Article(id=1281323849451024791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756569600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421011555, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421011555, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421011555, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421011555, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281323788058996778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='3', pageStart='341', pageEnd='506', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783420996918, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422057887, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=377, endPage=386, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281323851577536922, articleId=1281323849451024791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=A cavitation model with evolution of nucleus density, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cavitation is a special physical phenomenon that exists in fluids, and the cavitation model is a key technology in cavitation flow calculation, which describes the cavitation phase transition process. The rate of cavitation phase transition is directly related to the nucleus density. In this paper, the R-P equation and nucleus transport equation are used to improve the bubble dynamics-based cavitation model, so that the new model includes the influence of nucleus density evolution with the cavitation process. The improved cavitation model can effectively simulate the collapse process of two-dimensional vapor bubbles. In the final stage of vapor bubble collapse, the evolution of gas phase volume occupancy can reach 0 in a limited time while maintaining the stability of the calculation process. The simulation results are in better agreement with the theoretical results.

, authors=Fang-wen HONG, Shu-cheng ZHAI, Chao-sheng ZHENG, Deng-cheng LIU, authorsList=Fang-wen HONG, Shu-cheng ZHAI, Chao-sheng ZHENG, Deng-cheng LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fang-wen HONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281323857776718253, articleId=1281323849451024791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=考虑气核数密度变化的空化模型, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

空化是流体中存在的一种特殊物理现象,空化模型是空化流动计算的关键技术,是空化相变过程的描述。空化相变的速率与气核数密度直接相关,论文利用 R-P 方程和气核输运方程对基于泡动力学空化模型进行改进,使空化模型包含了气核数密度随空化过程变化的影响。改进的空化模型有效地模拟了二维蒸汽泡的溃灭过程,在蒸汽泡溃灭最后阶段,气相体积占有率既能在有限的时间内达到0,又能保持计算过程的稳定,模拟结果与理论结果更吻合。

, authors=洪方文, 翟树成, 郑巢生, 刘登成, authorsList=洪方文, 翟树成, 郑巢生, 刘登成, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=洪方文, authorNote=

翟树成(1986–),男,研究员

郑巢生(1987–),男,研究员

刘登成(1982–),男,研究员

, correspAuthorsNote=
洪方文(1971–),男,研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
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考虑气核数密度变化的空化模型
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洪方文 , 翟树成 , 郑巢生 , 刘登成
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(3): 377-386
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (3) : 377 -386
考虑气核数密度变化的空化模型
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洪方文 , 翟树成, 郑巢生, 刘登成
作者信息
  • 中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
通讯作者:
洪方文(1971–),男,研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

翟树成(1986–),男,研究员

郑巢生(1987–),男,研究员

刘登成(1982–),男,研究员

A cavitation model with evolution of nucleus density
Fang-wen HONG , Shu-cheng ZHAI, Chao-sheng ZHENG, Deng-cheng LIU
Affiliations
  • China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.004
文章导航
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空化是流体中存在的一种特殊物理现象,空化模型是空化流动计算的关键技术,是空化相变过程的描述。空化相变的速率与气核数密度直接相关,论文利用 R-P 方程和气核输运方程对基于泡动力学空化模型进行改进,使空化模型包含了气核数密度随空化过程变化的影响。改进的空化模型有效地模拟了二维蒸汽泡的溃灭过程,在蒸汽泡溃灭最后阶段,气相体积占有率既能在有限的时间内达到0,又能保持计算过程的稳定,模拟结果与理论结果更吻合。

空化流动  /  数值计算  /  空化模型  /  气核数密度  /  蒸汽泡溃灭

Cavitation is a special physical phenomenon that exists in fluids, and the cavitation model is a key technology in cavitation flow calculation, which describes the cavitation phase transition process. The rate of cavitation phase transition is directly related to the nucleus density. In this paper, the R-P equation and nucleus transport equation are used to improve the bubble dynamics-based cavitation model, so that the new model includes the influence of nucleus density evolution with the cavitation process. The improved cavitation model can effectively simulate the collapse process of two-dimensional vapor bubbles. In the final stage of vapor bubble collapse, the evolution of gas phase volume occupancy can reach 0 in a limited time while maintaining the stability of the calculation process. The simulation results are in better agreement with the theoretical results.

