Article(id=1281323843998421357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746979200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783421010254, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783421010254, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783421010254, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783421010254, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281323788058996778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='3', pageStart='341', pageEnd='506', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783420996918, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422057887, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=415, endPage=426, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281323844673704302, articleId=1281323843998421357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical study of wave attenuation performance of multiple float boxes-submerged bars based on Bragg resonance, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To extend the effective wave attenuation period range of free surface breakwaters, a study on the wave attenuation performance of a combined structure consisting of multiple surface-piercing boxes and submerged bars was conducted using Bragg resonance. A numerical wave flume was constructed utilizing the Desingularized Boundary Integral Equation Method (DBIEM) based on time-domain potential flow theory, and the interaction between regular waves and the combined structure of multiple equally spaced free surface boxes with submerged bars was calculated numerically. The occurring condition of Bragg resonance, reflection strength and wave attenuation performance of the combined structure were analyzed through reflection and transmission coefficients. The effectiveness of the numerical calculation method in this paper was verified by comparing the numerical results with existing literature data. The variation trend of transmission and reflection coefficients with 2S/λ (S is the center distance of adjacent structures, λ is the incident wavelength) is given. The results indicate that Bragg resonance occurs when regular waves propagate through multiple structures, and the wave attenuation performance of these multiple structures is significantly better than that of single structures. For multiple structures, as the number, width, and immersion depth of the boxes increase, the reflection intensity of Bragg resonance also increases. This not only reduces the transmission coefficient but also enhances the ability to dissipate long-period waves. Furthermore, increasing the gap between adjacent combined structures mainly aims to expand the effective range of the wave attenuation period. The submerged bars improve the wave-dissipating efficacy against long-period waves. This study provides valuable insights for the design of composite breakwaters.

, authors=Jing-ping WU1, 2, Yi-ming YANG1, Xing-yu XU3, 4, Jia-ning LI3, 4, Chang-zhe CHEN5, Xuan-he YANG6, authorsList=Jing-ping WU, Yi-ming YANG, Xing-yu XU, Jia-ning LI, Chang-zhe CHEN, Xuan-he YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chang-zhe CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281323852227645833, articleId=1281323843998421357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=基于Bragg共振的多重浮箱–潜堤消波性能数值研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了拓展水面防波堤的有效消波周期范围,本文应用Bragg共振,开展多重水面穿透箱体与潜堤组合结构物的消波性能研究。基于时域势流理论,采用去奇异边界元方法(Desingularized Boundary Integral Equation Method, DBIEM),建立数值波浪水槽,数值计算了规则波与多重等间距布置的水面箱体与水底潜堤组合的结构物之间的相互作用。通过反射系数和透射系数分析了组合结构物的Bragg共振发生点位置、反射强度和消波性能。通过将数值结果与文献数据进行比较,验证了本文数值计算方法的有效性。计算结果给出了透射系数和反射系数随2S/λS为相邻结构物的中心间距,λ为入射波长)的变化趋势。结果表明,规则波在多重结构物中传播时会发生Bragg共振,此时其对波浪的衰减效果明显优于单体结构物。对于多重结构物,随着其数量、宽度、水面箱体浸深的增加,Bragg共振反射强度增加,不仅降低了透射系数,而且提升了对长周期波浪的消波能力;而增加相邻组合结构物间隙拓宽了有效消减波浪的周期范围。潜堤的存在加强了防波堤对长周期波的消浪能力。本研究为组合形式的防波堤设计提供参考。

, authors=吴静萍1, 2, 杨一鸣1, 徐兴雨3, 4, 李家宁3, 4, 陈昌哲5, 杨煊赫6, authorsList=吴静萍, 杨一鸣, 徐兴雨, 李家宁, 陈昌哲, 杨煊赫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈昌哲, authorNote=

吴静萍(1968–),女,博士,副教授

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陈昌哲(1994–),男,博士,博士后,通讯作者,E-mail:
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articleId=1281323843998421357, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Variation of the reflection and transmission coefficients with 2S/λ for different types of structure, figureFileSmall=7wLbJjiHWg7RBRz2BjS3KQ==, figureFileBig=6pJWh8Yj7Ui/ZkYn58x96g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281323862709211621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323843998421357, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同结构物种类下反射系数和透射系数随2S/λ的变化, figureFileSmall=7wLbJjiHWg7RBRz2BjS3KQ==, figureFileBig=6pJWh8Yj7Ui/ZkYn58x96g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281323862784709094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323843998421357, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of the box-submerged bar combined structures

