Article(id=1281323789409562666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735833600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783420997240, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783420997240, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783420997240, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783420997240, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281323788058996778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='3', pageStart='341', pageEnd='506', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783420996918, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783422057887, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281328238156821343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281323788058996778, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=463, endPage=476, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281323789870936107, articleId=1281323789409562666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical study on the penetration characteristics of supercavitating projectiles against typical underwater metal targets, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the damage characteristics of supercavitating projectiles against underwater structures, we conducted a simulation study of a 12.7 mm supercavitating projectile impacting typical targets at different speeds. The reliability of the simulation model was verified based on experimental results, and a detailed analysis of the projectile-target penetration characteristics under full water conditions was performed. The results show that compared to the unreinforced curved target, the ballistic limit velocity of the weakest unreinforced part of the reinforced curved target increased by 3.1%, and the surface depression caused by water load squeezing decreased by 27.3%. As the projectile velocity increases, the energy absorption ratio of the target plate before penetration increases to varying degrees, but the unreinforced curved target is most affected by the water load before penetration. Under the same projectile velocity, the reinforced curved target effectively restrained the overall deformation of the target plate, but its crack growth energy consumption was greater than that of the unreinforced curved target, leading to a deeper crack propagation along the target thickness. The higher the projectile velocity is, the narrower the crack extension around the hole is, indicating reduced crack growth energy consumption, with bending energy dissipation becoming dominant. The results can offer guidance for the design of underwater structures.

, authors=Yu WANG, Xin-wei ZHANG, Ming YANG, Ren-jiu CHANG, Jun-ting GUO, authorsList=Yu WANG, Xin-wei ZHANG, Ming YANG, Ren-jiu CHANG, Jun-ting GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin-wei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281323820933951750, articleId=1281323789409562666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=超空泡射弹对水下典型金属靶侵彻特性的数值研究, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究超空泡射弹对水下耐压结构的毁伤特性,本文开展了12.7 mm超空泡射弹在不同速度下撞击典型靶(无筋曲靶和加筋曲靶)的仿真研究。本研究基于实验结果验证了仿真模型的可靠性,详细分析了全水下侵彻的弹道响应特性,揭示了水下侵彻无筋曲靶的损伤机理,并阐明了弹−靶的动态响应关系和加筋结构的抗侵彻特性。结果表明:相较于无筋曲靶,加筋曲靶最薄弱的无筋部位的弹道极限速度提高了3.1%,流体载荷挤压所致的表面凹陷面积减小了27.3%,随着射弹速度增大,两种典型金属靶的侵前吸能比均有不同程度的增长,但无筋曲靶的侵前吸能比上升速率更快。在相同射弹速度下,加强筋有效抑制了加筋曲靶的整体变形,但其裂纹生长耗能比无筋曲靶更大,因此裂纹沿靶厚方向的扩展深度也更大。射弹速度越大,两种典型靶的孔周裂纹延伸范围均越小,说明射弹速度的上升降低了靶板的裂纹生长耗能。研究结果可为水下耐压结构设计提供参考。

, authors=王禹, 张欣尉, 杨明, 常人九, 郭俊廷, authorsList=王禹, 张欣尉, 杨明, 常人九, 郭俊廷, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张欣尉, authorNote=

王 禹(2001–),男,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
张欣尉(1990–),男,副研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
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注: 蓝色代表液相,绿色代表气相,红色代表平头弹

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Grid-independent analysis of underwater penetration model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
靶板中心网格尺寸/
mm
流体域中心网格尺寸/
mm
撞击速度/
(m·s−1
剩余速度/
(m·s−1
速度变化/
(m·s−1
计算时间/
h
13468.3441.227.112 h
0.52.5471.1448.522.621 h
0.32472.6456.316.347 h
0.151.5473.2460.412.896 h
0.0751473.8461.212.6202 h
), ArticleFig(id=1281323838218678615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281323789409562666, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水下侵彻模型的网格无关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
靶板中心网格尺寸/
mm
流体域中心网格尺寸/
mm
撞击速度/
(m·s−1
剩余速度/
(m·s−1
速度变化/
(m·s−1
计算时间/
h
13468.3441.227.112 h
0.52.5471.1448.522.621 h
0.32472.6456.316.347 h
0.151.5473.2460.412.896 h
0.0751473.8461.212.6202 h
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Johnson-Cook model parameters of materials

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$ \rho $/(kg·m−3E/GPaA/MPaB/MPaNCMD1D2D3D4D5
5A06铝2700702356220.580.01741.050.20.43−3.7901.68
38CrSi钢7850210
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材料的Johnson-Cook模型参数

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$ \rho $/(kg·m−3E/GPaA/MPaB/MPaNCMD1D2D3D4D5
5A06铝2700702356220.580.01741.050.20.43−3.7901.68
38CrSi钢7850210
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Paramcters of State equation of materials

