Article(id=1281203583232226128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758556800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783392337853, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783392337853, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783392337853, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1783392337853, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1281202552578478607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='5', pageStart='659', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783392092127, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1783395243852, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281215774769525418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281215775176372907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=659, endPage=670, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281203587405558609, articleId=1281203583232226128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Hydrodynamic characteristics of pile-type breakwaters based on thincFoam, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In ocean engineering and coastal protection, a precise understanding of the interaction mechanism between breaking waves and offshore structures is a fundamental scientific issue for ensuring operational safety and enhancing protection efficiency. Based on the open-source computational fluid dynamics platform OpenFOAM, this study innovatively combines the thincFoam solver using the THINC/QQ interface capturing scheme with a stable k-ω SST turbulence model to develop a high-fidelity numerical framework for the detailed simulation of wave breaking processes. The proposed model achieves high-resolution capture and quantitative analysis of key physical parameters during wave breaking, including the evolution of free-surface morphology, dynamic flow field structures, pressure peak characteristics, and energy dissipation mechanisms. Numerical verification demonstrates that the proposed model has excellent predictive ability for solitary wave propagation, accurately reproducing the free-surface elevation as well as the spatio-temporal distribution of the velocity and pressure fields. Through systematic numerical experiments, this study elucidates the multi-scale wave dissipation mechanisms of pile-type breakwaters under solitary wave action: Turbulent mixture induced by free-surface fragmentation, oscillatory jets generated in the gaps between piles, vortex structures formed in the wake region, and wave breaking caused by nonlinear interactions between backflow and the remaining wave body. These processes collectively constitute a multiphysics synergy mechanism for wave energy dissipation. The findings not only provide a theoretical foundation for the optimized design of pile-type breakwaters but also offer an effective numerical tool for simulating wave-structure interactions, contributing to the theoretical development and technological progress in the field of ocean engineering.

