Article(id=1281323876214870540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757865600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421017935, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421017935, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421017935, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421017935, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281323788058996778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='3', pageStart='341', pageEnd='506', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783420996918, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422057887, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=439, endPage=451, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281323876558803469, articleId=1281323876214870540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Research on self-excited vibrations induced by friction in ship stern tube seals, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The stern tube seal of a ship often generates abnormal vibration and noise due to the friction excitation between the static ring and the dynamic ring. Through shipboard testing, it was found that this abnormal vibration appears in the form of the torsional vibration natural frequency of the static ring and its harmonics in the vibration spectrum. In order to reveal the cause of this phenomenon, this paper establishes a nonlinear torsional vibration analysis model for the stern tube seal considering the contact-friction effect between the static ring and the dynamic ring. The influence of parameters such as shaft system rotational speed, friction coefficient, Ω spring preload, Ω spring torsional stiffness, and structural damping ratio on the vibration of the stern tube seal was studied using multiscale method and numerical simulation. The results show that when the equivalent damping ratio induced by the friction excitation is smaller than the structural damping ratio, the static ring of the stern tube seal will exhibit friction-induced self-excited vibration, that is, the occurrence of the torsional vibration natural frequency of the static ring and its harmonics in the vibration spectrum. Increasing the Ω spring preload, and increasing the difference in static and dynamic friction coefficients between the static ring and the dynamic ring, or reducing the rotational speed of the shaft system and the torsional stiffness of the Ω spring will make the static ring more susceptible to friction-induced self-excited vibration. Increasing the structural damping ratio can effectively suppress the friction-induced self-excited vibration of the static ring. Finally, this paper provides a critical formula for the occurrence of friction-induced self-excited vibration in the static ring. This research has important guiding significance for the design and maintenance of stern tube seals.

, authors=Dong-lin ZOU1a, 1b, Lin XUE1a, 1b, Qiang LIN2, Yu-ze YANG1a, 1b, Na TA1a, 1b, Zhu-shi RAO1a, 1b, authorsList=Dong-lin ZOU, Lin XUE, Qiang LIN, Yu-ze YANG, Na TA, Zhu-shi RAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhu-shi RAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281323901481358030, articleId=1281323876214870540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=船舶艉轴密封装置摩擦自激振动研究, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

船舶艉轴密封装置在工作过程中常常因静环和动环间的摩擦激励而产生异常振动噪声,通过实船测试发现,该异常振动在振动频谱中表征为静环扭振固有频率及其倍频分量的出现。为揭示该异常振动产生原因,本文建立了摩擦激励下的艉轴密封装置非线性扭振分析模型,利用多尺度法和数值仿真分别研究了轴系旋转速度、动静环间摩擦系数、Ω弹簧预紧力、Ω弹簧扭转刚度、系统结构阻尼比等参数对艉轴密封装置振动的影响规律。研究表明:当摩擦激励诱发的等效阻尼比小于系统的结构阻尼比时,艉轴密封装置的静环将产生摩擦自激振动,表现为振动频谱中出现静环扭振固有频率及其倍频分量;增大Ω弹簧预紧力、增大动静环间的静摩擦系数与动摩擦系数差异,或者降低轴系旋转速度、降低Ω弹簧扭转刚度均将导致静环更易发生摩擦自激振动;提高系统的结构阻尼比可有效抑制静环的摩擦自激振动;轴系扭振仅改变静环自激振动的幅值,而不会改变其性态。最后,本文提供了静环产生摩擦自激振动的判别公式。本文研究结果为实船艉轴密封装置的振动故障诊断、设计优化及运行调控提供理论依据与技术支撑。

, authors=邹冬林1a, 1b, 薛林1a, 1b, 林强2, 杨宇泽1a, 1b, 塔娜1a, 1b, 饶柱石1a, 1b, authorsList=邹冬林, 薛林, 林强, 杨宇泽, 塔娜, 饶柱石, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=饶柱石, authorNote=

邹冬林(1987–),男,博士,助理研究员

, correspAuthorsNote=
饶柱石(1962–),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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邹冬林(1987–),男,博士,助理研究员

