Article(id=1281203585316786981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757606400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783392338351, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783392338351, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783392338351, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1783392338351, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1281203336514867310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='4', pageStart='507', pageEnd='658', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783392279032, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1783395286077, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281215949713945277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281215949713945278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281203336514867310, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=507, endPage=519, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281203585799131942, articleId=1281203585316786981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Effect of spacing ratio on FIV response of double cylindrical oscillators supported by maglev, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Flow-Induced Vibration (FIV) energy harvesting is an effective approach for harnessing low-velocity ocean currents. Using a maglev support system to replace traditional metal springs enables better stiffness adjustment and improves underwater operation and maintenance performance. To enhance energy output and stability, dual-oscillator designs are widely used in vortex-induced vibration energy harvesters. However, the vibration characteristics of dual oscillators supported by maglev systems remain underexplored. This study establishes a coupled numerical model that integrates the FIV of rigid cylindrical oscillators with a maglev support system to investigate the influence of the spacing ratio (G/D) on their vibration responses. Results show that a smaller spacing ratio (G/D=2) intensifies hydrodynamic interactions, leading to a downstream oscillator's amplitude reaching over twice that of a single oscillator. The oscillation frequencies decrease monotonically with increasing spacing ratios, and distinct frequency variation patterns are observed between upstream and downstream oscillators. Vortex analysis reveals that the upstream wake reconstructs the flow field and strengthens the excitation forces on the downstream oscillator, thereby amplifying its vibration response. The maglev effect enhances the oscillators' responsiveness to flow field changes through nonlinear magnetic forces, further improving vibration performance and system stability. This study provides theoretical insights for optimizing dual-oscillator FIV energy harvesters with maglev support.

, authors=Xu BAI1, Wen ZHANG1, Jia-lu WANG2, Zhen-bang YANG1, authorsList=Xu BAI, Wen ZHANG, Jia-lu WANG, Zhen-bang YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281203607622095739, articleId=1281203585316786981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=间距比对磁悬浮支撑双圆柱振子流致振动特性的影响, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

流致振动发电是一种利用低速海流能的高效方法。利用磁悬浮支撑系统替代传统金属弹簧,能够实现更优的刚度调节,并提升水下运维性能。为提高系统能量输出并增强稳定性,涡激振动发电装置通常采用双振子设计。尽管双振子系统已有广泛研究,但磁悬浮支撑下双振子的振动特性尚未充分探讨。本文构建了刚性圆柱振子流致振动与磁悬浮支撑系统耦合模型,研究了间距比对双振子振动响应的影响。结果表明,较小的间距比(G/D=2)显著增强了上下游振子间的相互作用,使下游振子振幅大幅增大,达到单振子的2倍以上。上下游振子的频率均随间距比增大而逐渐降低,且变化趋势存在差异。尾涡分析表明,上游尾涡诱导的流体力重构增强了下游振子的流体力激励,从而显著提升了其振动响应。磁悬浮支撑系统通过非线性磁力作用,增强了振子对尾涡变化的响应能力,从而提高了系统的振动性能和稳定性。本研究为磁悬浮支撑下双振子流致振动发电装置的优化设计提供了理论支持。

, authors=白旭1, 章文1, 王嘉潞2, 杨振邦1, authorsList=白旭, 章文, 王嘉潞, 杨振邦, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

白 旭(1984–),男,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

章 文(1999–),男,硕士研究生,E-mail:

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Setting of calculation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
振子直径D/m振子长度L/m动力粘滞系数μ/(Pa·s)流速范围U/(m·s−1阻尼c/(N·s·m−1刚度K/(N·m−1
0.0889πD1.074×10−30~1.01.344183.26
), ArticleFig(id=1281203632754365374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203585316786981, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算参数设置情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
振子直径D/m振子长度L/m动力粘滞系数μ/(Pa·s)流速范围U/(m·s−1阻尼c/(N·s·m−1刚度K/(N·m−1
0.0889πD1.074×10−30~1.01.344183.26
), ArticleFig(id=1281203632859222975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203585316786981, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of calculation results under different grids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号振子网格数背景网格数总网格数网格增长率振幅比振幅比增长率速度幅值速度幅值增长率
1302401108721411120.94380.5756
25800021056026856090.32%0.8144−13.75%0.5276−8.34%