, authors=Qi-di LINa, Bin XIEa, b, authorsList=Qi-di LIN, Bin XIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281204110066168080, articleId=1281203583232226128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=基于thincFoam的排桩式防波堤水动力特性研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在海洋工程与海岸防护领域,准确理解破碎波对海洋结构物的作用机制,是保障工程安全运行与提升防护效能的关键。本研究基于开源计算流体力学平台OpenFOAM框架,创新性地结合了采用THINC/QQ界面捕捉格式的thincFoam求解器与稳定kω SST湍流模型,开发了一套适用于波浪破碎过程精细化模拟的高保真数值模型。本模型实现了对波浪破碎过程中自由面形态演化、动态流场结构、压力峰值特征以及能量耗散机制等关键物理参量的高分辨率捕捉和定量分析。数值验证结果表明,该模型对孤立波传播过程具有优异的预测能力,能够准确再现自由表面高度变化以及速度场与压力场的时空分布特征。基于系统的数值试验,本研究揭示了排桩式防波堤在孤立波作用下的多尺度消浪机制,主要包括:由自由面破碎引发的湍流掺混,由桩间间隙产生的振荡射流,由桩后水域形成的涡旋结构,以及由回流与剩余波体的非线性相互作用所诱发的一系列波浪破碎现象。这些物理过程共同构成了波浪能量耗散的多物理场协同机制。研究成果不仅为排桩式防波堤的优化设计提供了理论支撑,而且为波浪与结构物的相互作用提供了有效的数值工具,对推动海洋工程领域的理论发展和技术进步具有重要的学术价值与工程指导意义。

, authors=林启迪a, 谢彬a, b, authorsList=林启迪, 谢彬, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谢彬, authorNote=

林启迪(2000−),女,硕士研究生,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
谢 彬(1988–),男,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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林启迪(2000−),女,硕士研究生,E-mail:

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基于thincFoam的排桩式防波堤水动力特性研究
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林启迪 a , 谢彬 a, b
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(5): 659-670
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (5) : 659 -670
基于thincFoam的排桩式防波堤水动力特性研究
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林启迪a , 谢彬a, b
作者信息
  • a.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • b.上海交通大学 海洋工程全国重点实验室,上海 200240
通讯作者:
谢 彬(1988–),男,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

林启迪(2000−),女,硕士研究生,E-mail:

Hydrodynamic characteristics of pile-type breakwaters based on thincFoam
Qi-di LINa , Bin XIEa, b
Affiliations
  • a.Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Ocean and Civil Engineering Shanghai 200240, China
  • b.Shanghai Jiao Tong University Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.001
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在海洋工程与海岸防护领域,准确理解破碎波对海洋结构物的作用机制,是保障工程安全运行与提升防护效能的关键。本研究基于开源计算流体力学平台OpenFOAM框架,创新性地结合了采用THINC/QQ界面捕捉格式的thincFoam求解器与稳定kω SST湍流模型,开发了一套适用于波浪破碎过程精细化模拟的高保真数值模型。本模型实现了对波浪破碎过程中自由面形态演化、动态流场结构、压力峰值特征以及能量耗散机制等关键物理参量的高分辨率捕捉和定量分析。数值验证结果表明,该模型对孤立波传播过程具有优异的预测能力,能够准确再现自由表面高度变化以及速度场与压力场的时空分布特征。基于系统的数值试验,本研究揭示了排桩式防波堤在孤立波作用下的多尺度消浪机制,主要包括:由自由面破碎引发的湍流掺混,由桩间间隙产生的振荡射流,由桩后水域形成的涡旋结构,以及由回流与剩余波体的非线性相互作用所诱发的一系列波浪破碎现象。这些物理过程共同构成了波浪能量耗散的多物理场协同机制。研究成果不仅为排桩式防波堤的优化设计提供了理论支撑,而且为波浪与结构物的相互作用提供了有效的数值工具,对推动海洋工程领域的理论发展和技术进步具有重要的学术价值与工程指导意义。

稳定kω SST湍流模型  /  孤立波  /  排桩式防波堤  /  波浪破碎  /  thincFoam

In ocean engineering and coastal protection, a precise understanding of the interaction mechanism between breaking waves and offshore structures is a fundamental scientific issue for ensuring operational safety and enhancing protection efficiency. Based on the open-source computational fluid dynamics platform OpenFOAM, this study innovatively combines the thincFoam solver using the THINC/QQ interface capturing scheme with a stable k-ω SST turbulence model to develop a high-fidelity numerical framework for the detailed simulation of wave breaking processes. The proposed model achieves high-resolution capture and quantitative analysis of key physical parameters during wave breaking, including the evolution of free-surface morphology, dynamic flow field structures, pressure peak characteristics, and energy dissipation mechanisms. Numerical verification demonstrates