Article(id=1281202976794591802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744819200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783392193267, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783392193267, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783392193267, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1783392193267, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1281202552578478607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='5', pageStart='659', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783392092127, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1783395243852, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281215774769525418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281215775176372907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=722, endPage=738, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281202980900815420, articleId=1281202976794591802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Research on near-surface maneuvering characteristics of free running X-rudder submarine model in waves, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the practical requirements for enhancing the prediction methods of submarine maneuverability and seakeeping performance under complex sea conditions, overset mesh and sliding mesh techniques were employed to simulate the six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) coupled motion of the submarine, independent deflection of X-stern control surfaces, and rotation of the propeller. By integrating the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to capture the free surface, a numerical simulation methodology for near-surface maneuvering motion of the free-running submarine model was developed. Through systematic investigations on the near-surface turning maneuvers of an X-rudder submarine under varying submergence depths in calm water and in regular waves of different wavelengths, critical challenges were resolved, including hydrodynamic coupling modeling of the hull-propeller-rudder system and the free surface, PD (Proportional-differential) control of the X-type autopilot, and PI (Proportional-integral) control of propeller rotational speed. The results demonstrated that when the submarine maneuvered excessively close to the free surface, the turning diameter, lateral advance, and maximum longitudinal advance of the X-rudder submarine increased drastically. This was primarily attributed to a significant degradation in rudder effectiveness, with secondary contributions from increased lateral forces on the propeller. Under specific wavelengths, vertical-plane motion attitude variations in the fourth quadrant during turning maneuvers induced substantial fluctuations in the normal force of the X-rudder, leading to pronounced adjustments in the drift angle and significant deviations in turning trajectories. These findings provide critical technical support for the prediction and evaluation of submarine maneuverability and seakeeping performance, as well as for the refinement of free-running submarine model experiments.

, authors=Mo CHEN, Nan ZHANG, authorsList=Mo CHEN, Nan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Nan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281203239974585147, articleId=1281202976794591802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=波浪中X舵潜艇自航模近水面操纵运动特性研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对复杂海况下潜艇操纵性和适航性预报方法提升的实际需求,本文采用基于重叠网格和滑移网格的方法模拟潜艇六自由度耦合运动、X艉操纵面的独立运动以及艇后螺旋桨的转动,结合VOF(Volume of Fluid)方法捕捉自由面,进行潜艇近水面自航模操纵运动数值模拟方法研究。通过开展X舵潜艇静水中不同浸深和规则波中不同波长下潜艇自航模近水面回转操纵运动的数值模拟,重点解决了近水面操纵状态下艇/桨/舵和自由面水动力耦合建模、X型自动舵的 PD(Proportional-differential)控制及螺旋桨转速的 PI(Proportional-integral)控制等问题,建立了静水和波浪中X舵潜艇自航模近水面操纵运动数值模拟技术。研究结果表明:潜艇过于靠近水面时,受舵效显著降低这一主要因素及螺旋桨侧向力增大等次要因素的影响,X舵潜艇的回转直径、切点横距和最大纵距均急剧增大;特定波长下潜艇回转第四象限的垂直面运动姿态变化会导致X舵法向力发生大幅改变,从而引起潜艇漂角的大幅改变和回转运动轨迹的较大偏差。研究可为潜艇操纵性和适航性预报与评估以及潜艇自航模模型试验技术完善提供技术支撑。

, authors=陈默, 张楠, authorsList=陈默, 张楠, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张楠, authorNote=

陈 默(1994–),男,博士研究生,工程师,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张 楠(1977–),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师,通讯作者, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《船舶力学》编辑部2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=SngWX+gyqyplYf8hb58ebw==, magXml=Z4tFjOaDZ4EpfRYJu87GGg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=QaQa7XDf9GUjXFDh6AdtBg==, pdfFileSize=8936076, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=qPbGTW+mpsnDHMqTECRsyQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=19lsqhCkleW2uUq7pSRU2w==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1281203244806423363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=chenmo@cssrc.com.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1281203246568031045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, authorId=1281203244806423363, language=EN, stringName=Mo CHEN, firstName=Mo, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1281203247302034246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, authorId=1281203244806423363, language=CN, stringName=陈默, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082, bio={"content":"

陈 默(1994–),男,博士研究生,工程师,E-mail:

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陈 默(1994–),男,博士研究生,工程师,E-mail:

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London: Academic Press, 1972., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281203347583648699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1985, volume=111, issue=2, pageStart=216, pageEnd=234, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=50, authorNames=Fenton J D, journalName=Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fenton J D. A fifth-order Stokes theory for steady waves[J]. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 1985, 111(2): 216‒234., articleTitle=A fifth-order Stokes theory for steady waves, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281203348015662012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=56, issue=10, pageStart=1043, pageEnd=1060, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=51, authorNames=Choi J, Yoon S B, journalName=Coastal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Choi J, Yoon S B. Numerical simulations using momentum source wave maker applied to RANS equation model[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2009, 56(10): 1043‒1060., articleTitle=Numerical simulations using momentum source wave maker applied to RANS equation model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1281203348799996861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=52, authorNames=ITTC-Recommended procedures and guidelines, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ITTC-Recommended procedures and guidelines. 1978 ITTC Performance prediction method[R]. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, language=CN, label=图15, caption=波浪中近水面回转漂角变化, figureFileSmall=wYOkw1NPjsjTfe8NpVk9Lg==, figureFileBig=H+beP5nj+QIhCkqV8cLpgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281203293854614396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main particulars of Joubert BB2

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参数符号单位实艇模型(1∶18.348)
型长Lm70.23.8260
艇宽Bm9.60.5232
中心线高Hm5.30.2889
排水量Δt44400.7012
重心纵向位置(距艏)xGm32.311.7610
重心垂向位置(距中心线)zGm0.04430.0024
横摇惯性半径kxxm3.4330.1871
纵摇惯性半径kyym17.60.9592
艏摇惯性半径kzzm17.5220.9550
), ArticleFig(id=1281203295926600573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Joubert BB2潜艇模型主要参数

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参数符号单位实艇模型(1∶18.348)
型长Lm70.23.8260
艇宽Bm9.60.5232
中心线高Hm5.30.2889
排水量Δt44400.7012
重心纵向位置(距艏)xGm32.311.7610
重心垂向位置(距中心线)zGm0.04430.0024
横摇惯性半径kxxm3.4330.1871
纵摇惯性半径kyym17.60.9592
艏摇惯性半径kzzm17.5220.9550
), ArticleFig(id=1281203296610272126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The simulation cases

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编号工况水面环境浸深
h/L
波长
λ/L
周期
T/s
遭遇频率
$ {\omega }_{e}\sqrt{g/L} $
波幅
a0/L
预定航速
U0/(m·s−1
运动模拟
1水下1.220°左舷
回转操纵运动
2近水面静水0.16
30.19
40.22
50.27
6规则波0.191.01.615.980.014
71.51.914.59
82.02.213.83
92.52.473.32
), ArticleFig(id=1281203297121977215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模拟工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号工况水面环境浸深
h/L
波长
λ/L
周期
T/s
遭遇频率
$ {\omega }_{e}\sqrt{g/L} $
波幅
a0/L
预定航速
U0/(m·s−1
运动模拟
1水下1.220°左舷
回转操纵运动
2近水面静水0.16
30.19
40.22
50.27
6规则波0.191.01.615.980.014
71.51.914.59
82.02.213.83
92.52.473.32
), ArticleFig(id=1281203297684013953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Multi-region mesh generation scheme

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区域体网格数量(×104网格单元类型
FineMediumCoarse
Region External2446.07888.41320.86切割体网格单元
Region Submarine89.0055.6536.56切割体网格单元
棱柱层网格单元
Region PtSail、Region SbSail7.656.674.43
Region X1、Region X2、
Region X3、Region X4
13.6110.097.54
Region Propeller232.23155.0797.99
合计2837.021152.83494.43
), ArticleFig(id=1281203298543846274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

多域网格划分方案

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区域体网格数量(×104网格单元类型
FineMediumCoarse
Region External2446.07888.41320.86切割体网格单元
Region Submarine89.0055.6536.56切割体网格单元
棱柱层网格单元
Region PtSail、Region SbSail7.656.674.43
Region X1、Region X2、
Region X3、Region X4
13.6110.097.54
Region Propeller232.23155.0797.99
合计2837.021152.83494.43
), ArticleFig(id=1281203300397728643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Statistical results of characteristic parameters for near-surface turn maneuver in still water

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浸深h/L自航点桨速RPS进速系数J战术回转直径Dt/L最大纵距Lm/L切点横距Si/L平均漂角β
0.166.630.6634.663.072.32−4.32
0.195.500.7993.252.731.79−7.80
0.225.250.8373.232.751.77−8.36
0.274.810.9143.202.711.73−8.51
水下4.830.9103.192.731.72−9.04
), ArticleFig(id=1281203300955571076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

静水中近水面回转运动特征参数统计

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浸深h/L自航点桨速RPS进速系数J战术回转直径Dt/L最大纵距Lm/L切点横距Si/L平均漂角β
0.166.630.6634.663.072.32−4.32
0.195.500.7993.252.731.79−7.80
0.225.250.8373.232.751.77−8.36
0.274.810.9143.202.711.73−8.51
水下4.830.9103.192.731.72−9.04
), ArticleFig(id=1281203301819597701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Statistical results of characteristic parameters for near-surface turn maneuver in waves

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波长λ/L自航点桨速RPS进速系数J战术回转直径Dt/L最大纵距Lm/L切点横距Si/L平均漂角/°
1.04.610.9533.422.601.71−7.24
1.54.680.9403.322.571.79−7.50
2.04.061.0823.292.611.71−8.57
2.54.590.9583.372.591.78−7.79
), ArticleFig(id=1281203302486492038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202976794591802, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