311626440318451944893.42%0.7469−8.32%0.5162−2.18%
42180648212361039300100.08%0.7413−0.66%0.5125−0.70%
), ArticleFig(id=1281203633207350208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203585316786981, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同网格下计算结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号振子网格数背景网格数总网格数网格增长率振幅比振幅比增长率速度幅值速度幅值增长率
1302401108721411120.94380.5756
25800021056026856090.32%0.8144−13.75%0.5276−8.34%
311626440318451944893.42%0.7469−8.32%0.5162−2.18%
42180648212361039300100.08%0.7413−0.66%0.5125−0.70%
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Comparison of calculation results under different time steps

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号时间步Δt/s库朗数振幅比振幅比增长率
10.0010.120.7402
20.0020.240.74700.86%
30.0050.600.80768.21%
), ArticleFig(id=1281203633601614786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203585316786981, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同时间步下计算结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号时间步Δt/s库朗数振幅比振幅比增长率
10.0010.120.7402
20.0020.240.74700.86%
30.0050.600.80768.21%
), ArticleFig(id=1281203633664529347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203585316786981, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Parameters of magnetic suspension system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剩余磁
通密度
Br /T
永磁弹簧
最大压缩量
S /m
端部磁体
尺寸
l /m
悬浮磁体
尺寸
l /m
1.231.4D0.04×0.04×0.040.04×0.04×0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1281203634004267972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281203585316786981, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

磁悬浮系统参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剩余磁
通密度
Br /T
永磁弹簧
最大压缩量
S /m
端部磁体
尺寸
l /m
悬浮磁体
尺寸
l /m
1.231.4D0.04×0.04×0.040.04×0.04×0.04
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间距比对磁悬浮支撑双圆柱振子流致振动特性的影响
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白旭 1 , 章文 1 , 王嘉潞 2 , 杨振邦 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(4): 507-519
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (4) : 507 -519
间距比对磁悬浮支撑双圆柱振子流致振动特性的影响
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白旭1 , 章文1 , 王嘉潞2, 杨振邦1
作者信息
  • 1.江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212100
  • 2.上海大学 力学与工程科学学院,上海市应用数学和力学研究所,上海 200072
作者简介:

白 旭(1984–),男,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

章 文(1999–),男,硕士研究生,E-mail:

Effect of spacing ratio on FIV response of double cylindrical oscillators supported by maglev
Xu BAI1 , Wen ZHANG1 , Jia-lu WANG2, Zhen-bang YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
  • 2.Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.001
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流致振动发电是一种利用低速海流能的高效方法。利用磁悬浮支撑系统替代传统金属弹簧,能够实现更优的刚度调节,并提升水下运维性能。为提高系统能量输出并增强稳定性,涡激振动发电装置通常采用双振子设计。尽管双振子系统已有广泛研究,但磁悬浮支撑下双振子的振动特性尚未充分探讨。本文构建了刚性圆柱振子流致振动与磁悬浮支撑系统耦合模型,研究了间距比对双振子振动响应的影响。结果表明,较小的间距比(G/D=2)显著增强了上下游振子间的相互作用,使下游振子振幅大幅增大,达到单振子的2倍以上。上下游振子的频率均随间距比增大而逐渐降低,且变化趋势存在差异。尾涡分析表明,上游尾涡诱导的流体力重构增强了下游振子的流体力激励,从而显著提升了其振动响应。磁悬浮支撑系统通过非线性磁力作用,增强了振子对尾涡变化的响应能力,从而提高了系统的振动性能和稳定性。本研究为磁悬浮支撑下双振子流致振动发电装置的优化设计提供了理论支持。

流致振动  /  双振子  /  磁悬浮支撑  /  振动特性

Flow-Induced Vibration (FIV) energy harvesting is an effective approach for harnessing low-velocity ocean currents. Using a maglev support system to replace traditional metal springs enables better stiffness adjustment and improves underwater operation and maintenance performance. To enhance energy output and stability, dual-oscillator designs are widely used in vortex-induced vibration energy harvesters. However, the vibration characteristics of dual oscillators supported by maglev systems remain underexplored. This study establishes a coupled numerical model that integrates the FIV of rigid cylindrical oscillators with a maglev support system to investigate the influence of the spacing ratio (G/D) on their vibration responses. Results show that a smaller spacing ratio (G/D=2) intensifies hydrodynamic interactions, leading to a downstream oscillator's amplitude reaching over twice that of a single oscillator. The oscillation frequencies decrease monotonically with increasing spacing ratios, and distinct frequency variation patterns are observed between upstream and downstream oscillators. Vortex analysis reveals that the upstream wake reconstructs the flow field and strengthens the excitation forces on the downstream oscillator, thereby amplifying its vibration response. The maglev effect enhances the oscillators' responsiveness to flow field changes through nonlinear magnetic forces, further improving vibration performance and system stability. This study provides theoretical insights for optimizing dual-oscillator FIV energy harvesters with maglev support.