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caption=Influence of rotational speed ωP=6000 N, ξt1=0.01, μ01=0.03, Kt1=3.9×106 N·m/rad, $ {\dot{\theta }}_{2} $=0), figureFileSmall=WGygFphHHXQLIrbMHVP6Iw==, figureFileBig=T5BOQ0MjVARVQOqTg5oJQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281323904849384207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323876214870540, language=CN, label=图3, caption=旋转速度ω影响(P=6000 N, ξt1=0.01, μ01=0.03, Kt1=3.9×106 N·m/rad, $ {\dot{\theta }}_{2} $=0), figureFileSmall=WGygFphHHXQLIrbMHVP6Iw==, figureFileBig=T5BOQ0MjVARVQOqTg5oJQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281323904912298768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323876214870540, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Influence of friction coefficient μ01 P=6000 N, ξt1=0.01, ω=30 r/min, Kt1=3.9×106 N·m/rad, $ {\dot{\theta }}_{2} $=0), figureFileSmall=ef6CBykjTPgLsWKyjtcLJg==, figureFileBig=sgPwLRIWReOU1Pe2IJukmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281323904991990545, 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articleId=1281323876214870540, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Boundary for abnormal vibration varies with parameters, figureFileSmall=wQ7lA1yJMhK7RNanynvF0Q==, figureFileBig=wndMXnDqx6dw3eNDjpvcmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281323905986040605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323876214870540, language=CN, label=图10, caption=系统发生异常振动时的边界随参数变化, figureFileSmall=wQ7lA1yJMhK7RNanynvF0Q==, figureFileBig=wndMXnDqx6dw3eNDjpvcmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281323906069926686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323876214870540, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of the stern tube seal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称数值参数名称数值
静环质量M37.4 kgΩ弹簧扭转刚度Kt3.9×106 N·m/rad
静环绕轴向转动惯量It3.13 kg·m2Ω弹簧轴向刚度Kx7.8×105 N/m
动静环间静摩擦系数μ00.37Ω弹簧径向刚度Ky3.1×106 N/m
动静环间动摩擦系数μ10.34Ω弹簧预紧力P3000 N
静环内径R1210 mm静环外径R2250 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1281323906141229855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323876214870540, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

艉轴密封装置参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称数值参数名称数值
静环质量M37.4 kgΩ弹簧扭转刚度Kt3.9×106 N·m/rad
静环绕轴向转动惯量It3.13 kg·m2Ω弹簧轴向刚度Kx7.8×105 N/m
动静环间静摩擦系数μ00.37Ω弹簧径向刚度Ky3.1×106 N/m
动静环间动摩擦系数μ10.34Ω弹簧预紧力P3000 N
静环内径R1210 mm静环外径R2250 mm
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Natural frequencies of the static ring in three directions

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静环固有频率数值
静环纵向固有频率ωx23 Hz
静环径向固有频率ωy46 Hz
静环扭转固有频率ωt177 Hz
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静环三个方向上固有频率

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静环固有频率数值
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静环径向固有频率ωy46 Hz
静环扭转固有频率ωt177 Hz
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船舶艉轴密封装置摩擦自激振动研究
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邹冬林 1a, 1b , 薛林 1a, 1b , 林强 2 , 杨宇泽 1a, 1b , 塔娜 1a, 1b , 饶柱石 1a, 1b
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(3): 439-451
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (3) : 439 -451
船舶艉轴密封装置摩擦自激振动研究
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邹冬林1a, 1b, 薛林1a, 1b, 林强2, 杨宇泽1a, 1b, 塔娜1a, 1b, 饶柱石1a, 1b
作者信息
  • 1a.上海交通大学 振动、冲击、噪声研究所
  • 1b.上海交通大学 机械系统与振动国家重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 2.中国船舶科学研究中心 上海分部,上海 200011
通讯作者:
饶柱石(1962–),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

邹冬林(1987–),男,博士,助理研究员

Research on self-excited vibrations induced by friction in ship stern tube seals
Dong-lin ZOU1a, 1b, Lin XUE1a, 1b, Qiang LIN2, Yu-ze YANG1a, 1b, Na TA1a, 1b, Zhu-shi RAO1a, 1b
Affiliations
  • 1a.Shanghai Jiao Tong University Institute of Vibration, Shock and Noise
  • 1b.Shanghai Jiao Tong University State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Branch, Shanghai 200011, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.009
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船舶艉轴密封装置在工作过程中常常因静环和动环间的摩擦激励而产生异常振动噪声,通过实船测试发现,该异常振动在振动频谱中表征为静环扭振固有频率及其倍频分量的出现。为揭示该异常振动产生原因,本文建立了摩擦激励下的艉轴密封装置非线性扭振分析模型,利用多尺度法和数值仿真分别研究了轴系旋转速度、动静环间摩擦系数、Ω弹簧预紧力、Ω弹簧扭转刚度、系统结构阻尼比等参数对艉轴密封装置振动的影响规律。研究表明:当摩擦激励诱发的等效阻尼比小于系统的结构阻尼比时,艉轴密封装置的静环将产生摩擦自激振动,表现为振动频谱中出现静环扭振固有频率及其倍频分量;增大Ω弹簧预紧力、增大动静环间的静摩擦系数与动摩擦系数差异,或者降低轴系旋转速度、降低Ω弹簧扭转刚度均将导致静环更易发生摩擦自激振动;提高系统的结构阻尼比可有效抑制静环的摩擦自激振动;轴系扭振仅改变静环自激振动的幅值,而不会改变其性态。最后,本文提供了静环产生摩擦自激振动的判别公式。本文研究结果为实船艉轴密封装置的振动故障诊断、设计优化及运行调控提供理论依据与技术支撑。

