Article(id=1281204290907779915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743004800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783392506577, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783392506577, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783392506577, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1783392506577, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1281203336514867310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='4', pageStart='507', pageEnd='658', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783392279032, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1783395286077, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281215949713945277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281215949713945278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=627, endPage=637, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281204291113300812, articleId=1281204290907779915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Influence of shape defects on the ultimate load and failure mode of titanium alloy pressure-resistant thin-shell structures, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper investigates the influence of initial geometric defects on the ultimate load capacity and failure mode of thin-walled titanium alloy ring-ribbed cylindrical shells. The study combines key geometric parameters, including the radius-to-thickness ratio (R/t), length-to-radius ratio (L/R), and rib spacing (u), to conduct structural design calculations and analyze failure modes, supported by experimental verification. A welded model (with initial defects) and a precision-machined model (without defects) were designed and fabricated. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations were performed to obtain the structural stress distribution and critical buckling pressure at critical locations on both models. Subsequently, hydrostatic external pressure tests were conducted to evaluate the structural strength and ultimate load capacity, revealing the stress distribution characteristics, failure pressure, and failure modes of each model. By comparing the theoretical, numerical, and experimental results, the impact of initial shape defects on structural performance was assessed. This comparison provides a robust basis for the design, calculation, and evaluation of thin-walled titanium alloy ring-ribbed cylindrical shell structures.

, authors=Xiao-zhong XIE1, 2, 3, Zhen HU1, 2, 3, Ru-xu HUANG1, 2, 3, Yuan GAO1, 2, 3, Cheng LIU1, 2, 3, Yan-qing LI1, 2, 3, authorsList=Xiao-zhong XIE, Zhen HU, Ru-xu HUANG, Yuan GAO, Cheng LIU, Yan-qing LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiao-zhong XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281204322771906630, articleId=1281204290907779915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=形状缺陷对钛合金耐压薄壳结构极限承载及失效模式的影响研究, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文针对初始形状缺陷对薄壁钛合金环肋圆柱壳结构极限承载及失效模式的影响问题,结合径厚比、长径比和肋距等参数,开展了结构设计计算、极限承载及失效模式研究,并进行了试验验证。设计并加工含初始形状缺陷的焊接模型和无形状缺陷的精车模型;通过理论公式推导与数值仿真,分别获得两个模型典型部位的结构应力和模型临界失稳压力;进而开展了模型静水外压试验,考核其结构强度与极限承载能力,得到两个模型应力分布特征、破坏压力及破坏形态。通过对比理论、数值和试验结果,系统分析了初始形状缺陷对结构强度和极限承载能力的影响,为薄壁钛合金环肋圆柱壳结构的设计、计算和评估提供研究依据。