Flow-Induced Vibration (FIV)  /  dual-oscillator  /  maglev support  /  vibration characteristics
白旭, 章文, 王嘉潞, 杨振邦. 间距比对磁悬浮支撑双圆柱振子流致振动特性的影响. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (4) : 507 -519 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.001
Xu BAI, Wen ZHANG, Jia-lu WANG, Zhen-bang YANG. Effect of spacing ratio on FIV response of double cylindrical oscillators supported by maglev[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (4) : 507 -519 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.001
低流速海流在全球海洋中广泛分布,是一种尚未被充分利用的可再生能源。其开发关键在于高效的捕能技术。利用流致振动原理,流体经过结构引发振动,从而在低流速海流中捕获海流能,具有良好应用前景。最具代表性的是美国密歇根大学Bernitsas教授于2008年提出的VIVACE(Vortex Induced Vibration for Aquatic Clean Energy)装置[1]。 该装置利用交替脱落的漩涡带动弹簧支撑的圆柱振子振动,将海流能转化为机械能,再通过能量传输系统转换为电能。2016年,该装置完成了实尺度测试,其发电能力达到千瓦级。
此后,国内外学者在流致振动能量捕获装置领域开展了深入研究,其研究重点集中在振子截面优化、支撑结构设计以及振子空间布置等多个方面。Wang等[2]提出了一种新型的具有不同切割角度的FIV压电能量采集器(FIVPEH-C),旨在利用耦合涡激振动与驰振的耦合效应来提高能量收集效率。实验结果表明,该切角缸设计使FIVPEH-C的最大输出电压达到13.36 V,增益比达108.01%,展现出优异的捕能性能。Bai等[3]通过将椭圆与圆形进行组合,设计出E-c截面振子,并对其振动特性和捕能效率进行了深入研究。研究发现,E-c截面振子在极低流速和高阻尼比的调节下显示出更好的捕能特性。2011年Lee和Bernitsas[4]建立了虚拟弹簧阻尼系统Vck,使用电机控制器反馈系统,提供基于位移和速度反馈的弹性回复力,进行不同的弹簧刚度下的涡激振动实验,研究能量获取的过程。2015年Sun等[5]在此基础上开发了第二代Vck系统,相较于第一代,控制器的滞后问题得到了显著改善。Lv等[6]针对振子截面形状的几何变化和PTC控制进行了分析,给出了非线性刚度和阻尼对功率的影响。Li等[7]研究了间距比、弹簧刚度和阻尼等参数对串联式振子对流体动能的吸收情况。在三个具有PTC的串联振子上进行了系统实验,以确定产生最佳水动能转换的模式。Bai等[8-9]通过数值研究探讨了串列双圆柱振子的捕能特性,对比了等直径与不等直径双振子在不同间距条件下的捕能效果,并建立了一个神经网络预测模型以评估装置的发电性能。
在现有研究中,系统的弹性回复力多由金属弹簧结构提供。然而,金属弹簧在实际应用中存在显著局限性,如其使用寿命较短,会影响装置的长期可靠性;刚度固定,难以在不同流速条件下维持最优振动状态。这些问题在很大程度上削弱了其工程适用性与产业化潜力。针对上述问题,近年来研究者逐渐将目光转向磁悬浮振动系统。磁悬浮振动技术能够实现无摩擦和无磨损的运动状态,不仅显著延长了系统的使用寿命,大幅降低了维护成本,还具备优异的可控性与可调性,为实现振动能量采集系统的精准调控和高效运行奠定了基础。Alhadidi和Daqaq[10]提出一种双稳态俘能器,使用磁铁提供非线性回复力支撑振子尾流驰振,实验表明性能优于线性俘能器。曹东兴等[11]设计了一种附磁圆柱俘能器装置,发现磁力可以降低俘能器的共振频率。白旭[12]和邵禄宇[13]将磁悬浮系统引入VIVACE装置以替代传统弹簧,提出了磁悬浮改进设计。他们通过数值模拟,对比分析了永磁弹簧与金属弹簧的性能,结果表明,磁悬浮支撑下的振子展现出更优的振动特性。