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c0/(m·s−1 $ \gamma $S1S2
5A06铝52401.971.40
16470.351.92−0.096
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材料的状态方程参数

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c0/(m·s−1 $ \gamma $S1S2
5A06铝52401.971.40
16470.351.92−0.096
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Comparison of residual velocities

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对比验证实验[18]数值模拟
初始速度/(m·s−1143.8143.8
剩余速度/(m·s−198.1101.5
误差/%3.5
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剩余速度对比验证

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对比验证实验[18]数值模拟
初始速度/(m·s−1143.8143.8
剩余速度/(m·s−198.1101.5
误差/%3.5
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Partial simulation results of projectile velocity

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弹道特性撞击工况A(无筋靶板)撞击工况B(两肋中间点)撞击工况C(加强筋中心点)
123412341234
$ {v}_{\text{0}} $/(m·s−1200300400500200300400500200300400500
$ {v}_{\text{i}} $/(m·s−1191285379473190285379473190286379473
$ {v}_{\text{r}} $/(m·s−1155265362460151264360458130246349445
$ {v}_{\text{r}} $/ $ {v}_{\text{i}} $0.810.930.960.970.800.930.960.970.680.860.920.94
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射弹速度的部分仿真结果

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弹道特性撞击工况A(无筋靶板)撞击工况B(两肋中间点)撞击工况C(加强筋中心点)
123412341234
$ {v}_{\text{0}} $/(m·s−1200300400500200300400500200300400500
$ {v}_{\text{i}} $/(m·s−1191285379473190285379473190286379473
$ {v}_{\text{r}} $/(m·s−1155265362460151264360458130246349445
$ {v}_{\text{r}} $/ $ {v}_{\text{i}} $0.810.930.960.970.800.930.960.970.680.860.920.94
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Ballistic limit celocities and fitting parameters

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撞击工况A撞击工况B撞击工况C
$ {v}_{{\mathrm{bl}}} $/(m·s−1 $ a $ $ p $ $ {v}_{{\mathrm{bl}}} $/(m·s−1 $ a $ $ p $ $ {v}_{{\mathrm{bl}}} $/(m·s−1 $ a $ $ p $
110.31.01.97113.70.992.17141.10.972.09
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弹道极限速度及拟合参数

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撞击工况A撞击工况B撞击工况C
$ {v}_{{\mathrm{bl}}} $/(m·s−1 $ a $ $ p $ $ {v}_{{\mathrm{bl}}} $/(m·s−1 $ a $ $ p $ $ {v}_{{\mathrm{bl}}} $/(m·s−1 $ a $ $ p $
110.31.01.97113.70.992.17141.10.972.09
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超空泡射弹对水下典型金属靶侵彻特性的数值研究
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王禹 , 张欣尉 , 杨明 , 常人九 , 郭俊廷
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(3): 463-476
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (3) : 463 -476
超空泡射弹对水下典型金属靶侵彻特性的数值研究
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王禹, 张欣尉 , 杨明, 常人九, 郭俊廷
作者信息
  • 南京理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,南京 210094
通讯作者:
张欣尉(1990–),男,副研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

王 禹(2001–),男,硕士研究生

Numerical study on the penetration characteristics of supercavitating projectiles against typical underwater metal targets
Yu WANG, Xin-wei ZHANG , Ming YANG, Ren-jiu CHANG, Jun-ting GUO
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.011
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为探究超空泡射弹对水下耐压结构的毁伤特性,本文开展了12.7 mm超空泡射弹在不同速度下撞击典型靶(无筋曲靶和加筋曲靶)的仿真研究。本研究基于实验结果验证了仿真模型的可靠性,详细分析了全水下侵彻的弹道响应特性,揭示了水下侵彻无筋曲靶的损伤机理,并阐明了弹−靶的动态响应关系和加筋结构的抗侵彻特性。结果表明:相较于无筋曲靶,加筋曲靶最薄弱的无筋部位的弹道极限速度提高了3.1%,流体载荷挤压所致的表面凹陷面积减小了27.3%,随着射弹速度增大,两种典型金属靶的侵前吸能比均有不同程度的增长,但无筋曲靶的侵前吸能比上升速率更快。在相同射弹速度下,加强筋有效抑制了加筋曲靶的整体变形,但其裂纹生长耗能比无筋曲靶更大,因此裂纹沿靶厚方向的扩展深度也更大。射弹速度越大,两种典型靶的孔周裂纹延伸范围均越小,说明射弹速度的上升降低了靶板的裂纹生长耗能。研究结果可为水下耐压结构设计提供参考。

