Article(id=1281323790403617526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754755200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783420997477, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783420997477, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783420997477, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783420997477, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281323788058996778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='3', pageStart='341', pageEnd='506', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783420996918, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422057887, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=399, endPage=414, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281323790747550455, articleId=1281323790403617526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of flow characteristics and flow mechanism of multi-row three-circle cylinders at subcritical Reynolds number, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper establishes a three-dimensional turbulence model using the CFD method in OpenFOAM. It compares and analyzes the effects of spacing ratios (L/D = 1.5~6.0) at Reynolds number Re = 3900 on the wake flow characteristics, force coefficients, Strouhal number, mean pressure coefficient, and mean velocity distribution together with the flow mechanims, for both the single-row three-cylinder and the three-row three-cylinder configurations. The research results show that the wake flow patterns are classified into four types: reattachment flow (reverse flow reattachment), reattachment flow (reverse flow without reattachment), narrow wake impact, and synchronized detachment. The critical spacing ratio for the three-row three-cylinder configuration is L/D = 3.5, which is smaller than the critical spacing ratio of L/D = 4.0 for the single-row three-cylinder configuration. The drag coefficient, Strouhal number, and lift coefficient root-mean-square values of the three-row three-cylinder are generally higher than those of the single-row three-cylinder structure, and a desynchronized Strouhal number phenomenon is observed in the three-row three-cylinder configuration. The trend of mean pressure coefficient distribution of the single-row three-cylinder is similar to that of the central column of the three-row three-cylinder. For the outer columns of the three-row three-cylinder at small spacing ratios, the location of positive pressure is closer to the central column side. The gap flow mean velocity in the three-row three-cylinder configuration is relatively higher. This study provides a reference for the hydrodynamic calculation of pile groups in engineering applications.

, authors=Xi XIAa, b, Zai-jin YOUb, authorsList=Xi XIA, Zai-jin YOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281323794371429140, articleId=1281323790403617526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=亚临界雷诺数下多列三圆柱绕流特性与流动机理数值模拟研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文建立了基于CFD方法的OpenFOAM三维湍流模型,研究分析在雷诺数Re = 3900条件下,不同间距比(L/D = 1.5~6.0)对单列三圆柱和三列三圆柱尾流流态、力系数、斯特劳哈尔数、平均压力系数和平均流速分布的影响及其流动机理。研究结果表明:尾流流态共分为4种,分别为重新附着流(逆流再附着)、重新附着流(逆流无附着)、窄尾流撞击和共同脱落;三列三圆柱的临界间距比为L/D = 3.5,此值小于单列三圆柱的临界间距比L/D = 4.0;三列三圆柱的阻力系数、斯特劳哈尔数及升力系数均方根值基本大于单列三圆柱结构情形,且三列三圆柱斯特劳哈尔数出现了相互未锁定现象;单列三圆柱的平均压力系数分布与三列三圆柱中心列的平均压力系数分布趋势基本一致,但三列三圆柱中的双侧列圆柱在小间距比时,其正压力位置更靠近中心列圆柱一侧;三列三圆柱间隙流平均速度相对较大。本研究工作为海岸和海洋工程中桩群的水动力计算提供一定的参考价值。

, authors=夏曦a, b, 尤再进b, authorsList=夏曦, 尤再进, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

夏 曦(1997–),博士研究生,E-mail:

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夏 曦(1997–),博士研究生,E-mail:

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Effect of time step, circumferential node and first layer height on mean drag coefficient and Strouhal number

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算例ReU /(m·s−1时间步长/s圆周节点数边界层首层高度/mmCdSt
注:表中带*标识者代表物理模型试验结果
Case139000.390.0502000.031821.0520.217
Case239000.390.0052000.031821.0400.217
Case339000.390.0012000.031821.0250.212
Case439000.390.0051600.031821.1100.209
Case539000.390.0052400.031821.0350.211
Case639000.390.0052000.063640.9200.230
Case739000.390.0052000.015911.0800.219
文献[20]*39000.990
文献[21]*39000.3250.208
文献[17]*39000.3901.040.210
文献[7]390010.001.000.217
), ArticleFig(id=1281323802017645387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323790403617526, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

时间步长、圆周节点及边界层首层高度对平均阻力系数和斯特劳哈尔数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算例ReU /(m·s−1时间步长/s圆周节点数边界层首层高度/mmCdSt
注:表中带*标识者代表物理模型试验结果
Case139000.390.0502000.031821.0520.217
Case239000.390.0052000.031821.0400.217
Case339000.390.0012000.031821.0250.212
Case439000.390.0051600.031821.1100.209
Case539000.390.0052400.031821.0350.211
Case639000.390.0052000.063640.9200.230
Case739000.390.0052000.015911.0800.219
文献[20]*39000.990
文献[21]*39000.3250.208
文献[17]*39000.3901.040.210
文献[7]390010.001.000.217
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亚临界雷诺数下多列三圆柱绕流特性与流动机理数值模拟研究
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(3): 399-414
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (3) : 399 -414
亚临界雷诺数下多列三圆柱绕流特性与流动机理数值模拟研究
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b.Dalian Maritime University Port and Shipping Safety Collaborative Innovation Center, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1281323794992186144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323790403617526, authorId=1281323794774082332, language=CN, stringName=夏曦, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=a, b, address=a.大连海事大学 航海学院
b.大连海事大学 港口与航运安全协同创新中心,辽宁 大连 116026, bio={"content":"

夏 曦(1997–),博士研究生,E-mail:

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夏 曦(1997–),博士研究生,E-mail:

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夏曦a, b , 尤再进b
作者信息
  • a.大连海事大学 航海学院
  • b.大连海事大学 港口与航运安全协同创新中心,辽宁 大连 116026
作者简介:

夏 曦(1997–),博士研究生,E-mail:

Numerical simulation of flow characteristics and flow mechanism of multi-row three-circle cylinders at subcritical Reynolds number
Xi XIAa, b , Zai-jin YOUb
Affiliations
  • a.Dalian Maritime University Navigation College
  • b.Dalian Maritime University Port and Shipping Safety Collaborative Innovation Center, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.006
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本文建立了基于CFD方法的OpenFOAM三维湍流模型,研究分析在雷诺数Re = 3900条件下,不同间距比(L/D = 1.5~6.0)对单列三圆柱和三列三圆柱尾流流态、力系数、斯特劳哈尔数、平均压力系数和平均流速分布的影响及其流动机理。研究结果表明:尾流流态共分为4种,分别为重新附着流(逆流再附着)、重新附着流(逆流无附着)、窄尾流撞击和共同脱落;三列三圆柱的临界间距比为L/D = 3.5,此值小于单列三圆柱的临界间距比L/D = 4.0;三列三圆柱的阻力系数、斯特劳哈尔数及升力系数均方根值基本大于单列三圆柱结构情形,且三列三圆柱斯特劳哈尔数出现了相互未锁定现象;单列三圆柱的平均压力系数分布与三列三圆柱中心列的平均压力系数分布趋势基本一致,但三列三圆柱中的双侧列圆柱在小间距比时,其正压力位置更靠近中心列圆柱一侧;三列三圆柱间隙流平均速度相对较大。本研究工作为海岸和海洋工程中桩群的水动力计算提供一定的参考价值。

尾流流态  /  多列三圆柱  /  圆柱表面平均压力系数  /  平均速度分布

This paper establishes a three-dimensional turbulence model using the CFD method in OpenFOAM. It compares and analyzes the effects of spacing ratios (L/D = 1.5~6.0) at Reynolds number Re = 3900 on the wake flow characteristics, force coefficients, Strouhal number, mean pressure coefficient, and mean velocity distribution together with the flow mechanims, for both the single-row three-cylinder and the three-row three-cylinder configurations. The research results show that the wake flow patterns are classified into four types: reattachment flow (reverse flow reattachment), reattachment flow (reverse flow without reattachment), narrow wake impact, and synchronized detachment. The critical spacing ratio for the three-row three-cylinder configuration is L/D = 3.5, which is smaller than the critical spacing ratio of L/D = 4.0 for the single-row three-cylinder configuration. The drag coefficient, Strouhal number, and lift coefficient root-mean-square values of the three-row three-cylinder are generally higher than those of the single-row three-cylinder structure, and a desynchronized Strouhal number phenomenon is observed in the three-row three-cylinder configuration. The trend of mean pressure coefficient distribution of the single-row three-cylinder is similar to that of the central column of the three-row three-cylinder. For the outer columns of the three-row three-cylinder at small spacing ratios, the location of positive pressure is closer to the central column side. The gap flow mean velocity in the three-row three-cylinder configuration is relatively higher. This study provides a reference for the hydrodynamic calculation of pile groups in engineering applications.