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B/ mD (或d)/ mW/ mN
水面箱体0.2,0.4,0.60.06,0.1,0.140.6,1.0,1.41,2,3
水底潜堤0.2,0.4,0.60.10.6,1.0,1.41,2,3
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箱体–潜堤组合结构物参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
B/ mD (或d)/ mW/ mN
水面箱体0.2,0.4,0.60.06,0.1,0.140.6,1.0,1.41,2,3
水底潜堤0.2,0.4,0.60.10.6,1.0,1.41,2,3
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Wave parameters

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λ/ mT/ sH/ λ
0.533~16.0000.585~8.1100.001
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波浪参数

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λ/ mT/ sH/ λ
0.533~16.0000.585~8.1100.001
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基于Bragg共振的多重浮箱–潜堤消波性能数值研究
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吴静萍 1, 2 , 杨一鸣 1 , 徐兴雨 3, 4 , 李家宁 3, 4 , 陈昌哲 5 , 杨煊赫 6
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(3): 415-426
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (3) : 415 -426
基于Bragg共振的多重浮箱–潜堤消波性能数值研究
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吴静萍1, 2, 杨一鸣1, 徐兴雨3, 4, 李家宁3, 4, 陈昌哲5 , 杨煊赫6
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
  • 2.武汉理工大学 高性能舰船技术教育部重点实验室,武汉 430063
  • 3.中国石化胜利油田分公司技术检测中心,山东 东营 257000
  • 4.中石化(山东)检测评价研究有限公司,山东 东营 257000
  • 5.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • 6.包头市检验检测中心,内蒙古 包头 014030
通讯作者:
陈昌哲(1994–),男,博士,博士后,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

吴静萍(1968–),女,博士,副教授

Numerical study of wave attenuation performance of multiple float boxes-submerged bars based on Bragg resonance
Jing-ping WU1, 2, Yi-ming YANG1, Xing-yu XU3, 4, Jia-ning LI3, 4, Chang-zhe CHEN5 , Xuan-he YANG6
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of High Performance Ship Technology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 3.Sinopec Shengli Oilfield Branch Technical Testing Center, Dongying 257000, China
  • 4.Sinopec (Shandong) Testing and Evaluation Research Co., Ltd., Dongying 257000, China
  • 5.School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 6.Baotou Inspection and Test Service Center, Baotou 014030, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.007
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为了拓展水面防波堤的有效消波周期范围,本文应用Bragg共振,开展多重水面穿透箱体与潜堤组合结构物的消波性能研究。基于时域势流理论,采用去奇异边界元方法(Desingularized Boundary Integral Equation Method, DBIEM),建立数值波浪水槽,数值计算了规则波与多重等间距布置的水面箱体与水底潜堤组合的结构物之间的相互作用。通过反射系数和透射系数分析了组合结构物的Bragg共振发生点位置、反射强度和消波性能。通过将数值结果与文献数据进行比较,验证了本文数值计算方法的有效性。计算结果给出了透射系数和反射系数随2S/λS为相邻结构物的中心间距,λ为入射波长)的变化趋势。结果表明,规则波在多重结构物中传播时会发生Bragg共振,此时其对波浪的衰减效果明显优于单体结构物。对于多重结构物,随着其数量、宽度、水面箱体浸深的增加,Bragg共振反射强度增加,不仅降低了透射系数,而且提升了对长周期波浪的消波能力;而增加相邻组合结构物间隙拓宽了有效消减波浪的周期范围。潜堤的存在加强了防波堤对长周期波的消浪能力。本研究为组合形式的防波堤设计提供参考。