超空泡射弹  /  加筋曲靶  /  水下侵彻  /  损伤机理  /  抗侵彻特性

To investigate the damage characteristics of supercavitating projectiles against underwater structures, we conducted a simulation study of a 12.7 mm supercavitating projectile impacting typical targets at different speeds. The reliability of the simulation model was verified based on experimental results, and a detailed analysis of the projectile-target penetration characteristics under full water conditions was performed. The results show that compared to the unreinforced curved target, the ballistic limit velocity of the weakest unreinforced part of the reinforced curved target increased by 3.1%, and the surface depression caused by water load squeezing decreased by 27.3%. As the projectile velocity increases, the energy absorption ratio of the target plate before penetration increases to varying degrees, but the unreinforced curved target is most affected by the water load before penetration. Under the same projectile velocity, the reinforced curved target effectively restrained the overall deformation of the target plate, but its crack growth energy consumption was greater than that of the unreinforced curved target, leading to a deeper crack propagation along the target thickness. The higher the projectile velocity is, the narrower the crack extension around the hole is, indicating reduced crack growth energy consumption, with bending energy dissipation becoming dominant. The results can offer guidance for the design of underwater structures.

supercavitation projectile  /  reinforced target  /  underwater penetration  /  damage mechanism  /  penetration resistance
王禹, 张欣尉, 杨明, 常人九, 郭俊廷. 超空泡射弹对水下典型金属靶侵彻特性的数值研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (3) : 463 -476 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.011
Yu WANG, Xin-wei ZHANG, Ming YANG, Ren-jiu CHANG, Jun-ting GUO. Numerical study on the penetration characteristics of supercavitating projectiles against typical underwater metal targets[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (3) : 463 -476 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.011