波浪中近水面回转运动特征参数统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波长λ/L自航点桨速RPS进速系数J战术回转直径Dt/L最大纵距Lm/L切点横距Si/L平均漂角/°
1.04.610.9533.422.601.71−7.24
1.54.680.9403.322.571.79−7.50
2.04.061.0823.292.611.71−8.57
2.54.590.9583.372.591.78−7.79
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波浪中X舵潜艇自航模近水面操纵运动特性研究
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陈默 , 张楠
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(5): 722-738
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (5) : 722 -738
波浪中X舵潜艇自航模近水面操纵运动特性研究
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陈默 , 张楠
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
通讯作者:
张 楠(1977–),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师,通讯作者, E-mail:
作者简介:

陈 默(1994–),男,博士研究生,工程师,E-mail:

Research on near-surface maneuvering characteristics of free running X-rudder submarine model in waves
Mo CHEN , Nan ZHANG
Affiliations
  • 1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.006
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针对复杂海况下潜艇操纵性和适航性预报方法提升的实际需求,本文采用基于重叠网格和滑移网格的方法模拟潜艇六自由度耦合运动、X艉操纵面的独立运动以及艇后螺旋桨的转动,结合VOF(Volume of Fluid)方法捕捉自由面,进行潜艇近水面自航模操纵运动数值模拟方法研究。通过开展X舵潜艇静水中不同浸深和规则波中不同波长下潜艇自航模近水面回转操纵运动的数值模拟,重点解决了近水面操纵状态下艇/桨/舵和自由面水动力耦合建模、X型自动舵的 PD(Proportional-differential)控制及螺旋桨转速的 PI(Proportional-integral)控制等问题,建立了静水和波浪中X舵潜艇自航模近水面操纵运动数值模拟技术。研究结果表明:潜艇过于靠近水面时,受舵效显著降低这一主要因素及螺旋桨侧向力增大等次要因素的影响,X舵潜艇的回转直径、切点横距和最大纵距均急剧增大;特定波长下潜艇回转第四象限的垂直面运动姿态变化会导致X舵法向力发生大幅改变,从而引起潜艇漂角的大幅改变和回转运动轨迹的较大偏差。研究可为潜艇操纵性和适航性预报与评估以及潜艇自航模模型试验技术完善提供技术支撑。

X舵潜艇  /  自航模  /  近水面  /  波浪  /  回转运动

To address the practical requirements for enhancing the prediction methods of submarine maneuverability and seakeeping performance under complex sea conditions, overset mesh and sliding mesh techniques were employed to simulate the six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) coupled motion of the submarine, independent deflection of X-stern control surfaces, and rotation of the propeller. By integrating the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to capture the free surface, a numerical simulation methodology for near-surface maneuvering motion of the free-running submarine model was developed. Through systematic investigations on the near-surface turning maneuvers of an X-rudder submarine under varying submergence depths in calm water and in regular waves of different wavelengths, critical challenges were resolved, including hydrodynamic coupling modeling of the hull-propeller-rudder system and the free surface, PD (Proportional-differential) control of the X-type autopilot, and PI (Proportional-integral) control of propeller rotational speed. The results demonstrated that when the submarine maneuvered excessively close to the free surface, the turning diameter, lateral advance, and maximum longitudinal advance of the X-rudder submarine increased drastically. This was primarily attributed to a significant degradation in rudder effectiveness, with secondary contributions from increased lateral forces on the propeller. Under specific wavelengths, vertical-plane motion attitude variations in the fourth quadrant during turning maneuvers induced substantial fluctuations in the normal force of the X-rudder, leading to pronounced adjustments in the drift angle and significant deviations in turning trajectories. These findings provide critical technical support for the prediction and evaluation of submarine maneuverability and seakeeping performance, as well as for the refinement of free-running submarine model experiments.