wake flow patterns  /  multiple three-cylinder configuration  /  average pressure coefficient on cylinder surfaces  /  average velocity distribution
夏曦, 尤再进. 亚临界雷诺数下多列三圆柱绕流特性与流动机理数值模拟研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (3) : 399 -414 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.006
Xi XIA, Zai-jin YOU. Numerical simulation of flow characteristics and flow mechanism of multi-row three-circle cylinders at subcritical Reynolds number[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (3) : 399 -414 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.006
桩基结构在海洋工程中尤为常见,如海上钻井平台、跨海桥梁、桩基码头等[1]。早在100多年前冯卡门[2]发现流体经过钝体结构时,其后方形成涡旋并以周期性反向旋转脱落,此发现被命名为卡门涡街,为后期钝体绕流的研究提供了重要的理论依据。
相比于单桩柱结构,海洋结构多以群桩的形式出现,而多列群桩结构柱体间互绕效应明显,其内部及周围水动力场更为复杂,因此群桩研究一直受到国内外学者广泛的关注。Xu等[3]分析了不同雷诺数下并列双圆柱在小间距比L/D = 1.2~2.0时的尾涡流态,得出在小间距比下共存在3种流态,分别是单一涡街、两条宽窄相同的平行涡街和两条一宽一窄的偏流涡街。Zeng等[4]研究了亚临界雷诺数Re = 3900下并列双圆柱在间距比L/D = 1.2~4.0时的流动动力学,发现在偏流涡街时存在尾涡翻转的现象,并得出尾涡翻转现象只与间距比密切相关,与雷诺数无关。林凌霄等[5]探究了低雷诺数下间距比对并列双圆柱升、阻力系数的影响,发现升、阻力系数随着间距比的增加而减小,随后趋于稳定。Qiu等[6]分析了间距比对并列放置的两个不同直径圆柱的阻力系数和涡脱频率的影响,发现在间距比L/D = 1.2时小圆柱对大圆柱的涡旋脱落有着较大的抑制作用。Zhou等[7]研究了雷诺数Re = 1000时串列双圆柱水动力特性,共发现三种流动模式,分别是单钝体流动模式、再附着流动模式和共同脱落流动模式,当单钝体流动模式转换成再附着流动模式时斯特劳哈尔数下降,脉动升力系数和脉动阻力系数产生跳跃;当再附着流动模式转换成共脱落流动模式时,脉动升力系数、脉动阻力系数和斯特劳哈尔数均跳跃增加。刘景伟等[8]分析了串列双圆柱绕流间距比对下游圆柱剪切层分离角的影响。庞建华等[9]利用IVCBC涡方法揭示了串联双圆柱流体特征发生突变的原因。Tu等[10]探究了当雷诺数Re = 3900时方形布置的四圆柱内部放置一中心圆柱对原四圆柱的影响,结果表明在小间距比时增加中心圆柱对原四圆柱影响显著,增加了下游圆柱的负压力。胡晓峰等[11]研究了四种流向角下四圆柱水动力特性,得出0°来流角下圆柱受阻力最大。Gao等[12]探究了间距比和雷诺数对三维等边三角形排列的三圆柱流动特性及力系数的影响,发现等边三角形共存在5种流态。其中,下游圆柱的平均阻力系数均小于其他双圆柱,上游圆柱和下游圆柱的升力系数基本为负值,中游圆柱的升力系数基本为正值。Wang等[13]探究了间距比和水流入射角对方形布置四圆柱绕流特性的影响,结果表明,下游圆柱阻力系数相对较低,脉动阻力系数和脉动升力系数相对较高,尤其在涡流冲击条件下可高至6−7倍。涂佳黄等[14]基于IB-MRT-LBM法模拟了低雷诺数下等边布置三圆柱结构群的绕流特性,发现尾流模式共分为七种且流体力系数的时均值受间隙流流速影响较大。Zhang等[15]对比了不同来流角下串列三圆柱和串列双圆柱绕流特性区别,结果表明,在串列双圆柱中间放置第三个圆柱可以明显抑制圆柱的升力震荡。
现有学者的研究基本集中在并串列双圆柱、三角布置三圆柱及方形布置四圆柱等类型的少数圆柱结构布局,对高雷诺数下多列群柱结构研究相对较少。本文基于OpenFOAM开源模型,数值模拟雷诺数Re = 3900下间距比L/D = 1.5~6.0单列三圆柱和三列三圆柱群桩绕流特性,重点研究分析了其尾流流态、升阻力系数、斯特劳哈尔数、平均压力系数及平均流速,为海洋工程设计提供科学依据。
本文构建三维湍流OpenFOAM数值模型,应用中心离散格式,采用大涡模拟LES中的经典亚格子涡粘模式[16],大涡模拟中SGS模式及中心离散格式最接近试验结果[17],其通过滤波函数得到大尺度涡的不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程如下
$ \dfrac{\partial {\overline{u}}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}}=0 $
$ \dfrac{\partial {\overline{u}}_{i}}{\partial t}+\dfrac{\partial \overline{{u}_{i}{u}_{j}}}{\partial {x}_{j}}=\nu \dfrac{{\partial }^{2}{\overline{u}}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}\partial {x}_{j}}-\dfrac{1}{\rho }\dfrac{\partial \overline{p}}{\partial {x}_{i}} $
