Article(id=1281323884360217100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735747200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421019877, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421019877, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421019877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421019877, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281323788058996778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='3', pageStart='341', pageEnd='506', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783420996918, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422057887, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=477, endPage=487, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281323885060665869, articleId=1281323884360217100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Research on wave parameter inversion and reconstruction algorithm based on LoFTR, columnId=1241023038381158513, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydro/Structural Acoustics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Stereo vision wave measurement technology has become one of the most promising methods for monitoring wave fields at present. However, traditional feature extraction and matching methods rely on feature point extraction, therefore cannot meet the requirements of rate and accuracy in practical applications, thereby affecting the effect of 3D reconstruction. This paper introduces the LoFTR (Local Feature Transformer) algorithm. Taking the wave images captured by the binocular vision wave measurement system installed on a certain fixed offshore wind turbine as the image set, an efficient wave feature extraction and matching technology based on artificial intelligence algorithms and 3D wave field dense reconstruction technology is constructed. The algorithm has been verified under various lighting environments. The results show that the LoFTR algorithm can extract an average of 4300 pairs of matching points per frame for wave images under normal lighting, while taking 0.9 s per frame. The matching effect is significantly better than that of traditional methods. Moreover, for images with unclear textures in the night environment, the algorithm can still stably match more than 2000 pairs of matching points, achieving dense reconstruction of the 3D wave field and providing core technical support for the intelligent monitoring of ocean waves.

, authors=Zhen-hui ZHU1, Xue-liang WANG1, 2, 3, Han-yu SUN1, 2, Ying-dong CHEN1, authorsList=Zhen-hui ZHU, Xue-liang WANG, Han-yu SUN, Ying-dong CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xue-liang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281323891024966193, articleId=1281323884360217100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=基于LoFTR的波浪参数反演及重构算法研究, columnId=1241023038515376243, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体与结构声学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

立体视觉测波技术已成为目前对场域波浪进行监测最有前景的方法之一,而传统的特征提取与匹配方法依赖特征点提取,无法满足实际应用中对于速率及精度的要求,从而影响三维重建的效果。为此,本文引入LoFTR(Local Feature Transformer)算法,以在某海上固定式风机上安装的双目视觉测波系统拍摄的波浪图像作为图片集,构建了基于人工智能算法的高效波浪特征提取及匹配与三维波浪场稠密重构技术,并在多种光照环境下进行了算法比对验证。结果表明:对于正常光照下的波浪图像,LoFTR算法平均每帧提取约4300对匹配点,耗时0.9秒/帧,匹配效果显著优于传统方法;对于黑夜环境下纹理不清晰的图像,仍能稳定匹配2000余对匹配点,实现三维波浪场的稠密重构,为海洋波浪的智能监测提供核心技术支持。

, authors=朱真慧1, 汪雪良1, 2, 3, 孙函宇1, 2, 陈莹东1, authorsList=朱真慧, 汪雪良, 孙函宇, 陈莹东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=汪雪良, authorNote=

朱真慧(2000–),女,硕士研究生,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
汪雪良(1977–),男,研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
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Parameters of binocular vision wave measurement system

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特征 /单位数值
$ \alpha $ / °15.3
H / m16.69
B / m0.8
分辨率 / pixel6280×3158
传感器尺寸 / mm224.9×16.6
帧率 / fps2
焦距 / (mm/D)50/1.4(1.4为光圈值)
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双目视觉测波系统参数

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特征 /单位数值
$ \alpha $ / °15.3
H / m16.69
B / m0.8
分辨率 / pixel6280×3158
传感器尺寸 / mm224.9×16.6
帧率 / fps2
焦距 / (mm/D)50/1.4(1.4为光圈值)
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Parameters of camera calibration

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左相机右相机
焦距矢量[13604.52, 13703.90][13664.17, 13781.84]
主点[3070.89, 299.23][3117.22, 312.90]
旋转矩阵[0.9999, −0.0012, 0.0128
0.0012, 1.0000, −0.0009
−0.0128, −0.0009, 0.9999]
平移向量[−794.6881
20.5805
71.6397]
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相机标定参数

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左相机右相机
焦距矢量[13604.52, 13703.90][13664.17, 13781.84]
主点[3070.89, 299.23][3117.22, 312.90]
旋转矩阵[0.9999, −0.0012, 0.0128
0.0012, 1.0000, −0.0009
−0.0128, −0.0009, 0.9999]
平移向量[−794.6881
20.5805
71.6397]
), ArticleFig(id=1281323897513554568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323884360217100, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of algorithm performance