X-rudder submarine  /  free running model  /  near free surface  /  wave  /  turn maneuver
陈默, 张楠. 波浪中X舵潜艇自航模近水面操纵运动特性研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (5) : 722 -738 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.006
Mo CHEN, Nan ZHANG. Research on near-surface maneuvering characteristics of free running X-rudder submarine model in waves[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (5) : 722 -738 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.006
复杂海况下潜艇近水面适航性一直是潜艇水动力性能的研究重点之一,当前主要技术途径是通过水池自航模(free-running model)模型试验来检验和验证波浪中潜艇近水面的转向能力与机动性能。对于近水面的定义,张楠等[12]和Bettle等[3]研究了不同浸深下潜艇模型的阻力和自由面波形,发现当浸深超过三分之一艇长时,自由面波形迅速减小,自由面对阻力的影响可忽略不计。当前水动力学领域一般将潜艇艇体中轴线至水面距离小于三分之一艇长的航行状态称为近水面状态。
中国船舶科学研究中心潜艇自航模试验团队早在上世纪90年代就开展了多次潜艇波浪中近水面自航模试验研究,发展至今已形成了完备的潜艇自航模水池、湖试及海试试验测试技术体系[48]。MARIN操纵与耐波水池于2009年针对荷兰“海象级”潜艇适航性问题,开展了潜艇近水面操纵运动及应急上浮自航模试验测试研究[9],并于2015年在澳大利亚国防科技集团与荷兰国防装备组织联合项目的支持下,针对Joubert BB2潜艇匹配MARIN 7371螺旋桨开展了系列自航模基准校验试验,并研究了Joubert BB2潜艇近水面的定深直航问题[10]
在近水面机动状态下,由于螺旋桨的抽吸作用潜艇会产生显著的埋艏现象[11],潜艇艇体、舵、螺旋桨与自由面之间的相互作用会对潜艇水动力性能产生显著影响。基于粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)系统,Wang等[1214]针对SUBOFF潜艇匹配E1658螺旋桨模型近水面状态下的桨尾流开展了试验测试,结果表明:艇体与自由面之间耦合作用会显著影响螺旋桨的盘面入流和尾流速度场,导致近水面状态下螺旋桨局部进速系数和桨叶载荷升高。
Daum等[15]对静水和规则波中潜艇近水面的航行阻力特性开展了理论预测研究,结果表明:甲板对静水阻力影响较小,但对波浪增阻具有显著作用,而指挥台围壳与自由面之间相互作用强烈,导致围壳对两种状态下的航行阻力均存在重要影响。Jeon等[16]通过构建潜艇运动仿真模拟,对比分析了十字型和X型艉翼潜艇在近水面波浪扰动环境下的操纵性能,结果表明:X型尾翼潜艇在操舵控制能力方面优势显著,在波浪环境扰动下具备更强的运动稳定性。Zheng等[17]基于水池模型试验和数值模拟,系统性地分析了水面和近水面状态下潜艇模型水动力性能变化规律,发现潜艇航行傅汝德数较高时会发生“驼峰”现象,艇艉肩部流动分离减弱,导致尾流速度与波面散射角增大。Kim等[18]针对1:15缩尺Joubert BB2潜艇模型,开展了不同浸深下的水平面水动力导数拖曳水池模型试验测试,并提出了适用于近水面状态下的X艉操纵面潜艇六自由度操纵运动仿真模型。
针对潜艇操纵性和适航性日益严苛的设计要求,快速获取不同海况下潜艇近水面机动性能具有重要的工程实用价值,其中基于计算流体动力学(CFD)的数值仿真技术凭借迭代周期短、资源耗费少等优势,以及多种复杂机动场景下的良好预测能力[1927],可为自航模物理模拟试验提供辅助参考,甚至可成为操纵性和适航性验证的备选技术方案。
在潜艇近水面操纵运动CFD仿真预报方面,Carrica等[2831]通过Joubert BB2潜艇模型三种浸深工况下的定深直航数值模拟以及与试验结果的对比分析,充分验证了基于CFD方法的预报精度,同时预报结果表明:潜艇近水面航行时需通过纵倾压载补偿调节来平衡过大的埋艏姿态,且艇体与自由面间的相互作用会加剧螺旋桨入口盘面伴流脉动,进而诱导螺旋桨推力的宽带响应。Kim等[32]采用重叠网格技术对Joubert BB2潜艇模型在水下和近水面不规则波中垂直面Z形机动进行了数值模拟研究,结果表明:在6级海况下潜艇近水面低速航行的舵效大致随航速的平方线性衰减。郭恩锴等[33-34]对Joubert BB2潜艇模型水下和近水面定常回转运动及20/20 Z形操舵运动进行了数值模拟研究,结果表明:近水面状态下潜艇稳定回转半径和战术回转直径增加,Z形操舵超越角增大,转艏周期降低。
陈默等[3537]基于重叠网格技术建立了潜艇自航模操纵运动数值模拟方法,且与模型试验测试结果相比,水下战术回转直径预报结果误差小于5%,Z形操舵第一超越角和第二超越角预报误差小于10%。在此基础上,针对静水和波浪中Joubert BB2潜艇近水面定深直航和水平面回转过程中的运动学特性开展了数值模拟分析,发现潜艇近水面航行时可能会发生回转直径急剧增大以及回转轨迹偏移等现象。
有鉴于此,本文进一步开展X舵潜艇在静水中不同浸深和规则波中不同波长下潜艇自航模近水面回转操纵运动的数值模拟研究,主要针对静水和波浪中Joubert BB2潜艇近水面回转运动时的动力学特性开展仿真分析,揭示潜艇近水面操纵运动过程中的非常规机动现象并探究流动机理,同时为完善潜艇操纵性、适航性预报与评估以及潜艇自航模模型试验技术提供技术支撑。