水下无人装备在智能化海战中的地位日益突出,将对未来战争产生非对称、颠覆性作用,世界军事强国正竞相研究水下无人装备,尤其是无人潜航器(Unmanned Underwater Vehicle, UUV)[1-2]。UUV在水下工作时,其壳体需要承受极大的静水压力,通常采用兼具高强度和稳定性的环形加强筋圆柱耐压壳的形式[3]。为了保证续航和防护,UUV的壳体材料还需满足轻量化、高强度和刚度以及良好的制造工艺性等要求。因此,针对小潜深(<200 m)无人装备,壳体多采用铝-镁系铝合金(5XXX系),例如国产的5A06铝合金,具有抗腐蚀、易于成形加工、可焊性及低温性能良好、不可通过热处理强化等特点,在船舶、海洋工程等领域应用广泛[4]。此外,针对敌方用于攻击、侦察等任务的UUV,如何有效实施打击防御是当前研究的一个研究热点和难点。其中超空泡射弹作为一种常见的水下高机动性武器,借助超空泡减阻技术实现在水下高速航行,作为水下近程对抗的低成本、高效能手段[5]其对UUV等威胁具有显著拦截效果。因此,深入研究超空泡射弹对水下无人装备防护结构的毁伤机理和弹道特性,对我国水域安全至关重要。
目前,国内外对于空气中的侵彻问题已有相当丰富的研究成果,如弹道特性问题[68],弹和靶的结构响应问题[910]等。对于水下毁伤问题,流固耦合的作用是影响结构响应的一个重要因素,水下脉冲载荷峰值及冲量均较空中毁伤要大很多,对结构的潜在破坏能力较强[11]。如今众多研究主要聚焦于战斗部装填的高能炸药爆炸时产生的聚能射流[1213]、冲击载荷[1416]以及高速破片[17]等对目标的耦合毁伤。国内超空泡射弹的研究起步较晚[18],尤其缺乏对水下动能弹撞击目标引起的毁伤和破坏的系统研究,国内学者开展了如下研究:郭子涛[18]开展了平头弹正/斜撞击单/双层涉水靶板的实验,研究了靶板在射弹撞击下的防护性能和损伤特性,并与空气中的同种结构的实验结果进行对比分析,获得了水介质对靶板防护性能和损伤特性的影响。严平等[19]采用AUTODYN仿真软件建立了水雷等效靶模型,分析了超空泡射弹水下侵彻水雷目标的一般过程。李昕等[20]通过LS-DYNA有限元程序建立了水环境中超空泡射弹垂直侵彻曲面靶板的等效模型,研究了射弹侵彻过程中动能侵彻和气泡溃灭对靶板的联合毁伤效果,获得了靶板在各阶段的应力变化和结构变形规律。丁初帆[21]研究了四种头部类型的弹体垂直入水时的水下冲击引爆过程,结果表明在反舰鱼雷正常航行的深度内四种弹体都足以击穿壳体并引爆鱼雷战斗部装药,其中钝卵形头部弹体的冲击引爆性能最佳。综上所述,由于开展水下侵彻实验的复杂性,目前主要以数值仿真研究为主,研究中多侧重于宏观描述水下弹道现象与靶板破坏样貌,对于水下侵彻靶板的损伤机理仍缺乏深入而系统的分析,因此,有必要综合宏观破坏现象与内在变量演化特征,全面揭示力学机理。另外,大多数报道中水下目标是围绕传统钢质无筋靶展开的,而针对水下常见的带加强筋耐压壳体的相关研究较少。
由此可见,开展高强度铝制加筋曲靶的水下抗弹性能研究具有重要意义。本文基于12.7 mm超空泡射弹,开展了两种典型铝合金靶(无筋曲靶与加筋曲靶)水下侵彻研究,通过LS-DYNA构建三维有限元模型,进行了可靠性验证,对仿真结果进行分析得到了超空泡射弹对水下无人装备防护结构的毁伤机理与弹道特性,探究了弹-靶的动态响应关系和加筋结构的抗侵彻特性。研究结果可为水下耐压结构的抗弹设计提供理论支撑与优化依据。
靶板构型参考文献[22]中的柱形壳体,该壳体适用于小潜深(<200 m),故不考虑水深影响。曲靶尺寸为300 mm×300 mm×14 mm,曲率半径为600 mm;U型肋骨高度为42 mm,宽度为40 mm,肋骨侧板厚度为5 mm,结构尺寸如图1所示。超空泡射弹直径d=12.7 mm,由空化器、锥段和尾柱段三部分组成,长径比为10∶1,材质为38CrSi高强度钢,弹重为96.53 g,结构尺寸如图2所示。
采用LS-DYNA建立三维有限元模型,对超空泡射弹水下侵彻两种典型金属靶进行数值分析。选用cm-g-μs单位制。考虑侵彻过程中射弹、曲靶均为对称结构,建立1/2对称模型。采用任意拉格朗日–欧拉(Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian,ALE)方法进行计算,使用八节点六面体实体单元SOLID 164来定义结构件和流体,在结构件上采用Lagrange网格进行离散化,在流体域上采用Euler网格进行离散化。
超空泡射弹侵彻曲靶的整体有限元模型如图3所示。为使模拟射弹能够完全进入水中形成稳定空泡,并且保证在射弹航行过程中,靶板单元的应力状态稳定,经初步试算后,设置水域长度为两倍弹长;空气域划分为靶前和靶后两个部分。在预估的空泡轮廓区域内,对网格进行偏置细化,从而准确捕捉气液固三相耦合界面。流体域和靶板边界均设置为无反射边界条件。采用Flanagan-Belytschko刚度形式对网格进行沙漏控制。射弹与靶板之间的接触定义为面-面侵蚀接触,并考虑韧性扩孔过程中射弹和靶板之间的摩擦效应。靶板的壳体与U型加强肋之间的接触定义为固连接触。通过*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID实现在流体和结构之间应用耦合算法。