式中:$ \overline{{u}_{i}} $xi方向滤波后的平均流速分量,$ \overline{p} $为平均流体压力,ρ为流体密度,ν为流体运动粘度,t是时间。令$ \overline{{u}_{i}{u}_{j}}=\overline{{u}_{i}}\overline{{u}_{j}}+(\overline{{u}_{i}{u}_{j}}-\overline{{u}_{i}}\overline{{u}_{j}}) $,亚格子应力尺度为$ {\overline{\tau }}_{ij}=\overline{{u}_{i}{u}_{j}}-\overline{{u}_{i}}\overline{{u}_{j}} $[7],因此方程(2)可写为
$ \dfrac{\partial \overline{{u}_{i}}}{\partial t}+\dfrac{\partial \overline{{u}_{i}}\overline{{u}_{j}}}{\partial {x}_{j}}=\nu \dfrac{{\partial }^{2}\overline{{u}_{i}}}{\partial {x}_{j}\partial {x}_{j}}-\dfrac{1}{\rho }\dfrac{\partial \overline{p}}{\partial {x}_{i}}-\dfrac{\partial \overline{{\tau }_{ij}}}{\partial {x}_{j}} $
采用Smagorinsky-Lilly模型,即式(4)使方程(3)封闭
$ {\overline{\tau }}_{ij}-\dfrac{1}{3}{\tau }_{kk}{\sigma }_{ij}=-2{\nu }_{t}{\overline{S}}_{ij} $
式中:解析尺度的应变率张量为$ {\overline{S}}_{ij}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{\partial \overline{{u}_{i}}}{\partial {x}_{j}}+\dfrac{\partial \overline{{u}_{j}}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right) $,亚网格运动粘度为$ {\nu }_{t}={l}_{s}{}^{2}\left| \overline{{S}_{ij}}\right| $ls为亚网格尺度的混合长度。
阻力系数和升力系数是衡量圆柱受力的无量纲参数[15],阻力平行于来流方向,升力垂直于来流方向,两者表达式分别为
$ {C}_{\text{d}}=2{\boldsymbol{F}}_{\text{d}}/(\rho {\boldsymbol{U}}^{2}DH)=-\int\limits_{0}^{H}\left[\int\limits_{0}^{2\text{π} }{C}_{\text{p}}\cos \theta \text{d}\theta -\dfrac{2}{Re}\int\limits_{0}^{2\text{π} }\left(\dfrac{\partial \boldsymbol{u}}{\partial y}-\dfrac{\partial \boldsymbol{v}}{\partial x}\right)\sin \theta \text{d}\theta \right]\text{d}z $
$ {C}_{\text{l}}=2{\boldsymbol{F}}_{\text{l}}/(\rho {\boldsymbol{U}}^{2}DH)=-\int\limits_{0}^{H}\left[\int\limits_{0}^{2\text{π} }{C}_{\text{p}}\sin \theta \text{d}\theta -\dfrac{2}{Re}\int\limits_{0}^{2\text{π} }\left(\dfrac{\partial \boldsymbol{u}}{\partial y}-\dfrac{\partial \boldsymbol{v}}{\partial x}\right)\cos \theta \text{d}\theta \right]\text{d}z $
式中:Fd为圆柱阻力,Fl为圆柱升力,H为圆柱高度,D为圆柱直径,Cp为圆柱表面平均压力,Re为雷诺数,θ为角度。斯特劳哈尔数是衡量涡脱频率重要的无量纲参数,通过将升力系数进行FFT频率变换可得出涡脱频率[15],斯特劳哈尔数定义如下
$ {S}{t}=\dfrac{fD}{\boldsymbol{U}} $
式中:St为斯特劳哈尔数,f为涡脱频率。
本文中圆柱绕流数值模型采用有限体积法和耦合速度压力PISO算法,单圆柱计算域范围为20D×30D×пD[18],结构和划分如图1所示。圆柱圆心距入口边界处10D,距出口边界处20D,距上下边界处10D[19]。入口均匀来流速度为U = 0.39 m/s,雷诺数为Re = ρUD/υ = 3900,其中,D = 0.01 m,ρ为流体密度1000 kg/m3υ为流体粘度系数1×10−3 Pa·s。左侧入口为定值边界条件,右侧出口为梯度定值边界条件,上下侧为对称边界,前后侧为循环边界[7,15],圆柱为无滑移边界条件,整个计算域采用非均匀网格结构。
确定了计算域及其边界条件后,便可进行单圆柱绕流的数值模拟验证。首先将本文数值结果与物理模型试验[20-21]结果对比,该模型试验是通过风洞装置对单圆柱进行的,然后与前人数值模拟实验[7,17]进行对比,对比结果见表1。表中选取了几组不同时间步长、圆柱节点数及边界层首层高度的工况,对比了单圆柱阻力系数和斯特劳哈尔数的结果,考虑计算效率的问题,本文最终选取Case2作为后续研究的网格分辨率。
图2 (a)为单圆柱表面平均压力系数分布图,其中表面平均压力系数定义为[22]
$ {C}_{\text{p}}=(p-{p}_{0})/(0.5\rho {U}^{2}) $
