Article(id=1281203633534517511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754582400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783392349847, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783392349847, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783392349847, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1783392349847, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1281203336514867310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='4', pageStart='507', pageEnd='658', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783392279032, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1783395286077, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281215949713945277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281215949713945278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=557, endPage=567, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281203635556172041, articleId=1281203633534517511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Real-time prediction of ship maneuvering motion at sea based on improved Reduced-Order Model, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The real-time prediction of ship motion is one of the key technologies to ensure safe and efficient navigation of ships. Based on the Higher Order Dynamic Mode Decomposition (HODMD) algorithm, this paper constructs an improved Reduced-Order Model (ROM) for real-time prediction of ship maneuvering motion. The improved ROM enhances the correlation between maneuvering motion parameters of similar frequencies by separately incorporatng the parameters into high-frequency and low-frequency input samples according to their frequency features. The prediction of ship maneuvering motion under environmental influences is conducted by using the ship motion data of a 35° turning circle maneuver of the ship YUKUN at sea. The comparative analysis of prediction accuracy between the improved ROM and the original ROM shows that the improved ROM exhibits significantly higher accuracy in predicting low-frequency motion and a slight improvement in predicting high-frequency motion compared to the original ROM.

, authors=Chang-zhe CHENa, Lu ZOUa, b, Zao-jian ZOUa, b, authorsList=Chang-zhe CHEN, Lu ZOU, Zao-jian ZOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zao-jian ZOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281203750073254263, articleId=1281203633534517511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=基于改进降阶模型的实海域船舶操纵运动实时预报, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

船舶运动的实时预报是保障船舶安全、高效航行的关键技术之一。本文基于高阶动态模态分解HODMD(Higher Order Dynamic Mode Decomposition)算法,构建了用于船舶操纵运动实时预报的改进降阶模型ROM(Reduced-Order Model)。该模型通过将不同频率特征的操纵运动参数分别融入高频输入样本和低频输入样本中,增强了输入样本中相近频率运动参数间的相关性。利用“育鲲”轮在实海域中的35°回转运动数据进行了环境影响下的船舶操纵运动预报研究。改进ROM与原始ROM在预报精度上的比较分析结果显示,改进ROM对于低频运动的预报精度远高于原始ROM,而对于高频运动的预报精度也略有提高。

, authors=陈昌哲a, 邹璐a, b, 邹早建a, b, authorsList=陈昌哲, 邹璐, 邹早建, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邹早建, authorNote=

陈昌哲(1994–),男,博士

, correspAuthorsNote=
邹早建(1956–),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《船舶力学》编辑部2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=BYOc6UQkK/ndF7+08cqojA==, magXml=7PHz2LPeMeOKaEahv/TnkQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=gUpYTspL3KM/KxKf5lv0lQ==, pdfFileSize=2429778, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=z+Wgk2F6yvw4c89aIUs2Aw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=vUl2OG9Iy4WVCHTlOwPYYA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1281203758499611009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203633534517511, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1281203759351054723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203633534517511, authorId=1281203758499611009, language=EN, stringName=Chang-zhe CHEN, firstName=Chang-zhe, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=a, address=a.Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering Shanghai 200240, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1281203760600957316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203633534517511, authorId=1281203758499611009, language=CN, stringName=陈昌哲, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=a, address=a.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240, bio={"content":"

陈昌哲(1994–),男,博士

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陈昌哲(1994–),男,博士

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figureFileBig=KVfktn1N3plqH8qeRS89Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281203796151878059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203633534517511, language=CN, label=图7, caption=原始ROM和改进ROM的平均计算时间, figureFileSmall=yWhLoMMqKszN5Dr/PQwC1A==, figureFileBig=KVfktn1N3plqH8qeRS89Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281203797942845868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203633534517511, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of the ship YUKUN