cavitation flow  /  numerical calculation  /  cavitation model  /  nucleus density  /  vapor bubble collapse
洪方文, 翟树成, 郑巢生, 刘登成. 考虑气核数密度变化的空化模型. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (3) : 377 -386 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.004
Fang-wen HONG, Shu-cheng ZHAI, Chao-sheng ZHENG, Deng-cheng LIU. A cavitation model with evolution of nucleus density[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (3) : 377 -386 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.004
空化模型指的是空化流动数值计算中用以表达空泡产生和溃灭的数学物理模型,是空化流动数值计算技术的基础,空化模型的改进和更替总是能够提升空化流动模拟的准确性和能力,促进相关科学和技术的发展。
早期空化计算的势流方法[12]中使用等压边界区域模拟空泡[35]。20世纪90年代的粘性流方法中使用状态方程表达空化[6],这种方法在爆炸诱导的空化流动计算中得到较好的应用[78]
现在普遍使用基于质量输运方程的空化模型,其通过方程的源项模拟气液两相转化。转化模型分成两类:蒸发凝结空化模型以及泡动力学空化模型。Lee[9]提出了蒸发凝结模型, Merkle[10]从分子动力学的角度给出两相界面上蒸发和冷凝速率正比于局部压力与饱和蒸汽压之差的空化模型。随后这一模型从相变流体质量的影响[1112]、相变界面运动的影响[1315],以及声速的影响[16]等方面得到不断地改进。
泡动力学空化模型是以Rayleigh-Plesset方程为基础的空化模型。Niedž-wiedzka 等[17]较为详细地回顾了这类空化模型的研究进展。Kubota等[18]使用泡动力学方程表达空化过程。Schnerr和Sauer[19]从泡动力学方程推演出质量转换的空化模型。Singhal等[20]给出了考虑湍流动能、表面张力,及不可凝结气体影响的所谓完全空化模型。Iben[21]和Zwart等[22]通过修正空隙率与蒸汽泡直径和密度的关系进一步简化了Schnerr和Sauer的空化模型。随后学者们从粘性的影响[23]、泡群相互作用的影响[24]、相变特征时间的影响[25]、温度的影响[26],以及泡动力学方程解的形式[27]等方面对泡动力学空化模型进行了完善。
气核对空化过程起决定性的作用[28],之所以泡动力学空化模型的构建方式得到人们的青睐,其中一个很重要的原因是它体现了气核在空化过程中的作用。然而,现在空化模型虽然已经考虑了气核的影响,但对空化核数密度变化的影响考虑不全面[20,2930],致使在模型建立过程中总是被迫引入一些人为的调整。
本文通过考虑气核数密度的变化,更为理性地推演了合乎蒸汽泡动力学物理过程的空化模型。文章主体包含四章:引言概括性地介绍了空化模型的研究进展;第一章从能量守恒的角度给出考虑蒸汽泡半径变化率与当地流体运动速度存在差异的Rayleigh-Plesset方程和方程的解;第二章描述考虑气核数密度变化的空化模型的推演过程;第三章通过模拟蒸汽泡的溃灭过程模拟,验证本文推演的空化模型的合理性;最后一章则进行总结。
蒸汽泡动力学过程是空化模型推演的基础。Rayleigh[31]从能量守恒的角度给出了球形空穴的溃灭动力学方程,Plesset[32]在此基础上通过伯努利方程建立了蒸汽泡动力学方程,也就是大家熟知的Rayleigh-Plesset(R-P)方程。Brennen[33]给出了R-P方程的解析解,同时指出蒸汽泡半径的变化率$ \dot{R} $与当地流体的速度$ \boldsymbol{u}\left(R\right) $并不相等的事实,但由于蒸汽密度与水的密度之比很小,这种差异可以被忽略。为了表达的完整性,下文给出的R-P方程和解仍然包含这一差异。
假设在无穷水域中存在一个蒸汽泡(如图1),半径为$ R $,泡内的压力等于饱和蒸汽压$ {P}_{{\mathrm{v}}} $,密度等于水蒸汽密度$ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $,无穷远处的压力为$ {P}_{0} $。初始时刻流域内流速为0,蒸汽泡的初始半径为$ {R}_{0} $。当$ {P}_{0} \lt {P}_{{\mathrm{v}}} $时,蒸汽泡膨胀,而$ {P}_{0} \gt {P}_{{\mathrm{v}}} $时,蒸汽泡收缩。在收缩和膨胀的过程中流域内流场在半径$ r $处的径向速度为$ {u}\left(r\right) $。根据质量守恒定理有
$ 4{\text{π}} {r}^{2}u\left(r\right)=C $
式中:C在空间上为常数。上式可以表达为
$ \begin{array}{c}u\left(r\right)=u\left(R\right)\dfrac{{R}^{2}}{{r}^{2}}\end{array} $
蒸汽泡在收缩和膨胀过程中,在气液界面上会发生相变:收缩时蒸汽将转变为水,膨胀时水会转变为蒸汽。如果这种转换速度足够快,泡内压力和密度会保持为常数。不失问题的合理性,忽略粘性和表面张力的影响,并且泡内不包含不可凝气体。这样在蒸汽泡变化过程中,泡内压力和无穷远处压力对液体流域内流体做的功等于整个流域内动能的变化[31],即
$ \begin{array}{c}\underset{{R}_{\mathrm{\infty }}\rightarrow \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }\dfrac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\int\limits_{R}^{{R}_{\mathrm{\infty }}}\dfrac{1}{2}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}{u}^{2}4{\text{π}} {r}^{2}\text{d}r={P}_{{\mathrm{v}}}4{\text{π}} {R}^{2}u\left(R\right)-\underset{{R}_{\mathrm{\infty }}\rightarrow \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }{P}_{0}4{\text{π}} R_{\mathrm{\infty }}^{2}u\left({R}_{\mathrm{\infty }}\right)\end{array} $
把式(2)代入式(3),并经过积分得到
$ \begin{array}{c}\text{d}\left({\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}{u}^{2}\left(R\right){R}^{3}\right)=2\left({P}_{{\mathrm{v}}}-{P}_{0}\right){R}^{2}u\left(R\right)\text{d}t\end{array} $