, authors=谢晓忠1, 2, 3, 胡震1, 2, 3, 黄如旭1, 2, 3, 高原1, 2, 3, 刘成1, 2, 3, 李艳青1, 2, 3, authorsList=谢晓忠, 胡震, 黄如旭, 高原, 刘成, 李艳青, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谢晓忠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
谢晓忠(1988–),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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Results of theoretical calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目焊接模型精车模型控制标准
跨中壳板中面周向应力$ \sigma _{2}^{0} $0.41$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.39$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.85$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
肋骨跨端壳板内表面纵向应力$ {\sigma }_{1} $0.39$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.37$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $1.15$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
肋骨应力$ {\sigma }_{\text{f}} $0.24$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.24$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.60$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
肋间壳板失稳临界压力$ {P}_{\text{cr}} $1.23$ {P}_{\text{c}} $1.75$ {P}_{\text{c}} $1.0$ {P}_{\text{c}} $
舱段总体失稳临界压力$ {{P}^{\prime}}_{\text{cr}}^{} $1.67$ {P}_{\text{c}} $2.02$ {P}_{\text{c}} $1.2$ {P}_{\text{c}} $
), ArticleFig(id=1281204331986792629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204290907779915, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型理论计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目焊接模型精车模型控制标准
跨中壳板中面周向应力$ \sigma _{2}^{0} $0.41$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.39$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.85$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
肋骨跨端壳板内表面纵向应力$ {\sigma }_{1} $0.39$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.37$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $1.15$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
肋骨应力$ {\sigma }_{\text{f}} $0.24$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.24$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.60$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
肋间壳板失稳临界压力$ {P}_{\text{cr}} $1.23$ {P}_{\text{c}} $1.75$ {P}_{\text{c}} $1.0$ {P}_{\text{c}} $
舱段总体失稳临界压力$ {{P}^{\prime}}_{\text{cr}}^{} $1.67$ {P}_{\text{c}} $2.02$ {P}_{\text{c}} $1.2$ {P}_{\text{c}} $
), ArticleFig(id=1281204332053901494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204290907779915, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The numerical calculation results of the typical stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目焊接模型精车模型控制标准
