<kx<−400的流向波数区域内,Corcos模型预报值高于仿真计算值,在−400<kx<400的波数区域内,预报值与仿真值整体较为接近,在kx=kc的迁移脊位置,Corcos模型预报值大于仿真计算值,整体而言,随着来流速度的增大,误差从3 dB增加到8 dB。在kc<kx<1000的波数区域内,Corcos模型预报值整体上略高于仿真计算值。
Efimtsov模型在迁移区外预报值高于Corcos模型,与仿真结果更为接近,随着频率的增加,Efimtsov模型预报值与Corcos模型预报值差异减小,这是因为Efimtsov模型考虑了边界层厚度的影响,而边界层厚度主要影响低频段;在迁移区内,Efimotsov模型的预报值低于其他模型,但与仿真计算得到的迁移脊谱级最为接近。
Ffowcs–Williams模型在–1000<kx<–200的波数区域内,模型预报值高于其他所有波数–频率谱模型,在−200<kx<kc的波数区域内,Ffowcs–Williams模型预报值与其他模型相近,且在kx=kc时对迁移脊谱级的预报值相较于其他模型最大,随着来流速度的增加,Ffowcs–Williams模型对迁移脊谱级预报值与其他模型的预报值差异逐渐增大。在kc<kx<1000的波数区域内,Ffowcs–Williams模型预报值高于其他模型与仿真计算值。
Smol’yakov模型在f=100 Hz时,100<kx<400的波数区域内预报值与其他模型相近;当f=200 Hz时,350<kx<550的波数区域内预报值与其他模型相近;在不同频率下对迁移脊谱级的预测与Corcos模型接近。
Chase I模型与Chase II模型在迁移区以下的波数区域内,预报值低于其他模型和仿真计算值。在迁移区内,Chase I模型和Chase II模型预报值与Corcos模型较为吻合。对迁移脊谱级峰值的预测高于仿真计算值,且随着频率的增加,两者之间差别逐渐减小。当f=100 Hz时,在−1000<kx<0的波数区域内,Chase II模型预报值高于Chase I模型预报值,与仿真计算值更为接近,在0<kx<1000的区域内,两者预报值较为接近;当f=200 Hz时,在−1000<kx<220的波数区域内,Chase II模型预报值高于Chase I模型预报值,与仿真计算值更为接近,在220<kx<1000的区域内,两者预报值较为接近。
本文采用LES方法对水翼在不同雷诺数和不同攻角下壁面脉动压力进行了仿真计算,通过波数–频率谱研究了脉动压力的时空关联特性。并使用六种波数–频率谱经验模型对脉动压力的波数–频率谱进行了预报,对比分析各模型的预报结果。相关结论可为水下航行器及其附体的流噪声计算提供参考。
研究发现,零度攻角时在同一来流速度下,随着脉动压力向后缘发展由仿真数据计算得到的无量纲迁移速度逐渐接近理论预测值0.7;在同一来流速度下,对应位置脉动压力的波数–频率谱迁移脊谱级随攻角增加而增加;对于不同频率下的波数–频率谱,六种经验模型的预报结果与仿真结果存在一定差异:Efimtsov模型预报值最小,Ffowcs–Williams模型预报值最大;仿真计算得到的迁移脊谱级在Efimtsov模型与Corcos模型预报值之间;在迁移波数以下的低波数区域内,Corcos模型、Efimtsov模型和Ffowcs–Williams模型预报值与仿真计算值较为接近,Smol’yakov模型与Chase I、Chase II模型预报值偏小;在迁移波数以上的中波数区域内,仿真计算值在Efimtsov模型预报值和Ffowcs–Williams模型预报值之间。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.02.001
  • 接收时间:2025-04-22
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-22
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    1.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430061
    2.武汉第二船舶设计研究所,武汉 430064

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施亚光(1990–),男,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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