为提升VIVACE系统的发电功率,通常采用多振子串联阵列的设计方案。该方案不仅能够降低单位发电成本,还能显著提高能量捕获效率。然而,由于振子振动响应对振子间距极为敏感,如何优化布局便成为设计中的关键问题。基于上述背景,本文以磁悬浮支撑为基础,针对双圆柱振子的单自由度流致振动特性展开研究。同时,通过RANS与等效磁荷方法构建耦合模型,系统地分析了上下游振子间距对双振子横向单自由度振动幅值、频率及尾流旋涡形态的影响,为实际应用中单自由度振子阵列的协同发电与优化设计提供了理论依据。
本文提出了一种基于磁悬浮支撑的刚性圆柱振子结构,其利用流致振动捕获海流能的原理如图1所示。在海流作用下,圆柱振子产生流致振动,磁悬浮系统支撑振子往复运动,并与发电机连接,振动带动发电机动子切割磁感线发电。振子在流体动压力和磁性回复力作用下往复运动。采用磁悬浮系统代替金属弹簧支撑振子,形成磁−流−固耦合模型,便于调节刚度,以实现不同流速下的最优振动效果,其物理结构如图2所示。磁悬浮系统由三块永磁体构成,其中两端永磁体固定在导轨两端,中间永磁体固定在振子上。振子在流体作用下产生流致振动,使悬浮永磁体偏离平衡位置,固定永磁体对其产生斥力,促使振子向平衡位置运动,形成磁性回复力。
磁悬浮支撑振子流致振动系统本质上是单自由度系统,振子受力模型如图3所示。根据高等结构动力学原理可知,作用于振子上的力有质量力、回复力、阻尼力,以及流体力Ffluid和磁力Fmag等外部激励。
$ {m}_{\text{osc}}{y}^{\prime\prime}+{c}_{\text{total}}{y}^{\prime}+Ky={F}_{\text{fluid}}+{F}_{\text{mag}} $
式中:yy'y''分别为振子位移、速度和加速度;mocs是振动质量[14],为振子质量、传动质量之和;ctotal为系统总阻尼,由结构阻尼cstructure和流体阻尼cfluid组成;K为系统刚度。
磁力弹簧如图4所示,中间永磁体只能沿轨道在y轴方向上单自由度运动。当中部永磁体随振子运动偏离平衡位置时,轨道端部永磁体产生斥力,促使振子回到平衡位置。上端永磁体对中间永磁体的磁力为F1,下端永磁体的磁力为F2,中间永磁体受到的总磁力为Fmag
$ {F}_{\text{mag}}={F}_{\text{1}}+{F}_{\text{2}} $
其中,振子所受回复力只与振子位移有关,而磁力大小也只随着振子振动位移变化而变化。因此该系统的动力学方程为式(3)
$ {m}_{\text{osc}}{y}^{\prime\prime}+({c}_{\text{structure}}+{c}_{\text{fluid}}){y}^{\prime}+{F}_{\text{mag}}={F}_{\text{fluid}} $
Khalak和Williamson [15-16]在研究中发现,振子在水中受到的流体动压力可以分解成流体惯性力与流体粘性力两个部分[17]。将流体动压力与磁力代入式(1)中,即可得耦合运动方程,简化后为
$ ({m}_{\text{osc}}+{m}_{\text{a}}){y}^{\prime\prime}+{c}_{\text{total}}{y}^{\prime}=\frac{1}{2}{c}_{\text{y}}\rho {U}^{2}Dl-{F}_{\text{mag}} $
式中:ma为附加质量,ma=CamdCa为附加质量系数,圆形为1;cy为瞬时升力系数;ρ为流体密度;U为水流流速;D为振子的特征宽度,振子处于顺水流方向上的投影宽度;l为振子的长度。
本文以高阻尼比实验[18]中的模型为原型,建立了质量比m*=1.564,振子直径D=0.0889 m的计算模型,为了保证计算中振子的三维特性,将其长度设为πD[19]。流致振动计算模型如图5所示。
相比较原模型,振子长度等比例缩小了3.274倍,所以相对应的振子的质量、阻尼力也同比例缩小。计算模型的具体参数如表1所示。
本研究采用重叠网格方法,将振子区域单独划分并嵌套于背景网格中;在振子表面进行了边界层网格加密,以满足y+的壁面解析要求,并设置了15层棱柱层网格。进一步的网格参数设置如下:棱柱层厚度为0.01 m,拉伸率为1.2。本文通过计算验证了壁面解析要求(y+值),结果显示全流速工况下y+值均小于1,满足SST k-ω湍流模型的壁面解析要求。此外,针对背景网格与振子网格的重叠区域,进行了最小网格尺寸加密;并在两者之间设置三层过渡区,按由密到疏的方式实现网格过渡。网格模型如图6~7所示。
为了验证网格大小划分的合理性,设置了4种疏密不同的网格模型,网格划分方式参数仍按照上述模型设置部分的说明进行(包括棱柱层、二次加密和重叠网格),设置计算工况、初始条件和边界条件均相同,对比结果见表2。从表中可以看出,随着网格数量增加,计算结果差异逐渐减小。网格3与网格4相比,总网格数增加100.08%,但振幅仅变化0.66%,速度变化0.70%,计算结果接近。为兼顾计算的效率与准确性,本文选取第3种网格划分方法进行模拟。