跨中壳板中面周向应力$ \sigma _{2}^{0} $0.41$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.39$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.85$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
肋骨跨端壳板内表面纵向应力$ {\sigma }_{1} $0.35$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.31$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $1.15$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
肋骨应力$ {\sigma }_{\text{f}} $0.26$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.26$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.60$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
), ArticleFig(id=1281204332301365431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204290907779915, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型应力数值计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目焊接模型精车模型控制标准
跨中壳板中面周向应力$ \sigma _{2}^{0} $0.41$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.39$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.85$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
肋骨跨端壳板内表面纵向应力$ {\sigma }_{1} $0.35$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.31$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $1.15$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
肋骨应力$ {\sigma }_{\text{f}} $0.26$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.26$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.60$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
), ArticleFig(id=1281204332372668600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204290907779915, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The test results of typical structural stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目焊接
模型
精车
模型
控制
标准
跨中壳板中面周向应力$ \sigma _{2}^{0} $0.38$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.39$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.85$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
肋骨跨端壳板内表面
纵向应力$ {\sigma }_{1} $
0.35$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.33$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $1.15$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
肋骨应力$ {\sigma }_{\text{f}} $0.25$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.23$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.60$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
), ArticleFig(id=1281204332460748985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204290907779915, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

典型结构应力试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目焊接
模型
精车
模型
控制
标准
跨中壳板中面周向应力$ \sigma _{2}^{0} $0.38$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.39$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.85$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
肋骨跨端壳板内表面
纵向应力$ {\sigma }_{1} $