为得到最优的网格尺寸,当射弹初始速度为500 m/s时,以超空泡射弹正侵彻无筋曲靶这一工况为例,对有限元模型进行网格无关性分析。表1给出了不同的网格尺寸对应射弹的速度参量及计算时间。当靶板网格尺寸为0.15 mm、流体域网格尺寸为1.5 mm时,可以满足精度和收敛性,且节省计算资源。因此,靶板与射弹接触的局部区域网格尺寸设置为0.15 mm,流体域中生成空泡区域的网格尺寸设置为1.5 mm,外边缘均采用偏置网格。
金属曲靶材料采用5A06铝合金,射弹材料采用38CrSi高强度钢。由文献[23]的实验可知,38CrSi合金钢弹在中低速侵彻Q235钢靶时仅发生非常微小的变形,射弹在侵彻过程中保持刚性,即不发生变形和失效,故数值计算时把射弹处理为刚体。考虑应变率效应、热软化效应,采用Johnson-Cook模型能较好地描述靶板材料的动态响应,其本构方程为
$ {\sigma }_{\text{eq}}=(A+B\varepsilon _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{n})(1+C\text{ln}{\dot{\varepsilon }}^{*})\left[1-\left(\frac{T-{T}_{{\mathrm{r}}}}{{T}_{{\mathrm{m}}}-{T}_{{\mathrm{r}}}}\right)^{m}\right] $
式中: $ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{eq}}} $为等效应力; $ {\varepsilon }_{{\mathrm{p}}} $为等效塑性应变;$ {\dot{\varepsilon }}^{*} $为无量纲等效塑性应变率;$ A $为在参考应变率及参考温度条件下材料的屈服强度;$ B $为硬化系数,$ n $为硬化指数;C为应变率敏感常数;m为温度软化常数;Tr为参考温度;Tm为材料的熔化温度。
进一步采用Johnson-Cook失效准则描述5A06铝合金的断裂失效行为,单元的损伤演化定为
$ D=\sum\limits_{}^{}\frac{\Delta {\varepsilon }_{\text{p}}}{{\varepsilon }_{\text{f}}} $
式中:$ \Delta {\varepsilon }_{{\mathrm{p}}} $为每个计算增量步中累积的等效塑性应变;$ {\varepsilon }_{{\mathrm{f}}} $为断裂发生时的等效塑性应变。损伤变量$ D $初始值为0,当$ D $=1时,材料单元失效。弹[23]和靶[24]的材料模型参数见表2。利用Grüneisen状态方程描述冲击过程中的压力状态。靶板和水的状态方程参数见表3
其中,c0为冲击波速度−质点速度曲线的截距,S1S2为待定常系数,$ \gamma $为Grüneisen系数。
随着靶厚与撞击速度的增加,靶板呈现出更典型的局部剪切变形,而整体变形越来越小。基于动态空腔膨胀理论,引入Chen和Li[25]建立的钝头射弹对韧性金属板剪切冲塞模型中的判定条件
$ {\chi }_{1} \lt \chi \lt \sqrt{3}\left(A+B{\Phi }_{\text{J}}\right)/4 $
式中:$ \chi =H/{d} $为无量纲靶厚,$ {\chi }_{1} $为在靶板厚度较小的情况下的经验值,A$ {B} $为靶材的无量纲材料常数,$ {\textit{Φ}}_{{\text{J}}}=\textit{ρ}{{{{v}}_{{{\mathrm{i}}}}}}^{{2}}{/}{\textit{σ}}_{{{\mathrm{y}}}} $为Johnson破坏数,其中$ {{v}}_{\text{i}} $为撞击速度,$ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{y}}} $为静态拉伸屈服应力,取$ {\textit{σ}}_{\text{y}} $=235 MPa。由于可压缩应变硬化材料的塑性求解的复杂性,对A$ {B} $两个靶材参数一般需要数值求解,为简化分析,参考前人对铝合金靶的无量纲实验数据的研究[2629],取铝合金靶材参数常用值:$ {A=4.3} $$ {B=1.1} $
当靶板不存在整体弯曲效应,仅有局部剪切时,根据式(3)应满足[25]
$ 1/\sqrt{3} \lt \chi \lt \sqrt{3}\left(A+B{\Phi }_{\text{J}}\right)/4 $
对于水下撞击速度为100 m/s的情况,可求得
$ 1/\sqrt{3} \lt \chi =1.10 \lt 1.92 $
可知,铝合金靶可视为忽略整体变形的厚靶,超空泡射弹(钝头)的穿甲过程主要由局部塑性流动控制。
结合实际工程应用,针对三种典型撞击工况开展仿真分析,即:无筋曲靶、加筋曲靶两肋中间点和加强筋中心点,分别记为撞击工况A、B、C,如图4所示。
为验证数值仿真模型的准确性,针对文献[18]的侵彻实验进行数值仿真,实验采用直径12.62 mm的平头弹正撞击背面有水、正面无水的A3单层钢靶,靶板厚度为1 mm。本节从剩余速度、空泡形态及毁伤情况三个方面与文献[18]实验结果进行对比。