如果在蒸汽泡半径处流体的径向速度与泡半径的变化速率相等,即$ u\left(R\right)=\dot{R} $,由(4)式可得
$ \begin{array}{c}\dot{R}=\pm \sqrt{\dfrac{2}{3}\dfrac{\left({P}_{{\mathrm{v}}}-{P}_{0}\right)}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}}\left(1-\dfrac{R_{0}^{3}}{{R}^{3}}\right)}\end{array} $
此即R-P 方程[32]。实际上为了保持泡内的压力和密度分别等于饱和蒸汽的压力和密度,$ u\left(R\right)\neq \dot{R} $。我们知道蒸汽泡体积的变化,应该等于流体运动引起体积的变化加上相变引起的质量转换所产生的体积变化,即
$ \begin{array}{c}4{\text{π}} {R}^{2}\dot{R}\text{d}t=4{\text{π}} {R}^{2}u\left(R\right)\text{d}t+\dfrac{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}4{\text{π}} {R}^{2}\dot{R}\text{d}t}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}}\end{array} $
进一步演算可得到[33]
$ \begin{array}{c}u\left(R\right)=\dot{R}\left(1-\dfrac{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}}\right)\end{array} $
上式表明流体的径向速度比泡半径的变化速率慢,但由于蒸汽的密度比水的密度小很多,它们之间的差异很小。把式(6)代入到(4)可得
$ \begin{array}{c}\dot{R}=\pm \sqrt{\dfrac{2}{3}\dfrac{\left({P}_{{\mathrm{v}}}-{P}_{0}\right)}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}-{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}\left(1-\dfrac{R_{0}^{3}}{{R}^{3}}\right)}\end{array} $
与式(5)比较,密度项由原来的$ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}} $变为$ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}-{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $,当$ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\ll {\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}} $,这一修正的影响不是很大,只有在低温条件下[34],蒸汽的密度接近于液体的密度时,这一修正的效果才会得到体现。
现今较为流行的以泡动力学为基础的空化模型,是结合物质输运方程与泡动力学方程演绎出的S-S空化模型[29]。对于空化流动普遍采用$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $表示水蒸汽相占有的空间比率,$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{l}}} $表示水的空间占有比率,当水蒸汽与水之间不存在滑移速度时,它们所遵循的输运方程为
$ \begin{array}{c}\dfrac{\partial \left({\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right)}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot \left({\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\boldsymbol{u}\right)=\dot{m}\end{array} $
$ \begin{array}{c}\dfrac{\partial \left({\alpha }_{{\mathrm{l}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}\right)}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot \left({\alpha }_{{\mathrm{l}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}\boldsymbol{u}\right)=-\dot{m}\end{array} $
式中:$ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $$ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}} $分别表示水蒸汽和水的密度,$ \dot{m} $表示水向水蒸汽转化的物质转换率,$ \boldsymbol{u} $是速度矢量。在流体中只包含水和水蒸汽的情况下,两者的空间占比之和等于1。
定义水蒸汽和水的混合流体密度为
$ \begin{array}{c}\rho ={\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}+{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{l}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}\end{array} $
如果水蒸汽和水的密度不随时间变化,通过式(8)~(11)的演算可得到
$ \begin{array}{c}\nabla \cdot u=\dot{m}\left(\dfrac{1}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}-\dfrac{1}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}}\right)\end{array} $
$ \begin{array}{c}\dfrac{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}}{\rho }\dfrac{\text{d}{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}{\text{d}t}=\dot{m}\end{array} $