0.35$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.33$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $1.15$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
肋骨应力$ {\sigma }_{\text{f}} $0.25$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.23$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $0.60$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $
), ArticleFig(id=1281204332519469242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204290907779915, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of the models' ultimate bearing capacity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目焊接模型精车模型
理论数值试验理论数值试验
肋间壳板失稳临界压力$ {P}_{\text{cr}} $1.23$ {P}_{\text{c}} $1.75$ {P}_{\text{c}} $2.22$ {P}_{\text{c}} $2.27$ {P}_{\text{c}} $
舱段总体失稳临界压力$ {{P}^{\prime}}_{\text{cr}}^{} $1.67$ {P}_{\text{c}} $1.68$ {P}_{\text{c}} $1.94$ {P}_{\text{c}} $2.02$ {P}_{\text{c}} $2.03$ {P}_{\text{c}} $/2.26$ {P}_{\text{c}} $
), ArticleFig(id=1281204332582383803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281204290907779915, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型极限承载能力结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目焊接模型精车模型
理论数值试验理论数值试验
肋间壳板失稳临界压力$ {P}_{\text{cr}} $1.23$ {P}_{\text{c}} $1.75$ {P}_{\text{c}} $2.22$ {P}_{\text{c}} $2.27$ {P}_{\text{c}} $
舱段总体失稳临界压力$ {{P}^{\prime}}_{\text{cr}}^{} $1.67$ {P}_{\text{c}} $1.68$ {P}_{\text{c}} $1.94$ {P}_{\text{c}} $2.02$ {P}_{\text{c}} $2.03$ {P}_{\text{c}} $/2.26$ {P}_{\text{c}} $
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形状缺陷对钛合金耐压薄壳结构极限承载及失效模式的影响研究
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谢晓忠 1, 2, 3 , 胡震 1, 2, 3 , 黄如旭 1, 2, 3 , 高原 1, 2, 3 , 刘成 1, 2, 3 , 李艳青 1, 2, 3
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(4): 627-637
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (4) : 627 -637
形状缺陷对钛合金耐压薄壳结构极限承载及失效模式的影响研究
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谢晓忠1, 2, 3 , 胡震1, 2, 3, 黄如旭1, 2, 3, 高原1, 2, 3, 刘成1, 2, 3, 李艳青1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2.深海载人装备全国重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 3.深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
通讯作者:
谢晓忠(1988–),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:
Influence of shape defects on the ultimate load and failure mode of titanium alloy pressure-resistant thin-shell structures
Xiao-zhong XIE1, 2, 3 , Zhen HU1, 2, 3, Ru-xu HUANG1, 2, 3, Yuan GAO1, 2, 3, Cheng LIU1, 2, 3, Yan-qing LI1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Deep-sea Manned Vehicles, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 3.Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea Technological Science, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.011