本文研究对象为Joubert BB2潜艇匹配INSEAN E1619螺旋桨,缩尺比采用1∶18.348(与MARIN水池模型试验缩尺比一致),模型主要参数和几何外形分别见表1图1
Joubert BB2为现代通用型常规潜艇,由主艇体、指挥室围壳、围壳舵、X艉操纵面构成。该潜艇最初是由澳大利亚学者Joubert[3839]设计,即通常意义上的DSTO(Defence Science and Technology Organization)通用潜艇,Bettle[40]和Overpelt等[10]从提升稳定性和操纵性等角度出发,通过改进DSTO潜艇围壳、X艉操纵面并匹配围壳舵,设计形成了当前形式的Joubert BB2潜艇。
本文数据处理和表达采用图2(a)所示潜艇通用坐标系o-xyz,攻角α规定艇艏向上转动为正,漂角β规定艇艏向右舷转动为正。X艉操纵面编号和正负号定义见图2(b),规定尾缘向下偏转为正,舵法向力垂直舵面指向上方为正。潜艇回转操纵运动过程中的参数定义见图3。无特殊声明,本文方法描述、结果分析以及结论均仅针对潜艇缩尺自航模,暂不考虑尺度效应及实艇预报。本文舵法向力按照舵投影面积S和预定航速U0无因次化处理,其余力和力矩则按照艇长L和预定航速U0无因次化处理,具体表达式如下
$ {C}_{{{F}_{{\mathrm{n}}}}}={F}_{{\mathrm{n}}}/\left(\frac{1}{2}\rho U_{0}^{2}S\right) $
$ X'=X/\left(\frac{1}{2}\rho U_{0}^{2}{L}^{2}\right)\text{,}Y'=Y/\left(\frac{1}{2}\rho U_{0}^{2}{L}^{2}\right)\text{,}N'=N/\left(\frac{1}{2}\rho U_{0}^{2}{L}^{3}\right) $
$ T'=T/\left(\frac{1}{2}\rho U_{0}^{2}{L}^{2}\right)\text{,}Q'=Q/\left(\frac{1}{2}\rho U_{0}^{2}{L}^{3}\right)\text{,}{Y}_{{\mathrm{p}}}'={Y}_{{\mathrm{p}}}/\left(\frac{1}{2}\rho U_{0}^{2}{L}^{2}\right) $
式中:$ \rho $为流体介质质量密度,$ {F}_{{\mathrm{n}}} $$ {C}_{{{F}_{{\mathrm{n}}}}} $分别为X艉操纵面法向力及其无因次化后的系数;XYN分别为艇体轴向力、侧向力和转艏力矩,$ X' $$ Y' $$ N' $则分别对应表示它们无因次化后的系数;TQ$ {Y}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $分别为螺旋桨推力、扭矩和侧向力,$ T' $$ Q' $$ {Y}_{{\mathrm{p}}}' $则分别对应表示它们无因次化后的系数。
本文主要开展Joubert BB2潜艇模型水下和近水面回转操纵运动模拟,其中近水面环境条件包括静水和波浪,分别研究静水中不同浸深和规则波中不同波长对潜艇自航模近水面操纵运动特性的影响,主要工况条件见表2。所有模拟工况中,潜艇预定航速为U0 = 1.2 m/s(对应实艇航速为10 kn)。
在自航模操纵运动模拟过程中,仅利用X艉操纵面来执行潜艇垂向控制(与MARIN水池水下回转试验一致),围壳舵舵角维持为0°。初始定深定向加速直航运动,待达到稳定直航状态后以最大打舵速率左操舵20°,即给X艉操纵面施加20°水平控制,使潜艇向左舷方向执行回转操纵运动。波浪条件下初始航向为顶浪,表2中列出的遭遇频率为稳定直航时顶浪统计值,回转过程中浪向角在改变。计算模拟的是潜艇模型六自由度运动,即六个自由度全部放开。
本文采用商用软件Star-CCM+进行计算,自动舵控制采用自编程序实现。
控制方程为
$ \frac{\partial {\overline{u}}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}}=0 $
$ \frac{\partial {\overline{{u}_{i}}}_{}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \overline{{u}_{i}{u}_{j}}}{\partial {x}_{j}}=-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial p}{\partial {x}_{i}}+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left(v\frac{\partial \overline{{u}_{i}}}{\partial {x}_{j}}-\overline{u_{i}^{\prime}u_{j}^{\prime}}\right) $
式中:$ \overline{{u}_{i}} $是雷诺平均速度分量,$ u_{i}^{\prime} $是脉动速度分量,脉动速度相关项$ -\rho \overset{\_ \_ \_ \_ \_ \_ \_ }{u_{i}^{\prime}u_{j}^{\prime}} $称作雷诺应力。
本文在前期研究的基础上采用$ k-\varepsilon $湍流模型[2830],湍流动能$ k $和耗散率$ \varepsilon $方程为