假设水中蒸汽是由直径相等的蒸汽泡组成,那么有[20]
$ \begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}=n\dfrac{4{\text{π}} }{3}{R}^{3}\end{array} $
式中:$ n $是气核数密度。对式(14)时间求导可得
$ \begin{array}{c}\dfrac{\text{d}{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}{\text{d}t}=\dfrac{3{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}{R}\dot{R}+{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\dfrac{1}{n}\dfrac{\text{d}n}{\text{d}t}\end{array} $
如果蒸汽泡不发生吞并和分裂,则有
$ \begin{array}{c}\dfrac{\partial n}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot \left(n\boldsymbol{u}\right)=0\end{array} $
把式(12)代入式(16)可得
$ \begin{array}{c}\dfrac{1}{n}\dfrac{\text{d}n}{\text{d}t}=\dot{m}\dfrac{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}-{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}}\end{array} $
把式(17)代入式(15),再代入式(13),可得到
$ \begin{array}{c}\dot{m}=\dfrac{3{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}{R}\dot{R}\end{array} $
把式(14)代入式(18)可得
$ \begin{array}{c}\dot{m}={\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}n4{\text{π}} {R}^{2}\dot{R}\end{array} $
式(19)的物理含义十分明确,表达了蒸汽与水之间的质量转换率等于蒸汽泡体积变化引起的蒸汽质量变化,Iben[21]就是利用这一原理建立了相应的空化模型。
把式(8)代入式(18)得
$ \begin{array}{c}\dot{m}=\pm \dfrac{3{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}{R}\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{3}\dfrac{\left({P}_{{\mathrm{v}}}-{P}_{0}\right)}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}-{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}\left(1-\dfrac{R_{0}^{3}}{{R}^{3}}\right)}\end{array} $
$ {P}_{{\mathrm{v}}} \gt {P}_{0} $时,蒸汽泡膨胀,一定时间后$ {R}\gg {R}_{0} $,式(20)可写为
$ \begin{array}{c}\dot{m}=\dfrac{3{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}{R}\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{3}\dfrac{\left({P}_{{\mathrm{v}}}-{P}_{0}\right)}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}-{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}}\end{array} $
$ {P}_{{\mathrm{v}}} \lt {P}_{0} $时,蒸汽泡收缩,一定时间后$ {R}\ll {R}_{0} $,式(20)可写为
$ \begin{array}{c}\dot{m}=-\dfrac{3{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}{R}\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{3}\dfrac{\left({P}_{0}-{P}_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right)}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}-{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}\dfrac{R_{0}^{3}}{{R}^{3}}}\end{array} $
把式(14)代入式(21)和式(22)有
$ \begin{array}{c}\dot{m}={\left(4{\text{π}} n\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}{\left(3{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right)}^{\tfrac{2}{3}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{3}\dfrac{\left({P}_{{\mathrm{v}}}-{P}_{0}\right)}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}-{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}} \quad {P}_{{\mathrm{v}}} \gt {P}_{0}\end{array} $