艉轴密封装置  /  自激振动  /  异常振动  /  多尺度法  /  摩擦激励  /  扭转振动

The stern tube seal of a ship often generates abnormal vibration and noise due to the friction excitation between the static ring and the dynamic ring. Through shipboard testing, it was found that this abnormal vibration appears in the form of the torsional vibration natural frequency of the static ring and its harmonics in the vibration spectrum. In order to reveal the cause of this phenomenon, this paper establishes a nonlinear torsional vibration analysis model for the stern tube seal considering the contact-friction effect between the static ring and the dynamic ring. The influence of parameters such as shaft system rotational speed, friction coefficient, Ω spring preload, Ω spring torsional stiffness, and structural damping ratio on the vibration of the stern tube seal was studied using multiscale method and numerical simulation. The results show that when the equivalent damping ratio induced by the friction excitation is smaller than the structural damping ratio, the static ring of the stern tube seal will exhibit friction-induced self-excited vibration, that is, the occurrence of the torsional vibration natural frequency of the static ring and its harmonics in the vibration spectrum. Increasing the Ω spring preload, and increasing the difference in static and dynamic friction coefficients between the static ring and the dynamic ring, or reducing the rotational speed of the shaft system and the torsional stiffness of the Ω spring will make the static ring more susceptible to friction-induced self-excited vibration. Increasing the structural damping ratio can effectively suppress the friction-induced self-excited vibration of the static ring. Finally, this paper provides a critical formula for the occurrence of friction-induced self-excited vibration in the static ring. This research has important guiding significance for the design and maintenance of stern tube seals.