$ \frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left(\rho k\right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left(\rho k{u}_{i}\right)=\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left[\left(\mu +\frac{{\mu }_{t}}{{\sigma }_{k}}\right)\frac{\partial k}{\partial {x}_{j}}\right]+{G}_{k}-{G}_{b}-\rho \varepsilon -{Y}_{M}+{S}_{k} $
$ \frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left(\rho \varepsilon \right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left(\rho \varepsilon {u}_{i}\right)=\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left[\left(\mu +\frac{{\mu }_{t}}{{\sigma }_{\varepsilon }}\right)\frac{\partial \varepsilon }{\partial {x}_{j}}\right]+{C}_{1\varepsilon }\frac{\varepsilon }{k}\left({G}_{k}+{C}_{3\varepsilon }{G}_{b}\right)-{C}_{2\varepsilon }\rho \frac{{\varepsilon }^{2}}{k}+{S}_{\varepsilon } $
其中,$ {C}_{1\varepsilon }=1.44 $$ {C}_{2\varepsilon }=1.92 $$ {C}_{\mu }=0.09 $$ {\sigma }_{k}=1.0 $$ {\sigma }_{\varepsilon }=1.3 $$ {G}_{k} $$ {G}_{b} $为湍流动能生成项,$ {\sigma }_{k} $$ {\sigma }_{\varepsilon} $表示湍流Prandtl数,$ {S}_{k} $$ {S}_{\varepsilon } $为源项[41]
控制方程采用有限体积法离散,动量方程中的对流项采用二阶迎风差分格式,扩散项采用中心差分格式,湍流模型方程采用二阶迎风差分格式,时间项采用二阶隐式格式,压力速度耦合方法选用流场计算中经典的SIMPLE(Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations)算法。采用VOF方法模拟自由面,规则波模拟则采用五阶Stokes波[42],为尽可能地消除压力出口边界的波浪反射效应,在出口附近设置2倍艇长范围的消波区,并通过在流体介质垂向速度w上添加阻尼项来实现消波处理[43]
$ S_{Z}^{d}=\rho ({f}_{1}+{f}_{2}\left| w\right| )\frac{{{\mathrm{e}}}^{\kappa }-1}{{\mathrm{e}}-1}w $
$ \kappa ={\left(\frac{x-{x}_{\text{sd}}}{{x}_{\text{ed}}-{x}_{\text{sd}}}\right)}^{{{n}_{{\mathrm{d}}}}} $
其中,$ {x}_{\text{sd}} $$ {x}_{\text{ed}} $分别为消波起点和终点,$ {f}_{1} $$ {f}_{2} $$ {n}_{{\mathrm{d}}} $均为消波模型参数,分别取值为10、10和2。
关于时间步长的选取,参考文献[36]针对Joubert BB2潜艇自航模水下操纵运动开展了完整的时间步长收敛性验证工作,最终取为$ \Delta t=3.14\times {10}^{-3}L/{U}_{0} $,文献[37]波浪中近水面操纵运动则考虑了粘流环境下的波浪衰减问题以及自由面捕捉精度,将波浪中潜艇自航模近水面操纵运动时间步长缩短至水下工况的1/5。本文为进一步阐明时间步长对于自由面捕捉精度及整体求解稳定性的潜在影响,同时验证文献[37]中时间步长选取的合理性,针对波长λ/L=2.0的规则波中潜艇自航模近水面定深直航操纵运动工况,开展了三个时间步长($ \Delta t=3.14\times {10}^{-4}L/{U}_{0} $$ \Delta t=6.27\times {10}^{-4}L/{U}_{0} $$ \Delta t=1.25\times {10}^{-3}L/{U}_{0} $)下的求解对比分析。为节约求解资源,具体执行过程如下:$ t{U}_{0}/L\leq 7.84 $时间步长统一取为$ \Delta t= 6.27\times {10}^{-4}L/{U}_{0} $,而$ t{U}_{0}/L \gt 7.84 $时则修改成三个时间步长下的对比求解。
图4表示不同时间步长下的波浪中Joubert BB2潜艇自航模近水面定深直航运动无因次轴向速度$ U/{U}_{0} $和纵摇角$ \theta $的时历变化对比。可以看出,三个时间步长下的轴向速度和纵摇角时历变化过程十分接近,仅峰谷值存在较小的差异,如在$ t{U}_{0}/L=9.51 $时刻附近,时间步长$ \Delta t=1.25\times {10}^{-3}L/{U}_{0} $$ \Delta t=6.27\times {10}^{-4}L/{U}_{0} $对应的轴向速度峰值分别比时间步长$ \Delta t=3.14\times {10}^{-4}L/{U}_{0} $下的相对应值小0.7%和0.1%;在$ t{U}_{0}/L=9.64 $时刻附近,时间步长$ \Delta t=1.25\times {10}^{-3}L/{U}_{0} $$ \Delta t=6.27\times {10}^{-4}L/{U}_{0} $对应的纵摇角峰值分别比时间步长$ \Delta t=3.14\times {10}^{-4}L/{U}_{0} $下的相对应值小8.9%和3.0%。上述分析表明:在$ \Delta t= 6.27\times {10}^{-4}L/{U}_{0} $的基础上继续缩短时间步长对波浪中潜艇自航模近水面操纵运动特性影响极小,因此本文Joubert BB2潜艇自航模近水面操纵运动数值模拟时间步长取为$ \Delta t=6.27\times {10}^{-4}L/{U}_{0} $