that the proposed model has excellent predictive ability for solitary wave propagation, accurately reproducing the free-surface elevation as well as the spatio-temporal distribution of the velocity and pressure fields. Through systematic numerical experiments, this study elucidates the multi-scale wave dissipation mechanisms of pile-type breakwaters under solitary wave action: Turbulent mixture induced by free-surface fragmentation, oscillatory jets generated in the gaps between piles, vortex structures formed in the wake region, and wave breaking caused by nonlinear interactions between backflow and the remaining wave body. These processes collectively constitute a multiphysics synergy mechanism for wave energy dissipation. The findings not only provide a theoretical foundation for the optimized design of pile-type breakwaters but also offer an effective numerical tool for simulating wave-structure interactions, contributing to the theoretical development and technological progress in the field of ocean engineering.

stable k-ω SST model  /  solitary wave  /  pile-sheet breakwater  /  breaking waves  /  thincFoam
林启迪, 谢彬. 基于thincFoam的排桩式防波堤水动力特性研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (5) : 659 -670 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.001
Qi-di LIN, Bin XIE. Hydrodynamic characteristics of pile-type breakwaters based on thincFoam[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (5) : 659 -670 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.001
在全球贸易蓬勃发展的背景下,港口作为国际物流枢纽,其运营效率与安全稳定性直接影响全球供应链的畅通。然而,港口基础设施长期面临严峻的海洋动力环境挑战,而破碎波的冲击作用尤为突出。破碎波具有显著的非线性动力特征,其产生的瞬时冲击载荷可导致海洋工程结构的灾难性破坏。以2023年“杜苏芮”台风(编号2305)引发的风暴潮灾害为例,福建省沿海地区遭受了严重冲击,海水养殖设施损毁率达42%,防波堤等海岸防护工程的破坏总长度超过15公里,直接经济损失高达14.6亿元。这类极端海洋灾害事件不仅造成巨额经济损失,更会引发港口停运、航道淤塞等连锁反应,严重威胁区域经济社会的可持续发展。在此背景下,构建具有卓越消浪性能的新型防波堤已成为港口工程领域的迫切需求。通过高精度数值模拟技术揭示波浪破碎机理,可为防波堤的优化设计提供科学依据,助力港口构建稳定、安全的水域环境。
在海洋工程与海岸防护领域,排桩式防波堤的水动力特性研究对保障工程结构安全与防护效能具有重要意义。近年来,计算流体力学技术[1]的快速发展为相关研究提供了新的技术手段。Jiang等[2]基于Navier-Stokes方程,结合改进的流体体积(VOF)界面捕捉方法和大涡模拟(LES)湍流模型,成功模拟了孤立波与垂直桩结构的相互作用,并通过实验验证提出了量化碎波冲击的砰击系数模型。Yin等[3]进一步采用LES湍流模型和THINC/QQ (Tangent of Hyperbola Interface Capturing method with quadratic surface representation and Gaussian quadrature)高精度界面捕捉方法,系统研究了孤立波作用下排桩式防波堤的碎波特性,其数值结果与实验数据吻合良好。然而,LES方法高昂的计算成本严重制约了其在工程实践中的推广应用。相比之下,基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes (RANS)方程[46]的数值方法因其显著降低的计算需求而在波浪破碎研究中得到广泛应用。但传统RANS模型在工程应用中仍存在明显局限性。Liu等[7]的研究表明,标准$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $模型[8]会显著高估碎浪带内的湍动能水平。虽然浮力修正$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $模型[9]通过在湍流输运方程中引入浮力修正项,在一定程度上抑制了自由表面附近的湍流强度,但仍然无法完全消除这一现象。针对此关键问题,Larsen和Fuhrman[10]通过理论推导首次证明了标准$ k{\text{-}}\omega $湍流模型[11]在近势流区域具有无条件不稳定性,其湍流增长率恒为正。为了验证这一理论发现,研究者设计了规则波长时间传播的数值试验,采用周期性边界条件和滑移底边界设置,确保近势流区域模拟条件满足研究要求。数值试验也证实了湍流强度随时间呈非物理性指数增长,这一现象与实际情况明显不符,从而确认了传统湍流模型在近势流区域存在的固有缺陷。基于此,他们创新性地提出了稳定化$ k{\text{-}}\omega $湍流模型[10]:该模型在浮力修正$ k{\text{-}}\omega $模型[9]的基础上,通过在湍流粘性系数中引入应力限制项,不仅有效抑制了近势流区域内湍流的非物理性产生,从根本上解决了传统模型的固有不稳定性,而且给出了稳定化$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $模型的公式。改进后的模型不仅能够准确模拟整个碎浪带的湍动能分布,还显著提升了数值模拟的精度和效率。