表4为剩余速度的对比验证,初速为143.8 m/s的平头弹撞击钢靶后的剩余速度为98.1 m/s,数值模拟得到的剩余速度为101.5 m/s,两者之间的相对误差小于3.5%。图5比较了数值模拟与实验结果,可以发现:数值计算中形成了明显的冲塞块,且能观察到孔洞背面出现了明显的边缘凸起,计算得到的钢靶失效模式与实验观察基本吻合。
不同入水时刻,空泡形态的数值仿真结果和实验结果[18]对比如图6所示,空泡直径对比结果如图7所示。从图67可以看出,仿真得到的空泡形态与实验基本一致,两者的相对误差在6%以内,吻合度较高。综上,经过剩余速度、毁伤情况及空泡形态三方面对比,验证了数值模型的合理性。
表5列出了典型工况下100~500 m/s的弹道特性仿真结果。表中:$ {{v}}_{\text{0}} $为射弹初始速度,$ {{v}}_{\text{i}} $为射弹克服水介质阻力后的瞬时撞靶速度,$ {{v}}_{\text{r}} $为射弹穿透靶板后的剩余速度,$ {{v}}_{\text{r}} $/$ {{v}}_{\text{i}} $为侵彻存速比。撞击速度越高,三种弹着点工况的射弹速度衰减均越低,存速比均越大,并且三者间存速的差距缩小。
基于R-I模型[30]改进的Lambert-Jonas公式[31]来拟合射弹的剩余速度曲线
$ {v}_{\text{r}}=\begin{cases} 0\\a{({v_{{\mathrm{i}}}^{p}}-{{v}_{\text{bl}}}{{}^{p}})}^{1/p}\end{cases} \begin{array}{c}0\leq v_{{\mathrm{i}}}^{}\leq {v}_{\text{bl}}\\v_{{\mathrm{i}}}^{} \gt {v}_{\text{bl}}\end{array} $
式中:$ {{v}}_{\text{bl}} $为弹道极限速度,$ {a} $$ {p} $为拟合参数。利用最小二乘法可得三种撞击工况的拟合结果,如图8所示,其中曲线与横轴交点的坐标值即为靶板弹道极限速度。表6给出弹道极限速度及拟合参数。
结合图8表6可以看出,工况A与B的剩余速度差异较小,这表明抵御超空泡射弹撞击时,加筋曲靶最薄弱处的抗侵彻特性与无筋靶板的抗侵彻特性相似。相较于侵彻无筋靶,加筋结构中无筋部位的弹道极限速度提高了3.1%,加筋部位的弹道极限速度提高了30.3%。
从射弹触靶到穿靶,将靶板吸收的能量$ \Delta {E}_{12} $(包括抗射弹侵彻能、抗水介质冲击能和抗空泡溃灭能)与射弹侵彻前后动能损失量$ \Delta {E}_{\text{k}} $之比定义为侵彻吸能比[32]$ \phi =\Delta {E}_{12}/\Delta {E}_{\text{k}} $),可表征靶板吸收能量的能力。将靶板在射弹触靶前吸收的能量$ \Delta {E}_{01} $与靶板在整个过程吸收的总能量$ \Delta {E}_{02} $之比定义为侵入前吸能比($ \varphi =\Delta {E}_{01}/\Delta {E}_{02} $),可表征侵彻前流体载荷对靶板的影响。
图9展示了在三种弹着点工况下射弹速度对$ \phi $$ \varphi $的影响。可知三种工况的侵彻吸能比$ \phi $皆随着撞击速度的增大而增大,在相同撞击速度下,由于存在加强筋,工况B的$ \phi $比工况A更大,由表5可知,两者射弹的$ \Delta E_{\text{k}} $相似,针对射弹侵彻、水介质冲击和空泡溃灭等,加筋工况B的吸能效果更好。对于侵入前吸能比$ \varphi $,射弹速度越大,三种工况的$ \varphi $均有不同程度的增长,对比加筋工况,无筋工况A的$ \varphi $上升速率最快。
基于三种典型弹着点,不同速度工况的动能衰减趋势相似,以200 m/s的初速为例进行动能衰减分析,如图10所示。可见,射弹的动能历程大致可分为4个阶段。第I阶段为射弹在水中稳定航行,靶板涉水面受到水体的冲击导致微曲。在第II-a阶段中射弹侵入靶板,其弹头附近靶板材料的塑性流动较大并伴有应力集中现象,动能急速衰减;进入第II-b阶段,此时出现冲塞现象,射弹动能相较于前阶段衰减放缓;进入第III阶段时,射弹侧端的靶板材料为形成侵彻通道向侧面挤压,出现延性扩孔现象,此阶段动能衰减又显著加快,此阶段工况C的动能衰减最快是由于加强筋的侵彻耗能。直到第Ⅳ阶段,射弹尾柱段开始侵出靶板,动能不再衰减。
以500 m/s的初速度撞击无筋曲靶(工况A)为例,探究流体载荷对靶板的作用特性,图11~12分别展示了射弹在即将撞击靶板时刻的等效塑性应变云图与静水压力云图。由图可知,在t=532 μs时刻,铝靶还未产生塑性变形,由于水的不可压缩性,射弹和靶板之间水体压力急剧增大至96 MPa,在弹头前方存在一个高压区域。由于靶板持续受到流体的动载荷作用,在t=540 μs时刻材料达到其初始屈服条件,从而产生塑性波,材料出现塑性流动的现象。
针对靶板表面响应特性,选取侵彻中心的典型单元对三种典型弹着点工况进行分析,如图13所示。可见流体载荷造成无筋曲靶表面材料的凹陷最为显著;相较于工况A,工况B的表面凹陷程度降低了27.3%。在t=532 μs时刻,靶板的等效应力达到峰值,随后靶板的等效应力小幅下降,这是由于射弹很接近靶板时,更多的反射应力波能够向空泡传播,使得靶板压力向空泡释放,当射弹进一步逼近靶板,其等效应力又急剧升高,直至碰撞前瞬间,等效应力达到顶点,随后,当t=548 μs时靶板单元失效。