stern tube seal  /  self-excited vibration  /  abnormal vibration  /  multiscale method  /  friction excitation  /  torsional vibration
邹冬林, 薛林, 林强, 杨宇泽, 塔娜, 饶柱石. 船舶艉轴密封装置摩擦自激振动研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (3) : 439 -451 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.009
Dong-lin ZOU, Lin XUE, Qiang LIN, Yu-ze YANG, Na TA, Zhu-shi RAO. Research on self-excited vibrations induced by friction in ship stern tube seals[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (3) : 439 -451 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.009
艉轴密封装置是船舶推进轴系的重要组成部分,可防止海水进入船舶舱室内,因而对船舶安全稳定运行有重要意义[12]。典型的船舶艉轴密封装置结构如图1所示,其核心部件包括Ω弹簧、静环(由静环座及与其连接的高分子材料组成)、动环三部分,其中静环与Ω弹簧连接,并保持固定,动环与轴系连接,随轴系旋转。艉轴密封装置工作原理如下:在Ω弹簧和水压作用下,静环与动环相互紧密贴合,从而达到密封目的。动环旋转可使得动环与静环间产生一层极薄的水膜,可润滑和冷却密封副[3]
当前,国内外学界与工程界针对艉轴密封装置已开展了大量研究工作,研究焦点主要集中于三个方向:一是围绕动静环摩擦接触引发的热变形与机械变形问题,探究其对密封性能(如密封性、可靠性)的影响机制[49];二是分析轴系不对中、变形及振动等因素导致密封端面间隙分布不均,进而引发的密封失效风险与性能衰减规律 [1014];三是聚焦密封装置的材料选型优化与结构创新设计,旨在提升其耐磨损性与适配性[1519]。值得注意的是,针对艉轴密封装置在摩擦激励作用下产生的异常振动问题,目前相关研究仍处于空白状态。多艘实船的长期振动监测数据显示,艉轴密封装置在运行数年后面临异常振动风险,直接导致船舱内振动噪声显著攀升。通过对舱壁振动加速度信号的频谱分析(如图2所示),可清晰观测到静环扭转固有频率(约 177 Hz)及其倍频分量的特征峰值,这一现象为异常振动的溯源提供了关键线索。
当前,工程设计人员对该类异常振动的诱发机理尚未形成明确认知,仅初步推测其与动环-静环间的摩擦激励力相关,属于摩擦自激振动范畴。摩擦自激振动在机械密封系统中易引发密封面磨损加剧、使用寿命缩短等连锁危害,严重时可能威胁船舶动力系统的运行安全性。因此,系统性地开展艉轴密封装置摩擦自激振动的机理研究,揭示其振动特征、诱发条件及演化规律,不仅可填补该领域理论研究空白,更能为实船密封系统的故障诊断、设计优化与运行可靠性提升提供重要科学支撑,具有显著的学术价值与工程应用意义。
综上所述,目前针对艉轴密封装置的研究主要聚焦在密封性能方面,包括温升、变形、磨损及泄露等。然而对艉轴密封装置因摩擦激励产生的异常振动问题,目前鲜有研究。
因此,为揭示该异常振动产生原因,本文作者开展了相关研究。本文具体章节内容安排如下:第1章中建立摩擦激励下的艉轴密封装置非线性扭振分析模型;第2章中利用多尺度法获得非线性振动方程的一次近似解,并推导静环产生摩擦自激振动的临界判别公式;第3章中利用数值仿真方法研究轴系旋转速度、动静环间摩擦系数、Ω弹簧预紧力、Ω弹簧扭转刚度、系统结构阻尼比等参数对艉轴密封装置振动的影响规律;重要结论在第4章中给出。
图1中艉轴密封装置结构可知,Ω弹簧、静环、动环及推进轴系组成一个复杂的振动系统,直接对该复杂振动系统建模将异常复杂,因此需抓住问题的关键,建立合理的简化动力学模型。表1为某实船上出现异常频率的艉轴密封装置主要参数。
表2为将静环简化为一个单自由度系统后计算得到的三个方向上的固有频率,由此可知图2中的异常频率(约177 Hz)与静环扭转固有频率吻合,因此初步判断异常振动源于摩擦激励引起的静环扭转自激振动。
由此可知,建立静环的扭转振动动力学模型,就可以使得在简化计算的同时又能反映问题的本质。在简化后的模型中,将静环和Ω弹簧等效为一个扭转方向上的单自由度系统,并将动环和轴系对静环的影响等效为摩擦激励力矩。因此该简化模型中可以通过考虑摩擦激励力来反映动环和轴系振动对静环的影响,但未能考虑静环振动对动环和轴系振动的反馈影响。实际情况中,由于静环的质量远小于动环和轴系的质量,因此可以忽略静环的振动对动环的影响,只需要考虑动环的振动对静环的影响即可。
通过上述分析,可将静环简化为一个扭转方向振动的单自由度系统,其动力学模型如下
$ {I}_{1}{\ddot{\theta }}_{1}+{K}_{\text{t}1}{\theta }_{1}+{C}_{\text{t}1}{\dot{\theta }}_{1}={F}_{\text{M}} $
式中:$ {I}_{1} $为静环绕轴系的转动惯量;$ {K}_{\text{t}1} $为Ω弹簧的扭转刚度;$ {C}_{\text{t}1} $为系统等效阻尼;$ {\theta }_{1} $为静环的扭转振动位移;$ {F}_{\text{M}} $为摩擦激励力矩,其表达式在下一节详细介绍。
摩擦力模型采用速度依赖型指数模型[20-21],其表达式如下
$ \mu ={\mu }_{1}+\left({\mu }_{0}-{\mu }_{1}\right){\text{e}}^{-\text{a}R\dot{\theta }} $
式中:$ \mu $为动环与静环间摩擦系数;$ {\mu }_{1} $为动摩擦系数;$ {\mu }_{0} $为静摩擦系数;$ \text{a} $为常数; $ R $为半径;$ \dot{\theta } $为相对角速度。