在求解器选择方面,本研究针对传统interFoam求解器的局限性进行了深入分析。尽管interFoam在多相流模拟领域应用广泛,但其采用的界面捕捉方法存在明显的数值耗散问题,导致自由液面形态失真和能量非物理衰减[12],难以满足本研究对波浪演化长期精度及能量守恒特性的严格要求。为解决这一关键问题,本研究选用了基于THINC/QQ算法的thincFoam求解器[13]。该求解器通过创新的相界面重构技术,在保证计算稳定性的同时,可将界面过渡区控制在3~4个网格单元以内,显著提升了界面锐度保持能力。这一特性延长了高精度模拟的时间窗口,对于涉及波浪破碎、射流形成等强非线性过程的排桩式防波堤模拟具有重要意义。基于上述优势,本研究创新性地将thincFoam求解器与稳定化$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $湍流模型相耦合,构建了兼顾计算效率与物理保真度的数值波浪水槽。验证结果表明,该求解模型在以下方面展现出显著优势:1) 孤立波传播过程中,本研究方法所得波高数据与实验数据的误差率,较传统方法降低3.59%;2) 桩柱周围的流场速度误差较传统方法降低4.71%,可以准确模拟波浪撞击桩柱时的速度变化特征;3) 模拟结果中的剖面图能够精准捕捉到更为精细的流场细节,为深入研究排桩间隙的流固耦合机制提供了高精度的数据支持。这些改进不仅证实了数值模型的可靠性,更为深入研究排桩式防波堤的复杂水动力特性奠定了坚实基础。特别是对于桩间射流、涡旋脱落等关键物理现象的精确模拟能力,将为后续的消浪机理分析提供技术支撑。
考虑RANS模型的湍流效应,本文将湍流速度分解为时均量和脉动量,其不可压缩流的RANS方程为
$ \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{u}=\text{0} $
$ \frac{\partial \left(\rho \boldsymbol{u}\right)}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot \left(\rho \boldsymbol{u}\boldsymbol{u}\right) = -\nabla p+\rho {g}+\nabla \cdot \left(\rho \overline{\boldsymbol{\tau }}-\rho \boldsymbol{\tau }\right)+\sigma \kappa \nabla \phi $
其中,$ \boldsymbol{u} $是时均速度,$ \boldsymbol{u}' $是脉动速度,$ p $是静压,$ {g} $是重力加速度,$ \kappa $为界面曲率,$ \sigma $为表面张力系数,取值为0.0728。且$ \overline{\boldsymbol{\tau }}=\nu \left[\nabla \boldsymbol{u}+{\left(\nabla \boldsymbol{u}\right)}^{\text{T}}\right] $是粘性应力项。雷诺应力张量$ \boldsymbol{\tau } $可根据布辛涅司克近似(Boussinesq approximation)[14]得到$ \boldsymbol{\tau }=-\overline{\boldsymbol{u}^{'}\boldsymbol{u}^{'}}=\dfrac{2}{3}k\boldsymbol{I}-2{\nu }_{{\mathrm{t}}}\boldsymbol{S} $,其中$ k $是湍动能,$ \boldsymbol{I} $是单位矩阵,$ \boldsymbol{S}=1/2 $$ \left(\nabla \boldsymbol{u}+\nabla {\boldsymbol{u}}^{\text{T}}\right) $是平均应变率张量。
基于单流体模型[15],采用VOF法区分自由界面,该方法依据一种流体(例如水)所占体积与各控制体积之比来定义。
$ \phi \left( {{\boldsymbol{x}},t} \right)\: = {\mkern 1mu} \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\mkern 1mu} 1}&{{\text{水}}} \\ {{\mkern 1mu} 0}&{{\text{空气}}} \\ {{\mkern 1mu} \varepsilon \left( {0 \lt {\mkern 1mu} \varepsilon \lt 1} \right)}&{{\text{交界面}}} \end{array}} \right. $
相应地,体积分数$ \phi $满足以下输运方程
$ \frac{\partial \phi }{\partial t}+\boldsymbol{u}\cdot \nabla \phi  = 0 $
一旦体积分数被确定,界面处的密度和粘度就可以按如下方程更新
$ \rho  = {\rho }_{1}\phi +{\rho }_{2}\left(1-\phi \right)\text{,}\mu  = {\mu }_{1}\phi +{\mu }_{2}\left(1-\phi \right) $
式中:$ {\rho }_{1} $$ {\mu }_{1} $分别表示液相的密度和动力粘性系数,$ {\rho }_{2} $$ {\mu }_{2} $分别表示气相的密度和动力粘性系数。
在当前求解器中,自由表面由高精度的THINC/QQ格式[16]来捕捉,其中不连续相指示函数用双曲正切函数$ {\widetilde{\mathcal{H}}}_{i}\left(\boldsymbol{x},t\right) $进行分段近似。
$ {\widetilde{\mathcal{H}}}_{i}\left(\boldsymbol{x},t\right) = \frac{1}{2}\left\{1+\tanh \left[\beta \left({P}_{i}\left(\boldsymbol{x}\right)+{d}_{i}\right)\right]\right\} $
式中:$ \beta $是陡度参数,用于控制界面宽度以保持界面的锐度。此外,目标单元$ {\mathit{\Omega }}_{\textit{i}} $中的界面通过隐式表达式$ {P}_{i}(\boldsymbol{x},t)+{d}_{i}=0 $表示,这里$ {P}_{i}(\boldsymbol{x}) $采用二次多项式近似,即
$ {P}_{i}\left(\boldsymbol{x}\right) = {C}_{200}{X}^{2}+{C}_{020}{Y}^{2}+{C}_{002}{Z}^{2}+{C}_{110}XY+{C}_{101}XZ+{C}_{011}YZ+{C}_{100}X+{C}_{010}Y+{C}_{001}Z $
$ \left(X,Y,Z\right) = \left(x-{x}_{c},y-{y}_{c},z-{z}_{c}\right) $
其中,$ \left(X,Y,Z\right) $是从任意点$  \left(x,y,z\right) $到单元中心$  \left({x}_{c},{y}_{c},{z}_{c}\right) $的相对坐标。运用最小二乘法,能够根据体积分数的分布计算多项式的系数。通过保证体积分数守恒这一条件确定式(6)中唯一的未知量$ {d}_{i} $
$ {\overline{\phi }}_{i} = \frac{1}{|{\mathit{\Omega }}_{i}|}{\int }_{{{\Omega }_{i}}(\boldsymbol{x})}{\widetilde{\mathcal{H}}}_{i}(\boldsymbol{x})\text{d}\boldsymbol{x} $