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本文针对初始形状缺陷对薄壁钛合金环肋圆柱壳结构极限承载及失效模式的影响问题,结合径厚比、长径比和肋距等参数,开展了结构设计计算、极限承载及失效模式研究,并进行了试验验证。设计并加工含初始形状缺陷的焊接模型和无形状缺陷的精车模型;通过理论公式推导与数值仿真,分别获得两个模型典型部位的结构应力和模型临界失稳压力;进而开展了模型静水外压试验,考核其结构强度与极限承载能力,得到两个模型应力分布特征、破坏压力及破坏形态。通过对比理论、数值和试验结果,系统分析了初始形状缺陷对结构强度和极限承载能力的影响,为薄壁钛合金环肋圆柱壳结构的设计、计算和评估提供研究依据。

钛合金  /  环肋圆柱壳  /  形状缺陷  /  承载能力  /  试验

This paper investigates the influence of initial geometric defects on the ultimate load capacity and failure mode of thin-walled titanium alloy ring-ribbed cylindrical shells. The study combines key geometric parameters, including the radius-to-thickness ratio (R/t), length-to-radius ratio (L/R), and rib spacing (u), to conduct structural design calculations and analyze failure modes, supported by experimental verification. A welded model (with initial defects) and a precision-machined model (without defects) were designed and fabricated. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations were performed to obtain the structural stress distribution and critical buckling pressure at critical locations on both models. Subsequently, hydrostatic external pressure tests were conducted to evaluate the structural strength and ultimate load capacity, revealing the stress distribution characteristics, failure pressure, and failure modes of each model. By comparing the theoretical, numerical, and experimental results, the impact of initial shape defects on structural performance was assessed. This comparison provides a robust basis for the design, calculation, and evaluation of thin-walled titanium alloy ring-ribbed cylindrical shell structures.

titanium alloy  /  ring-ribbed cylindrical shell  /  shape defects  /  carrying capacity  /  experiment
谢晓忠, 胡震, 黄如旭, 高原, 刘成, 李艳青. 形状缺陷对钛合金耐压薄壳结构极限承载及失效模式的影响研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (4) : 627 -637 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.011
Xiao-zhong XIE, Zhen HU, Ru-xu HUANG, Yuan GAO, Cheng LIU, Yan-qing LI. Influence of shape defects on the ultimate load and failure mode of titanium alloy pressure-resistant thin-shell structures[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (4) : 627 -637 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.011
环肋圆柱壳是最为典型的水下耐压结构,因其具有轻质和高承载力的特性,被广泛应用于潜艇等水下装备。为保证内部人员、设备的安全,环肋圆柱壳需要具备足够的强度和承载能力,而确保其结构安全性是装备研制过程中极为重要的一环。环肋圆柱壳在加工制作、运输、服役等过程中不可避免会产生初始形状缺陷,常见形式包括:周向不圆、轴向不直、凹陷及几何偏心等[1],研究表明,初始形状缺陷对水下耐压环肋圆柱壳临界载荷影响很大。
在含初始形状缺陷的环肋圆柱壳承载能力研究领域,王林等[23]采用有限元法研究了缺陷幅值对耐压圆柱壳极限承载力的影响,并对比了有限元结果与理论计算结果。熊志鑫等[4]通过有限元计算,对含有模态缺陷的圆柱壳进行半径厚度比、缺陷幅值、不同材料的敏感度分析。王伟等[5]提出基于二次型变换的几何缺陷提取方法,利用双重傅里叶级数描述实测初始几何缺陷,建立实测初始几何缺陷的引入方法。李永胜等[6]基于实测初挠度及破坏模式,对中厚玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料(GFRP)圆柱耐压壳结构模型的损伤过程进行数值模拟,获得静水压下含缺陷中厚复合材料圆柱壳的渐进失效过程,并与试验结果对比验证。Thang等[7]考虑可代表海上环肋圆柱壳结构碰撞事故的损伤场景,推导在静水压力下完好和损伤的钢质环肋圆柱壳极限强度预测公式。白旭等[8]基于刚度折减方法,推导建立了轴压圆柱壳失稳载荷计算公式,分析轴对称缺陷对轴压圆柱壳各部分刚度的影响。谢晓忠等[9]针对合拢端口含初始几何缺陷的环肋圆柱壳结构在形状矫正后装配产生的初应力场问题,在考虑由大变形引起的几何非线性的前提下,研究初应力场对环肋圆柱壳结构强度及稳定性的影响。