式中:p为圆柱表面静压,p0为来流静压。由图可见,圆柱80%的表面区域都承受着负压力,20%的表面区域承受着正压力[23-25]图2 (b)为Z/H = 0.5位置沿尾迹中心线的平均纵向速度,回流区范围为1.3D,其定义为圆柱中心到最小流向速度点的距离,回流区内的速度远低于来流的速度[20,26]图2 (c) 为Z/H = 0.5位置沿跨向不同位置平均速度(x/D = 1.06 和x/D = 1.54)对比图,其中以单圆柱圆心处(x/D = 0 y/D = 0)作为xy方向位置基准点,x/D = 1.04位置平均速度曲线呈“U”状,x/D = 1.54位置平均速度曲线呈“V”状。同时将单圆柱绕流的数值模拟结果曲线与参考文献[10,17,21,23-26]的相应结果分别进行对比,由图2可知,本文数值结果和参与对比的文献结果基本一致, 进一步证明了本文数值模型的准确性。
本文重点研究三列三圆柱的群桩绕流特性,其计算域范围为(20+2nD×(30+2nD×пDn为相邻圆柱圆心间距离的直径倍数,其取值为n = 1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0、6.0,三列三圆柱平面布置如图3所示。三列三圆柱与单圆柱及单列三圆柱绕流具有相同边界条件,单圆柱的平面布置见图1,单列三圆柱的平面布置为图3中的中间三圆柱排列。
上述为数值模拟方法及三维湍流数值计算模型的介绍,此节基于上述的模型及方法,对不同间距比下的单列三圆柱和三列三圆柱群桩绕流进行数值模拟,共18种工况,间距比L/D分别为1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0和6.0,重点分析群桩绕流的尾流流态、平均流速、阻力系数、脉动升力系数、斯特劳哈尔数、圆柱表面压力系数的变化规律。
为了与三列三圆柱平面瞬时展向涡量进行比较,图4给出了单列三圆柱平面瞬时展向涡量计算结果。受篇幅限制,仅选取了具有代表性尾流流态的4种间距比进行展示,分别为L/D = 1.5、3.0、3.5和4.5,图中蓝色和红色分别代表顺时针方向和逆时针方向。当间距比L/D = 1.5时,如图4(a)所示,为重新附着流(逆流再附着),其流动特性为:从上游圆柱分离的剪切层一部分流向下游方向,重新附着在中游圆柱的侧面或前表面;一部分流向上游方向重新附着在上游圆柱的底部。中游圆柱和下游圆柱间的流动状态同理。当间距比L/D = 2.0~3.0时,如图4(b) 所示,为重新附着流(逆流再附着)和窄尾流撞击流,上游圆柱和中游圆柱间流态与间距比L/D = 1.5时相同,而中下游圆柱间尾流流态不同于上中游圆柱间尾流流态,其中游圆柱后方形成窄尾流撞击在下游圆柱的侧面或前表面。当间距比L/D = 3.5~4.0时,如图4(c) 所示,为重新附着流(逆流无附着)和窄尾流撞击流,从上游圆柱分离的剪切层一部分流向下游方向,重新附着在中游圆柱的侧面或前表面;一部分流向上游方向,但由于间距较大,逆流未到达上游圆柱的底部,中游圆柱和下游圆柱间的流动状态与间距比L/D = 2.0~3.0时相同。当间距比L/D = 4.5~6.0时,如图4(d) 所示,为共同脱落流态,圆柱间间距较大,单列三圆柱间尾流均呈现出相对充分脱落状态。
类似于单列三圆柱平面瞬时展向涡量的分析方法,三列三圆柱平面瞬时展向涡量选取了4种间距比进行展示,分别为L/D = 1.5、3.0、3.5和4.0。由图5可见,当间距比为L/D = 1.5~2.0时,三列三圆柱尾流流态(图5(a)),为重新附着流(逆流再附着)。当间距比为L/D = 2.5~3.0时(图5(b)),为重新附着流(逆流再附着)和窄尾流撞击流。当间距比为L/D = 3.5时(图5(c)),为重新附着流(逆流无附着)和窄尾流撞击流。当间距比为L/D = 4.0~6.0时(图5(d)),为共同脱落流,但三列三圆柱尾流共同脱落流态的临界间距比提前于单列三圆柱结构。综合可见,单列三圆柱和三列三圆柱尾流流态分类相同,共分为4种,分别为重新附着流(逆流再附着)、重新附着流(逆流无附着)、窄尾流撞击和共同脱落。但是,当群桩由单列转变为三列时,尾流共同脱落流态的临界间距比提前。
图6为三列三圆柱识别涡旋的三维Q准则[27]图,包含4种主流态(包含逆流再附着和逆流无附着),间距比分别为L/D = 1.5、3.0、3.5和4.0。由图可见,在小间距比L/D = 1.5时,由于每行圆柱间距离较近,圆柱产生的剪切层相互干涉[2],因此在圆柱内侧(圆柱间相互靠近的一侧)会形成波纹状剪切层(Corrugated Shear Layer,简称CSL)[28],而在圆柱外侧(圆柱旁边无结构物的一侧),剪切层相对发展,因此会产生尾涡第一次卷起[29]。间距比增加到L/D = 3.0时,上游圆柱附近产生的波纹剪切层范围增加,出现了剪切层拉伸和撕裂的现象,并在中游和下游圆柱处均形成聚焦型涡旋结构(Focused Roll-up,简称FRU)。间距比增加到L/D = 3.5时,上游圆柱产生的波纹剪切层出现了在尾部变形成涡旋的现象。间距比L/D = 4.0时,上游产生的波纹剪切层范围再次变短,FRU在上游、中游及下游圆柱均匀产生。综上可见,当圆柱间尾流为重新附着流时,波纹剪切层起主导作用,但由于三维湍流的随机性,该剪切层会出现拉伸、撕裂和变形等演化特征;而当尾流为窄尾流撞击流或共同脱落流态时,聚焦型涡旋结构则成为主导,推动尾涡卷起并最终形成涡旋。
图7(a)为单列三圆柱阻力系数随圆柱间距比L/D = 1.5~6.0的变化(图中圆柱代表符号含义见图3)。由图可见,本文计算的阻力系数和文献[15]的结果吻合较好。上游圆柱C1在临界间距比L/D = 4.0前,阻力系数随着间距比的增大而减小;在临界间距比后,其阻力系数呈跳跃式增大,而后趋于稳定。临界间距比前,上游圆柱受中游圆柱影响较大,因此阻力系数相对较小,随着间距比的增加上游圆柱底部逆流再附着减少直至逆流无附着,这可能导致了阻力系数随着间距比的增加而减小。当间距比增大到临界间距比后,上游圆柱涡旋充分脱落,因此阻力系数在临界间距比处突然增大。中游圆柱C2在临界间距比前阻力系数为负值,在临界间距比后阻力系数跳跃式增大。当圆柱间间距比相对较小时,中游圆柱受上游圆柱的掩护,其迎流面受上游圆柱的吸力[30],因此阻力系数相对较小。当间距比增大到临界间距比后,中游圆柱受上游圆柱的掩护减弱,因此阻力系数增加。下游圆柱C3在临界间距比前阻力系数随着间距比的增大而增加,在临界间距比后阻力系数突然减小。当圆柱间距比L/D = 1.5时,圆柱间距比相对较小,下游圆柱受中游圆柱的掩护,因此阻力系数相对较小,随着间距比的增加,中游圆柱后方形成窄尾流脱落并撞击下游圆柱,相比于宽尾流,窄尾流的撞击会造成更大的圆柱阻力系数[31],因此圆柱阻力相对较大。当间距比增大到临界间距比后,中游圆柱涡旋充分脱落,尾流从窄尾流变为宽尾流,因此阻力系数减小。