一旦确定了每个单元中的$ {\widetilde{\mathcal{H}}}_{i}\left(\boldsymbol{x},t\right) $,通过式(9)对体积分数进行更新,该式可改写为
$ \frac{\partial {\overline{\phi }}_{i}}{\partial t} = -\frac{1}{|{\mathit{\Omega }}_{i}|}{\int }_{\mathit{\Gamma }}{\widetilde{\mathcal{H}}}_{{{i}_{{\mathrm{up}}}}}\boldsymbol{u}\cdot {\mathrm{d}}\boldsymbol{S} = -\frac{1}{|{\mathit{\Omega }}_{i}|}\sum \limits_{j=1}^{J}\left({u}_{nij}|{\mathit{\Gamma }}_{ij}|\sum \limits_{g=1}^{G}{\omega }_{gij}{\widetilde{\mathcal{H}}}_{{{i}_{{\mathrm{up}}}}}\left({\boldsymbol{x}}_{gij}\right)\right) $
其中,$ {u}_{nij}=\boldsymbol{u}\cdot \boldsymbol{n} $$ \boldsymbol{n} $是面元$ {\varGamma }_{ij} $的外法向矢量。需要注意的是,式(10)中的体积通量是通过对上游单元$ \mathit{\Omega }_{i_{\text{up}} }$的THINC函数进行数值积分直接计算得到的,$ {\omega }_{gij} $$ {\boldsymbol{x}}_{gij} $分别表示面元$ {\mathit{\Gamma }}_{ij} $上积分点的权重和坐标。更多关于THINC/QQ格式的详细内容,读者可查阅文献[16]。
稳定$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $湍流模型由Larsen和Fuhrman[10]于2018年提出。$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $模型[8]有效地结合了适用于远场的$ k{\text{-}}\varepsilon $[17]模型和近壁面的$ k{\text{-}}\omega $[11]模型,规避了其对入口自由流湍流特性过度敏感的弊端,并且在预测逆压梯度与分离流方面表现出良好的性能。相较于浮力修正$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $模型[9],稳定$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $模型在湍流粘性系数中新增应力限制项。在近势流区域,该新增项起主导作用。单位质量流体的湍动能$ k $和湍动能耗散率$ \omega $的对流扩散方程分别为
$ \frac{\partial k}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot  \left(\boldsymbol{u}k\right) = {P}_{k}+ \nabla \cdot  \left[\left(\nu  + {\sigma }_{k}{\nu }_{{\mathrm{t}}}\right)\nabla k\right]+{G}_{{\mathrm{b}}}-{\beta }^{\ast }k\omega $
$ \frac{\partial \omega }{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot \left(\boldsymbol{u}\omega \right) = \alpha {P}_{0}-\beta {\omega }^{2}+\nabla \cdot \left[\left(\nu +{\sigma }_{\omega }{\nu }_{{\mathrm{t}}}\right)\nabla \omega \right]+2\left(1-{F}_{1}\right)\frac{{\sigma }_{\omega 2}}{\omega }\nabla k\cdot {\left(\nabla \omega \right)}^{\text{T}} $
式中:$ {P}_{k} = \min \left[{\nu }_{{\mathrm{t}}}{P}_{0},{c}_{1}{\beta }^{\ast }k\omega \right] $为湍动能产生项的限制形式,其中,$ {c}_{1} $为常数10;模型常数包括:$ {\beta }^{\ast } $为用于控制湍动能耗散项,$ \alpha $$ \omega $方程中的产生项系数,$ \beta $$ \omega $方程中的耗散项系数,$ {\sigma }_{k} $$ {\sigma }_{\omega } $分别为$ k $$ \omega $的湍流普朗特数,$ {\sigma }_{\omega 2} $是混合函数$ {F}_{1} $中对应于远场区域的$ \omega $方程普朗特数。浮力产生项$ {G}_{{\mathrm{b}}} $[9]定义为
$ {G}_{{\mathrm{b}}} = -\frac{{\nu }_{{\mathrm{t}}}}{{\sigma }_{{\mathrm{t}}}}\frac{\nabla \rho }{\rho }\nabla \boldsymbol{g} $
湍流涡粘性系数$ {\nu }_{{\mathrm{t}}} $根据以下公式定义
$ {\nu }_{{\mathrm{t}}} = \frac{k}{\max \left[\omega ,\dfrac{{F}_{2}\sqrt{{P}_{0}}}{{a}_{1}},{\lambda }_{2}\dfrac{\beta }{{\beta }^{\ast }\alpha }\dfrac{{P}_{0}}{{P}_{\varOmega }}\omega \right]} $
其中,常数$ {a}_{1}=0.31,{\beta }^{\ast }=0.09,{P}_{{\mathit{\Omega }}} = 2\boldsymbol{\varOmega }\colon \boldsymbol{\varOmega } $,平均旋转率张量$ \boldsymbol{\varOmega } = 1/2\left(\nabla \boldsymbol{u}-\nabla {\boldsymbol{u}}^{\text{T}}\right) $;稳定模型在最大值函数中添加了第三个参数,$ {\lambda }_{2} $是一个额外的应力限制系数,其默认值是$ 0.05 $,该项仅在近势流区域内起作用。$ {F}_{2} $为第二混合函数,其作用是限制涡粘性系数在边界层外缘和自由剪切层中的过度预测,确保模型能准确处理逆压梯度流动。$ {F}_{2} $的表达式为
$ {F}_{2} = \tanh \left[{\left[\max \left(\frac{2\sqrt{k}}{{\beta }^{\ast }\omega y},\frac{500\nu }{{y}^{2}\omega }\right)\right]}^{2}\right] $
湍动能生成速率$ {P}_{0} $表示为
$ {P}_{0} = 2\boldsymbol{S}\colon \boldsymbol{S} $