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主要参数/单位数值主要参数/单位数值
总长(Loa)/m116型深(D1)/m8.35
垂线间长(Lpp)/m105吃水(D2)/m5.4
型宽(B)/m18排水量($ \nabla $)/t5735.5
), ArticleFig(id=1281203799154999725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203633534517511, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

“育鲲”轮的主要参数

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主要参数/单位数值主要参数/单位数值
总长(Loa)/m116型深(D1)/m8.35
垂线间长(Lpp)/m105吃水(D2)/m5.4
型宽(B)/m18排水量($ \nabla $)/t5735.5
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基于改进降阶模型的实海域船舶操纵运动实时预报
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陈昌哲 a , 邹璐 a, b , 邹早建 a, b
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(4): 557-567
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (4) : 557 -567
基于改进降阶模型的实海域船舶操纵运动实时预报
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陈昌哲a, 邹璐a, b, 邹早建a, b
作者信息
  • a.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • b.上海交通大学 海洋工程全国重点实验室,上海 200240
通讯作者:
邹早建(1956–),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

陈昌哲(1994–),男,博士

Real-time prediction of ship maneuvering motion at sea based on improved Reduced-Order Model
Chang-zhe CHENa, Lu ZOUa, b, Zao-jian ZOUa, b
Affiliations
  • a.Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering Shanghai 200240, China
  • b.Shanghai Jiao Tong University, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.005
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船舶运动的实时预报是保障船舶安全、高效航行的关键技术之一。本文基于高阶动态模态分解HODMD(Higher Order Dynamic Mode Decomposition)算法,构建了用于船舶操纵运动实时预报的改进降阶模型ROM(Reduced-Order Model)。该模型通过将不同频率特征的操纵运动参数分别融入高频输入样本和低频输入样本中,增强了输入样本中相近频率运动参数间的相关性。利用“育鲲”轮在实海域中的35°回转运动数据进行了环境影响下的船舶操纵运动预报研究。改进ROM与原始ROM在预报精度上的比较分析结果显示,改进ROM对于低频运动的预报精度远高于原始ROM,而对于高频运动的预报精度也略有提高。

实海域中的船舶操纵运动  /  实时预报  /  高阶动态模态分解  /  降阶模型

The real-time prediction of ship motion is one of the key technologies to ensure safe and efficient navigation of ships. Based on the Higher Order Dynamic Mode Decomposition (HODMD) algorithm, this paper constructs an improved Reduced-Order Model (ROM) for real-time prediction of ship maneuvering motion. The improved ROM enhances the correlation between maneuvering motion parameters of similar frequencies by separately incorporatng the parameters into high-frequency and low-frequency input samples according to their frequency features. The prediction of ship maneuvering motion under environmental influences is conducted by using the ship motion data of a 35° turning circle maneuver of the ship YUKUN at sea. The comparative analysis of prediction accuracy between the improved ROM and the original ROM shows that the improved ROM exhibits significantly higher accuracy in predicting low-frequency motion and a slight improvement in predicting high-frequency motion compared to the original ROM.