综上,现有研究以含线性特征值屈曲模态缺陷的钢制环肋圆柱壳结构为主,考虑材料本构关系、实测初始几何缺陷等关键因素对理论及数值方法适用性影响的研究很少,同时与真实几何缺陷对结构承载能力和破坏模式影响相关的试验验证更是鲜有开展,相关成果也极少公开。为此,本文分别设计并加工含初始形状缺陷的焊接模型和含微小形状缺陷的精车模型,综合考虑钛合金材料属性、实测形状缺陷等对结构强度与承载能力的影响,基于理论、数值和模型试验三种方法,验证计算方法的有效性、设计方案的可行性。
含环形肋骨加强的圆柱形耐压船体结构的受力状态不是简单的薄膜应力状态,而是由薄膜应力和弯曲应力共同组成,两者比例由结构的尺度参数决定。如图1所示,多跨等间距同刚度环肋加强的圆柱壳在均匀外压作用下的变形,可以简化为两端刚性固定在弹性支座上的复杂弯曲弹性基础梁进行求解[10]
将原点设在肋骨跨度中点处,被广泛采用的圆柱壳梁带的弯曲微分方程为
$ D{\omega }^{\text{IV}}+T{{{\omega }^{\prime}}}^{\prime}+K\omega =q $
式中:$ D=\dfrac{E{t}^{3}}{12\left(1-{\mu }^{2}\right)} $为梁带抗弯刚度,$ q $为梁带外表面的均匀正压力,$ T $为因$ q $作用在跨端肋骨而在梁带内引起的纵向压缩力,$ K=\dfrac{Et}{{R}^{2}} $为弹性基础的刚性系数。
由于肋骨跨度中点处径向位移$ \omega $最大,因此该处膜应力最大;而肋骨跨端处壳板的弯曲应力最大,故最大应力可能发生在跨中和跨端。通过求解梁带的弯曲微分方程,并结合边界条件,可推导出这些特殊位置的应力计算公式,相关控制标准见文献[11]
$ \left\{\begin{aligned}& \sigma _{2}^{0}=K_{2}^{0}\frac{{P}_{\text{c}}R}{t}\leq 0.85{\sigma }_{\text{s}}\\& {\sigma }_{1}={K}_{1}\frac{{P}_{\text{c}}R}{t}\leq 1.15{\sigma }_{\text{s}}\\& {\sigma }_{\text{f}}={K}_{\text{f}}\frac{{P}_{\text{c}}R}{t}\leq 0.6{\sigma }_{\text{s}}\end{aligned}\right.$
式中:$ \sigma _{2}^{0} $$ {\sigma }_{1} $$ {\sigma }_{\text{f}} $分别为跨中壳板中面周向应力、跨端壳板内表面纵向应力和肋骨应力;$ K_{2}^{0} $$ {K}_{1} $$ {K}_{\text{f}} $分别为相应的应力系数函数;$ {P}_{\text{c}} $为计算压力;$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $为材料的屈服极限。
采用以弹性稳定性理论推导出的欧拉压力计算公式[12],对环肋圆柱壳结构失稳临界压力进行计算,对于舱段总体失稳压力,有
$ {{P}^{\prime}_{\text{E}}}=\frac{1}{{n}^{2}-1+0.5{\alpha }^{2}}\left[\frac{Et{\alpha }^{4}}{R{\left({n}^{2}+{\alpha }^{2}\right)}^{2}}+\frac{EI}{{R}^{3}l}{\left({n}^{2}-1\right)}^{2}\right] $
式中:$ n $为圆柱壳失稳时沿圆周形成的整波数;$ \alpha =\dfrac{\text{π} R}{L} $$ L $为舱段长度;$ E $为材料的弹性模量;$ I $为计及带板的肋骨惯性矩,计算公式如下
$ I={I}_{0}+\frac{ltA}{lt+A}{\left({y}_{0}+\frac{t}{2}\right)}^{2}+\frac{l{t}^{3}}{12} $
式中:$ {I}_{0} $为肋骨型材的自身惯性矩;$ A $为肋骨型材剖面积;$ {y}_{0} $为肋骨型材中和轴至带板表面距离;$ t $为带板厚度。
而对于壳板局部失稳压力
$ {P}_{\text{E}}=\frac{1}{{n}^{2}-1+0.5{\alpha }^{2}}\left[\frac{Et{\alpha }^{4}}{R{\left({n}^{2}+{\alpha }^{2}\right)}^{2}}+\frac{D}{{R}^{3}}{\left({n}^{2}-1+{\alpha }^{2}\right)}^{2}\right] $
式中:$ \alpha =\dfrac{\text{π} R}{l} $$ l $为肋骨间距。
计及初挠度和材料非线性的影响,分别引入舱段几何修正系数$ {{{C}^{\prime}_{\text{g}}}} $、肋间壳板几何修正系数$ {C}_{\text{g}} $和物理修正系数$ {C}_{\text{m}} $,通过弹性失稳应力$ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{E}}} $与材料屈服强度$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}} $的比值查询相应的图谱,获得$ {{{C}^{\prime}_{\text{g}}}} $$ {C}_{\text{g}} $$ {C}_{\text{m}} $值,最终可得舱段失稳临界压力的计算公式$ {{{P}^{\prime}_{\text{cr}}}}={C}_{\text{m}}{{{C}^{\prime}_{\text{g}}}}{{{P}^{\prime}_{\text{E}}}} $,肋间壳板局部失稳临界压力计算公式$ {P}_{\text{cr}}= {C}_{\text{m}}{C}_{\text{g}}{P}_{\text{E}} $,其控制标准分别为[11]
$\begin{split}& {P}_{\text{cr}}\geq 1.0{P}_{\text{c}}\\& P_{\text{cr}}^{\prime}\geq 1.2{P}_{\text{c}}\end{split} $
本文设计的TC4ELI钛合金环肋圆柱壳焊接模型由两端的过渡段和中间的试验段构成,含11道肋位,其中,F0、F11为端部法兰,通过螺栓与封头连接,并采用O形橡胶圈进行密封;其余为T型内肋骨,如图2所示。精车模型与焊接模型结构尺寸完全相同,为满足可加工性,将T型肋骨按截面惯性矩$ I $相同等效为矩形肋骨,如图3所示。模型主要设计参数为:总长为$ L $、直径为$ D $、半径为$ R $、肋骨间距为$ l $、试验段板厚为$ t $,长径比$ L/D=1.59 $、径厚比$ D/t=145.20 $、肋距参数$ u=2.11 $;材料属性参数:弹性模量$ E=1.15\times {10}^{5}\text{ MPa} $,泊松比为$ \mu =0.34 $,屈服强度为$ {\sigma }_{\text{s}}=795\text{ MPa} $