图7(b)为单列三圆柱斯特劳哈尔数随圆柱间距比的变化,与文献[15]的数据吻合较好,同时上游、中游和下游圆柱涡脱频率相互锁定[32]St曲线整体变化趋势随间距比的增大而增大,在临界间距比处增加幅度较大,后逐渐趋近于单圆柱斯特劳哈尔数但未超过。
图7(c)为单列三圆柱脉动升力系数随圆柱间距比的变化,大部分脉动升力系数和文献[15]的数据吻合较好,少部分数据有一定的差异,可能源于圆柱分离剪切层中湍流波动的随机性[33]。上游圆柱C1在小间距比时受中游圆柱的影响逆流再附着,因此升力系数波动较大。当间距比增大到临界间距比后,上游圆柱涡流交替脱落增强,因此脉动升力系数突然增大。中游圆柱C2和下游圆柱C3的脉动升力系数随间距比的变化相对复杂,且在所有间距比下均大于上游圆柱C1。在小间距比时,中游圆柱受上游圆柱剪切层重新附着的影响,其升力系数波动程度相对于上游圆柱和单圆柱时较大;当间距比增大至超过临界间距比时,上游圆柱涡旋的充分交替脱落撞击于中游圆柱的前表面或侧面,因此后者的升力系数波动程度大于小间距时升力系数波动程度。在小间距比时,下游圆柱受中游圆柱窄尾流的撞击,因此其脉动升力系数大于上游、中游和单圆柱;当间距比增大超过临界间距比时,中游圆柱涡旋充分脱落,对下游圆柱的影响减弱,因此下游圆柱的脉动升力系数相对减小。
图8(a)为三列三圆柱阻力系数随圆柱间距比L/D = 1.5~6.0的变化(图中圆柱代表符号含义见图3)。由图可见,三列三圆柱中的上游并列三圆柱、中游并列三圆柱和下游并列三圆柱阻力系数整体变化趋势和单列三圆柱中的上游、中游和下游圆柱阻力系数整体变化趋势基本一致,但两者的临界间距比不同,三列三圆柱的临界间距比小于单列三圆柱的临界间距比。三列三圆柱中的上游并列三圆柱的阻力系数在所有间距比下均大于单列三圆柱时的上游圆柱阻力系数,在小间距比下尤为明显,最大约增加60%。中心列的上游圆柱阻力系数大于两侧列的上游圆柱阻力系数,且在临界间距比L/D = 3.5后阻力系数相对稳定,相比于单列三圆柱上游圆柱稳定时的阻力系数,约增加5%。三列三圆柱中的中游并列三圆柱的阻力系数基本为正值,在小间距比L/D = 1.5时两侧列中游圆柱阻力系数和中心列中游圆柱阻力系数相差较大,在临界间距比L/D = 3.5后,中游并列三圆柱阻力系数基本稳定,但略大于单列三圆柱时的中游圆柱阻力系数,约增加15%。三列三圆柱中的下游并列三圆柱在临界间距比L/D = 3.5前,阻力系数变化幅度相对较大,中心列圆柱和两侧列圆柱阻力系数不一致,在临界间距比L/D = 3.5后,下游并列三圆柱阻力系数基本稳定,基本等同于单列三圆柱时的下游圆柱阻力系数。三列三圆柱阻力系数整体高于单列三圆柱阻力系数,小间距比下尤为明显,造成此现象的原因可能为:侧列圆柱和中心列圆柱相互干涉影响,尾流复杂,而与简单尾流相比,复杂尾流的形成会产生更大的阻力[25]
图8(b)为三列三圆柱斯特劳哈尔数随圆柱间距比L/D = 1.5~6.0的变化。由图可见,斯特劳哈尔数整体变化趋势随间距比的增大而增大,和单圆柱斯特劳哈尔数基本一致。但上游、中游和下游圆柱的涡脱频率出现了未相互锁定的现象,在小间距L/D = 1.5时尤为明显,涡脱频率复杂,且三列三圆柱涡脱频率整体高于单列三圆柱涡脱频率。
图8(c)为三列三圆柱脉动升力系数随圆柱间距比L/D = 1.5~6.0的变化。由图可见,三列三圆柱中的上游并列三圆柱、中游并列三圆柱和下游并列三圆柱的脉动升力系数整体变化趋势和单列三圆柱中的上游、中游和下游圆柱的脉动升力系数整体变化趋势基本一致。在临界间距比前,脉动升力系数波动明显,且整体脉动升力系数高于单列三圆柱脉动升力系数,中游并列三圆柱和下游并列三圆柱尤为明显,最大约增加55%。在临界间距比后,三列三圆柱脉动升力系数基本与单列三圆柱时一致。
图9为三列三圆柱升力系数功率谱。受篇幅限制,分析三列三圆柱结构时选取代表性间距比L/D = 1.5、3.0、3.5和4.0。由图可见,在小间距比L/D = 1.5时,由于圆柱间距离较近,圆柱受周围临近柱体剪切层的强烈干扰,涡脱频率相对较低,上游圆柱和中游圆柱受抑制尤为明显,圆柱涡脱混乱且无规律性。在间距比L/D = 2.0~3.5时,主峰值相对明显,但下游圆柱尾流存在偏转现象,因此主峰附近存在其他高幅值谐波分量,侧列圆柱单侧受中心列圆柱间隙流的影响,这可能导致了涡脱频率出现未相互锁定的现象。在临界间距比L/D = 4.0后,涡脱相对稳定,主峰值明显。
图10为单列三圆柱表面平均压力系数分布,选取间距比L/D = 1.5、3.0、4.5和6.0。由图可见,圆柱表面平均压力系数和文献[15]的数据吻合相对良好,压力曲线沿θ = 180°中心线对称,因此只分析θ = 0°~180°平均压力系数分布规律。在间距比L/D = 1.5~6.0时,上游圆柱C1的平均压力系数曲线分布基本一致且类似于单圆柱,圆柱正对迎流位置的压力系数最大且为正值。中游圆柱C2的平均压力系数曲线分布在临界间距比L/D = 4.0前后差距明显,在临界间距比前,平均压力系数基本均为负值,在θ = 0o~60°为负压力最低值而后上升,在θ = 70°附近为负压力最高值,此峰值点对应于上游圆柱剪切层重新附着于中游圆柱的位置,而后在θ = 110°附近进入平稳低压区,在临界间距比后,平均压力曲线分布转变为与上游圆柱压力曲线类似分布,但压力值整体低于上游圆柱压力值。下游圆柱C3在不同流态下平均压力分布曲线相差较大,在间距比L/D = 1.5~2.0时,在约θ = 0o~45°范围内,平均压力系数曲线呈上升趋势,在θ = 45°附近为负压力最高峰值,而后随着角度的增加压力系数下降 至θ = 90°附近为负压力最低值,而后稍微上升到θ = 110°附近进入平稳低压区,在间距比L/D = 2.5~6.0时,平均压力曲线分布转变为与上游圆柱压力曲线类似分布,但相比于临界间距比后的平稳低压区压力系数值,在间距比L/D = 2.5~4.0时的低压区压力系数值负值更低,约降低50%。