选用库朗数原则确定时间步长,通常一阶对流情况下取库朗数≤1,库朗数选取原则见公式(5)所示
$ CFL=\frac{U\Delta t}{\Delta x} $
式中:U为对应的流速;Δt为时间步长;Δx为网格尺寸。
结合选择的网格尺寸,选定∆t=0.001 s、∆t=0.002 s、∆t=0.005 s三种时间步长进行模拟,计算结果与误差见表3
时间步长∆t=0.001 s、∆t=0.002 s的计算结果非常接近,振幅比增长率仅为0.86%,但是前者的计算时长是后者的2倍,因此在保证精度的前提下,本文选择的时间步长为∆t=0.002 s。
将计算结果与高阻尼比实验结果进行对比,如图8~9所示。图中振幅比$A^* $定义为振子横流向最大位移振动幅度A与振子直径D的比值:$ {A}^{*}=A/D $。计算结果与实验结果的误差在5%以内,证明了网格划分和时间步长的合理性,并验证了计算结果的准确性。
两个永磁体的尺寸分别是2Lm1、2Wm1、2Hm1和2Lm2、2Wm2、2Hm2。它们之间的距离,即面2和面3之间的距离,为h。以永磁体1的中心O作为原点,在图10所示的坐标系中进行建模。永磁体沿y轴方向充磁,且两块永磁体的极性相反。
按照等效磁荷法[20],设面4上的点p坐标为($ {x}_{1},{z}_{1},2{H}_{\text{m2}}+h+{H}_{\text{m1}} $),面2上的点q坐标为($ {x}_{2} $,$ {z}_{2} $,$ {H}_{\text{m1}} $),它们的磁荷分别为
$ \text{d}{M}_{p}={\sigma }_{1}\text{d}{x}_{1}{\text{d}z}_{1} $
$ \text{d}{M}_{q}={\sigma }_{2}\text{d}{x}_{2}{\text{d}z}_{2} $
式中:$ {\sigma }_{1} $$ {\sigma }_{2} $分别为面2与4的磁荷面密度。
根据文献[21]中给出的永磁材料的磁化关系可知,磁荷面密度与剩余磁感应强度的关系为
$ \begin{cases} {\sigma }_{1}={B}_{\text{r1}}\\{\sigma }_{2}={B}_{\text{r2}}\end{cases} $
根据式(6)与式(7)可推出点p对点q的作用力矢量为
$ \text{d}{\boldsymbol{F}}_{42}=\frac{1}{4\text{π} {\mu }_{0}}\frac{{B}_{\text{r1}}{B}_{\text{r2}}\text{d}{x}_{1}\text{d}{x}_{2}\text{d}{z}_{1}\text{d}{z}_{2}}{|\boldsymbol{r}_{42}^{}{|}^{3}}{\boldsymbol{r}}_{42} $
通过矢量力dF42可以求出点q对点py方向上的分量为
$ {\mathrm{d}}{F}_{42}={\mathrm{d}}{\boldsymbol{F}}_{42}\cdot \boldsymbol{k}=\frac{1}{4\text{π} {\mu }_{0}}\frac{{B}_{\text{r1}}{B}_{\text{r2}}{\mathrm{d}}{x}_{1}{\mathrm{d}}{x}_{2}{\mathrm{d}}{z}_{1}{\mathrm{d}}{z}_{2}}{{\left| {\boldsymbol{r}}_{42}\right| }^{3}}{\boldsymbol{r}}_{42}\cdot \boldsymbol{k} $
式中:k为矢量r42方向单位矢量在y方向上的分量,其值为$ \left| \boldsymbol{k}\right| $
$ \left| \boldsymbol{k}\right| =\frac{2{H}_{{\mathrm{m2}}}+h}{\left| {\boldsymbol{r}}_{42}\right| } $
由点q与点p的坐标可以求出
$ \left| {\boldsymbol{r}}_{42}\right| ={[{{\left({x}_{2}-{x}_{1}\right)}^{2}}+{{\left({z}_{2}-{z}_{1}\right)}^{2}}+{{\left(2{H}_{\text{m2}}+h\right)}^{2}}]}^{\frac{1}{2}} $