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单组匹配时间 /s特征点数提升效率
Harris2.464163%
SIFT2.131857%
LoFTR0.94289
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算法效果对比

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单组匹配时间 /s特征点数提升效率
Harris2.464163%
SIFT2.131857%
LoFTR0.94289
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基于LoFTR的波浪参数反演及重构算法研究
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朱真慧 1 , 汪雪良 1, 2, 3 , 孙函宇 1, 2 , 陈莹东 1
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2026,30(3): 477-487
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船舶力学 |流体与结构声学 2026 , 30 (3) : 477 -487
基于LoFTR的波浪参数反演及重构算法研究
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朱真慧1 , 汪雪良1, 2, 3 , 孙函宇1, 2, 陈莹东1
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2.船舶结构安全全国重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 3.中葡船舶结构安全可靠性联合实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
通讯作者:
汪雪良(1977–),男,研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

朱真慧(2000–),女,硕士研究生,E-mail:

Research on wave parameter inversion and reconstruction algorithm based on LoFTR
Zhen-hui ZHU1 , Xue-liang WANG1, 2, 3 , Han-yu SUN1, 2, Ying-dong CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Ship Structural Safety, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 3.China-Portugal Joint Research Laboratory for Safety and Reliability of Ship Structures, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.012
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立体视觉测波技术已成为目前对场域波浪进行监测最有前景的方法之一,而传统的特征提取与匹配方法依赖特征点提取,无法满足实际应用中对于速率及精度的要求,从而影响三维重建的效果。为此,本文引入LoFTR(Local Feature Transformer)算法,以在某海上固定式风机上安装的双目视觉测波系统拍摄的波浪图像作为图片集,构建了基于人工智能算法的高效波浪特征提取及匹配与三维波浪场稠密重构技术,并在多种光照环境下进行了算法比对验证。结果表明:对于正常光照下的波浪图像,LoFTR算法平均每帧提取约4300对匹配点,耗时0.9秒/帧,匹配效果显著优于传统方法;对于黑夜环境下纹理不清晰的图像,仍能稳定匹配2000余对匹配点,实现三维波浪场的稠密重构,为海洋波浪的智能监测提供核心技术支持。

双目视觉  /  波浪监测  /  特征提取  /  立体匹配  /  三维重建  /  LoFTR

Stereo vision wave measurement technology has become one of the most promising methods for monitoring wave fields at present. However, traditional feature extraction and matching methods rely on feature point extraction, therefore cannot meet the requirements of rate and accuracy in practical applications, thereby affecting the effect of 3D reconstruction. This paper introduces the LoFTR (Local Feature Transformer) algorithm. Taking the wave images captured by the binocular vision wave measurement system installed on a certain fixed offshore wind turbine as the image set, an efficient wave feature extraction and matching technology based on artificial intelligence algorithms and 3D wave field dense reconstruction technology is constructed. The algorithm has been verified under various lighting environments. The results show that the LoFTR algorithm can extract an average of 4300 pairs of matching points per frame for wave images under normal lighting, while taking 0.9 s per frame. The matching effect is significantly better than that of traditional methods. Moreover, for images with unclear textures in the night environment, the algorithm can still stably match more than 2000 pairs of matching points, achieving dense reconstruction of the 3D wave field and providing core technical support for the intelligent monitoring of ocean waves.