ship maneuvering motion at sea  /  real-time prediction  /  Higher Order Dynamic Mode Decomposition  /  Reduced-Order Model
陈昌哲, 邹璐, 邹早建. 基于改进降阶模型的实海域船舶操纵运动实时预报. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (4) : 557 -567 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.005
Chang-zhe CHEN, Lu ZOU, Zao-jian ZOU. Real-time prediction of ship maneuvering motion at sea based on improved Reduced-Order Model[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (4) : 557 -567 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.005
船舶运动的实时预报在很多实际应用场景中展现出其独特的价值,例如,船舶在波浪作用下的摇荡运动会造成直升机的起降作业困难;在高海况条件下,母船与无人水面艇USV(Unmanned Surface Vessel)在进行连接和回收作业时可能会出现对接失败的情况;两船在进行过驳作业时,它们之间的大幅度相对运动会导致货物传输困难,甚至无法实现。因此,需要对船舶运动进行准确、快速的实时预报,通过预测船舶运动的稳定窗口期,或利用船舶运动控制装置(如舵或减摇鳍)进行动态运动补偿控制,以提高船舶在复杂海况条件下的短期作业效率与安全性[1]。由此可知,船舶运动的实时预报对于保障船舶的航行安全,提高船舶的海上作业效率以及船舶自动化水平具有十分重要的意义。
近年来,随着数据科学和人工智能技术的迅猛发展,数据驱动方法在船舶运动预报领域展现出巨大的潜力,涵盖了横摇[2]、垂荡[3]、垂荡和纵摇耦合运动[4]以及船舶操纵运动[5]等诸多方面。然而,现阶段训练和优化复杂的数据驱动模型通常需要大量计算资源和时间,难以满足在线建模的实时性要求。
动态模态分解DMD(Dynamic Mode Decomposition)作为一种新颖的数据驱动建模方法,自2008年被提出以来,在众多领域引起了广泛关注[6]。DMD通过对高维数据进行奇异值分解SVD(Singular Value Decomposition)降维并提取主导模态的演化规律,建立低维的近似降阶模型ROM(Reduced-Order Model),从而以较低计算代价重现系统的核心动力学行为。DMD能够将复杂系统精确分解为时空相干结构,并可用于未来状态的短期运动预报和控制[7]。具体而言,DMD不仅可以将复杂的动态系统分解为具有单一频率和增长率的模态,进而通过模态分析揭示系统的动力学特性,同时,这些分解的模态还可以用于重构系统并实现时序预报。目前,已有学者如Diez等[8]和Serani等[9]采用全阶标准DMD算法对船舶在波浪中的操纵运动进行了分析和时序预报。Chen等[10]采用降阶标准DMD算法重构和时序预报了船舶在静水中的Z形和回转操纵运动,结果表明,尽管采用标准DMD算法预报船舶操纵运动的效率很高,但其预报精度仍有待进一步提高,这主要是因为标准DMD算法的Koopman假设在空间复杂度小于频谱复杂度的系统中并不完全适用[11]
为了克服这一局限性,Le Clainche和Vega[12]于2017年提出了高阶动态模态分解HODMD(Higher Order Dynamic Mode Decomposition),通过将Koopman假设扩展到高阶情形,HODMD在处理低维、多频系统时的重构与预报精度明显优于标准DMD。近年来,HODMD已在多个工业领域[1317]得到了成功应用。本文作者首次将HODMD应用于船舶运动预报,分别对船舶在规则波中的航向保持运动[18]以及回转操纵运动[1920]进行了时序预报,验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。然而,前期研究中基于HODMD的预报方法仅针对船模在规则波中的运动,而对于实海域中的实船操纵运动是否适用,仍有待探究。
为此,本文利用“育鲲”轮在实海域中的35°回转操纵运动数据进行实际海况下的五自由度船舶运动预报研究。首先,基于HODMD算法构建了用于船舶运动实时预报的改进ROM。然后,分别采用原始ROM和改进ROM对实海域中的实船35°回转操纵运动进行了实时预报。最后,比较分析原始ROM和改进ROM在预报精度和计算效率上的差异。
选取“育鲲”轮为研究对象,该船是大连海事大学的专用航海训练船,有着丰富的实船海试数据。该船的主要参数如表1所示。