$ \begin{array}{c}\dot{m}=-{\left(4{\text{π}} n\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}{\left(3\right)}^{\tfrac{2}{3}}{\left({\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{6}}{\left({\alpha }_{0}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{2}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{3}\dfrac{\left({P}_{0}-{P}_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right)}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}-{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}} \quad{P}_{{\mathrm{v}}} \lt {P}_{0}\end{array} $
Kinzel[27]给出过类似的关系。其中,$ {\alpha }_{0} $是空泡溃灭开始时刻的蒸汽空间占比。在式(23)和式(24)中气核数密度$ n $是随时间变化的,根据式(16),以及式(8)、(9)、(11),可得
$ \begin{array}{c}\dfrac{1}{n}\dfrac{\text{d}n}{\text{d}t}=\dfrac{1}{\rho }\dfrac{\text{d}\rho }{\text{d}t}\end{array} $
于是有
$ \begin{array}{c}n={n}_{0}\left[1-{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\left(1-\dfrac{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}}\right)\right]\end{array} $
式中:$ {n}_{0} $$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}=0 $时的气核数密度。把式(26)代入到式(23)和式(24)中,并假设$ {\alpha }_{0}=1 $,得到
$ \begin{array}{c}\dot{m}={\left(4{\text{π}} {n}_{0}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}{\left[1-{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\left(1-\dfrac{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}}\right)\right]}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}{\left(3{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right)}^{\tfrac{2}{3}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{3}\dfrac{\left({P}_{{\mathrm{v}}}-{P}_{0}\right)}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}-{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}} \quad {P}_{{\mathrm{v}}} \gt {P}_{0}\end{array} $
$ \begin{array}{c}\dot{m}=-{\left(4{\text{π}} {n}_{0}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}{\left(3\right)}^{\tfrac{2}{3}}{\left[1-{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\left(1-\dfrac{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}}\right)\right]}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}{\left({\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{6}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{3}\dfrac{\left({P}_{0}-{P}_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right)}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}-{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}} \quad {P}_{{\mathrm{v}}} \lt {P}_{0}\end{array} $
上面两式在蒸汽占比较小的时候是合理的,但当$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\rightarrow 1 $时,$ \dot{m} $并不趋向于0,这主要是因为$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\rightarrow 1 $时气核数密度的演化并不严格遵守式(16)。为了修正这一偏差,在上式中忽略$ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}/{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}} $,于是得到
$ \begin{array}{c}\dot{m}={\left(4{\text{π}} {n}_{0}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}{\left[1-{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right]}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}{\left(3{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right)}^{\tfrac{2}{3}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{3}\dfrac{\left({P}_{{\mathrm{v}}}-{P}_{0}\right)}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}-{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}} \quad {P}_{{\mathrm{v}}} \gt {P}_{0}\end{array} $