考虑轴系角速度以及其扭振角速度后,式(2)可变为
$ \mu ={\mu }_{1}+\left({\mu }_{0}-{\mu }_{1}\right){\text{e}}^{-\text{a}R\left(\omega +{\dot{\theta }}_{2}-{\dot{\theta }}_{1}\right)} $
式中:$ \omega $为轴系角速度;$ {\dot{\theta }}_{1} $为静环扭转角速度;$ {\dot{\theta }}_{2} $为动环和轴系的扭振角速度。
假设静环内径为$ {R}_{1} $,外径为$ {R}_{2} $,则静环与动环间因摩擦力产生的扭矩激励力可表示为
$ {F}_{\text{M}}=\dfrac{P}{{\text{π}} \left(R_{2}^{2}-R_{1}^{2}\right)}\int\limits_{{R}_{1}}^{{R}_{2}}2{\text{π}} {r}^{2}\mu \text{d}r=\dfrac{2P}{\left(R_{2}^{2}-R_{1}^{2}\right)}\int\limits_{{R}_{1}}^{{R}_{2}}{r}^{2}\left({\mu }_{1}+\left({\mu }_{0}-{\mu }_{1}\right){\text{e}}^{-\text{a}r\left(\omega +{\dot{\theta }}_{2}-{\dot{\theta }}_{1}\right)}\right)\text{d}r $
式中:$ P $为动环与静环间正压力,取决于Ω弹簧的预紧力及水压。
进一步,式(4)可表示为
$ {F}_{\text{M}}=\dfrac{2P}{\left(R_{2}^{2}-R_{1}^{2}\right)}\left(\begin{array}{l}\dfrac{{\mu }_{1}\left(R_{2}^{3}-R_{1}^{3}\right)}{3}+\dfrac{{\mu }_{01}\left(R_{1}^{2}{\text{e}}^{-\text{a}{{R}_{1}}\left(\omega +{\dot{\theta }}_{2}-{\dot{\theta }}_{1}\right)}-R_{2}^{2}{\text{e}}^{-\text{a}{{R}_{2}}\left(\omega +{\dot{\theta }}_{2}-{\dot{\theta }}_{1}\right)}\right)}{\text{a}\left(\omega +{\dot{\theta }}_{2}-{\dot{\theta }}_{1}\right)}+\\\dfrac{2{\mu }_{01}\left({R}_{1}{\text{e}}^{-\text{a}{{R}_{1}}\left(\omega +{\dot{\theta }}_{2}-{\dot{\theta }}_{1}\right)}-{R}_{2}{\text{e}}^{-\text{a}{{R}_{2}}\left(\omega +{\dot{\theta }}_{2}-{\dot{\theta }}_{1}\right)}\right)}{{\text{a}}^{2}{\left(\omega +{\dot{\theta }}_{2}-{\dot{\theta }}_{1}\right)}^{2}}+\dfrac{2{\mu }_{01}\left({\text{e}}^{-\text{a}{{R}_{1}}\left(\omega +{\dot{\theta }}_{2}-{\dot{\theta }}_{1}\right)}-{\text{e}}^{-\text{a}{{R}_{2}}\left(\omega +{\dot{\theta }}_{2}-{\dot{\theta }}_{1}\right)}\right)}{{\text{a}}^{3}{\left(\omega +{\dot{\theta }}_{2}-{\dot{\theta }}_{1}\right)}^{3}}\end{array}\right) $
式中:$ {\mu }_{01}={\mu }_{0}-{\mu }_{1} $,其物理意义为动静环间静摩擦系数与动摩擦系数之差。
由式(5)可知,摩擦激励扭矩$ {F}_{\text{M}} $$ {\dot{\theta }}_{1} $的函数,将其在$ {\dot{\theta }}_{1}=0 $处泰勒展开,即
$ {F}_{\text{M}}={F}_{\text{M}}(0)+{{{F}^{\prime}}}_{\text{M}}(0){\dot{\theta }}_{1}+\dfrac{{{{F}^{\prime\prime}}}_{\text{M}}(0)}{2}\dot{\theta }_{1}^{2}+\dfrac{{{{F}^{\prime\prime\prime}}}_{\text{M}}(0)}{6}\dot{\theta }_{1}^{3} $
对式(1)无量纲化,引入如下变量
$ \tau ={\omega }_{\text{t}1}t,\begin{array}{c}\end{array}{\omega }_{\text{t}1}=\sqrt{\dfrac{{K}_{\text{t}1}}{{I}_{1}}}, \begin{array}{c}\end{array}{\overline{\theta }}_{1}=\dfrac{{\theta }_{1}}{{\theta }_{0}}, \begin{array}{c}\end{array}{\xi }_{\text{t}1}=\dfrac{{C}_{\text{t}1}}{2{I}_{1}{\omega }_{\text{t}1}} $
式中:$ {\omega }_{\text{t}1} $为静环扭转振动固有频率;$ {\theta }_{0} $为常数,可取为轴系扭振幅值。