采用的船舶操纵运动数据源自北京时间2012年8月24日08:00至14:00进行的“育鲲”轮海试。试验中充分记录了“育鲲”轮的五自由度操纵运动时历数据,即:纵向位移x、横向位移y、横摇角ϕ、纵摇角θ以及首向角ψ。海试地点位于黄海西北部,距离大连港约14海里。海试期间的海况条件稳定,约为2至3级;风速约为2.1 ~ 7.8 m/s,对应蒲福风级3至4级,风向为偏东风;流速约为0.1 ~ 1.2 m/s。更多海试的详细信息见文献[21]。
选取其中进行35°回转操纵运动的海试数据作为研究对象。选取的海试数据时长总计340 s,“育鲲”轮在整个操纵运动过程中保持35°舵角,其运动轨迹如图1所示。从图中可以看出,在海试过程中,“育鲲”轮的轨迹呈现出向西漂移的趋势,说明海试过程中环境因素(风、浪以及海流)对船舶运动产生的漂移力是不可忽视的。
当船舶在海域中航行时,由于外界环境(如风、浪和海流)以及船舶控制器(如舵角和螺旋桨转速)状态的时变性影响,必须随时更新包含船舶运动信息的输入样本,以实现在线建模,进而对船舶操纵运动进行实时预报。原始ROM的输入样本包含了研究范围内的全部船舶运动信息,主要步骤如下。
步骤1:通过物理试验、数值模拟或工程实际测量,获取前K个时刻的输入样本矩阵$ \boldsymbol{V}_{1}^{K}=\left[{\boldsymbol{v}}_{1}, {\boldsymbol{v}}_{2},\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{v}}_{K}\right] $。应当注意的是,本文以$ \boldsymbol{V}_{{k}_{1}}^{{k}_{2}} $表示从第k1个样本矢量到第k2个样本矢量组成的样本矩阵,而对于幂指数的表示,以括号加上标作为区分。对于船舶操纵运动预报问题,输入样本矩阵的第k个样本vk$ k=1,2,\cdots ,K $)所包含的变量具有灵活性,可以包含第k个时刻船舶在各个自由度上的速度分量,也可以包含与船舶运动紧密相关的其他变量,如舵角、舵力、螺旋桨转速或推力。需要特别注意的是,vk中变量的相关性对预报精度有着直接影响。一般来说,输入样本中变量间的相关性越强,HODMD的预报精度就越高。对于本文研究的“育鲲”轮五自由度操纵运动预报,输入样本矩阵$ \boldsymbol{V}_{1}^{K} $
$ \boldsymbol{V}_{1}^{K}=\left[\begin{matrix}{x}_{1} & {x}_{2} & \cdots & {x}_{K}\\{y}_{1} & {y}_{2} & \cdots & {y}_{K}\\{\psi }_{1} & {\psi }_{2} & \cdots & {\psi }_{K}\\{\phi }_{1} & {\phi }_{2} & \cdots & {\phi }_{K}\\{\theta }_{1} & {\theta }_{2} & \cdots & {\theta }_{K}\end{matrix}\right] $
步骤2:为了确保船舶运动预报的精度,必须对输入样本矩阵进行预处理。首先,为了增加输入样本矩阵的维度,使得HODMD更适用于非线性系统,采用四阶有限差分格式计算vk中每个变量的一阶和二阶时间导数,并将这些导数信息增补到样本中[8]。然后,对样本中的每个变量及其时间导数进行Z-Score标准化处理,使其具有零均值和单位标准差。Z-Score标准化的目的是将样本中不同量级和单位的变量统一缩放到相同的数据区间和范围内,从而提高数据间的可比性,并确保后续预测的准确性。对于vk中的任意变量或其时间导数$ {\zeta }_{jk} $,Z-Score标准化可表示为
$ {\hat{\zeta }}_{jk}=\frac{{\zeta }_{jk}-{\overline{\zeta }}_{j}}{{S}_{j}},j=1,2,\cdots ,J;\;k=1,2,\cdots ,K $
式中:$ {\hat{\zeta }}_{jk} $为标准化后的变量或其时间导数;$ {\overline{\zeta }}_{j} $Sj分别为$ {\zeta }_{jk} $的时间平均值和标准差,其中Sj表示为
$ {S}_{j}=\sqrt{\frac{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K}{\left({\zeta }_{jk}-{\overline{\zeta }}_{j}\right)}^{2}}{K}},j=1,2,\cdots ,J $
步骤3:采用HODMD[11]对经过预处理的输入样本矩阵进行模态分解,进而提取出若干相关模态,并得到对应模态的振幅、增长率和频率。
HODMD的主要功能是将任意时空耦合数据分解表示为N个模态的叠加,其表达式为