根据模型设计参数,加工钛合金环肋圆柱壳焊接模型和精车模型各1个,如图4~5所示。对于焊接模型,在加工前完成钛板厚度及力学性能复测。制备过程采用“整板辊圆→纵缝焊接→壳圈矫形→套装肋骨组件”的焊接工艺;模型完工后,借助关节臂测量系统、测厚仪等手段,对模型肋骨尺寸、耐压壳板周向16等分线处的肋骨径向初挠度$ \omega $及成型厚度$ {t}^{\prime} $等参数进行测量。焊接模型初挠度$ \omega $与成型厚度$ {t}^{\prime} $分布如图6~7所示,可以看出:试验段与过渡段对接处,因焊接变形产生较大初挠度;成型厚度$ {t}^{\prime} $均为正公差。精车模型的圆柱壳体及肋骨采用锻件原料在车床上整体精加工制成,可以保证加工精度,实物形状测量结果表明,径向初挠度为微小量,可忽略不计,成型板厚为正公差,$ {t}^{\prime} $≈1.03$ t $
基于1.1节中的环肋圆柱壳强度理论和1.2节中的稳定性理论,结合两个模型实测尺寸参数,结果表明:典型应力项均满足强度控制标准,模型承载能力满足临界压力控制标准,如表1所示。
采用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS分别开展焊接模型和精车模型的强度与稳定性有限元计算。两只模型采取不同的建模策略:焊接模型以肋骨径向初挠度实测数据建立关键点,拟合出肋骨线后扫掠形成耐压主壳体,同时建立T形肋骨;精车模型根据模型实测参数建立耐压主壳体,随后环切出肋骨线,建立矩形肋骨。静强度和特征值屈曲计算时,壳板和肋骨均采用shell63单元,该单元为弹性壳单元,适用于模拟薄壳结构,如板、壳等;非线性承载能力计算时,将壳板和肋骨更新为shell43单元,该单元为4节点塑性大应变壳单元,具有塑性、蠕变、应力刚化、大变形和大应变的特性。网格按照肋间9个单元、周向128个单元的密度划分。
几何模型半剖图如图8~9所示,壳体轴线与z轴重合,圆周截面位于x-o-y平面。载荷与边界条件设置为:在模型圆柱壳主壳体外表面施加法向压力$ P $;主壳体左边界刚性固定,右边界约束xy方向平动自由度,沿z向施加轴向集中力F=$ P $πR2/m,其中,m为有限元模型右边界节点总数。
静强度计算时,令$ P={P}_{\text{c}} $,可得焊接模型和精车模型的应力云图分别如图10~11所示,可以看出:初始形状缺陷的存在,破坏了焊接模型应力分布的轴对称性,使其典型应力项的最大值较精车模型均出现一定增长,但均满足控制标准要求(如表2所示)。
在开展非线性承载能力计算时,焊接模型和精车模型采用不同的形状缺陷取值方法:前者以实测初挠度数据作为初始形状缺陷;后者以特征值屈曲模态作为初始形状缺陷,由于其制造方式为机加工,初挠度较小,因此数值计算时初始缺陷幅值假定为0.002$ t^{\prime} $$ t^{\prime} $为试验段壳板厚度)。考虑材料非线性,将其假定为理想弹塑性且各向同性材料,仿真时应力−应变曲线采用双线性随动强化模型BKIN,第一条直线的斜率为弹性模量,设置为$ E $,第二条直线的斜率为切线模量,设置为0;开启大变形,采用弧长法进行计算。
计算结果表明:焊接模型破坏形态呈现舱段总体破坏特征,破坏压力为1.68$ {P}_{\text{c}} $。提取精车模型前50阶特征值屈曲模态,其中第1、2阶(二者相同)和第9、10阶(二者相同)均为舱段总体失稳,临界屈曲压力分别为2.20$ {P}_{\text{c}} $、2.38$ {P}_{\text{c}} $;其余各阶模态均为肋间壳板局部失稳,其中第3阶临界屈曲压力为2.29$ {P}_{\text{c}} $;若以第1、9阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷形态时,模型均发生总体失稳,极限承载能力破坏压力分别为2.03$ {P}_{\text{c}} $、2.26$ {P}_{\text{c}} $;若以第3阶屈曲模态作为初始缺陷形态时,模型发生肋间壳板局部失稳,极限承载能力破坏压力为2.22$ {P}_{\text{c}} $,模型破坏形态及压力−变形曲线如图12所示。
钛合金环肋圆柱壳焊接模型和精车模型的静压强度和极限承载能力试验在中国船舶科学研究中心水下工程结构试验室进行,主要试验设备包括压力筒、UCAM静态应变测试系统、压力传感器、压力表、图像采集系统等,试验示意如图13所示。通过开展模型强度与破坏试验,验证环肋圆柱壳结构的设计和评估方法,考察形状缺陷对结构极限承载能力和失效模式的影响。
试验前在模型L5、L13和L1、L9两对对向母线的肋骨面板处沿模型周向布置单向应变片(A1~A6),以获得肋骨应力$ {\sigma }_{\text{f}} $;在肋骨根部壳板的内表面沿模型周向和轴向布置双向应变片,以获得跨端壳板内表面纵向应力$ {\sigma }_{1} $;在肋骨跨中壳板的内、外表面沿模型周向和轴向均布置双向应变片,以计算跨中壳板的中面周向应力$ \sigma _{2}^{0} $,如图14所示。试验时,通过高压水泵对压力筒缓慢逐级加载,使模型外部压力$ {P}_{\text{o}} $图15所示递增至极限压力$ {P}_{\text{e}} $,随后逐级卸载至0 MPa,以模拟装备在潜浮作业中的静水外压变化情况。在各压力档稳压过程中,采用UCAM静态应变测试系统对应变数据进行采集,以实时监测应力状态。
由应变测试数据可得:两个模型测点的压力−应变曲线具有良好的线性和回复性,选取图14中6个双向测点为监测点,其曲线如图16~17所示;采用Hooke定律计算压力$ {P}_{\text{c}} $下的典型结构应力,并将应力均值汇总于表3
通过对比各典型应力项的理论值、仿真值和试验值可以看出:
1)由于两个模型尺寸参数基本相同,故应力结果均较为接近;焊接模型因为形状缺陷的存在,导致其应力分布不均匀,峰值略高于精车模型;同时,三种方法对典型应力计算结果的吻合度整体较高,均满足控制标准。
2)对于焊接模型,跨中壳板中面周向应力,试验值略低于仿真值和理论值;跨端壳板内表面纵向应力,理论值略高于仿真值和试验值;肋骨应力表现为理论值略低,试验值次之,仿真值最高。
3)对于精车模型,跨中壳板中面周向应力,三种方法结果完全吻合;跨端壳板内表面纵向应力表现为理论值略高,试验值次之,仿真值最低;肋骨应力表现为试验值略低,理论值次之,仿真值最高。