将式(6)和式(7)代入式(1)可得
$ {\ddot{\overline{\theta } }}_{1}+{\overline{\theta }}_{1}={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}{\dot{\overline{\theta } }}_{1}+{\beta }_{2}\dot{\overline{\theta } }_{1}^{2}+{\beta }_{3}\dot{\overline{\theta } }_{1}^{3} $
式中:$ {\beta }_{0} $$ {\beta }_{1} $$ {\beta }_{2} $$ {\beta }_{3} $可表示为
$ {\beta }_{0}=\dfrac{{F}_{\text{M}}(0)}{{I}_{1}\omega _{\text{t}1}^{2}{\theta }_{0}},\begin{array}{c}\end{array} \; {\beta }_{1}=\dfrac{{{{F}^{\prime}}}_{\text{M}}(0)}{{I}_{1}{\omega }_{\text{t}1}}-2{\xi }_{\text{t}1},\begin{array}{c}\end{array} \; {\beta }_{2}=\dfrac{{{{F}^{\prime\prime}}}_{\text{M}}(0){\theta }_{0}}{2{I}_{1}},\begin{array}{c}\end{array} \; {\beta }_{3}=\dfrac{{{{F}^{\prime\prime\prime}}}_{\text{M}}(0){\omega }_{\text{t}1}\theta _{0}^{2}}{6{I}_{1}} $
$ {x}_{\text{t}1}={\overline{\theta }}_{1}-{\beta }_{0} $,则式(8)可表示为
$ {\ddot{x}}_{\text{t}1}+{x}_{\text{t}1}={\beta }_{1}{\dot{x}}_{\text{t}1}+{\beta }_{2}\dot{x}_{\text{t}1}^{2}+{\beta }_{3}\dot{x}_{\text{t}1}^{3} $
本节利用多尺度法[22]求解式(10),与正则摄动法相比,多尺度法的明显优点是:不仅能计算周期运动,而且能计算耗散系统的衰减振动;不仅能计算稳态响应,而且能计算非稳态过程;同时还可以分析稳态响应的稳定性,描绘非自治系统的全局运动性态。为了求解方便,假设轴系扭振角速度$ {\dot{\theta }}_{2} $为零,首先引入小参数$ \varepsilon $,式(10)可变为
$ {\ddot{x}}_{\text{t}1}+{x}_{\text{t}1}=\varepsilon {\beta }_{1}{\dot{x}}_{\text{t}1}+\varepsilon {\beta }_{2}\dot{x}_{\text{t}1}^{2}+\varepsilon {\beta }_{3}\dot{x}_{\text{t}1}^{3} $
本节只考虑一次近似解,引入两个时间尺度$ {T}_{n}={\varepsilon }^{n}\tau \begin{array}{c}\end{array}(n=0,1) $,由求导法则可得
$ \dfrac{\text{d}}{\text{d}\tau }={D}_{0}+\varepsilon {D}_{1},\begin{array}{c}\end{array}\dfrac{{\text{d}}^{2}}{\text{d}{\tau }^{2}}=D_{0}^{2}+2\varepsilon {D}_{0}{D}_{1}+{\varepsilon }^{2}D_{1}^{2} $
式中:$ {D}_{n} $为偏微分算子符号,定义为$ {D}_{n}\equiv \dfrac{\partial }{\partial {T}_{n}}\begin{array}{c}\end{array}(n=0,1) $
假设式(11)的解可表示成如下形式
$ {x}_{\text{t}1}(t)={x}_{\text{t}1,0}({T}_{0},{T}_{1})+\varepsilon {x}_{\text{t}1,1}({T}_{0},{T}_{1}) $
将式(12)和式(13)代入式(11)后,按$ \varepsilon $阶数整理可得如下各阶近似方程
$ {\varepsilon }^{0}\colon D_{0}^{2}{x}_{\text{t}1,0}+{x}_{\text{t}1,0}=0 $
$ {\varepsilon }^{1}\colon D_{0}^{2}{x}_{\text{t}1,1}+{x}_{\text{t}1,1}=-2{D}_{0}{D}_{1}{x}_{\text{t}1,0}+{\beta }_{1}{D}_{0}{x}_{\text{t}1,0}+{\beta }_{2}{\left({D}_{0}{x}_{\text{t}1,0}\right)}^{2}+{\beta }_{3}{\left({D}_{0}{x}_{\text{t}1,0}\right)}^{3} $
将一次近似方程的通解写成
$ {x}_{\text{t}1,0}({T}_{0},{T}_{1})=A({T}_{1}){\text{e}}^{\text{i}{{T}_{0}}}+C $
式中:$ A({T}_{1}) $为待定复函数,由消去长期项得到;$ C $为共轭项。将式(16)代入式(15),可得