去奇异边界元法  /  多重浮箱–潜堤  /  Bragg共振  /  长周期波  /  势流理论

To extend the effective wave attenuation period range of free surface breakwaters, a study on the wave attenuation performance of a combined structure consisting of multiple surface-piercing boxes and submerged bars was conducted using Bragg resonance. A numerical wave flume was constructed utilizing the Desingularized Boundary Integral Equation Method (DBIEM) based on time-domain potential flow theory, and the interaction between regular waves and the combined structure of multiple equally spaced free surface boxes with submerged bars was calculated numerically. The occurring condition of Bragg resonance, reflection strength and wave attenuation performance of the combined structure were analyzed through reflection and transmission coefficients. The effectiveness of the numerical calculation method in this paper was verified by comparing the numerical results with existing literature data. The variation trend of transmission and reflection coefficients with 2S/λ (S is the center distance of adjacent structures, λ is the incident wavelength) is given. The results indicate that Bragg resonance occurs when regular waves propagate through multiple structures, and the wave attenuation performance of these multiple structures is significantly better than that of single structures. For multiple structures, as the number, width, and immersion depth of the boxes increase, the reflection intensity of Bragg resonance also increases. This not only reduces the transmission coefficient but also enhances the ability to dissipate long-period waves. Furthermore, increasing the gap between adjacent combined structures mainly aims to expand the effective range of the wave attenuation period. The submerged bars improve the wave-dissipating efficacy against long-period waves. This study provides valuable insights for the design of composite breakwaters.