图5为本文规则波模拟示意图,采用数值浪高仪监测规则波的周期和波幅模拟结果,统计平均值和理论值对比误差均在4%以内,详细对比参数见文献[37]。
依据牛顿第二定律,应用质心运动定理和相对于质心的动量矩定理,潜艇的六自由度运动方程可以表达为
$ \frac{\partial \overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{B}}}}{\partial t}+\overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{\omega}} }\times \overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{B}}}=\overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{F}}} $
$ \frac{\partial \overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{K}}}}{\partial t}+\overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{\omega}} }\times \overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{K}}}+\overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{V}}}\times \overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{B}}}=\overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{M}}} $
其中,$ \overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{F}}} $$ \overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{M}}} $分别为潜艇所受外力与外力矩;$ \overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{B}}} $为动量,$ \overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{K}}} $为动量矩;$ \overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{V}}} $为速度,$ \overrightarrow{{\boldsymbol{\omega }}} $为角速度。
本文螺旋桨的旋转采用滑移网格技术来实现,并通过滑移内部交界面实现旋转域域内与域外的速度场和压力场信息交换。艇体六自由度耦合运动和X艉操纵面操舵运动则利用重叠网格技术来实现,结合DFBI(Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction)旋转和平移技术实现自航模操纵运动模拟,且重叠网格内外域之间通过重叠内部交界面结合加权距离插值算法实现流场信息交换。为实现全附体潜艇模型六自由度自由操纵运动,计算域被划分为如图6所示9大区域:外流场域(Region External)、主艇体重叠域(Region Submarine)、围壳舵嵌套重叠域(Region PtSail、Region SbSail)、艉操纵面嵌套重叠区域(Region X1、Region X2、Region X3、Region X4)和螺旋桨滑移网格域(Region Propeller)。其中螺旋桨、围壳舵以及X艉操纵面各附体所在区域嵌套在主艇体域内,迭代求解过程中需在每个时间步上与主体域之间交换流场信息,且利用DFBI叠加旋转运动模式在实现自身操舵和转动控制的同时,保持与主体域之间的跟随运动。主体域则需要在每个求解时间步上与外流场交换流场信息。
关于网格方案的选取,参考文献[3536]针对Joubert BB2潜艇自航模水下操纵运动开展了完整的网格收敛性验证工作,鉴于波浪中近水面操纵运动模拟时波浪环境对网格分辨率的要求更为严苛,本文进一步开展波浪环境下的潜艇自航模近水面操纵运动模拟网格收敛性分析。针对波长λ/L=2.0的规则波中潜艇自航模近水面定深直航操纵运动工况,依照第 22 届 ITTC 推荐规程 7.5-03-01-02,基于网格三向加细比$ \sqrt{2} $定义了三套网格划分方案,对应的体网格数分别为2837万(Fine)、1153万(Medium)和494万(Coarse)。
为精确实现滑移内部交界面和重叠内部交界面两侧的速度场和压力场的实时信息交换,在外流场域中主艇体重叠域周围和主艇体重叠域中各附体所在区域周围建立局部体网格控制块,进行局部的网格尺寸控制,以确保各交界面两侧网格尺寸相近甚至一致。同时为精确捕捉波面结构,对除消波区外的自由面附近网格进行进一步加密处理,如网格方案Medium对应的自由面附近网格单元轴向(x)和侧向(y)尺寸分别设置为艇长(即最小波长工况对应的波长)的1/60和1/30,垂向(z)尺寸设置为波高的1/20。具体的网格划分方案见表3,模型周围网格分布示意图见图7