$ {\boldsymbol{v}}_{k}=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{N}{a}_{n}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{n}{\text{e}}^{\left({\delta }_{n}+\text{i}{\omega }_{n}\right)\left(k-1\right)\Delta t},\;\;k=1,2,\cdots ,K $
式中:Δt为相邻两个样本的时间间隔;auδω分别为未知的模态振幅、DMD模态、增长率和频率。
为了求解式(4)中的未知项,通过SVD将预处理后的输入样本矩阵$ \boldsymbol{V}_{1}^{K} $分解为空间模态U、奇异值矩阵S和时间模态T,即
$ \boldsymbol{V}_{1}^{K}\approx \boldsymbol{U}\boldsymbol{S}{\boldsymbol{T}}^{H}=\boldsymbol{U}{\hat{\boldsymbol{V}}}_{1}^{K} $
式中:$ {\hat{\boldsymbol{V}}}_{1}^{K} $为降阶样本矩阵,$ {\left(\cdot \right)}^{H} $代表复共轭转置矩阵。
需要注意的是,在式(5)中应用了降维处理以消除原始数据中的空间冗余或噪声,降维后仅保留N个空间模态(或N个奇异值),其中N是满足下列不等式的最小正整数。
$ \sqrt{\frac{{\left({\sigma }_{N+1}\right)}^{2}+{\left({\sigma }_{N+2}\right)}^{2}+\cdots +{\left({\sigma }_{R}\right)}^{2}}{{\left({\sigma }_{1}\right)}^{2}+{\left({\sigma }_{2}\right)}^{2}+\cdots +{\left({\sigma }_{R}\right)}^{2}}} \lt {\varepsilon }_{\text{SVD}} $
式中:σ为按降序排列于对角矩阵S上的奇异值,R为输入样本矩阵的秩,εSVD为可调参数,代表SVD的截断程度。
使降阶样本矩阵满足以下高阶Koopman假设
$ {\hat{\boldsymbol{V}}}_{d+1}^{K}={{\hat{\boldsymbol{R}}}}_{1}{\hat{\boldsymbol{V}}}_{1}^{K-d}+{{\hat{\boldsymbol{R}}}}_{2}{\hat{\boldsymbol{V}}}_{2}^{K-d+1}+\cdots +{{\hat{\boldsymbol{R}}}}_{d}{\hat{\boldsymbol{V}}}_{d}^{K-1} $
式中:d为可调参数,代表高阶Koopman假设的阶数;$ {\hat{\boldsymbol{R}}} $为降阶Koopman矩阵。$ {\hat{\boldsymbol{R}}} $并非直接通过式(7)求解,而是将式(7)改写为以下形式
$ \left({\boldsymbol{V}}^{\ast }\right)_{2}^{K-d+1}={\boldsymbol{R}}^{\ast }\left({\boldsymbol{V}}^{\ast }\right)_{1}^{K-d} $
式中:R*V*分别为增广Koopman矩阵和增广样本矩阵,定义如下
$ {\boldsymbol{R}}^{*}=\left[\begin{matrix}0 & \boldsymbol{I} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & \boldsymbol{I} & 0 & 0 & 0\\\cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \boldsymbol{I} & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \boldsymbol{I} & 0\\{{\hat{\boldsymbol{R}}}}_{1} & {{\hat{\boldsymbol{R}}}}_{2} & {{\hat{\boldsymbol{R}}}}_{3} & \cdots & {{\hat{\boldsymbol{R}}}}_{d-1} & {{\hat{\boldsymbol{R}}}}_{d}\end{matrix}\right],\quad \left({\boldsymbol{V}}^{\ast }\right)_{1}^{K-d+1}=\left[\begin{array}{c}{\hat{\boldsymbol{V}}}_{1}^{K-d+1}\\{\hat{\boldsymbol{V}}}_{2}^{K-d+2}\\\cdots \\{\hat{\boldsymbol{V}}}_{d-1}^{K-1}\\{\hat{\boldsymbol{V}}}_{d}^{K}\end{array}\right] $
式中:I为单位矩阵。