Desingularized Boundary Integral Equation Method  /  multiple float boxes-submerged bars  /  Bragg resonance  /  long-period waves  /  potential flow theory
吴静萍, 杨一鸣, 徐兴雨, 李家宁, 陈昌哲, 杨煊赫. 基于Bragg共振的多重浮箱–潜堤消波性能数值研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (3) : 415 -426 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.007
Jing-ping WU, Yi-ming YANG, Xing-yu XU, Jia-ning LI, Chang-zhe CHEN, Xuan-he YANG. Numerical study of wave attenuation performance of multiple float boxes-submerged bars based on Bragg resonance[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (3) : 415 -426 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.007
防波堤作为一种海岸和近海工程的防护设施,主要用于衰减波浪,减少波浪对港口、码头和海堤的不利影响。根据消波主体位置的不同,防波堤主要分为坐底式防波堤和水面式防波堤。相比于坐底式防波堤,水面式防波堤对水体循环和生态环境的影响较小,同时也适用于深水和软地质海底区域,优势明显,应用前景广阔。
目前水面式防波堤对短周期波浪的消波效果良好,但对于长周期波浪,消波效果较差甚至失效。已有研究表明,水面式防波堤能有效消减的波浪周期小于5秒[1],然而实际海况波浪周期往往大于这个范围。为了增强水面式防波堤对长周期波的衰减能力,可根据实际波浪周期情况增加水面防波堤主体结构尺寸,但这会导致过多占用水面作业区域,同时会增加防波堤受到的波浪载荷,给防波堤的结构设计带来难题,且过大的主体结构尺寸会降低其经济性。
在水波领域,Bragg共振原理是指在水波通过周期性布置的结构物时,当结构物间距的周期长度(即相邻结构物中心距离)为水波波长一半的整数倍时,产生的一种反射共振现象[2],此时反射波相干加强,透射波减小,结构物的消波能力增强。水波的Bragg共振反射现象最早发现于天然海底沙坝地形,当入射波波长约为沙坝间距的两倍时,对波浪的反射达到最大,同时有效减少到达近岸的波浪能量[3]。目前,人们运用人工沙坝及潜堤来保护海岸线及近岸设施以防止其被侵蚀损害,不少学者通过理论解析[46]、试验[78]和数值模拟[910]的方法探究如何优化潜堤的间距、高度、形状以及布置方式来增强Bragg共振反射效果,从而提高潜堤的海岸保护效率。但由于波浪能量沿水深衰减分布,潜堤在水底的消波能力有限,因此,可以利用水面防波堤的Bragg共振反射现象提高对长周期波的衰减作用。Karmakar等[11]使用特征函数展开法、最小二乘法和宽间距近似法研究了水面多重竖直带孔膜浮体结构的消浪效果,并观察到Bragg共振现象。丁伟伟等[12]通过特征函数展开法和宽间距近似法研究了布置在水面的多重竖直膜与规则波相互作用下的Bragg共振。Ouyang等[13]和Ding等[1415]运用边界元方法计算了水面不同形状结构物与规则波相互作用的波浪场,并改变结构物数量、吃水、宽度等参数,分析对Bragg共振和消波性能的影响。许玲等[16]实验研究了水波通过多重竖直刚性板结构物的Bragg共振现象,通过改变板的浸深、数量以及入射波波陡讨论了多重结构物的消波效果。Chen等[1718]采用去奇异边界元法(Desingularized Boundary Integral Equation Method, DBIEM)研究了水面固定两箱结构物和多重板结构物的消波效果和Bragg共振特性。Wu等[19]通过实验研究发现双箱–膜结构利用Bragg共振对长周期波有良好的消波效果。
如上所述,大多数研究主要针对单一水面结构物的消波特性,理论上,当水面周期排列结构物间距较大、数量较多时,运用Bragg共振原理能有效地衰减长周期波,但这样会过多占用水面空间,因此可以考虑将其与已有的潜堤结构物相结合,协同提升消浪性能。Ding等[20]研究了在规则波作用下水面多重水平膜与潜堤组合结构物的Bragg共振反射,考虑了潜堤高度对整体结构物消浪性能的影响。
本文基于Bragg共振原理,综合考虑水面防波堤和潜堤的消浪优势,探究水面–水底组合结构物对于长周期波的衰减能力。基于势流理论,采用去奇异边界元法,在二维数值波浪水槽中数值计算规则波与等间距排列的水面箱体–水底潜堤组合结构物的相互作用,通过分析反射系数、透射系数及Bragg共振发生点的变化规律,讨论了结构物数量、宽度、间隙和水面箱体浸深以及组合形式对组合结构物Bragg共振特征和消波性能的影响。