图11为三列三圆柱表面平均压力系数分布,选取间距比L/D = 1.5、3.0、3.5和4.0。由图可见,上游中心列圆柱平均压力系数分布基本与单圆柱和单列三圆柱上游圆柱压力分布曲线类似,但正压力峰值高于单圆柱和单列三圆柱上游圆柱,最大约增加35%。小间距比L/D = 1.5~3.0时,上游双侧列圆柱平均压力系数分布不同于中心列圆柱平均压力系数,其分布曲线沿θ = 180°中心线不对称,在间距比L/D = 1.5时,上侧列(见图3)上游圆柱C4仅存在的唯一正压力峰值在θ = 330°左右,下侧列上游圆柱C7仅存在的唯一正压力峰值在θ = 30°左右;在间距比L/D = 3.0时,上侧列上游圆柱C4仅存在的唯一正压力峰值在θ = 340°左右,下侧列上游圆柱C7仅存在的唯一正压力峰值在θ = 20°左右。中游中心列圆柱平均压力系数分布基本与单列三圆柱中游圆柱曲线类似,双侧列的中游圆柱平均压力系数分布与中心列中游圆柱平均压力系数分布相差较大,其分布曲线沿θ = 180°中心线不对称。上侧列中游圆柱C5仅存在的唯一正压力峰值在θ = 310°左右和唯一负压力峰值在θ = 270°左右,其峰值正压力系数高于中心列圆柱及单列三圆柱中游圆柱正压力峰值系数,最大约增加80%,且在间距比L/D = 1.5~3.5时,存在较大范围的平稳低压区,约在θ = 0°~240°范围内。下侧列中游圆柱C8仅存在的唯一正压力峰值在θ = 50°左右和唯一负压力峰值在θ = 90°左右,峰值与上侧列中游圆柱峰值正压力系数相同,同样在间距比L/D = 1.5~3.5时,存在较大范围的平稳低压区,约在θ = 120°~360°范围内。下游中心列圆柱平均压力系数分布基本与单列三圆柱下游圆柱曲线分布类似,双侧列下游圆柱平均压力系数分布与其双侧列中游圆柱分布相似。由于小间距比下,三列三圆柱中双侧列圆柱的一侧受中心列圆柱剪切层影响较大,因此出现了压力峰值位置偏移且压力值较高的现象。
图12为三列三圆柱横向平均流速分布曲线,由于在数值验证阶段所验证的横向范围为y/D = −2~2,因此三列三圆柱桩群结构横向范围取距离双侧圆心外侧2D距离,考虑到圆柱不同间距比横向展示范围不同,因此将相同间距比下的上游、中游及下游后方横向平均速度分布图放置在一起。由图可见,在间距比L/D = 1.5时,距离上游圆柱、中游圆柱和下游圆柱圆心位置x/D = 0.58三处平均速度分布基本差距较小,双侧列圆柱后方低速度范围约为y/D = −2.5~(−1)和y/D = 1~2.5,中心列圆柱后方低速度范围约为y/D = −0.5~0.5,双侧列圆柱后方低速度范围相对较大,上侧列圆柱和中心列圆柱的间隙流速度相对较高,圆柱后方x/D = 0.75处平均速度规律同理,双侧列圆柱由于受中心列圆柱的影响剪切层外扩范围较大,因此其低速度范围相对较大。在间距比L/D = 3.0时,圆柱后方x/D = 0.58处,上游圆柱中双侧列圆柱后方和中心列圆柱后方低速度范围差距较小,上游圆柱后方低速度范围曲线呈“U”型,其余圆柱后方低速度范围曲线呈深“v”型,双侧列和中心列圆柱的间隙流速度减小。同样在此间距比下,圆柱后方x/D = 1.5处,上游圆柱后方最低速度相对较大,低速度范围曲线呈深“v”型,中游圆柱和下游圆柱后方最低速度转变为正值,且中游和下游双侧列和中心列圆柱的间隙流速度比上游圆柱间的间隙流速度降低明显。在间距比L/D = 3.5时,圆柱后方x/D = 0.58和x/D = 1.75处平均速度分布曲线规律与间距比L/D = 3.0时的圆柱后方x/D = 0.58和x/D = 1.5处平均速度分布曲线规律相似。在间距比L/D = 4.0时,圆柱后方x/D = 0.58处,双侧列圆柱和中心列圆柱后方低速度范围基本相同,呈深“v”型,在间距比L/D = 4.0时,圆柱后方x/D = 2.0处,上游、中游和下游平均速度分布曲线基本重合,双侧列及中心列圆柱间隙流速度相对较低。
图13为三列三圆柱垂向平均流速分布曲线,考虑篇幅因素,选取特征间距比L/D = 1.5、3.0、3.5和4.0。在间距比L/D = 1.5时,距离各圆柱圆心正后方位置 x/D = 0.75处垂向平均速度分布曲线如图(a)所示,由图可见上游和中游圆柱,中心列圆柱和两侧列圆柱的垂向速度差距较大,上游中心圆柱C1后方垂向速度较低,平均比两侧圆柱低约85%,上侧列圆柱C4后方垂向速度略低于下侧列圆柱C7后方垂向速度,中游两侧圆柱C5和C8相较于上游两侧圆柱C4和C7速度减小,平均约减小75%,下游中心圆柱C3后方垂向速度相较于上游和中游圆柱后方速度略上升,平均上升约10%,下游圆柱C3、C6和C9后方垂向速度相差较小。间距比L/D = 3.0时,距离各圆柱圆心正后方位置x/D = 1.5处垂向平均速度分布曲线如图(b)所示,对于上游和中游圆柱,其中心列圆柱和两侧列圆柱的垂向速度差距仍较大,上游中心圆柱C1后方的垂向速度平均比两侧圆柱约低80%,低于间距比L/D = 1.5 时C1圆柱后方x/D = 0.75位置的垂向速度;中游圆柱相较于上游圆柱垂向速度明显上升,上升为正值,尤其中心圆柱后方垂向速度上升最大,超过两侧圆柱;下游两侧圆柱C6和C9后方垂向速度和中游两侧圆柱后方垂向速度相似,均为正值但高于中游两侧垂向速度约60%,且两侧圆柱后方垂向速度高于中心圆柱后方垂向速度。间距比L/D = 3.5时,距离各圆柱圆心正后方位置x/D = 1.75处垂向平均速度分布曲线如图(c)所示,上游中心圆柱C1后方平均垂向速度仍低于两侧圆柱,中心圆柱C1和上侧列圆柱C4后方垂向速度均为负值,下侧列圆柱C7后方垂向速度均为正值,中游圆柱相较于上游圆柱垂向速度明显上升,均上升为正值,中心圆柱后方垂向速度上升最大超过两侧圆柱,下游两侧圆柱C6和C9后方垂向速度相较于中游两侧圆柱后方垂向速度明显上升,平均约上升50%。间距比L/D = 4.0时,距离各圆柱圆心正后方位置x/D = 2.0处垂向平均速度分布曲线如图(d)所示,上游、中游和下游圆柱后方垂向速度均为正值,且两侧圆柱平均速度约高出中心圆柱30%,中游两侧列圆柱后方垂向速度相较于上游圆柱后方垂向速度呈减小状态,平均约减小25%,中心圆柱后方垂向速度和两侧圆柱后方垂向速度基本一致,下游三圆柱C3、C6和C9后方垂向速度基本一致,相较于中游三圆柱后方垂向速度整体呈上升状态约上升30%。