通过计算增广Koopman矩阵R*的特征值和特征向量,可获得式(4)中的DMD模态u、增长率δ和频率ω。另外,通过最小二乘拟合确定式(4)中的模态振幅a
步骤4:根据模态对系统贡献的重要性进行排序,从中筛选出重要性最高的$ \tilde{N} $个模态,这些模态被称为主导模态,并将被用于系统的重构。本文采用文献[22]中提出的一种模态排序准则。
步骤5:基于式(4),将选取的主导模态对系统进行重构,并通过外推方法预报未来Kp个时刻的船舶运动状态
$ {{\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}}_{k}=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\tilde{N}}{a}_{n}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{n}{\text{e}}^{\left({\delta }_{n}+\text{i}{\omega }_{n}\right)\left(k-1\right)\Delta t},k=1,2,\cdots ,K+{K}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $
式中:$ {{\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}}_{k} $为所有重构的运动数据,$ \left[{{\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}}_{1},{{\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}}_{2},\cdots ,{{\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}}_{K}\right] $是在样本采样段进行重构后的运动数据,$ \left[{{\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}}_{K+1},{{\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}}_{K\text{+}2},\cdots ,{{\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}}_{K+{{K}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}\right] $是外推后预报的运动数据。
步骤6:数据后处理。在重构段内,重构的运动数据与真实值之间的误差会逐渐累积,这种累积误差在预报段内会导致预报结果与真实值之间产生一个显著的常值误差。随着实时预报的进行,这种常值误差会逐渐累积,使预报结果明显偏离真实值。由于前K个输入样本是已知的,并且前K个重构样本也可以计算得到。因此,上述常值误差可以通过第K个输入样本与第K个重构样本之间的差值来计算。为了消除这一误差,需要对预报的运动数据进行后处理
$ {\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}_{k}^{\ast }={{\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}}_{k}-\left({{\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}}_{K}-{\boldsymbol{v}}_{K}\right)\text{},k=K+1,K+2,\cdots ,K+{K}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $
式中:$ {\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}_{k}^{\ast } $为后处理后的预报结果。
步骤7:将输入样本沿着时间序列向前推进Kp个样本(Kp步前向预报),然后重复步骤1~6。这样,可以预报得到第K+Kp+1到第K+2Kp个样本的数据。通过不断迭代这个过程,直到完成所有样本的预报。
显然,原始ROM中将研究的所有船舶运动信息纳入同一输入样本的做法存在一定的局限性。如前文所述,输入样本中变量间的相关性对HODMD方法的预报精度具有显著影响。将相关性较弱的变量置于同一样本中可能会降低HODMD的预报效果。分析本文研究的“育鲲”轮纵向位移x、横向位移y、横摇角ϕ、纵摇角θ以及首向角ψ这些五自由度运动特征可以发现,xyψ的变化主要源于螺旋桨推力、舵力以及二阶波浪力的共同作用,展现出低频变化的特性。同时,这三个自由度的运动可以通过三自由度船舶操纵运动方程进行描述,因此它们之间具有较高的相关性。相对而言,ϕθ的变化则主要由高频波浪力引起,呈现出高频变化的特征;这两个自由度的运动可以通过横摇-纵摇耦合运动方程来描述,因此它们之间也具有较高的相关性。因此,本文提出一种改进ROM:将xyψ这三个低频变化的变量整合到同一样本中,命名为“低频样本”,而将ϕθ这两个高频变化的变量纳入另一样本中,命名为“高频样本”。因此,对于改进ROM,输入为低频样本矩阵$ {\left(\boldsymbol{V}_{1}^{K}\right)}_\text{L} $和高频样本矩阵$ {\left(\boldsymbol{V}_{1}^{K}\right)}_\text{H} $,其表达形式分别如下