本文建立二维数值波浪水槽如图1所示。建立笛卡尔坐标系oxz,其中坐标原点o位于静水面与造波入口面的交点处,ox轴水平向右,oz轴竖直向上。图中p1是入射波和合成波的监测点,p2是入射波和透射波的监测点,分别位于距离结构物的迎浪侧dp1处和去浪侧dp2处。Ω为水槽流域,水槽流域边界包括水槽上游造波入口面ГU、自由液面ГF、下游尾端壁面ГD、水底壁面ГB和结构物壁面ГWh为静水深度,λ为入射波波长。水槽长度随入射波波长λ变化,组合结构物迎浪侧距离水槽入口长度为4λ,组合结构物去浪侧距下游水槽壁面长度为6λ。水槽尾部设置人工阻尼层,xd为人工阻尼层起始端点的x轴坐标,Ldl为人工阻尼层的长度。多重箱体–潜堤结构物个数为N,本文中N=1、2、3分别对应单箱体–单潜堤、双箱体–双潜堤及三箱体–三潜堤组合。水面矩形箱体和水底潜堤的宽度均为B,相邻水面矩形箱体间隙和相邻潜堤间隙均为W,相邻中心间距用S=B+W表示。水面箱体浸深为D;同时布置水底矩形潜堤,其中心x轴坐标与水面箱体相同,潜堤高度为d。本文保持潜堤高度d不变,分别考虑不同结构物数量N、宽度B、间距S以及箱体浸深D下组合结构物的Bragg共振特征和消波性能。具体箱体–潜堤结构物参数在表1中列出。
波浪与大尺度结构物作用的过程中,流体惯性力起主导作用,流体黏性产生的影响可以忽略,因此可忽略流体黏性,假定流动无旋,基于势流理论进行求解。采用速度势函数φx, z, t)描述流体运动,流场满足以下的控制方程,即Laplace方程
$\nabla^2 \varphi=0 \text {,流域 } \varOmega \text { 内 }$
对应边界条件为
$ \dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial \boldsymbol{n}}={R}_{m}{n}_{i}\dfrac{\partial {\varphi }_{U}}{\partial x} , 造波入口面\varGamma_{{\mathrm{U}}}$
$ \dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial \boldsymbol{n}}=-\dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial x}\dfrac{\partial \eta }{\partial x}+\dfrac{\partial {\varphi }_{U}}{\partial x}-{v}_{u}\eta , 自由液面\varGamma_{{\mathrm{F}}} $
$ \dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial t}=-g\eta -\dfrac{1}{2}\nabla \varphi \cdot \nabla \varphi -\dfrac{{p}_{{\mathrm{a}}}}{\rho }-{v}_{u}\varphi ,自由液面\varGamma_{{\mathrm{F}}} $
$\frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial \boldsymbol{n}}=0 \text {,固壁面 } \varGamma_{\mathrm{D}} 、 \varGamma_{\mathrm{B}} 、 \varGamma_{\mathrm{W}} $
初始条件为
$ \begin{cases} \varphi =0\\\eta =0\end{cases},\quad t=0 $
式中:nni, nk)为流域边界外法线方向的单位向量,ηx, t)为自由面上的波面抬升,g为重力加速度,ρ为流体密度,pa为自由面上的大气压力。φUx, z, t)为已知的造波入口面的速度势,本文采用二阶斯托克斯波的速度势。Rmt)为斜坡函数,目的是避免计算开始入射波速度势会使流域发生剧烈变化,引起波的类脉冲行为,使数值计算稳定,更快地达到稳态。vux)为阻尼系数,用来衰减波浪,防止反射波对数值计算造成影响。斜坡函数Rmt)与阻尼系数vux)二者的表达式如下
$ {R}_{m}\left(t\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \dfrac{1}{2}\left[1-\cos \left(\dfrac{{\text{π}} t}{{T}_{m}}\right)\right],& t\leq {T}_{m}\\1,& t\geq {T}_{m}\end{array}\right. $
$ {v}_{u}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0,&x\leq {x}_{u}\\\alpha \omega {\left(\dfrac{x-{x}_{u}}{{L}_{{\mathrm{dl}}}}\right)}^{2},&x\geq {x}_{u}\end{array}\right. $
式中:Tm为斜坡函数的作用时间,取Tm=2TT为波浪周期,ω为入射波角频率,α为控制参数,用于控制阻尼层的阻尼强度。参照文献[21]取α=1.0;人工阻尼层长度Ldl取1倍波长[22],即Ldl=λ
基于Rankine源的去奇异边界元法在计算流域边界上布置配置点,在流域外布置源点,使源点和配置点不重合,从而避免了数值计算过程中的边界积分方程奇异性。图2给出了流域边界上配置点和积分表面源点的示意图,其中每个配置点与相应的源点对应,二者之间的距离称为去奇异距离,配置点与源点之间去奇异距离Ld可由下式给出[23]