$ \begin{array}{c}\dot{m}=-{\left(4{\text{π}} {n}_{0}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}{\left(3\right)}^{\tfrac{2}{3}}{\left[1-{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right]}^{\tfrac{1}{3}}{\left({\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{6}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{3}\dfrac{\left({P}_{0}-{P}_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right)}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}-{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}} \quad{P}_{{\mathrm{v}}} \lt {P}_{0}\end{array} $
以上两式除忽略密度比外,其他过程没有包含任何近似,并且它们的表现行为也相当合理。质量转换率在纯水和纯蒸汽时都为0,也就是相变发生在物质交界面上,这与实际物理过程是一致的。
本节使用二维蒸汽泡的溃灭过程检验考虑空化核数密度变化的空化模型的空化流动模拟能力,计算模型如图2所示。蒸汽泡的初始半径$ {R}_{0}=0.1\;\text{m} $,初始压力等于饱和蒸汽压$ {P}_{{\mathrm{v}}}= 3490\;{\text{P}\text{a}} $,蒸汽的密度$ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}=0.5542\;\text{kg}/{\text{m}}^{3} $。蒸汽泡被水包围,水的密度$ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{l}}}=998.2\;\text{kg}/{\text{m}}^{3} $,水域外围半径为$ {R}_{\mathrm{\infty }}=0.9\;\text{m} $。在水域外存在一层厚度为0.1 m的空气层,空气层存在的意义主要是,保证蒸汽泡在溃灭过程中水域的外围压力维持在1个大气压左右,即$ {p}_{0}=101\;325\;{\text{P}\text{a}} $。整个计算域的温度$ {T}=300\;\text{K} $,计算过程中温度保持不变。
计算采用商用软件Fluent进行,该软件使用有限体积法控制方程的离散。流动过程被视为层流,物理模型选用多相Mixture模型。水作为初始相,蒸汽作为第二相。在水和蒸汽之间存在物质转换,物质转换选用一种不考虑气核数密度变化的空化模型(称它为old-model),以及考虑气核数密度变化的空化模型(present-model),利用UDF把它们内置到 Fluent中。
计算域网格划分采用中心密、外围疏的分布形式(见图3),中心网格尺度为0.01 mm,外围网格尺度为1 mm,整个计算域的网格单元数目为44.8万。动量守恒方程对流项的离散使用二阶迎风格式,扩散项的离散则使用二阶中心差分格式,流场中物理量梯度的计算使用基于单元的Green-Gauss方法。离散方程求解利用SIMPLE方法和Gauss-Seidel迭代,同时求解过程中使用多重网格技术加速迭代的收敛。压力计算时松弛因子取0.3,速度计算时松弛因子取0.7。计算中各方程的收敛条件为$ {10}^{-4} $或单步迭代步数不超过60步。计算时间步长在0.016 s之前设定为$ {10}^{-5}\;\text{s} $,在0.016 s之后设定为$ {10}^{-6}\;\text{s} $
图4图5中分别给出了背景压力为1大气压的情况下,使用本文空化模型以及未考虑气核数密度变化的空化模型(old-model)计算的二维蒸汽泡的溃灭形态。图中红色部分代表蒸汽,蓝色代表水。模拟结果表明,蒸汽泡在0.016 s时直径已经很小,整个溃灭过程基本完成,这与理论计算的溃灭时间0.016 s是吻合的。从图中可以看出蒸汽泡溃灭逐渐加速,在前3/4(0.012 s)的时间中,蒸汽泡的半径缩小还不到一半,而在后1/4(0.004 s)的时间中整个蒸汽泡溃灭完成。在溃灭过程中,本文的空化模型同old-model空化模型模拟得到的蒸汽泡形态变化是一致的。
但从图4图5中0.17 s的蒸汽泡形态中发现,在本文空化模型的模拟结果中蒸汽泡完全消失,而old-model空化模型的模拟结果中蒸汽泡再次出现,并呈现出增加趋势,这是两种空化模型模拟结果的区别。由式(13),并考虑到空泡溃灭后期有
$ \begin{array}{c}\dfrac{\text{d}{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}{\text{d}t}\approx \dfrac{\dot{m}}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}\end{array} $
假设$ \dot{m}\propto -{\left({\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right)}^{\beta } $,则有
$ \begin{array}{c}\dfrac{\text{d}{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}}{\text{d}t}=-{A}{\left({\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right)}^{\beta }\end{array} $
式中:$ {A} $为正常数。如果$ \beta =1 $,得到
$ \begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\sim {\text{e}}^{-{A}\text{t}}\end{array} $
$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $随着时间的增加趋向于0,但达不到0。当$ \beta \gt 1 $时,可得
$ \begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\sim \dfrac{1}{{t}^{\tfrac{1}{\beta -1}}}\end{array} $
$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $随着时间的增加趋向于0,但同样达不到0。当$ 0 \lt \beta \lt 1 $时,可得