$ {\left(\boldsymbol{V}_{1}^{K}\right)}_\text{L}=\left[\begin{matrix}{x}_{1} & {x}_{2} & \cdots & {x}_{K}\\{y}_{1} & {y}_{2} & \cdots & {y}_{K}\\{\psi }_{1} & {\psi }_{2} & \cdots & {\psi }_{K}\end{matrix}\right],\quad {\left(\boldsymbol{V}_{1}^{K}\right)}_\text{H}=\left[\begin{matrix}{\phi }_{1} & {\phi }_{2} & \cdots & {\phi }_{K}\\{\theta }_{1} & {\theta }_{2} & \cdots & {\theta }_{K}\end{matrix}\right] $
改进ROM通过将这两个样本矩阵分别独立地用于实时预报,以提高预报的准确性,而其他的预报步骤与原始ROM一致。基于这种改进ROM的实时预报流程如图2所示。
为验证改进ROM的有效性,选取340 s的海试数据作为研究对象。该数据集包含了340个样本,相邻样本之间的时间间隔Δt为1.0 s。输入样本的数量K为40,即在预报过程中,每次仅采用40个样本进行特征提取与重构预报。预报样本的数量Kp则分别设为1、5和10。实时预报过程按照以下步骤进行:首先预报Kp个样本,随后将输入样本和预报样本均向前移动Kp个(即Kp步前向预报),接着继续预报接下来的Kp个样本,直到所有样本均完成预报。以5步前向预报为例,图3给出了实时预报过程中的输入样本和预报样本变化。
在改进ROM中,将xyψ选为低频样本,将ϕθ选为高频样本。HODMD算法中的可调参数参照文献[20]设置如下:奇异值分解截断系数εSVD为0.002,主导模态截断系数εDMD为0.02。经过预研究,选择了计算精度最高时的高阶Koopman假设阶数d,具体如下:对于原始ROM,1步、5步和10步前向预报对应的d分别为7、10和16;对于改进ROM,在计算低频样本时,1步、5步和10步前向预报对应的d分别为3、2和2,而在计算高频样本时,d则分别为11、5和5。
为了评估预报结果与海试数据之间的相对误差,分别定义低频运动的相对均方根误差RRMSEL(Relative Root Mean Square Error of low-frequency motion)和高频运动的相对均方根误差RRMSEH(Relative Root Mean Square Error of high-frequency motion)如下
$ {\mathrm{RRMS}}{{\mathrm{E}}}_\text{L}\left(k\right)=\sqrt{\frac{\left|\left|{\left({\boldsymbol{v}}_{k}\right)}_\text{L}-{\left({\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}_{k}^{\ast }\right)}_\text{L}\right|\right|_\text{F}^{2}}{\left|\left|{\left({\boldsymbol{v}}_{k}\right)}_\text{L}\right|\right|_\text{F}^{2}}} $
$ {\mathrm{RRMS}}{{\mathrm{E}}}_\text{H}\left(k\right)=\sqrt{\frac{\left|\left|{\left({\boldsymbol{v}}_{k}\right)}_\text{H}-{\left({\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}_{k}^{\ast }\right)}_\text{H}\right|\right|_\text{F}^{2}}{\left|\left|{\left({\boldsymbol{v}}_{k}\right)}_\text{H}\right|\right|_\text{F}^{2}}} $