$ {L}_{{\mathrm{d}}}={l}_{{\mathrm{d}}}{\left({D}_{{\mathrm{m}}}\right)}^{\beta } $
式中:ldβ为可调系数,用于控制去奇异距离,取ld=1.5,β=1,Dm为局部网格尺寸。
流域内任意点的速度势为积分表面上源点对该点引起的速度势的线性叠加,表示为Rankine源形式
$ \varphi \left(\boldsymbol{p}\right)={\int}_{S}\sigma \left(\boldsymbol{q}\right)G\left(\boldsymbol{p},\boldsymbol{q}\right){\mathrm{d}}S $
式中:p=(xp, zp)为流域中任意点(包括流域边界上的配置点与流域内的场点)的坐标向量,q=(xq, zq)为流域外源点的坐标向量,S为积分表面,σq)为对应源点的源强,G采用简单格林函数,对于本文二维问题,Gp, q)定义为
$ G\left(\boldsymbol{p},\boldsymbol{q}\right)=\text{ln}\left| \boldsymbol{p}-\boldsymbol{q}\right| $
式(10)中源强σq)需运用已知的边界条件来求解。本文中为了追踪流体微团在瞬态自由表面上随时间的变化,采用混合欧拉–拉格朗日法[21](Mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian,MEL)追踪流体微团在瞬态自由表面上随时间的变化,因此自由表面ГF满足Dirchlet边界条件。同时,造波入口面ГU、固壁面ГDГBГW满足Neumann边界条件,其具体求解未知源强的去奇异化边界积分方程为
$ {\int}_{{{S}_{{\mathrm{d}}}}}\sigma \left(\boldsymbol{q}\right)G\left({\boldsymbol{p}}_{0},\boldsymbol{q}\right){\mathrm{d}}{S}_{{\mathrm{d}}}=\varphi \left({\boldsymbol{p}}_{0}\right)\quad\left({\boldsymbol{p}}_{0}\in {\varGamma }_{{\mathrm{F}}}\right) $
$ {\int}_{{{S}_{{\mathrm{n}}}}}\sigma \left(\boldsymbol{q}\right)\dfrac{\partial G\left({\boldsymbol{p}}_{0},\boldsymbol{q}\right)}{\partial \boldsymbol{n}}{\mathrm{d}}{S}_{{\mathrm{d}}}=\dfrac{\partial \varphi \left({\boldsymbol{p}}_{0}\right)}{\partial \boldsymbol{n}}\quad\left({\boldsymbol{p}}_{0}\in {\varGamma }_{{\mathrm{U}}}\& {\varGamma }_{{\mathrm{D}}}\& {\varGamma }_{{\mathrm{B}}}\& {\varGamma }_{{\mathrm{W}}}\right) $
式中:p0=(xp0, zp0)为流域边界上配置点的坐标向量,SdSn为分别满足Dirchlet边界条件和Neumann边界条件的积分表面。
此外,因为时间步进方法对计算的稳定性与精确性影响很大,本文选用四阶Adams-Bashforth-Moulton预测–校正法[22](Fourth-order Predictor-corrector Adams-Bashforth-Moulton Scheme,ABM4)更新下一时间步的波面抬高和自由表面的速度势。同时为避免自由表面在更新过程中出现锯齿状不稳定现象,采用了改进的Chebyshev五点光顺法[24](Chebyshev 5-pts. Smoothing Scheme)对自由表面的形状进行光顺。
本节以N=2、B/h=0.5、W/h=2.5、D/h=0.25和d/h=0.25的多重结构物为例,在入射波波长λ=2.400 m、波陡H/λ=0.001的条件下,说明本文计算透射系数和反射系数的计算方法。
透射系数Kt定义为透射波高Ht与入射波高Hi的比值为
$ {K}_{{\mathrm{t}}}=\dfrac{{H}_{{\mathrm{t}}}}{{H}_{{\mathrm{i}}}} $
结构物透射波高Ht通过在结构物去浪侧设置监测点p2(见图1)直接测量。为了确定透射波测点位置,分别在dp2=0.5λλ、1.5λ等三处测量结构物去浪侧液面抬升。图3(a)为双箱双潜堤波浪周期T=1.403 s时一次数值计算获得的3个测点的透射波形时历曲线,图3(b)为起始相位对齐之后的3条透射波曲线,图中虚线之前的波形为透射波,之后出现的波动由池壁反射引起(虽然有消波处理,但没有完全消除池壁反射)。从图3可见,虽然3条透射波形曲线的起始时间有先后,但其测得的稳定透射波形几乎完全一致。本文中,选择透射波高的监测点p2位于dp2=λ处。