方程(17)定义了$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $模型的混合法则,其核心思想是通过混合函数$ {F}_{1} $实现两种经典湍流模型的无缝衔接。
$ \mathit{\Phi } = {F}_{1}{\mathit{\Phi }}_{1}+\left(1-{F}_{1}\right){\mathit{\Phi }}_{2} $
式中:$ \mathit{\Phi } $代表模型中的任意常数(如$ \alpha ,\beta ,{\sigma }_{k},{\sigma }_{\omega } $),下标“1”和“2”分别对应两套不同的模型常数集合:$ {\mathit{\Phi }}_{1} $代表近壁区域的常数集(如$ {\alpha }_{1},{\beta }_{1},{\sigma }_{k1},{\sigma }_{\omega 1} $),该套常数源自标准$ k{\text{-}}\omega $模型,能够保证在粘性底层和对数律区计算的准确性。$ {\mathit{\Phi }}_{2} $代表远场区域的常数集(如$ {\alpha }_{2},{\beta }_{2},{\sigma }_{k2},{\sigma }_{\omega 2} $),该套常数源自标准$ k{\text{-}}\varepsilon $模型,能够降低模型对自由流湍流边界条件的敏感性。混合函数$ {F}_{1} $是一个基于当地流场变量计算得到的权重函数,在近壁面处,$ {F}_{1}\rightarrow 1 $,模型表现为$ k{\text{-}}\omega $形式;在远离壁面的充分发展的湍流区,$ {F}_{1}\rightarrow 0 $,模型则过渡为$ k{\text{-}}\varepsilon $形式,这种机制使得SST模型能够兼具两者的优势。$ {F}_{1} $的表达式为
$ {F}_{1} = \tanh \left\{{\left\{\min \left[\max \left(\frac{\sqrt{k}}{{\beta }^{\ast }\omega y} ,\frac{500\nu }{{y}^{2}\omega }\right),\frac{4\rho {\sigma }_{\omega 2}k}{C{D}_{k\omega }{y}^{2}}\right]\right\}}^{4}\right\} $
其中,$ C{D}_{k\omega } $的表达式为
$ C{D}_{k\omega } = \max \left(2\frac{\rho {\sigma }_{\omega 2}}{\omega }\frac{\partial k}{\partial {x}_{i}}\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial {x}_{i}},{10}^{-10}\right) $
常数的默认值为
$ {\alpha }_{1}=0.5532,{\alpha }_{2}=0.4403,{\beta }_{1}=0.075,{\beta }_{2}=0.0828,{\sigma }_{k1}=0.85,{\sigma }_{k2}=1,{\sigma }_{\omega 1}=0.5,{\sigma }_{\omega 2}=0.856 $
本文的数值模拟是通过使用OpenFOAM(v1912版本)以及waves2Foam[18]的造波模块来完成的。控制方程是在有限体积法[19]的框架内求解的。VOF方程采用THINC/QQ格式进行求解。时间推进格式采用二阶龙格−库塔(RK2)格式[20]。动量方程通过压力隐式与算子分裂 (PISO)[21]算法求解,从$ t=n $$ t=n+1 $求解方程(1)、(2)、(4)的数值步骤总结为:
1) 流场初始化:读取上一时刻(或初始条件)的流场变量,包括速度场$ {\boldsymbol{u}}^{n} $和体积分数场$ {\phi }^{n} $
2) 造波与消波:利用waves2Foam工具箱提供的松弛区域法,在入口边界附近强制生成目标孤立波,同时在出口边界附近设置消波区以吸收出流波浪,防止反射干扰计算域内部流场。
3) 启动RK2时间循环:设置子迭代计数器$ r=0 $,开始RK2的第一步预测步计算。
4) 相场更新(界面捕捉):基于当前流场速度$ \boldsymbol{u} $,通过高精度的THINC/QQ格式求解体积分数输运方程(10),获得预测步的体积分数场$ {\phi }^{n+1,r} $。此步骤保证了自由面的尖锐性和保形性。
5) 物理属性更新:根据上一步计算得到的体积分数分布$ {\phi }^{n+1,r} $,利用方程(5)更新整个计算域内每个网格单元的密度场$ {\rho }^{n+1,{r}} $和动力粘性系数场$ {\mu }^{n+1,{r}} $
6) 速度场预测与压力场求解(PISO算法核心):在RK2的当前子迭代步中,启动PISO算法以处理速度−压力耦合。
7) RK2子步循环:存储当前子迭代步($ r $)计算得到的$ {\phi }^{n+1,r} $$ {\boldsymbol{u}}^{n+1,r} $$ {p}^{n+1,r} $。随后,将$ r $设置为1,重复上述步骤4)至6),完成RK2格式的第二步校正步计算。
8) RK2步加权平均:将两次RK2子迭代步($ r=0 $$ r=1 $)的计算结果通过方程(25)进行加权平均,得到具有二阶时间精度的最终流场变量$ {\phi }^{n+1} $$ {\boldsymbol{u}}^{n+1} $$ {p}^{n+1} $
9) 湍流场更新:最后基于更新后的平均流场,求解稳定$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $湍流模型的输运方程(式(11) 和 (12)),获得新的湍动能$ k $和比耗散率$ \omega $分布,并根据式(14)更新湍流涡粘性系数$ {\nu }_{{\mathrm{t}}} $,为下一时间步的计算做好准备。
在步骤6)中,采用PISO算法处理速度−压力耦合问题,其核心思想是通过预测−校正的迭代过程求解动量方程与连续性方程。具体步骤如下:
首先,对动量方程进行半离散化,得到速度预测值$ {\boldsymbol{u}}^{\ast } $的代数方程,其中将压力梯度项暂时分离处理
$ {a}_{{\mathrm{P}}}\boldsymbol{u}_{{\mathrm{P}}}^{\ast }=\sum {a}_{N}{\boldsymbol{u}}_{N}+S_{{\mathrm{P}}}^{n}=H\left(\boldsymbol{u}\right) $
其中,$ H\left(\boldsymbol{u}\right) $包含了相邻节点速度影响及源项。
为了引入动水压力$ {p}_{{\mathrm{rgh}}} $的驱动作用,将表面张力、重力等体积力项显式加入
$ {a}_{{\mathrm{P}}}\boldsymbol{u}_{{\mathrm{P}}}^{\ast }=H\left(\boldsymbol{u}\right)+\left(\sigma \kappa \nabla {\phi }^{n+1,r}-{g}\cdot \boldsymbol{x}\nabla {p}^{n+1,r}\right)-\nabla {p}_{{\mathrm{rgh}}} $