式中:$ k=K+1, K+2,\cdots ,K\text{+}{K}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $$ {\left|\left|\cdot \right|\right|}_\text{F} $为Frobenius范数,$ {\left({\boldsymbol{v}}_{k}\right)}_\text{L} $$ {\left({\boldsymbol{v}}_{k}\right)}_\text{H} $分别为低频样本和高频样本的真实值,$ {\left({\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}_{k}^{\ast }\right)}_\text{L} $$ {\left({\tilde{\boldsymbol{v}}}_{k}^{\ast }\right)}_\text{H} $分别为低频样本和高频样本的预报值。RRMSEL和RRMSEH越小,代表预报精度越高。
图4~6分别给出了35°回转操纵运动的1步、5步以及10步前向预报结果,预报结果均为Z-score标准化处理后的,因此为无因次量。从图中可以看出,随着预报样本的数量Kp的增加,两种ROM的预报结果均与海试数据差距增大,预报精度均呈现显著下降的趋势。在所有的工况中,改进ROM预报的低频运动(xyψ)均与海试数据吻合很好,且得到的RRMSEL明显小于原始ROM得到的,因此改进ROM对于低频运动的预报精度远高于原始ROM。在1步前向预报中,无论是原始ROM还是改进ROM,其预报的高频运动(ϕθ)都与海试数据保持了良好的一致性;但在5步和10步前向预报中,两种ROM预报的高频运动与试验数据均存在较大的偏差。在所有工况中,改进ROM得到的RRMSEH都略小于原始ROM得到的,因此改进ROM对于高频运动的预报精度略高于原始ROM。
所有计算均在一台笔记本电脑(AMD Ryzen CPU 5 4500U,主频2.38 GHz,8 GB内存)上进行。为直接对比不同ROM模型的计算时间,每种ROM的平均计算时间均通过运行程序一百次后取平均值获得。图7展示了原始ROM和改进ROM的平均计算时间。可以看出,随着d的增加,平均计算时间均先增加后减小。当d较小时,原始ROM和改进ROM的平均计算时间相差不大;当d较大时,改进ROM的平均计算时间比原始ROM的长。两种ROM的平均计算时间(小于3 s)远小于预报的实际时间(300 s),满足实时预报的要求。
本文将HODMD算法应用于实海域船舶操纵运动的实时预报,验证了HODMD在预报复杂、非线性船舶动态行为方面的能力。通过持续引入新的观测数据并不断地更新预报模型,构建了两种ROM,实现了对实船操纵运动的实时预报。主要结论如下:
(1)对于本文基于HODMD算法构建的两种ROM均可实现对实海域船舶运动的实时预报。
(2)通过比较分析原始ROM和改进ROM在预报精度上的差异可知,改进ROM在低频运动预报方面的精度远高于原始ROM,在高频运动预报方面的精度也略有提高。
(3)基于HODMD构建的两种ROM均展现出很高的计算效率,其平均计算时间远小于预报的实际时间,满足实时预报的要求。
本文以船舶操纵运动相关的时间序列历史数据作为输入样本矩阵中的变量,应用HODMD方法构建船舶未来运动的预报模型所建立的模型已充分计入历史数据所反映的船舶动力学特征,可以对未来船舶操纵运动进行准确预报。然而,由于建模时并未将后续时刻的船舶控制变量和外界环境作为输入,所以当船舶控制变量(如舵角和螺旋桨转速)和外界环境(如风、浪和海流)发生显著变化时,所建立模型对未来船舶操纵运动的预报精度可能会明显下降,预报结果也很难为船舶运动控制策略提供有效参考。为了提高船舶运动预报和控制的精度与效率,后续研究可考虑将船舶控制变量和外界环境因素作为输入引入建模过程。带控制的DMDc(Dynamic Mode Decomposition with control)[2324]为实现这一研究思路提供了可能。

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2026年第30卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.005
  • 接收时间:2025-08-08
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-08
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    a.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
    b.上海交通大学 海洋工程全国重点实验室,上海 200240

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邹早建(1956–),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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