入射波高采用与透射波高相同的监测点p2[19]图4显示了该点在无结构物时测得的入射波和有结构物时测得的透射波时历曲线。选取其中的稳定波段,分别计算其平均波高,作为入射波高Hi和透射波高Ht
反射系数Kr定义为反射波高Hr与入射波高Hi的比值,即
$ {K}_{{\mathrm{r}}}=\dfrac{{H}_{{\mathrm{r}}}}{{H}_{{\mathrm{i}}}} $
为了得到反射波高,需将反射波形从合成波形中分离出来。本文采用Chen等[17]和Ding等[25]提出的反射波分离方法。在结构物迎浪侧设置监测点p1(见图1),分别在dp1=0.5λλ、1.5λ这三处监测无结构物时的入射波形和有结构物时的合成波形,然后将合成波形减去入射波形就得到反射波形。3个测点数值计算的入射波、合成波和分离得到的反射波分别如图5(a)、(b)和(c)所示。图5(d)将3个测点的反射波形经相位对齐后进行对比。其中虚线之前的波形为分离的反射波形,之后的波形因未采用主动吸波造波方法,混有不同相位造波机二次反射成分而有所区别。从图5(d)可见,3个不同测点处分离的稳定反射波形几乎完全一致。本文选择反射波高的监测点p1位于dp1=λ处。选取入射波形和反射波形中的稳定波段,分别计算其平均波高,作为入射波高Hi和反射波高Hr,见图6所示。
在数值计算中,沿x方向每个波长布置61个源点,沿y方向布置11个源点,时间步长取T/100,其中T为入射波浪周期。为验证本文数值计算方法的准确性,选取Abul-Azm的解析解[26]与之进行对比,计算工况与文献工况相同:数值水槽中仅设置水底潜堤结构,由于文献解析解基于线性波理论,数值计算选取小波陡H/λ=0.001,同时波长λ取值范围为0.108~3.140 m,潜堤参数设置为B/h=1,d/h=0.75。
图7为数值计算与解析解得到的透射系数Kt和反射系数Kr随无因次量kh的变化曲线。从图7中可以看出,本文计算的透射系数Kt和反射系数Kr的结果与Abul-Azm的文献结果变化趋势高度一致,且数值吻合良好,这表明本文数值计算方法是有效的。
同时,由于本文数值计算方法基于势流理论,理论上波浪在传播过程中以及与结构物相互作用过程中不会发生能量损耗,透射系数Kt和反射系数Kr满足以下能量守恒方程
$ {K}_{{\mathrm{t}}}^{2}+{K}_{{\mathrm{r}}}^{2}=1 $
为了验证本文透射系数与反射系数处理方法的有效性,图8中给出了计算得到的透射系数Kt和反射系数Kr二者平方和以及与理论值1之间的绝对误差δ。从图中可知,本文的数值结果平方和与能量守恒方程理论值之间的误差较小,误差绝对值|δ|max小于9%,说明了本文所采用的透射系数与反射系数处理方法的有效性。
保持水深h=0.4 m、波陡H/λ=0.001不变,波长取值范围为0.533~16.000 m,周期T根据色散关系计算得到,具体数据在表2中列出。值得一提的是,当改变组合结构物的宽度B和间隙W时,相应的间距S也会变化。本文为保证不同模型下的2S/λ取值范围不变,不同模型的波长取值范围不同。
图9给出了在B/h=0.5、W/h=2.5、D/h=0.25和d/h=0.25条件下(波长取值范围为0.800~12.000 m),结构物数量N=1、2、3时,反射系数Kr和透射系数Kt随2S/λ的变化曲线(对于单箱体–单潜堤结构物,其S值与多重结构物取值相同)。从图9(a)中可以看到,当N=1时,反射系数Kr随2S/λ的增加单调增长,而当N=2和3时,由于多重结构物与入射波发生Bragg共振现象,反射系数Kr变化趋势较为复杂。在一阶Bragg共振点2S/λ=1.0附近,多重结构物发生明显的反射加强现象,其反射系数显著高于单体。同时,实际Bragg共振发生点偏移至2S/λ=1.0的右侧,且多重体的数量越多,Bragg共振发生点越接近2S/λ=1.0,反射强度也越大。此外,在较大2S/λ范围内,即入射波长较小时,多重结构物的反射系数接近于1.0,也优于单箱体–单潜堤结构物。在图9(b)中,透射系数变化趋势与反射系数相反。在一阶Bragg共振加强反射时,透射系数显著下降,促使多重结构物的消波效果提升明显,且结构物的数量越多,透射系数降低越明显。
图10给出了在N=2、W/h=2.5、D/h=0.25和d/h=0.25条件下(波长取值范围为0.800~16.000 m),双箱体–双潜堤结构在不同宽度水深比B/h下,反射系数Kr和透射系数Kt随无因次量2S/λ的变化曲线。可以注意到,由于S=B+W,宽度B增大意味着结构物周期排列间距S也增大。从图10(a)中可以看出,由于双箱体–双潜堤结构物与入射波的相互作用发生Bragg共振现象,反射系数Kr并非单调变化。三种宽度水深比B/h条件下,一阶Bragg共振点均位于理论共振点2S/λ=1.0的右侧,且随着B/h的增大,一阶Bragg共振点远离2S/λ=1.0。同时,B/h越大,反射系数Kr的峰值越高,反射强度越强。对于较大的2S/λ值,即入射波波长较小时,反射系数均接近于1.0。图10(b)中三种宽度水深比B/h下的透射系数Kt变化趋势均与反射系数相反。透射系数谷值拐点与反射系数峰值拐点,即Bragg共振点发生在相同的2S/λ位置。随着宽度水深比B/h增加,在一阶Bragg共振的影响范围,透射系数Kt的谷值越低,这说明增加宽度B可以降低透射、提升消浪效果。