然而,此时的$ {\boldsymbol{u}}^{\ast } $尚未满足连续性方程。为了获得压力场,对方程(22)两边取散度,并利用连续性方程$ \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{u}=\text{0} $,可以构造出关于动水压力$ {p}_{{\mathrm{rgh}}} $的泊松方程,即
$ \nabla \cdot \left(\frac{1}{{a}_{{\mathrm{P}}}}\nabla p_{{\mathrm{rgh}}}^{\ast }\right)=\nabla \cdot \left(\frac{H\left({\boldsymbol{u}}^{\ast }\right)}{{a}_{{\mathrm{P}}}}+\frac{1}{{a}_{{\mathrm{P}}}}\left(\sigma \kappa \nabla {\phi }^{n+1,r}-{g}\cdot \boldsymbol{x}\nabla {p}^{n+1,r}\right)\right) $
求解方程(23)得到压力场$ \nabla p_{{\mathrm{rgh}}}^{\ast } $后,再通过速度校正方程对速度进行更新,使其满足连续性约束
$ {\boldsymbol{u}}^{\ast \ast }=\frac{1}{{a}_{{\mathrm{P}}}}\left(H\left(\boldsymbol{u}\right)-\nabla p_{{\mathrm{rgh}}}^{\ast }-{g}\cdot \boldsymbol{x}\nabla {p}^{n+1,r}+\sigma \kappa \nabla {\phi }^{n+1,r}\right) $
公式(21)~(24) 构成了PISO算法中的一个完整的预测−校正循环。在实际计算中,这一循环会被执行数次以保证耦合精度。最后对两次RK2子迭代的结果进行加权平均,以获得具有二阶时间精度的最终流场变量,从而确保时间推进的准确性与稳定性
$ {\phi }^{n+1}=\frac{1}{2}\left({\phi }^{n+1,0}+{\phi }^{n+1,1}\right),{\boldsymbol{u}}^{n+1}=\frac{1}{2}\left({\boldsymbol{u}}^{n+1,0}+{\boldsymbol{u}}^{n+1,1}\right),{p}^{n+1}=\frac{1}{2}\left({p}^{n+1,0}+{p}^{n+1,1}\right). $
本研究采用Huang等[22]的计算域设置方法构建数值波浪水槽,具体如图1所示。计算域采用全局笛卡尔坐标系O-xyz,其中xyz轴分别对应顺浪向、竖直方向以及横浪向。边界条件设置为:入口与顶部边界设为速度入口边界,出口边界设为压力出口边界,底部边界处理为固壁边界,前后两侧则采用对称边界条件。在数值模拟中,通过waves2Foam造波模块在入口处设置长度为$ 3\text{ m} $的造波松弛区生成孤立波,孤立波波高$ H=0.07\text{ m} $,静水深$ h=0.2\text{ m} $;出口处设置长度为$ 2.5\text{ m} $的消波松弛区以消除波浪反射。波浪沿水平方向传播,冲击布置在计算域内的直径$ D=0.05\text{ m} $,桩间距$ S=0.08\text{ m} $的三根垂直圆柱体。为了确保计算精度与效率平衡,本研究采用基于库朗数(Courant number)的自适应时间步长方法,最大库朗数控制在$ 0.25 $以内。为了精确捕捉流场特征,在计算域的关键位置布置了浪高仪,用于测量G1 (3.0 m, −0.1 m, 0.04 m), G2 (5.0 m, −0.1 m, 0.04 m), G3 (6.5 m, −0.1 m, 0.04 m), G4 (7.5 m, −0.1 m, 0.04 m) 等位置处的自由表面高度;同时,对V1 (5.5 m, −0.12 m, 0.04 m), V2 (6.3 m, −0.12 m, 0.04 m), P1 (5.975 m, −0.08 m, 0.0 m), P2 (6.0 m, −0.08 m, 0.025 m) 位置处设置监测点,记录自由液面以下的水平速度以及压力时程。整个计算域的长度为$ \text{11 m} $,高度为$ \text{0.5 m} $,宽度为$ \text{0.24 m} $。本文中排桩式防波堤的透空率为$ 37.5\mathrm{\% } $ (计算公式为$ \varepsilon =b/(b+D)\text{} $,其中,$ \varepsilon $为透空率,$ b $为桩间净距,$ D $为桩径)。根据缪等[23]的研究成果(图3),当透空率高于$ 23\mathrm{\% } $时,系统将不会产生流体阻塞效应,以确保流场的充分发展。
图2展示了垂直圆柱周围采用局部加密技术的网格分布特征。在水平方向上,内层加密区的网格尺寸精细至Δ x = 0.004 m,并通过渐进式过渡确保网格尺寸平滑变化;在垂直方向上,重点对自由液面附近( y = 0 ± 0.002 m范围)实施加密处理,最小网格尺寸达到Δ y = 0.002 m,采用指数型过渡方式向底部逐渐稀疏。整个网格系统质量严格把控,长宽比控制在3∶1以内,近壁面y+值维持在小于50的合理区间。这种精细化的网格划分策略在圆柱绕流区和自由液面区等关键区域实现了0.002 m的高分辨率捕捉,同时通过优化过渡区设置确保了计算效率。计算结果表明,该网格系统能够精确解析小尺度的涡旋结构,为波浪破碎过程的流场分析提供了可靠的数值基础。
为确保数值模拟结果的可靠性,本研究开展了网格无关性验证工作。通过构建粗(549.3万单元)、中(762.8万单元)、细(1372.5万单元)三套不同分辨率的网格系统,重点考察了G1测点处自由表面高度对网格密度的敏感性。图3展示了三种网格分辨率下的自由表面高度对比结果,定量分析表明:粗、中、细网格的均方根误差分别为5.2%、3.8%和3.6%,均满足工程计算精度要求。值得注意的是,中等网格与精细网格的结果差异仅为0.2%,表明中等网格已能充分捕捉流场的主要物理特征。基于精度与效率的综合评估,本研究最终选取762.8万单元的中等网格方案进行后续模拟计算。在计算效率方面,通过优化并行计算策略 (采用120个计算核心),单个工况的计算耗时可控制在5.5小时以内,较Jiang等[2]的数值模拟计算效率显著提升,为进一步深入研究提供了高效的数值工具。
图4对比了G1至G4位置处的自由表面高度,结果分别来自基于稳定$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $模型的thincFoam数值模拟、Jiang等[2]的数值模拟以及其实验测量。为评估两种数值模拟的准确性,采用均方根误差(RMSE)进行分析,首先计算每个探测点位置处的均方根误差,随后对所有测点的RMSE取平均值得到最终误差值。后续所有误差计算均基于此标准化流程进行。经计算,Jiang等[2]的结果与实验数据的误差约为6.84%,而本模型误差仅3.25%,具有明显优势。在图4 (a)、(c)、(d)中,这一优势得到了直观充分的展现。究其原因是,在波浪破碎前的近势流区域,传统模型湍流的过度产生会干扰自由表面高度的预测,而稳定$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $模型在湍流粘性系数中增加应力限制项,抑制了近势流区域内湍流的过度生成,克服了传统模型的固有缺陷,因而能更精准地捕捉自由表面动态,实现对自由表面高度的精准预测。