进一步地,沿母线方向分别提取焊接模型和精车模型试验段壳板中面周向应力和内表面纵向应力数值仿真曲线,如图18~19所示,通过对比可以看出:应力分布规律一致;中面周向应力峰值相当;由于焊接模型存在形状缺陷,肋骨根部壳板内表面纵向应力的峰值较精车模型高。
对于焊接模型,当加压至1.94$ {P}_{\text{c}} $时,压力筒内传来一声巨响,压力骤降至0,选取典型位置测点的压力−应变曲线(如图20所示),由图可以看出,压力增至1.3$ {P}_{\text{c}} $后,部分曲线呈现非线性;而对于精车模型,当加压至2.27$ {P}_{\text{c}} $时,压力筒内传来一声巨响,压力骤降至0,选取典型位置测点的压力−应变曲线(如图21所示),由图可以看出,各测点应变呈线性增长,直至达到破坏压力。
焊接模型破坏形态较为复杂,大致呈现舱段总体失稳破坏特征,具体表现为:模型在F5~F6跨间壳板处沿环向断为两截;F3~F5、F5~F8肋间出现壳板带动肋骨内卷现象,在母线14附近形成纵向大凹陷;F2~F3厚薄板环焊缝处,沿周向自母线14出现裂口,如图22所示。
精车模型的破坏模式呈现总体与局部混合失稳破坏特征:在肋位F5~F8间出现总体大凹陷,并沿环向断为两截;断口附近壳板及肋骨卷曲变形,并沿环向形成多个凹凸交替的半波,如图23所示。
对于焊接模型和精车模型的极限承载能力,通过对比理论、数值计算和试验结果,可以得出以下结论:
1)从单一模型破坏压力来看,理论结果表明,两个模型肋间壳板失稳临界压力$ \mathrm{均} $低于舱段总体失稳临界压力,故模型发生肋间壳板局部失稳的可能性较大;但仿真和试验结果均高于肋间壳板失稳临界压力理论值,因此可得该理论计算结果偏保守。
2)从单一模型破坏模式来看,焊接模型的数值和试验结果均为舱段总体失稳,数值破坏压力1.68$ {P}_{\text{c}} $与理论值1.67$ {P}_{\text{c}} $相对误差仅为0.6%;试验破坏压力为1.94$ {P}_{\text{c}} $,略高于理论和数值结果,主要原因是理论和数值计算在模型尺寸、材料屈服强度取值时均取偏危险值,例如板厚取最小值、肋骨间距取最大值、屈服强度取最小值。精车模型数值计算存在两种潜在破坏模式,对于舱段总体失稳而言,选取不同的特征值屈曲模态,破坏压力不同,其中低阶模态对应的破坏压力为2.03$ {P}_{\text{c}} $,与理论值2.02$ {P}_{\text{c}} $相对误差为0.5%,高阶模态对应的破坏压力为2.26$ {P}_{\text{c}} $,与理论值2.02$ {P}_{\text{c}} $相对误差为10.62%;而模型试验结果为混合失稳,实测破坏压力2.27$ {P}_{\text{c}} $与肋间壳板失稳临界压力的数值解2.22$ {P}_{\text{c}} $相对误差为2.2%,与舱段总体失稳临界压力的数值解2.26$ {P}_{\text{c}} $相对误差为0.4%。
为进一步厘清精车模型失效模式的影响因素,本文以试验段厚度为变量,选取设计值$ t $为输入参数,进行特征值屈曲计算。提取前50阶特征值屈曲模态,结果表明:第13、14阶(二者相同)为舱段总体失稳,失稳压力为2.07$ {P}_{\text{c}} $;其余各阶均为肋间壳板局部失稳,其中第1阶失稳压力为1.94$ {P}_{\text{c}} $(如图24所示)。通过对比基于实测板厚和设计板厚获得的精车模型稳定性数值计算结果可以发现:板厚是影响模型失效模式的重要因素,对失稳压力和破坏形式均有显著影响。
3)对比两个模型的极限承载能力结果(如表4所示)可以看出:初始形状缺陷对模型极限承载破坏压力有较大影响;同时,由于焊接模型采用实测初挠度为输入建立含初始缺陷的数值模型,破坏模式具有一定的确定性,而精车模型采用不同的特征值屈曲模态作为初始缺陷,并以0.002$ t^{\prime} $作为缺陷幅值,破坏模式具有一定的不确定性,通过筛选多阶模态开展计算,可获得模型潜在的破坏模式。
本文针对初始形状缺陷对薄壁钛合金环肋圆柱壳结构极限承载及失效模式的影响问题,开展了模型设计及试验研究,并基于理论计算和数值仿真,对结构强度及稳定性进行了分析,得出以下结论:
(1)三种方法对典型应力计算结果的一致性良好,在给定计算压力$ {P}_{\text{c}} $下,结构各应力项均满足控制标准要求;同时,模型的极限承载破坏压力亦满足控制标准要求,验证了模型设计的可行性以及理论与数值方法的适用性。
(2)环肋圆柱壳结构强度与结构尺寸参数直接相关,受焊接带来的初始形状缺陷的影响不明显,焊接模型与精车模型各典型应力值均相当;然而,初始形状缺陷对结构破坏压力及破坏形态影响较大。精车模型与焊接模型的破坏模态分别为肋间壳板局部失稳和舱段总体失稳,破坏压力从2.27$ {P}_{\text{c}} $降至1.94$ {P}_{\text{c}} $,降幅达14.5%。
(3)基于实测初挠度和材料参数的非线性有限元模型,能够较好地预测环肋圆柱壳焊接模型的极限载荷及破坏形态。而采用特征值屈曲模态作为初始形状缺陷形态、并引入小量扰动作为缺陷幅值的非线性有限元模型,则能够较好地预测环肋圆柱壳精车模型的极限载荷及破坏形态。

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2026年第30卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.011
  • 接收时间:2025-03-27
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-27
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    1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    2.深海载人装备全国重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
    3.深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082

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谢晓忠(1988–),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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