$ D_{0}^{2}{x}_{\text{t}1,1}+{x}_{\text{t}1,1}=(-2\text{i}\dfrac{\text{d}A}{\text{d}{T}_{1}}+\text{i}{\beta }_{1}A+3{\text{i}}{\beta }_{3}{A}^{2}\overline{A}){\text{e}}^{\text{i}{{T}_{0}}}-{\beta }_{2}{A}^{2}{\text{e}}^{\text{2i}{{T}_{0}}}+2{\beta }_{2}A\overline{A}-\text{i}{\beta }_{3}{A}^{3}{\text{e}}^{\text{3i}{{T}_{0}}}+C $
要使上式特解中不出现长期项,需满足如下方程
$ -2\text{i}\dfrac{\text{d}A}{\text{d}{T}_{1}}+\text{i}{\beta }_{1}A+3\text{i}{\beta }_{3}{A}^{2}\overline{A}=0 $
把复数$ A $写成极坐标形式
$ A({T}_{1})=\dfrac{b({T}_{1}){\text{e}}^{\text{i}\varphi ({{T}_{1}})}}{2} $
将式(19)代入式(18),并分离实部与虚部,即
$ \dfrac{\text{d}b}{\text{d}{T}_{1}}=\dfrac{{\beta }_{1}b}{2}+\dfrac{3{\beta }_{3}{b}^{3}}{8},\begin{array}{cc} & \end{array}\dfrac{\text{d}\varphi }{\text{d}{T}_{1}}=0 $
上述自治系统的解可表示为
$ b(t)=\sqrt{\dfrac{4{\beta }_{1}}{\left(3{\beta }_{3}+\dfrac{4{\beta }_{1}}{b_{0}^{2}}\right){e}^{-{{\beta }_{1}}t}-3{\beta }_{3}}},\begin{array}{c}\end{array}\begin{array}{c}\end{array}\begin{array}{c}\end{array}\varphi (t)={\varphi }_{0} $
式中:$ {b}_{0} $$ {\varphi }_{0} $由初始条件确定。
因此,消去长期项后,式(17)的解可表示为
$ {x}_{\text{t}1,1}=\dfrac{\text{i}{\beta }_{3}{A}^{3}{\text{e}}^{\text{i3}{{T}_{0}}}}{8}+2{\beta }_{2}{A}_{1}{\overline{A}}_{1}+\dfrac{{\beta }_{2}{A}^{2}{\text{e}}^{\text{i2}{{T}_{0}}}}{3}+C $
将式(19)代入式(16)与式(22),并转换为三角函数,可得零阶和一阶近似解如下
$ \begin{aligned}{x}_{\text{t}1,0}(t)&=b(t)\cos (t+{\varphi }_{0})\\{x}_{\text{t}1,1}(t)&=\dfrac{{\beta }_{2}b{(t)}^{2}}{2}+\dfrac{{\beta }_{2}b{(t)}^{2}\cos (2t+2{\varphi }_{0})}{6}-\dfrac{{\beta }_{3}b{(t)}^{3}\sin (3t+3{\varphi }_{0})}{32}\end{aligned} $
最终,方程(11)的解可表示为
$ {x}_{\text{t}1}(t)=b(t)\cos (t+{\varphi }_{0})+\dfrac{{\beta }_{2}b{(t)}^{2}\cos (2t+2{\varphi }_{0})}{6}-\dfrac{{\beta }_{3}b{(t)}^{3}\sin (3t+3{\varphi }_{0})}{32}+\dfrac{{\beta }_{2}b{(t)}^{2}}{2} $
对式(21)进一步分析可得
$ \begin{cases} \underset{t\rightarrow \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }b(t)=0, \; \begin{array}{c}\end{array}{\beta }_{1} \lt 0\\\underset{t\rightarrow \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }b(t)=\left| {b}_{0}\right| , \; \begin{array}{c}\end{array}{\beta }_{1}=0\\\underset{t\rightarrow \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }b(t)=\sqrt{-\dfrac{4{\beta }_{1}}{3{\beta }_{3}}}, \; \begin{array}{c}\end{array}{\beta }_{1} \gt 0\& {\beta }_{3} \lt 0\end{cases} $
由式(25)可知,$ {\beta }_{1}=0 $为艉轴密封装置静环产生摩擦自激振动的临界条件,即当摩擦诱导的负阻尼大于艉轴密封装置的结构正阻尼时,艉轴密封装置将产生异常振动。进一步,静环产生摩擦自激振动的判别条件可表示为
$ \dfrac{{\xi }_{\text{t}1}}{{\mu }_{01}} \lt \dfrac{P}{2{I}_{1}{\omega }_{\text{t}1}\left(R_{2}^{2}-R_{1}^{2}\right)}\left[{\text{e}}^{-\text{a}{{R}_{1}}\omega }\left[\dfrac{2R_{1}^{3}}{\omega }+\dfrac{6R_{1}^{2}}{a{\omega }^{2}}+\dfrac{12{R}_{1}}{{a}^{2}{\omega }^{3}}+\dfrac{12}{{a}^{3}{\omega }^{4}}\right]-{\text{e}}^{-\text{a}{{R}_{2}}\omega }\left[\dfrac{2R_{2}^{3}}{\omega }+\dfrac{6R_{2}^{2}}{a{\omega }^{2}}+\dfrac{12{R}_{2}}{{a}^{2}{\omega }^{3}}+\dfrac{12}{{a}^{3}{\omega }^{4}}\right]\right] $