通过对dF42的积分可得出面2对面4的作用力为
$ {F}_{42}=\frac{{B}_{\text{r1}}{B}_{\text{r2}}\left(2{H}_{\text{m2}}+h\right)}{4\text{π} {\mu }_{0}}\int\nolimits_{-{L}_{\text{m1}}}^{{L}_{\text{m1}}}\int\nolimits_{-{W}_{\text{m1}}}^{{W}_{\text{m1}}}\int\nolimits_{-{L}_{\text{m2}}}^{{L}_{\text{m2}}}\int\nolimits_{-{W}_{\text{m1}}}^{{W}_{\text{m1}}}\frac{1}{{\left| {\boldsymbol{r}}_{42}\right| }^{3}}\text{d}{x}_{1}\text{d}{x}_{2}{\text{d}z}_{1}{\text{d}z}_{2} $
采用相同的方法,可以计算出F32F41F31。通过分析4个面之间的力(F42F32F41F31)以及磁面的极性,可推导出两块磁体之间的斥力为
$ {F}_{\text{mag}}=-{F}_{42}+{F}_{32}-{F}_{31}+{F}_{41} $
对于磁悬浮支撑系统,中间悬浮磁体所受磁力可视为其与上下固定磁体之间磁力的叠加。根据上述公式,在MATLAB中编程实现,四重积分通过调用quadndg函数完成。根据等效磁荷法计算悬浮永磁体在振子位移过程中的受力情况,并基于力−位移数据关系,采用最小二乘法进行多项式拟合,从而获得磁力随位移变化的函数关系。
磁悬浮支撑刚性圆柱振子的流致振动系统构成了一个典型的磁−流−固耦合问题。耦合计算通过MATLAB和STAR-CCM+实现。首先,使用MATLAB基于等效磁荷法进行磁场模拟,建立磁悬浮系统模型,基于此求解出永磁体间的磁力与位移关系。随后,将磁力−位移关系拟合为多项式函数,并导入STAR-CCM+进行流固耦合仿真计算。在STAR-CCM+中,采用一种用于模拟流体中刚体自由运动的流固耦合数值,通过实时求解流体力和刚体运动方程,实现流体与运动之间双向耦合的DFBI(Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction)方法,设置圆柱振子的运动参数,锁定其他方向自由度,仅允许横向y方向自由运动,将磁力多项式作为y方向外力作用于振子,实时计算振子的振动响应。在每个时间步内,振子位移会随着磁力和水流力的变化而不断更新。通过循环迭代计算,利用上一时刻的磁力更新下一时刻的振子位移,从而实现磁−流−固耦合计算的动态反馈。
在磁悬浮支撑的等直径串列多圆柱振子流致振动中,前振子为迎流向的振子,后振子为出流方向的振子。每个振子的上下端设有固定永磁体,中部为与振子固定的悬浮永磁体,悬浮永磁体与振子一起在来流作用下做垂直于来流方向的横向运动(见图11)。为了表示串列振子之间的位置关系,引入了“间距比G/D”的概念,其中G为上下游圆柱中心之间的距离,D为圆柱振子的直径。数值模型的具体参数设置参照高阻尼比实验[18]中的模型。
本文聚焦于串列双振子的流致振动行为,其中磁悬浮支撑系统作为固定条件保持不变。在数值仿真中,通过合理选取永磁体规格,确保研究的稳定性和结果的可靠性。根据文献[1213]的研究结果,磁悬浮支撑系统的刚度为非线性,刚度变化越大,起振流速越高。采用尺寸较小的永磁体构建的磁悬浮支撑系统,在0~1.0 m/s流速范围内能使振子获得较大的平均振幅,且振动频率较为稳定;而使用尺寸较大的永磁体时,仅在较高流速下才能激发出有效的振动响应。为排除干扰并优化研究参数,本文选取合适的永磁体规格(见表4),其磁力位移曲线(见图12)呈非线性特性。
本节共设置5种双振子间距比(G/D=2∼6)及单振子工况,共6种布置形式。在每种布置下,分别设置10种来流速度(U=0∼1.0 m/s),对应系统静水自振频率1.02 Hz下的约化速度Ur=0∼11。 约化速度指来流速度与结构固有频率和特征长度乘积的比值$ {U}_{{\mathrm{r}}}=U/{f}_{{\mathrm{n}}}D $,该无量纲量消除了具体单位依赖,便于获取普适规律。共计进行60组数值模拟。为便于分析,将同一参数条件下的单振子与双振子振动响应绘制于同一图中进行对比。