图5展示了在波峰与圆柱体接触瞬间,基于稳定$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $模型的thincFoam、Jiang等[2]数值模拟以及实验测量[2]分别得到的采样点V1(图5(a)、( b))和V2 (图5(c)、(d))位置处的速度场分量$ u $$ v $。我们采用均方根误差(RMSE)评估两种数值模拟的准确性,经计算,Jiang等[2]的数值模拟误差约10.49%,本模型误差约5.78%。本模型在处理复杂边界条件下的速度场分布时,有效地避免了数值振荡带来的误差干扰,使得速度场的过渡更加平滑自然。在描绘波浪与结构相互作用的复杂场景时,本模型表现出较高的准确度,能够细致入微地呈现该场景下的速度场分布,无论是波峰冲击圆柱体瞬间产生的高速射流区域,还是在圆柱体后方形成的低速尾流区,都能以更高的分辨率展现。
图6呈现了入射波传播过程中不同时刻自由水面形态以及无量纲水平速度等值线分布。由图可知,在波峰逐渐靠近时,桩前水体开始抬升(见图6(a))。当波峰抵达时(见图6(b)),水位攀升至最高值,随后经桩间缝隙向下涌入背风侧自由水面区域。此后(见图6(c)),桩前表面涌起的水体开始回落,同时在向波侧产生波反射现象;与此同时,在每根桩的后方均观测到水体隆起。最后(见图6(d)),背风侧形成回流,并伴随强烈的波浪破碎现象。基于上述过程,自由水面的演变可划分为四个阶段,依次为上升阶段、最大上涌阶段、下冲阶段和回流阶段,分别与图6(a)~(d)相对应。
图7呈现了出现最大爬高t=3.2 s时的自由液面情况,从中可清晰观测到,槽内水位显著高于迎浪侧桩表面水位。该现象发生于$ S/D=1.6 $时,其成因推测为波浪非线性特性与收缩槽内聚焦的波浪能量的协同作用。在水位上升过程中,可以观察到飞溅和气泡翻卷,此类现象致使最大上升位置难以确定。基于此,本研究未对最大上升高度展开预测。在后续研究中,建议着重聚焦这一现象,并在更为宽泛的$ S/D $取值范围内开展深入探究。
图8呈现了本模型计算得到的排桩式防波堤与孤立波的波面演化进程。经深入分析,可将孤立波与排桩之间的相互作用精准划分为两个阶段[23]:其一为波浪爬升阶段(见图8(a)~(c)),其二为波浪回落阶段(见图8(d)~(f))。
在波浪爬升阶段,随着孤立波逐步靠近并作用于排桩式防波堤,排桩前后迅速形成明显的水头差。这一水头差引发表层水体产生剧烈的拍落运动,同时在桩间区域激发出高速射流。从图8(c)中能够清晰地捕捉到,向下拍落的冲击射流在高速运动过程中裹挟着大量空气卷入桩后水体,致使自由表面发生破碎,进而引发显著的水气掺混现象。这一复杂的多相流过程,涉及到动量、质量和能量的多重交换,是波浪能量初次耗散的关键环节。
进入波浪回落阶段,桩后表层液面呈现出明显的垂向涡动特性。在涡动过程中,水体的机械能不断转化为热能以及其他形式的能量,从而实现波浪能量的进一步耗散。与此同时,由于波谷处水质点的逆向运动,排桩前后的水头分布发生显著改变,出现了桩后水头位置高于桩前的逆水头差现象(见图8(f))。该逆水头差不仅改变了水体的流动特性,还对后续波浪的传播方向、波高以及能量分布等产生重要影响,是研究波浪与排桩相互作用时不容忽视的关键因素。
在数值模型中,从图9可以观察到,孤立波与排桩式防波堤相互作用时,产生了独特的波峰回涌现象。当孤立波冲击排桩时,波峰遇到桩体阻挡,水体一部分向上爬升,另一部分在桩后形成回流。由于孤立波只有单一波,不存在后续来波,桩后回流的水体与孤立波剩余的波体部分相互作用,出现类似波峰叠加的效果。基于缪等[23]对规则波作用下排桩能量耗散机制的系统性总结,本文进一步聚焦孤立波作用场景,梳理并提炼了其能量耗散机制:孤立波与排桩相互作用后,桩后产生的回流与孤立波剩余波体产生叠加。当波高较高、波长较短时,这种叠加会诱发桩前水体的强烈湍动甚至自由面破碎,从而实现波浪能量的高效耗散,显著提高排桩式防波堤对孤立波的消浪性能。
图10呈现了本模型P1 (见图10(a))、P2 (见图10(b))位置处压力数据与Jiang等[2]的数值模拟结果和实验测量数据的比较分析。经计算,Jiang等[2]的数值模拟结果与实验数据的误差约为6.8%,而本模型与实验数据吻合度更高,误差仅约3.41%。当入射孤立波冲击垂直桩体时,动水压力在桩的迎浪面(P1)处达到最大值。侧面(P2)测量的压力幅值约为迎浪面P1幅值的一半。相较于P1处,P2处峰值压力大幅下降,这主要归因于狭缝内以及桩后流速的加快,使得压力在该区域迅速分散与衰减。进一步分析可知,流速加快是由于狭缝的收缩效应和桩后的尾流效应共同作用。狭缝的收缩使得水流通道变窄,根据连续性方程,流速必然增大;而桩后的尾流区则形成了低压区域,进一步加速了水体的流动。快速的水流耗散了大量的能量,使得压力难以在P2处积聚,从而导致峰值压力大幅下降。
本研究基于OpenFOAM开源框架,采用thincFoam求解器与稳定$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $模型构建了高保真数值波浪水池,克服了传统研究方法在湍流模型精度和计算效率方面的局限性。通过模拟破碎波与排桩式防波堤的相互作用,分析了孤立波破碎过程中自由表面高度、速度分布、峰值压力、波面演化特征及能量耗散机制,取得以下重要研究成果:
(1) 基于稳定$ k{\text{-}}\omega\; {\text{SST}} $湍流模型的thincFoam求解器在孤立波模拟中表现出优异的预测能力。得益于其采用的THINC/QQ格式,该模型不仅能高精度捕捉自由液面演化过程,还能准确重构速度场和压力场分布。数值结果与实验数据的对比验证表明,该方法在流场细节刻画方面具有显著优势,为孤立波的高保真模拟提供了可靠的技术手段。
(2) 在现有关于规则波作用下排桩能量耗散机制研究的基础上[23],本研究借助thincFoam的精细化模拟手段,进一步系统揭示了排桩式防波堤在孤立波作用下的四重能量耗散机制: 一、 自由液面破碎及水气掺混耗能;二、桩间水头差诱导的振荡射流耗能;三、 射流剪切作用引发的桩后涡动耗能;四、桩后回流与残余波体相互作用导致波面破碎,耗散波浪能量。这四种机制的协同作用使防波堤消浪效率显著提升。
本研究的创新性成果在理论和应用层面均取得重要突破:在理论层面,深化了波浪−结构物相互作用机理的认知;在应用层面,四重耗能机制为排桩式防波堤的优化设计提供了科学依据。研究成果不仅提升了海岸防护工程的安全性与经济性,而且其高精度模拟方法也为海洋工程结构设计提供了可靠的技术支撑,展现出显著的工程实用价值。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.001
  • 接收时间:2025-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-23
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    a.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
    b.上海交通大学 海洋工程全国重点实验室,上海 200240

通讯作者:

谢 彬(1988–),男,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cblx/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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