$ \begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}=\left(\alpha _{0}^{1-\beta }-\left(1-\beta \right){A}t\right)  t \lt \dfrac{\alpha _{0}^{1-\beta }}{\left(1-\beta \right){A}}\\{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}=0         t\geq \dfrac{\alpha _{0}^{1-\beta }}{\left(1-\beta \right){A}}\end{array}\end{array} $
$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $在有限的时间内达到0,并且保持为0。对于$ \beta \lt 0 $的情况,在$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $接近于0的时候,$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $的变化率将趋向于无穷大,计算会变得不稳定。
对于old-model空化模型,在$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $接近于0时,由蒸汽转变为水的相变率正比于$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $,属于$ \beta =1 $的情况,$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $趋向于0但不能达到0。另外,为追求简洁性old-model空化模型会首先计算蒸汽泡的半径即$ R $,再计算相变率,这样会造成在$ R\rightarrow 0 $时,相变率趋向很大的数值,致使计算出现不合理的结果或发散,如图6所示。在很多实验中确实观察到气泡溃灭后的反弹,并被解释为“蒸汽来不及凝结”和“气泡内可能包含不可凝结气体”两种原因所致。而文中模拟的蒸汽泡并不包含不可凝结气体,使用的old-model空化模型和改进的空化模型都是平衡空化模型,凝结和蒸发速度无穷,永远都能跟上流体动力的变化过程,所以它们给出的蒸汽泡溃灭结果,从理论上讲应该消失为零,而不应该出现所谓的反弹现象。即使是对于上述两种原因产生的反弹,反弹的蒸汽泡也应该是球型的,而不应像图6中给出那些形态。
本文给出的空化模型中,把蒸汽泡$ R $$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $合并处理,得到溃灭后期相变率与$ {\left({\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}\right)}^{1/6} $成正比,即$ \beta =1/6 $,属于$ 0 \lt \beta \lt 1 $的情况,这时$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}} $在一个有限的时间内达到0。另外在这一空化模型中不需要直接计算$ R $,并且没有出现分母可能为0的项,使计算过程更加稳定。
气核数密度是基于泡动力学的空化相变模型中的一个重要参数,从式(29)和式(30)可以看出它对相变速率有很大的影响。利用本文给出的空化模型,在不同的气核数密度的情况下,针对二维蒸汽泡的溃灭过程进行模拟,以分析气核数密度对蒸汽泡溃灭的影响。
图7中列出了气核初始数密度$ {n}_{0}={10}^{5}、{10}^{9}、{10}^{11}、{10}^{12}、{10}^{13} $等情况下,0 s、0.008 s、0.012 s、0.016 s、0.017 s等5个时间点的蒸汽泡形态。在图8图9中分别给出了不同气核数密度下蒸汽泡半径和半径速率随时间的变化情况。从图中可以看出,气核数密度很低的情况下($ {10}^{5}/{\text{m}}^{3} $),蒸汽泡溃灭的速度十分缓慢,在0.017 s的时间内几乎看不到半径的变化。当气核数密度等于$ {10}^{9}/{\text{m}}^{3} $时,在0.012 s之前,蒸汽泡收缩的速度较快,而0.012 s之后蒸汽泡的收缩速度很慢。当气核数密度等于$ {10}^{11}/{\text{m}}^{3} $$ {10}^{12}/{\text{m}}^{3} $$ {10}^{13}/{\text{m}}^{3} $三种情况,蒸汽泡在0.017 s内溃灭完成,从0.016 s的空泡形态来看,随着气核数密度的增加,在0.016 s的时间点上蒸汽泡的直径减小,但变化数值很小。这些规律在图8中反映得更加清晰,从中可以看出气核数密度等于$ {10}^{5}/{\text{m}}^{3} $$ {10}^{9}/{\text{m}}^{3} $两种情况,蒸汽泡的半径变化与其他气核数密度偏差较大,而当气核数密度大于$ {10}^{11}/{\text{m}}^{3} $后,蒸汽泡的直径演化特性保持不变,并与理论解吻合很好。所以在一般的空化流模拟中,气核数密度取$ {10}^{11}/{\text{m}}^{3} $将得到较为合理的结果。
许多研究指出,水中群泡溃灭时,蒸汽泡数目越多,其溃灭时间越长[35]。而本文中的气核与群泡概念不完全一样,气核指的是存在于蒸汽泡之外和蒸汽泡边界上的相变种子。这里讨论的是初始气核数密度$ {n}_{0} $对单个蒸汽泡溃灭的影响,$ {n}_{0} $$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{v}}}=0 $时的气核数密度,是发生蒸发和冷凝的种子。当$ {n}_{0} $越多时,发生气化和冷凝的速度越快,也就是空化和溃灭越快。实际上,当初始气核数密度很低时,比如强水和过饱和蒸汽,发生相变很难,其蒸发或冷凝被大大延迟。所以,随着初始气核数密度的增加,蒸汽泡溃灭时间减少是合理的。
本文利用流体能量守恒定理推导了三维蒸汽泡的R-P方程,并考虑到流场与蒸汽泡半径变化率之间的差异,在此基础上利用气核数密度的输运方程,给出了考虑气核数密度变化的空化模型。 通过二维蒸汽泡溃灭过程的模拟验证了考虑气核数密度变化的空化模型有较好的适应性和稳定性,计算过程不易发散。同时研究了初始气核数密度对溃灭过程的影响,研究结果表明,初始气核数密度大于$ {10}^{11} $时,蒸汽泡的内部压力在溃灭过程中与饱和蒸汽压接近。

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2026年第30卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.004
  • 接收时间:2025-08-31
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-31
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    中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082

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洪方文(1971–),男,研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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