binocular vision  /  wave detection  /  feature extraction  /  stereo matching  /  3D reconstruction  /  LoFTR
朱真慧, 汪雪良, 孙函宇, 陈莹东. 基于LoFTR的波浪参数反演及重构算法研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (3) : 477 -487 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.012
Zhen-hui ZHU, Xue-liang WANG, Han-yu SUN, Ying-dong CHEN. Research on wave parameter inversion and reconstruction algorithm based on LoFTR[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (3) : 477 -487 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.012
在恶劣海况下,船舶结构安全和航行稳定性将受到极大考验,因此随船对海洋波浪进行实时监测评估具有重要的意义。目前较为成熟的监测手段有浮标测波技术和雷达测波技术。然而,浮标只能实现单点测量,无法满足对场域波浪的监测需要[12],且需要系泊;雷达技术则存在设备昂贵、精度较低等缺点[34]。针对浮标以及雷达测波技术现存的问题,近年来基于视觉的测波技术开始受到关注,其基本原理为通过摄像机拍摄海面获取海浪图像,并利用计算机处理海浪图像反演出海浪的基本信息[5]。高分辨率摄像机结合立体摄影技术,能够对海面进行更为精细的观测,实现对于场域波浪的监测,但其局限性在于相机的标定校正以及立体匹配阶段较为繁琐和复杂[67],在实际工程应用中无法满足实时性的要求,因此如何在保证精度的前提下提高效率成为了目前的研究重点。而波浪参数反演可以将原始观测转化为实时海况信息,是保障航行安全、改进数值预报和支撑海洋工程设计的核心环节[89]。其中,波高的时间历程数据是进行船体姿态控制和系泊系统稳定性评估的关键输入[1011]
传统的特征提取及匹配方法主要包括Harris算法、SIFT算法等。Harris算法能够对像素点在各个方向上的灰度变化特征进行更全面的计算分析,而SIFT算法具有尺度不变性,当采集的左右图像由于视角、灰度畸变等不同而存在差异时,其匹配能力仍能保持稳定。针对传统算法存在的问题,Ke等[12]将SIFT算法与PCA相结合,提出PCA-SIFT算法,有效降低了SIFT算法的时间复杂度。Bay等[13]基于SIFT算法,引入积分图像,近似简化DoH中的高斯二阶微分模板,提出SURF算法,其运算速度相比SIFT算法更快。Zhu等[14]先对图像进行Harris角点检测,再进行SIFT特征描述,更好地利用了特征点邻域的局部信息,提高了匹配正确率。为缩小搜索范围、缩短匹配时间,尹凤鸣[15]对SIFT匹配算法进行优化,引入双向匹配策略来降低误匹配率,并利用极线约束来简化匹配过程。甘小红等[16]提出特征点描述子降维处理和匹配优化解决方案,通过使用特征点为中心的9个同心圆环梯度累计值构建72维特征向量,进行特征点描述子降维,达到简化特征描述的目的,从而减少描述子的生成和匹配时间。向程谕等[17]在提取SIFT关键点的基础上,利用Harris角点检测算子对提取的特征点进行筛选,以剔除深度图像边缘区域中大量不稳定的伪特征点,然后采用统计抽样法对提取的特征点描述子进行降维处理,最后利用最近邻搜索进行特征匹配,效率相较于SIFT算法提升8%。
然而,Harris、SIFT等传统方法均局限于先对特征点进行提取再进行匹配,因此在效率提升上受到限制,且对于纹理不清晰的图像无法提取足够的特征点,存在点云稀疏等问题[1819],影响三维重建效果。随着深度学习技术的发展,智能算法正逐渐被应用于图像匹配中,其中LoFTR(Local Feature Transformer)算法能够克服传统算法的缺陷,实现无需提取特征点的图像匹配[2021]。因此,本文基于LoFTR算法展开波浪参数反演及重构算法的研究,实现三维波浪场的稠密重构。
根据采集二维图像数据时所运用的设备数量差异,基于视觉的三维重建技术可以分为单目视觉技术、双目视觉技术和多目视觉技术,本研究中运用的是双目视觉测波系统,主要包括图像采集、相机标定、特征提取、立体匹配与三维重建五个阶段。获取图像时,两台摄像机放在同一水平面,并适当设置两者间的角度,使得在获得左右图片时能有一定的偏移和改变,便于后续匹配,模型如图1所示[22]
假设摄像机对空间中的某一点$ {X}_{c} $进行拍摄,要将二维图像平面上的点与三维空间中的目标点进行转换,需通过世界坐标系、摄像机坐标系、像平面坐标系、计算机图像坐标系这四个坐标系的三次转换,公式如式(1)所示。