图14为侵彻过程中靶板的等效应变图。射弹空化器柱端开始侵入时,射弹前端的靶板界面很快出现临界损伤,裂纹开始增长,可观察到靶板的前端面出现了轻微的膨胀如图14(a)所示,靶板前端面出现局部塑性挤凿;由图14(b)可见,弹头持续挤凿,会形成一个截面直径11.8 mm的弹坑,约为射弹空化器直径的3倍。当射弹继续侵彻到一定深度时,弹头前方出现了剪切带,随后冲塞块形成,如图14(c)、(d)所示。当射弹锥段参与侵彻时,前端面材料向侧向流动,孔边向外翻出,空腔不断扩大,同时冲塞块被推出,如图14(e)、(f)所示。在t=840 μs时刻射弹侵出完成穿甲,图14(g)可观察到在射弹的挤压和反射应力波的交变作用下,铝板因损伤积累(金属疲劳)达到断裂极限,形成数条径向裂纹。值得注意的是,图14(c)、(d)对应着动能历程的II-b阶段,特征速度拐点后动能衰减速率放缓,说明冲塞失效机制能够有效减缓射弹的动能消耗,这与Børvik等[3334]的钝头弹侵彻金属靶板实验结论是一致的。
基于上节靶板损伤历程分析,还无法得到力学机理,接下来将做进一步探究分析。假定铝合金是各向同性材料,引入应力三轴度$ \eta $和Lode参数$ \mu $来揭示水下侵彻时靶板的损伤机理
$ \eta =\frac{{\sigma }_{\text{m}}}{\overline{\sigma }}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{3}\arctan \varphi $
$ \mu =\sqrt{3}\tan \theta =\frac{2{\sigma }_{2}-{\sigma }_{1}-{\sigma }_{3}}{{\sigma }_{1}-{\sigma }_{3}} $
式中:$ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{m}}} $$ \overline{\sigma } $分别为平均应力和von Mises等效应力,$ \theta $为应力状态特征角(Lode角),$ {\sigma }_{1} $$ {\sigma }_{2} $$ {\sigma }_{3} $为三维主应力空间中考虑应力张量的3个特征值。
选取3个破孔内沿板厚方向典型单元以及1个孔周壁的典型单元进行应力状态分析,单元1取在射弹空化器压入时刻端处,单元2取在塞块形成处,单元3取在冲塞块之上,单元4取在靶板涉水界面破孔周处,四个典型单元如图15所示。图16展示了典型单元的应力三轴度随时间的演变过程。图17展示了典型单元的Lode参数随时间的演变过程。
结合图16图17可见,在稳定航行时单元1的应力状态最先表现为压缩状态。同样地,处于稳定航行阶段时,单元2在剪切状态振荡,单元3则处在拉伸应力状态,这是由于液固界面的压缩波传递至气固界面产生了反射拉伸波。射弹相继侵过单元1、2、3,三个单元都会进入剪切应力状态,即$ \eta =0 $$ \mu =0 $。值得注意的是,如图14(c)所示的剪切带中,弹头前端产生的裂纹(单元2处)与靶后界面产生的裂纹(单元3处),两者的失效机理并不相同:在图17(a)t=562 μs附近时刻,前者的Lode参数处于−0.1~0.1,后者的Lode参数处于−0.15~−0.3,那么前端裂纹主要由剪切断裂引起,后端膨胀区则是反射拉伸波导致裂纹产生,这种拉伸断裂非常接近于剪切断裂,但是由于拉伸断裂晚于剪切断裂出现,所以在空化器柱段的穿甲过程中,环面剪切失效为主要的失效模式。
对于典型单元4而言,穿甲阶段依次分为三个阶段:挤凿压入段、扩孔段及稳定侵出段。为定量评估主导应力状态,定义时间平均的应力三轴度$ {\overline{\eta }}_{n} $与Lode参数$ {\overline{\mu }}_{n} $的表达式如下
$ {\overline{\eta }}_{n}=\frac{1}{\Delta t}\int\nolimits_{{t}_{n}}^{{t}_{n+1}}\frac{{\sigma }_{\text{m}}}{\overline{\sigma }}{\mathrm{d}}t $
$ {\mu }_{n}=\frac{1}{\Delta t}\int\nolimits_{{t}_{n}}^{{t}_{n+1}}{\mu }_{\left(t\right)}{\mathrm{d}}t $
式中:$ \Delta t $为时间变量,依据三个穿甲阶段完成时间划分。由图16(b)图17(b)可知,射弹空化器开始侵入时产生的局部塑性挤凿是一种压缩、剪切相混合的失效模式。射弹锥段开始侵入靶板时,靶板材料挤向两侧发生延性扩孔,此阶段的应力状态跳跃多变,多种破坏机制耦合致失效。射弹尾柱段逐渐侵出靶板,单元4的 $ {\overline{\eta }}_{3}{=-0.246} $$ {\overline{\mu }}_{3}\text{=0.011} $,应力状态为剪切主导,这是尾柱段与孔壁之间的摩擦效应所致。