图14(a)为单列三圆柱迎流位置雷诺数随间距比的变化,迎流位置选取为距离圆柱圆心一倍直径的位置。由图可见,单列三圆柱上游圆柱迎流位置雷诺数变化相对稳定,稳定的原因是由于后方圆柱间距比对上游圆柱迎流区影响较小。中游圆柱迎流区雷诺数在临界间距比前整体呈上升趋势,在临界间距比处急剧减小随后上升,在小间距比L/D = 1.5时迎流位置雷诺数最低,这可能由于圆柱间间距较小,上游圆柱和中游圆柱间尾流呈重新附着状态,迎流位置处于尾涡中,因此雷诺数较小;当间距比L/D = 1.5~4.0时,上游圆柱和中游圆柱仍处于重新附着流的状态,因此迎流区雷诺数变化幅度相对较小;当到达临界间距比时,上、中游圆柱间尾流从重新附着流转变为共同脱落,因此迎流区雷诺数急剧减小;在临界间距比后,上、中游圆柱间距不断增加,上游圆柱对中游圆柱的影响不断减小,因此中游圆柱的迎流区雷诺数逐渐增加。下游圆柱迎流区雷诺数在临界间距比前整体呈增加的趋势,在临界间距比处大幅度减小,而后上升,在小间距比L/D = 1.5时,迎流区雷诺数最小数值基本与中游圆柱迎流区一致,其较小的原因与中游圆柱同理,而后在临界间距比前由于中游圆柱和下游圆柱间尾流为窄尾流撞击,因此变化趋势与中游圆柱不同,在间距比L/D = 3.5~4.0处略微呈下降趋势,可能是因为流态即将变化,因此呈略微下降的状态;在临界间距比处,尾流状态发生改变因此迎流区雷诺数下降;临界间距比后雷诺数上升,上升原因与中游圆柱临界雷诺数上升原因一致。
图14(b)为三列三圆柱迎流位置雷诺数随间距比的变化,由图可见,三列三圆柱上游圆柱迎流位置雷诺数变化相对稳定,在小间距比时圆柱间间距较小,中心列圆柱受影响相对较大,因此迎流区雷诺数略小于两侧列圆柱,同时迎流区雷诺数数值基本与单列三圆柱一致。中游圆柱迎流区雷诺数随着间距比的增加整体基本呈上升趋势,在临界间距比处上升较大,两侧列圆柱迎流区雷诺数随间距比的变化较一致,在临界间距比前由于流态为重新附着流因此雷诺数相对较小,随着间距比的增加中游圆柱受上游圆柱的影响不断减小,同时由于受到中心列圆柱的间隙流的影响雷诺数小幅度上升,在临界间距比后圆柱间尾流呈共同脱落状态,相互制约减小因此在临界间距比处上升幅度较大,而后一直呈缓慢上升趋势,中心列圆柱迎流区雷诺数变化在小间距时与两侧列圆柱迎流区雷诺数变化相差较大,差距较大的原因可能是中心列圆柱受两侧列圆柱间隙流的影响较大,因此雷诺数变化相对混乱复杂,当间距比增大到临界间距比后受两侧列圆柱的影响减小,变化趋势逐渐与两侧列圆柱一致。下游两侧列圆柱迎流区雷诺数随着间距比的增加整体基本呈上升趋势,在小间距比L/D = 1.5~2.0时,中游圆柱和下游圆柱间尾流为重新附着流因此雷诺数较小,当间距比增加到L/D = 2.5~3.0时,尾流转变为窄尾流撞击流,因此迎流区雷诺数大幅度上升,临界间距比后尾流为共同脱落,因此雷诺数呈缓慢上升趋势,中心列圆柱迎流区雷诺数变化与两侧列圆柱差距较大,在临界间距比前呈上升趋势,在临界间距比处大幅度减小而后呈上升趋势,变化较大的原因与中游圆柱中心列圆柱同理,可能是由于两侧间隙流的影响。
本文构建了基于OpenFOAM的三维湍流模型,对比分析了三列三圆柱的尾流流态、阻力系数、脉动升力系数及功率谱、斯特劳哈尔数、平均压力系数、平均流速分布、迎流位置雷诺数随群桩间距比L/D = 1.5~6.0的变化规律及其内在机制,并与单列三圆柱计算结果进行定量比较,得出如下结论:
(1) 三列三圆柱与单列三圆柱的尾流流态分类基本相同,共分为4种,分别为重新附着流(逆流再附着)、重新附着流(逆流无附着)、窄尾流撞击和共同脱落。在相同间距比下,上、中、下游圆柱间有时会同时存在两种不同的尾流流态。
(2) 三列三圆柱临界间距比为3.5,而单列三圆柱临界间距比为4.0,且群桩列数增加时会产生临界间距比提前的现象。
(3) 三列三圆柱阻力系数变化趋势与单列三圆柱阻力系数变化趋势基本一致,在临界间距比前阻力系数呈上升趋势,上游圆柱阻力系数最大。但三列三圆柱阻力系数整体偏大,斯特劳哈尔数在小间距比下出现了未互相锁定的现象。三列三圆柱中游和下游圆柱脉动升力系数相对较大且下游三圆柱在小间距比时脉动升力系数明显增大。
(4) 三列三圆柱中心列圆柱压力系数分布基本与单列三圆柱一致,正迎流位置为正压力区,背流位置为负压力区,但双侧列圆柱在小间距比时正压力峰值位置明显偏移,靠近中心列圆柱。
(5) 三列三圆柱中上游圆柱后方平均低速区基本趋势呈“U”型,中下游圆柱后方平均低速区基本趋势呈“V”型,但在小间距比时其中心列和双侧列间隙流平均速度相对较高。在重新附着流和窄尾流撞击流时中心列圆柱和两侧列圆柱垂向速度差距较大。上游圆柱迎流位置雷诺数高于中游和下游圆柱迎流位置的雷诺数,在临界间距比前,中游圆柱和下游圆柱迎流位置雷诺数变化相对复杂,在临界间距比后基本呈上升趋势。

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2026年第30卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.006
  • 接收时间:2025-08-10
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-10
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    a.大连海事大学 航海学院
    b.大连海事大学 港口与航运安全协同创新中心,辽宁 大连 116026
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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