$z_c\left[\begin{array}{l}u \\v \\1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}f_x & 0 & u_0 & 0 \\0 & f_y & v_0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 1 & 0\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ll}R & T \\0^{\mathrm{T}} & 1\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}x_w \\y_w \\z_w \\1\end{array}\right] $
式中:$ {z}_{c} $$ {X}_{c} $在摄像机坐标系下的z坐标,$ {x}_{w},{y}_{w},{z}_{w} $分别为$ {X}_{c} $在世界坐标系下的xyz坐标,$ \left({u}_{\mathbf{0}},{v}_{\mathbf{0}}\right) $是摄像机在世界坐标系中的主点坐标,$ \left({f}_{x},{f}_{y}\right) $是以像素表示的沿x轴和y轴的焦距,$ R $是旋转矩阵,$ T $是平移向量。
空间点与左右图像平面上的两个投影点存在的对应关系,由摄像机成像的几何模型参数确定,这些参数就是摄像机参数。要从二维图像重构三维空间坐标,需要求解这些参数,即摄像机标定[23]。摄像机标定过程中需要计算左右摄像机的内参数矩阵(主点坐标)以及左右两台摄像机之间的相对位置关系,即外参数矩阵(平移向量和旋转矩阵)。表1显示了双目视觉测波系统的参数,其中$ \alpha $是立体相机相对于水平面的平均俯仰角,H是立体基线距平均海平面的高度,B是左右相机主点之间的距离。运用张正友标定方法,得到相机标定参数如表2所示。
双目视觉系统中的左右摄像机同步进行拍摄,记录同一时刻下的同一波浪,因此左右图像中的波浪存在很多相似特征,通过特征提取就能将其应用于后续的图像处理。立体匹配通过相似测度函数计算所提取特征间的相似程度,在约束条件和搜索函数的协同作用下,确定目标点在左右图像中对应像点的匹配关系。目标的形状、大小等自身特性,以及光照条件、背景环境等外部因素,最终都会以二维信息的形式呈现出来。通过将立体匹配中所得匹配对的二维坐标进行计算机坐标系、像平面坐标系、摄像机坐标系、世界坐标系这四个坐标系的转换,得到二维的匹配对坐标在世界坐标系下的三维信息,从而恢复目标物体的形状、大小、高度等信息,实现三维重建。
Harris算法计算局部窗口内各个方向的灰度值变化[24],设图像$ I(x,y) $在像素点$ (x,y) $的局部窗口内偏移$ (\Delta x,\Delta y) $,则窗口内的自相关函数为
$ \begin{aligned}c(x,y;\Delta x,\Delta y)&=\sum\limits_{(u,v)\in W(x,y)}w(u,v){(I(u,v)-I(u+\Delta x,v+\Delta y))}^{2}\\&\approx{\sum\limits_{w}\left([{I}_{x}(u,v){I}_{y}(u,v)]\left[\begin{array}{l}\Delta x\\\Delta y\end{array}\right]\right)}^{2}=[\Delta x\Delta y]M(x,y)\left[\begin{array}{l}\Delta x\\\Delta y\end{array}\right]\end{aligned} $
式中:$ W(x,y) $是以$ (x,y) $为中心的局部窗口;$ w(u,v) $为加权函数;$ {I}_{x} $$ {I}_{y} $$ I(x,y) $的偏导数;$ M(x,y) $为自相关函数的矩阵,表达式如下
$ \begin{aligned}M(x,y)&=\sum\limits_{w}\left[\begin{array}{l}{I}_{x}(u,v)^{2}{I}_{x}(u,v){I}_{y}(u,v)\\{I}_{x}(u,v){I}_{y}(u,v){I}_{y}(u,v)^{2}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{l}{\sum\limits_{w}{I}_{x}(u,v)}^{2}\sum\limits_{w}{I}_{x}(u,v){I}_{y}(u,v)\\\sum\limits_{w}{I}_{x}(u,v){I}_{y}(u,v)\sum\limits_{w}{I}_{y}{(u,v)}^{2}\end{array}\right]&=\left[\begin{array}{l}\text{A C}\\\text{C B}\end{array}\right]\end{aligned} $
假设$ {\lambda }_{1} $$ {\lambda }_{2} $$ M(x,y) $两个特征值,与局部自相关函数的主曲率成正比例关系。因此,可以通过$ {\lambda }_{1} $$ {\lambda }_{2} $的变化,来判断局部窗口的中心点为角点、边缘或平坦地区,具体方式如下:
(1)图像的平坦区域:当$ {\lambda }_{1} $$ {\lambda }_{2} $的值都很小时,意味着局部窗口内的图像无论朝哪个方向移动,其灰度变化都很小,由此可确定局部窗口的中心点位于图像的平坦区域。
(2)图像的边缘:若两个特征值中有一个远大于另一个,此时可认为局部窗口碰到了图像的边缘区域。
(3)图像的角点:当$ {\lambda }_{1} $$ {\lambda }_{2} $的值都较大时,表明局部窗口内的图像无论往哪个方向移动,灰度变化都十分显著,由此可确定局部窗口的中心点为角点。
运用Harris算法对波浪图片进行特征提取及匹配,匹配结果如图2所示,单组图片耗时约2.46 s,匹配点数为41。
SIFT算子由Lowe提出并于2004年完善,该算子最为突出的特性是尺度不变性,无论目标物体距离观测者是远还是近,都能被准确识别出来。SIFT算法的流程主要涵盖四个关键步骤,分别是DoG(高斯差分)尺度空间极值检测、特征点定位与筛选、特征点方向确定,以及特征向量生成与SIFT匹配[25]。前两个步骤中主要获取特征点的位置信息和尺度信息,第三步着重确定特征点的方向信息,完成特征点的检测工作,并且对特征点的位置、尺度以及方向进行详细描述。而特征向量的生成环节是借助特征点邻域的信息对特征点进行描述,为后续的SIFT匹配提供了条件。运用SIFT算法对波浪图片进行特征提取及匹配,匹配结果如图3所示,单组图片耗时约2.1 s,匹配点数为318。
传统的特征提取及匹配算法,如Harris、SIFT等,其共同点在于需要先分别从左右图提取特征点,再进行特征点配对,因此往往耗时长,且处理夜晚环境下纹理不清晰的波浪图片时,不能提取到足够的特征点数,导致无法实现较好的三维重建效果。本研究引入LoFTR算法,原理如图4所示,其中局部特征卷积神经网络提取模块提取波浪图像的多尺度特征图,1/8尺度的粗粒度特征用于全局匹配,1/2的细粒度特征用于亚像素级精细化。粗粒度特征图被展平为一维向量并加上位置编码,随后由局部特征Transformer模块处理,该模块包含自注意力和交叉注意力层。匹配模块中生成一个置信度矩阵,根据置信度阈值和互为最近邻标准选择匹配,从而得到粗粒度匹配预测。对于每个选定的粗粒度预测,从细粒度特征图中裁剪一个局部窗口进行处理。在该局部窗口内,粗粒度匹配将被细化到亚像素级别,作为最终匹配预测结果。
基于LoFTR模型与波浪纹理的特点,粗匹配阶段通过双边软最大化策略计算特征图间的相似度矩阵,增强波浪纹理匹配的鲁棒性,避免传统最近邻匹配在重复纹理中的歧义问题。通过关闭稀疏监督,强制模型学习全图密集特征,确保波浪图像中所有像素的特征均被充分训练,以适配波浪纹理全局连续性的特点。粗匹配训练比例设为30%,以平衡粗匹配与细匹配的计算资源分配,在确保波浪图像中大尺度纹理特征被充分捕捉的同时,保留细匹配阶段对局部细节的优化空间。正则系数为0.1,基础学习率设置为0.008,预热步数为1875步(约三个epoch),预热比例为10%,初期逐步增加学习率,确保从预热阶段平稳过渡到高效训练阶段,并结合多步学习率调整,在训练的第8、12、16、20、24个epoch时,学习率逐步衰减以精细调优。该算法直接从左右图片中获得匹配点对,无需先提取特征点,因此在速率上显著提升。运用LoFTR算法对波浪图片进行特征提取及匹配,结合GPU加速,在RTX4060环境下单组图片耗时约0.9 s。阈值设置为0.85时,具体样例匹配点数为4298,随机选取其中1000组匹配点做匹配效果图,如图5所示。
通过对波浪图片进行特征提取与匹配并进行对比分析发现,从匹配效果来看,各方法匹配的特征点都集中于图片波纹明显处。其中,Harris算法能够较为准确地检测出图片中的角点等特征,但部分区域可能存在误匹配的情况;SIFT算法凭借尺度不变性优势,能获取到具有稳定尺度信息的特征点,匹配准确度较高;而LoFTR算法结合深度学习,不仅匹配准确性更高,且在速率上相较于Harris算法提升了63%,相较于SIFT算法提升了57%,其匹配效果从两方面都明显优于传统算法(见表3)。
为验证LoFTR算法对于纹理不清晰的图片是否仍能保持较好的匹配效果,选取夜晚环境下的波浪图片进行特征匹配。本文选取夜间拍摄的图片,用补光灯进行了光照增强,不是完全的黑夜环境,但是光照强度仍然弱于白天的正常光照。图6为运用LoFTR算法对波浪图片进行匹配的结果图,所示样例匹配点数为2764。图7图8分别为运用Harris和SIFT算法对同样的夜晚环境波浪图像做特征提取及匹配的效果图,Harris算法匹配点仅为8对,而SIFT算法匹配点为50对。当处理纹理不清晰的图像时,LoFTR算法与传统算法所得的匹配点数均减少,但LoFTR算法能够稳定保持2000余对匹配点,仍能在后续进行较好的三维重建,而传统算法的匹配点数则急剧减少,已无法满足三维重建需求。因此,LoFTR算法不仅在效率上优于传统算法,在处理纹理不清晰的图片时,效果也更加可靠、稳定,更符合实际工程的需要。