图18~19展示了不同弹速下侵彻无筋曲靶与加筋曲靶的阻力曲线。可见,不同弹速的侵彻阻力变化趋势相似:由于初始应力波的作用,在很短的时间内,阻力有一个很高的跳跃,并且较高的冲击速度导致较大力的跳跃。当射弹锥段完全侵入靶板的时刻,阻力达到峰值点1;射弹尾柱段开始穿过靶板,阻力迅速下降,振荡衰减至零值,曲线振荡主要是由弹身与孔洞之间的碰撞引起的,并受到弹塑性波在板的前、后界面之间传播和反射的影响。
基于扩孔阶段开始时刻与侵出阶段开始时刻,每种弹速在这两个基点下分别取两个阻力峰值。如图18(a)可见,侵彻无筋曲靶的平均阻力峰值1为$ {\overline{F}}_{{\mathrm{Max1}}} $=13.36 kN,平均阻力峰值2为$ {\overline{F}}_{{\mathrm{Max2}}} $=7.04 kN;如图18(b)可见,侵彻加筋曲靶时$ {\overline{F}}_{{\mathrm{Max1}}} $=14.07 kN,$ {\overline{F}}_{{\mathrm{Max2}}} $=7.54 kN。由此可知,加筋曲靶最薄弱处的侵彻阻力较无筋曲靶有5%以上的提升,并且不同弹速下峰值1与峰值2几乎可认为是恒定的。在所研究的速度范围内,射弹侵彻的动态阻力受撞击速度的影响很小。
图20展示了在不同速度下工况A与工况B的靶表面裂纹对比图。可见,当射弹速度为700 m/s时,两种结构靶的正面均未出现裂纹,背面孔周则出现了短裂纹;当射弹速度为500 m/s以下时,两种结构靶的正背面均出现不同损伤程度的长裂纹,正面裂纹稍多于背面。加筋曲靶上的裂纹沿表面法向方向存在渗穿的现象,无筋曲靶上的裂纹始终没有渗穿靶板。
刚性弹对金属靶板的水下侵彻包括局部撞击响应和整体结构响应(弯曲应力和膜应力等)。从能量守恒角度来看有
$ \Delta {E}_{12}=E_{\text{g}}+{E}_{{\mathrm{l}}} $
式中:$ \Delta {E}_{12} $为靶板在撞击前后吸收的总能,$ E_{\text{g}} $为整体变形耗能,$ {E}_{{\mathrm{l}}} $为局部变形耗能。如图9可知,相同速度工况下,工况B的$ \Delta {E}_{12} $略大于工况A的$ \Delta {E}_{12} $;在不同射弹速度下,两种侵彻工况的孔口直径较弹径皆相差1.1%以内,说明两者的局部变形耗能$ {E}_{{\mathrm{l}}} $差异较小,可假设$ {E}_{{\mathrm{l}}} $恒定;由于加筋结构的存在,整体弯曲变形得到遏制,相较于无筋曲靶,加筋曲靶的整体项$ E_{\text{g}} $中的裂纹生长耗能更大,从而出现了渗穿现象。另外,由图20观察到,随着射弹速度的上升,两种典型靶板的孔周裂纹延伸范围均更窄,说明射弹速度的上升减少了曲靶的裂纹生长耗能。
本研究针对超空泡射弹水下侵彻两种典型金属靶(无筋曲靶与加筋曲靶),开展了数值研究。通过构建水下侵彻模型,完成数值仿真模型的验证,并分析仿真结果,得到了超空泡射弹对水下无人装备防护结构的毁伤机理与弹道特性,并详细讨论了弹−靶的动态响应关系和加筋结构的抗侵彻性能。研究得出如下主要结论:
(1) 流体载荷造成无筋曲靶表面材料的凹陷明显,相较于无筋曲靶,加筋曲靶最薄弱处的表面凹陷程度降低了27.3%,弹道极限速度提高了3.1%,而侵彻加筋部位的弹道极限速度提高了30.3%。
(2) 在水下侵彻过程中,加筋曲靶对射弹侵彻、水介质冲击和空泡溃灭等吸能效果好于无筋曲靶;随着射弹速度提高,两种典型金属靶在侵彻前吸能比$ \varphi $均有不同程度的增长,但无筋曲靶的$ \varphi $上升速率最快。
(3) 水下侵彻过程伊始产生的局部塑性挤凿是一种压缩、剪切相混合的失效模式,随后形成的冲塞块是由于前后裂纹相遇产生的,前端裂纹主要由剪切断裂引起,后端裂纹则是由拉伸断裂引起。
(4) 加强筋抑制了加筋曲靶整体变形,但其裂纹生长耗能高于无筋曲靶,裂纹沿靶厚方向的扩展程度也更大;随着射弹速度的上升,两种典型曲靶孔周裂纹的延伸范围均会更窄,说明射弹速度的增加会抑制曲靶的裂纹生长耗能。

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2026年第30卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.03.011
  • 接收时间:2025-01-03
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-03
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    南京理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,南京 210094

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张欣尉(1990–),男,副研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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