因此,艉轴密封装置静环产生摩擦自激振动的条件与系统的结构阻尼比$ {\xi }_{\text{t}1} $、动静环间摩擦系数$ {\mu }_{0} $$ {\mu }_{1} $、旋转速度$ \omega $、静环扭振固有频率$ {\omega }_{\text{t}1} $、接触压力$ P $等密切相关。
综合上述分析, 艉轴密封装置静环产生摩擦自振的基本规律可概括为:当系统结构参数(如结构阻尼比、摩擦系数)和运行工况参数(如旋转速度、正压力)满足式(26)时,摩擦激励力矩将激发静环扭振固有频率,并以其基频、以及基频的倍频振动。摩擦力诱发的负阻尼效应是该现象产生的根本原因。
前文通过近似解析法揭示了艉轴密封装置静环产生摩擦自激振动的本质原因,因为在推导近似解析法时做了一些近似假设,导致存在一定误差,因此本小节利用数值仿真方法,进一步研究艉轴密封结构参数及运行工况参数对静环摩擦自激振动特性影响规律。
数值仿真时,采用四阶变步长 Runge-Kutta 算法求解式(1)及式(5)。艉轴密封装置主要参数如表1所示,均由生产厂家给出。本文研究了转速、摩擦系数、Ω弹簧扭转刚度、正压力、结构阻尼比以及轴系扭振对静环摩擦自激振动影响规律,结果分别如图3~9所示。
图3为不同旋转速度ω下,艉轴密封装置静环振动特性对比。在旋转速度为30 r/min时,艉轴密封装置的静环振动频谱中只存在叶频等低频分量,然而在旋转速度为10 r/min时,静环振动频谱中除了叶频外,还出现了静环扭振固有频率及其倍频分量,这与图2中的实验测试结果相一致。需要指出的是,尽管图3(b)中出现了静环扭振固有频率分量,但是考虑到其在对数坐标下的幅值较低,因此可认为这是由数值计算误差导致。
图4为改变动静环间静摩擦系数与动摩擦系数之差μ01后,艉轴密封装置振动特性对比。从该图可知,当μ01为0.03时,静环将不会产生摩擦自激振动;当μ01增大至0.09时,即使旋转速度为30 r/min,此时静环也将产生摩擦自激振动。
图5为改变Ω弹簧扭转刚度Kt1后艉轴密封装置的振动特性对比。从该图可知,Kt1越小,静环越易发生摩擦自激振动,比如当Kt1为3.9×106 N·m/rad时,静环将发生摩擦自激振动,当Kt1为9×106 N·m/rad时,自激振动消失。弹簧扭转刚度将影响静环扭振固有频率,而静环扭振固有频率越低,静环越易产生摩擦自激振动。
图6为改变动静环间正压力P后,艉轴密封装置振动特性对比。从该图可知,正压力越大,静环越易产生摩擦自激振动。这是因为大的正压力将引起大的摩擦激励力,由此诱发的摩擦阻尼有可能大于系统的结构阻尼。
图7为改变系统结构阻尼比ξt1后,艉轴密封装置振动特性对比。从该图可知,增大ξt1可有效抑制静环的摩擦自激振动。这是因为增大ξt1,可使摩擦激励力诱发的阻尼比小于ξt1,从式(26)可知,这将破坏静环摩擦自激振动的边界条件。
图89研究了轴系扭振对静环摩擦自激振动影响,由此可知轴系扭振仅仅改变静环摩擦自激振动的幅值,而不会改变其发生与否,即静环产生摩擦自激振动的条件与轴系扭振无关,但是轴系扭振将改变静环摩擦自激振动幅值特性。
通过上述数值仿真可知:正压力P越大、动静环间静摩擦系数与动摩擦系数之差μ01越大时,艉轴密封静环越易产生摩擦自激振动;旋转速度ω越低、Ω弹簧扭转刚度Kt1越小、系统结构阻尼比ξt1越小时,艉轴密封静环越易产生摩擦自激振动。
进一步,利用式(26)可以获得艉轴密封装置发生异常振动的边界曲线。图10给出了系统发生异常振动的边界曲线随系统参数的变化关系,其中曲线下方代表异常振动发生区域。从该图以及式(26)可获得如下结论:(1)轴系转速越低,只有在系统结构阻尼比很大时,系统才不发生摩擦自激振动;(2)增大动静环接触压力,或者增大动静环间静摩擦系数与动摩擦系数之差,亦或者降低Ω弹簧扭转刚度,均将导致静环更易发生摩擦自激振动;(3)提高系统的结构阻尼比,可有效抑制静环的摩擦自激振动。
针对某船艉轴密封装置产生摩擦异常振动这一工程实际问题,本文建立了摩擦激励下的艉轴密封装置非线性扭振分析模型,利用多尺度法和数值仿真分别研究了轴系旋转速度、摩擦系数、Ω弹簧预紧力、Ω弹簧扭转刚度、系统结构阻尼比等参数对艉轴密封装置振动的影响规律,并提出了静环产生摩擦异常振动的判别公式。主要结论如下:
(1) 当摩擦激励诱发的等效阻尼比小于系统的结构阻尼比时,艉轴密封装置的静环将产生摩擦自激振动,表现为振动频谱中出现静环扭振固有频率及其倍频分量;
(2) 增大Ω弹簧预紧力、增大动静环间的静摩擦系数与动摩擦系数之差,或者降低轴系旋转速度、降低Ω弹簧扭转刚度均将导致静环更易发生摩擦自激振动;
(3) 提高系统的结构阻尼比可有效抑制静环的摩擦自激振动;
(4) 轴系扭振仅改变静环自激振动的幅值,而不会改变其性态。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.009
  • 接收时间:2025-09-15
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-15
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    1a.上海交通大学 振动、冲击、噪声研究所
    1b.上海交通大学 机械系统与振动国家重点实验室,上海 200240
    2.中国船舶科学研究中心 上海分部,上海 200011

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饶柱石(1962–),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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