不同间距比下,磁悬浮支撑双振子与单振子的振幅比如图13所示。总体来看,振子振幅随约化速度的增加呈现先增后减的趋势。双振子系统中,前振子的振幅变化与单振子相似,差异较小;而后振子的振幅明显大于前振子和单振子,具有较好的振动特性。在相同约化速度下,后振子的最大振幅可达到单振子的2.46倍。在低约化速度(Ur=0∼2.2)条件下,单振子系统的振幅大于双振子系统。这是因为,虽然前振子脱落的尾涡改变了后振子的绕流特性,但此时尾涡强度较弱,难以激发后振子产生有效的振动响应。Ur=3.3是一个拐点,双振子系统的优势开始显现,后振子的振幅显著增加,并且在该约化速度下,某些工况达到振幅峰值。值得注意的是,前振子与单振子的振幅差异在高约化速度(Ur >6.6)后逐渐消失,且随间距比增大,两者趋近一致。这是由于后振子的振动也会反向扰动前振子,而较大间距削弱了这种反馈效应,使前振子流场更接近单振子状态。
具体而言,当G/D=2和G/D=3时,后振子的振幅在Ur=5.5时达到峰值,$A^*_{\max}$=1.03。随着间距比的增大(G/D=4, G/D=5),后振子的振幅峰值对应的约化速度前移(Ur=4.4),且振幅峰值有所降低。这是由于间距增大导致上游尾涡在传递过程中能量耗散加剧,作用至后振子表面的流体力幅值衰减,削弱了流体力对振幅的增强效应。值得注意的是,在G/D=5时,后振子的振幅在Ur=7.7附近出现小幅回升并形成第二个峰值。尾涡演变分析表明,约化速度进一步升高时(Ur >6.6),前振子尾涡的脱落模式发生转变,前振子尾涡引起的涡激力与后振子的自身振动在相位上短暂同步,从而触发振幅的二次回升,形成一个幅值较小的第二个峰值。当G/D=6时,前后振子的振幅差距进一步减小,峰值也相应降低,峰值所对应约化速度前移至Ur=3.3,之后振幅缓慢下降。这一现象表明,小间距下后振子的振动特性受前振子主导,而大间距下其响应逐渐趋近单振子模式——单振子的振幅峰值通常出现在更低的约化速度下(Ur=2.2),因此双振子系统的峰值流速随间距增加向该临界值偏移。
综上所述,串列振子间距比越小,振子间流场耦合效应越强,后振子的振幅波动更为显著。所有间距比条件下,后振子的振幅比均大于单振子的振幅比,说明前振子诱导的流体力重构对后振子产生了增幅效果。当间距较小时,两振子间的流体相互作用显著增强,前振子运动引发的流场扰动能够快速传递至后振子,并对其周围流速分布产生持续影响。随着间距增大,流场扰动在传递过程中逐渐衰减,后振子受前振子影响的强度减弱,其振幅响应趋近于单振子状态。由于磁力随位移呈非线性变化,磁悬浮支撑系统在振子振动初期时具有较低的刚度,相较于传统金属弹簧更易激发较大振幅。随着来流速度提高、振幅增大,永磁体间的斥力增强,系统刚度随之增大,从而限制了振幅的进一步增长。因此,磁悬浮支撑的串联振子更适合在中低约化速度下获得较大的振动响应。
不同间距比条件下,磁悬浮支撑双振子与单振子的振动频率变化如图14所示。整体来看,前振子和后振子的振动频率基本相同,变化趋势一致。单振子的频率特性表现出明显的三段分支特征,且无论是单振子系统还是双振子系统,其振动频率总体上随约化速度增加而升高,并在约化速度Ur=3.3处出现频率波动现象。
具体而言,当间距比较小时(G/D=2, G/D=3),双振子的振动频率显著高于单振子,表现出较强的振动效果。随着间距比的增大(G/D=4, G/D=5, G/D=6),间距比对振子频率的影响逐渐减弱,双振子系统与单振子系统的频率差异趋于缩小。在G/D=5时,双振子的振动频率在约化速度9.9<Ur≤11.0范围内出现显著升高。此时,后振子在主频之外出现了一个稳定的子频分量。这一高约化速度下,子频的能量逐渐增强并超过主频,系统进入非线性振动阶段,能量在多个频率间重新分布,最终表现为以该子频主导的高频振动特征。
综上所述,随着间距比的增大,串列圆柱振子的振动频率呈下降趋势。在小间距比条件下,前后振子间干扰作用显著,导致振动频率的数值及增长趋势均高于单振子系统;而在大间距比条件下,干扰效应减弱,双振子的频率响应逐渐接近于单振子系统。
不同尾涡脱落模式在振动过程中引起振子的受力变化,从而导致振幅与频率的差异,这是影响振动响应的主要因素。为深入分析尾涡特性,本文选取了各间距比下对应最优振动表现时的尾流漩涡,即下游振子达到最大振幅比时所对应的约化速度下的尾涡特性进行分析。由于频率随约化速度整体单调递增且无明显极值特征,因此“最优约化速度”的定义仅基于振幅最大化准则。