图11给出了在N=2、B/h=0.5、D/h=0.25和d/h=0.25的条件下(波长取值范围为0.533~16.000 m),双箱体–双潜堤在不同间隙水深比W/h时,反射系数Kr和透射系数Kt随2S/λ的变化曲线。同样地,由于S=B+W,间隙W的增大,意味着结构物周期排列间距S也增大。从图11(a)中可以看出,双箱体–双潜堤结构物与入射波作用发生Bragg共振现象,三种W/h下的一阶Bragg共振点均位于理论共振点2S/λ=1的右侧,随着W/h增大,一阶Bragg共振点逐渐接近2S/λ=1。同时,随着W/h增大,反射系数Kr的峰值降低,反射强度减弱。图11(b)中,三种W/h下,透射系数Kt变化趋势与反射系数相反。随着W/h增大,对应透射系数谷值变大,透射增加,消浪效果减弱,这说明增加结构物间隙W而增加间距S,虽然可以拓宽有效消波周期范围,但是消浪效果会不太理想。
图12给出了在N=2、B/h=0.5、W/h=2.5和d/h=0.25的条件下(波长取值范围为0.800~12.000 m),水面箱体在不同浸深水深比D/h下,反射系数Kr和透射系数Kt随2S/λ的变化曲线。从图12(a)中可以看出,双箱体–双潜堤结构物在入射波作用下产生Bragg共振现象,反射系数并非单调变化。三种D/h下,一阶Bragg共振点仍然均位于理论共振点2S/λ=1的右侧,且随着D/h的增大,一阶Bragg共振点逐渐左移,且对应的反射系数Kr峰值增大。图12(b)中三种D/h下的透射系数Kt变化趋势与反射系数相反。随着箱体相对浸深D/h增大,透射系数谷值随之减小,消浪效果加强。
图13为在N=2、B/h=0.5、W/h=2.5、D/h=0.25和d/h=0.25条件下(波长取值范围为0.800~12.000 m),双箱体–双潜堤组合结构物以及仅存在双箱体或双潜堤时的透射系数Kt和反射系数Kr随2S/λ的变化曲线。从图13(a)中可以看到,三种形式结构物在入射波作用下均产生Bragg共振现象,一阶Bragg共振点均位于理论共振点2S/λ=1附近的右侧。明显看出,双潜堤结构物的反射系数整体处于较低水平,组合结构物的一阶Bragg共振点在双箱体的左侧,且对应的反射系数Kr峰值更高。在图13(b)中,透射系数变化趋势与反射系数相反。在一阶Bragg共振加强反射时,组合结构物透射系数低于双箱体结构。表明潜堤的存在增强了水面箱体的消波能力,并提升了对长周期波的衰减效果。
本文基于势流理论,采用时域去奇异边界元方法,对水面箱体和水底潜堤组合结构物的Bragg共振特征开展了数值研究,分析了结构物数量、宽度、间隙、水面箱体浸深以及防波堤形式对波浪的Bragg反射特征及衰减性能的影响,得到以下结论:
(1)与单体结构物相比,多重结构物会发生Bragg反射现象。在Bragg共振点附近,由于反射加强而显著提升消波效果;并且结构物数量越多,反射越剧烈,消浪效率越高。
(2)本文多重组合结构物的一阶Bragg共振点均发生在理论值2S/λ=1的右侧。虽然利用Bragg共振可以显著提高消波周期,但共振点会移至2S/λ=1的右侧,这略微缩小了有效消波的周期范围。增加结构物数量、增大水面箱体相对间隙W/h以及相对浸深D/h均使一阶Bragg共振点向左移,这有利于提高消波周期;而增加结构物相对宽度B/h虽使一阶Bragg共振点向右移,但同时间距S相应增大,对应着更长的波长,仍有利于提高消波周期。
(3)对于多重结构物,增加结构物数量、增加结构物相对宽度B/h以及增加水面箱体相对浸深D/h均使一阶Bragg共振反射加强,明显提升了消浪效果,而增加水面箱体相对间隙W/h虽使一阶Bragg共振反射强度下降,但对长周期波仍有不错的消浪效果。
(4)潜堤有着一定的对长周期波的反射效果,在布置水面防波堤时,可考虑与水底结构物结合,从而增强对长周期波的消浪能力。

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2026年第30卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.007
  • 接收时间:2025-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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    1.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
    2.武汉理工大学 高性能舰船技术教育部重点实验室,武汉 430063
    3.中国石化胜利油田分公司技术检测中心,山东 东营 257000
    4.中石化(山东)检测评价研究有限公司,山东 东营 257000
    5.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
    6.包头市检验检测中心,内蒙古 包头 014030

通讯作者:

陈昌哲(1994–),男,博士,博士后,通讯作者,E-mail:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cblx/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.007
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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