波浪重构方法通过参数反演——三维重建的框架,将二维波浪图像转化为可供分析的三维波面以及波浪参数。反演阶段通过左右摄像机拍摄的不同角度图像,利用几何关系计算每个时刻的水面高程,并从中提取出波浪参数。重建阶段则通过对散点进行插值和滤波,得到规则网格上的连续三维波面序列。该方法具有非接触式以及能够对场域波浪进行监测的优点,可为船体姿态控制、海洋结构物波浪载荷计算等提供输入。
波浪中蕴含大量信息,波浪参数的反演能够将原始观测转化为实时海况信息,是保障航行安全、改进数值预报和支撑海洋工程设计的核心环节。此外,波浪参数反演能够对所用算法的准确性进行评估,考察所得的波高、周期等是否符合实际,剔除异常数据,提高三维重建阶段所得的三维波浪场的准确性。本文以某海上固定式风机上安装的双目视觉测波系统拍摄的波浪图像作为图片集,系统如图9所示,采集并处理波浪图像共1298组,采样频率为2 Hz,采集时间段内海况等级为2~3级,波浪参数反演及三维重构结果均在该海况范围内。
双目视觉测波系统所拍摄的左右波浪图片存在视差,结合相机标定的参数以及匹配点对的坐标,就能够得到波高z值,取反演区域X∈(−4000,0),Y∈(−12000,−2000),绘制散点图如图10所示。波高时间历程数据是进行船体姿态控制和系泊系统稳定性评估的关键输入,取反演点坐标为(−600,−2000),利用双向线性插值,即可得到该点的波高时间序列,允许像素容差为50时,共保留892个点,绘制该反演点的波高时间序列如图11所示,最大波高约为0.157 m。
对同一片海域进行连续监测,在完成波浪图片匹配得到左右图的匹配点坐标后,结合相机标定参数可得到深度信息,进而通过三维坐标就可以得到该时刻场域内波浪场的三维图像。以第一帧波浪图像为例,图12为波浪图像,图13~15分别为该时刻波浪场的散点图、波面等高线图以及三维图。视场取X∈(−4000,0),Y∈(−12000,−2000)的区域,散点图、波面等高线图、三维波浪的xy坐标均表示视场所选取的范围,大小为4 m×10 m,散点图和三维波浪的z坐标都代表所得到的波高值。
为验证LoFTR对夜晚环境下的波浪图片进行特征匹配后能否实现良好的三维重建,选取之前所得的夜晚波浪图像匹配点坐标进行处理,三维重建效果如图16所示。
选取5帧连续的波浪图像进行三维重建的验证,结果如图17所示,与原始波浪图像相比,重建效果良好,能够明显看到波浪随时间发生变化的过程。
本文基于LoFTR算法,对双目视觉测波技术中的波浪特征提取及匹配阶段进行了优化,验证了该方法处理不同光照环境下波浪图片的效果,并结合相机标定参数和匹配点的坐标得到深度信息,进而绘制散点图、波高等高线图以及三维波浪场,进行波浪参数的反演,得到波高时间序列。结论及展望如下:
(1)LoFTR算法在速率及准确性上均显著优于传统算法,处理正常光照条件下的波浪图片时,相较于Harris算法效率提升了63%,相较于SIFT算法效率提升了57%,平均每帧处理时间为0.9 s,阈值为0.85时得到匹配点数约4300对。本文采集并处理了1298组波浪图像,得到了波高的时间序列曲线以及良好的三维重建结果。
(2)在处理黑夜环境下纹理不清晰的波浪图片时,LoFTR算法仍具有良好的匹配效果,本文实例中得到匹配点数2764对,依然能够实现良好的三维重建,在实际工程应用中更加稳定可靠。
(3)该方法为场域内波浪监测的高效率、高准确性提供了新的技术支持,但是深度学习算法对硬件设备要求更高。未来可进一步优化LoFTR模型,使其能够在实际工程中实现轻量化,并在速率上更接近于实时性的要求。另外,可进一步对其他低光照条件如雨天、雾天下的波浪图片,展开特征点提取及匹配的研究,优化本文所用算法,使其实际适用范围更广。

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2026年第30卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.012
  • 接收时间:2025-01-02
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-02
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    1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    2.船舶结构安全全国重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
    3.中葡船舶结构安全可靠性联合实验室,江苏 无锡 214082

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汪雪良(1977–),男,研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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