在不同间距比和最佳约化速度条件下,尾涡对振子振动特性的影响如图15所示。图15(a)显示,当G/D=2、Ur=5.5 时,前振子与后振子的运动呈现反相。前振子脱落的蓝色尾涡在撞击后振子后,以较小的能量损失被后振子即将脱落的蓝色尾涡吸收并融合,导致漩涡强度增强,后振子所受流体力显著增强,从而显著增大了后振子的振幅。在一个振动周期T内,后振子脱落的尾涡对前振子的尾涡进行融合吸收。这一过程最终在尾流中形成一个反向的尾涡对,以及一个源自前振子、未被后振子尾涡吸收的单独涡。振子的尾涡脱落模式呈现“P+S”模式。如图15(b)显示,当G/D=3、Ur=5.5 时,尾涡脱落模式仍为“P+S”模式。随着振子间距增大,振子间隙增宽,尾迹明显拉长。在此情况下,前振子的尾涡未能被完全吸收,部分尾涡逐渐消散,导致尾迹宽度减小。这种变化使得在同约化速度条件下,后振子的振幅有所降低。如图15(c)显示,当G/D=4、Ur=4.4 时,随着间距的进一步加大,尾迹得以进一步加长。此时,后振子的振动受到前振子尾涡的引导,呈现反相运动。后振子在碰撞上游尾涡后,后振子脱落的尾涡仅与上游尾涡发生了部分融合,二者未能完全合并,最终在下游两侧各形成一对同向旋转的尾涡,因此尾迹中出现两组旋转方向相反的涡对,最终形成“2C”模式[22]。如图15(d)显示,当G/D=5、Ur=4.4 时,随着间距的进一步加大和约化速度的降低,尾迹宽度显著减小。此时,上游脱落的尾涡能够在间距内缓慢传递,并被下游同向尾涡吸收融合,最终形成一个单独融合后的尾涡。在一个振动周期内,下游脱落两个融合后的涡,从而形成“2S”模式[22]。如图15(e)显示,在大间距低约化速度条件下,即G/D=6、Ur=3.3时,由于约化速度较低,上游尾涡未能形成较长的尾迹,仅产生两个单独尾涡。在低约化速度条件下,涡脱落频率降低,上游脱落的尾涡有更充裕的时间向下游传播,并与下游尾涡发生同向融合,同时反向尾涡相互抵消。最终,尾迹中形成规律的两排尾涡,尾迹宽度进一步减小,尾涡脱落模式仍为“2S”模式。
上述分析表明,尾涡的脱落模式及其对振子振动特性的作用,受到不同间距比和约化速度条件的显著影响。当间距较小且约化速度适当时(G/D=2~4,Ur=3.3~5.5),上游尾涡在向下游传递过程中未被明显耗散,其涡量能够被后振子充分捕获并融合。这一过程使后振子尾涡的旋转范围和强度显著增加,使得振子两侧压力梯度显著增强。此外,较低约化速度进一步强化了此机制,尾涡向下游传递速度降低,使得涡与振子相互作用时间延长,流体力作用效应更为显著。相比之下,间距过大或约化速度过高时(G/D≥5, Ur >5.5),上游尾涡在抵达下游前已部分扩散或快速脱离,后振子无法有效吸收涡量,流体力作用时间和强度降低,振幅随之减小。然而,在磁悬浮支撑系统中,由于非线性磁力的影响,小间距比条件下后振子对上游尾涡的响应更为敏感,表现出更大的振幅,尤其在中低约化速度范围内即可达到振幅峰值。
本文构建了磁悬浮支撑下串列等直径双圆柱振子流致振动的数值计算模型,系统分析了不同间距比(G/D)与约化速度组合条件下的振幅响应、振动频率、尾流漩涡特性,揭示了振子与尾涡之间的相互作用机制,以及间距比对磁悬浮支撑双圆柱振子单自由度流致振动机理的影响规律。基于此,本文的主要结论如下:
(1)在双振子系统中,间距比对前后振子的振动响应具有显著影响。较小的间距比(G/D)增强了振子间的相互作用,使后振子振幅显著高于前振子和单振子情况,尤其在G/D=2时,后振子的振幅达到峰值。同时,振子频率随间距比的增大逐渐降低,前后振子的频率变化趋势相似但存在一定差异。
(2)后振子的振动特性显著受到上游尾涡引起的流体力作用影响。较小的间距比使上游尾涡更充分地作用于后振子,通过流体力作用产生振幅增益。当后振子能够与上游尾涡诱导的流体激励形成有效耦合时,其振动能量显著提高,表现为振幅增大、频率响应增强。振子之间呈反相振动,表明流体力与振动间存在强烈耦合。
(3)磁悬浮系统中的非线性磁力显著提升了后振子对上游尾涡变化的响应能力,使其能够更有效地吸收尾涡能量。这一特性使后振子在更宽的约化速度范围内表现出较强的振幅响应。此外,磁悬浮效应有助于提高系统稳定性,进一步强化了振动与尾涡之间的协同作用。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.04.001
  • 接收时间:2025-09-12
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-12
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    1.江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212100
    2.上海大学 力学与工程科学学院,上海市应用数学和力学研究所,上海 200072
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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