图8表示不同网格划分方案下的波浪中Joubert BB2潜艇自航模近水面定深直航运动无因次轴向速度$ U/{U}_{0} $和纵摇角$ \theta $的时历变化对比。可以看出,三套网格划分方案下的轴向速度时历变化过程十分接近,仅峰谷值存在较小的差异,如在$ t{U}_{0}/L=6.70 $时刻附近,网格方案Coarse和Medium对应的轴向速度谷值分别比网格方案Fine下的相对应值大1.3%和0.2%。网格方案Medium和Fine下的纵摇角时历变化过程十分接近,而与网格方案Coarse下的求解结果存在较大的差异,尤其峰谷值差距较为显著。上述分析表明:在网格方案Medium的基础上继续加密网格对波浪中潜艇自航模近水面操纵运动特性影响极小,综合考虑求解精度和求解资源,网格方案Medium满足实际工程预报需求。
潜艇在水下的定深和航向维持,以及平衡近水面航行时水面对艇体的非定常作用力和螺旋桨抽吸效应带来的姿态干扰等,都需要通过一定的控制策略来实现。本文选用PD控制器施加潜艇水平和垂向运动姿态闭环控制,具体表达式如下
$ {\Omega }_{\xi ,\gamma }={P}_{\xi }{e}_{\gamma }+{D}_{\xi }\frac{{\mathrm{d}}{e}_{\gamma }}{{\mathrm{d}}t} $
其中,$ \xi $为实际施加的控制要素(水平控制、垂直控制、质量控制及螺旋桨转速控制等);$ {e}_{\gamma }={\gamma }_{t}-\gamma $,表示潜艇运动姿态$ \gamma $(横荡y、艏摇$ \psi $、升沉z和纵摇$ \theta $)瞬态值与各自目标值之间的差值。比例控制参数P和微分控制参数D的选取与调整借鉴了以往数值计算研究与模型试验的经验[3537]
潜艇水平控制$ {\delta }_{\text{H}} $和垂向控制$ {\delta }_{\text{V}} $可表示为
$ {\delta }_{\text{H}}={\Omega }_{\text{H},y}+{\Omega }_{\text{H},\psi } $
$ {\delta }_{\text{V}}={\Omega }_{\text{V},{{z}}}+{\Omega }_{\text{V},\theta } $
在潜艇自航模操纵运动过程中,实时监测求解水平控制$ {\delta }_{\text{H}} $和垂向控制$ {\delta }_{\text{V}} $,并按照公式(15)的策略分配至X艉操纵面控制上。与MARIN水池自航模模型试验保持一致,最大操舵舵角不超过±30°,最大打舵速率不超过30.4 deg/s。
$ {\delta }_{\text{1}}={\delta }_{3}=-{\delta }_{\text{V}}+{\delta }_{\text{H}}\text{,}{\delta }_{2}={\delta }_{4}=-{\delta }_{\text{V}}-{\delta }_{\text{H}} $
当艇体初始重力和浮力相差较大时,垂向位移过大会导致垂向控制$ {\delta }_{\text{V}} $失真,此外近水面航行状态下由于水面非定常作用力和螺旋桨抽吸效应影响,仅靠X艉操纵面PD控制难以完全抵消掉重浮力偏差。同时受垂向控制命令中升沉和纵摇相互耦合影响,为维持定深状态而增大舵角时必然会导致纵倾的持续恶化,因此本文在原有垂向控制$ {\delta }_{\text{V}} $的基础上,模拟压载水舱排注水过程,采用PD控制器不断调控艇体质量m,以增强定深控制。质量控制$ {\delta }_{{\mathrm{m}}} $可表示为
$ {\delta }_{{\mathrm{m}}}={\Omega }_{{\mathrm{m}},z} $
在自航模求解之前,需精确定位预定航速下匹配的螺旋桨转速,即自航点。在常规物理模型试验中,ITTC规程推荐利用拖曳水池拘束模强迫自航法进行自航点的求解[44],而潜艇自航模近水面运动数值模拟中,不同浸深对应的螺旋桨转速不一致,通过定来流水速、改变螺旋桨转速的方法求解自航点需耗费相当大的计算资源,因此本文在潜艇自航模近水面直航推进模拟中采用定潜艇航速的方法,即利用PI控制器实时调控螺旋桨转速以达到预定航速下的推阻平衡。同时为加速螺旋桨转速匹配潜艇航速收敛,参考Carrica等[31]的研究工作,PI控制器的积分项采用非线性格式,如式(17)所示。
$ {\Omega }_{\xi ,\gamma }={P}_{\xi }{e}_{\gamma }+{I}_{\xi }\int e_{\gamma }^{1/n}{\mathrm{d}}t $
式中:$ \gamma $表示螺旋桨转速,n为大于1的常数,I为积分控制参数。
在之前的工作中,已针对Joubert BB2潜艇自航模水下定深直航,开展了采用PI 控制器定航速和强迫自航法定螺旋桨转速两种方式的潜艇航速收敛速度对比研究,前者通过初始时刻过度加载螺旋桨推力可使潜艇迅速进入推阻平衡状态,航速收敛速度约为后者的3倍,极大地提升了潜艇自航模CFD数值求解效率[36]
图9(a)为静水中Joubert BB2潜艇自航模近水面回转运动轨迹,表4表示回转运动特征参数统计结果,很好地印证了以往研究对于“近水面”的浸深定义,同时可以看出,潜艇战术回转直径和切点横距随浸深的减小呈现出增大的趋势,且过于靠近水面(h/L=0.16)时,回转直径、切点横距和最大纵距均急剧增大。水下战术回转直径为3.19L(比MARIN水池模型试验测试结果大2.1%),而近水面浸深h/L=0.16时战术回转直径比水下值大46.1%。本文针对其可能原因,进一步分析潜艇近水面回转操纵运动过程中全附体潜艇模型、X艉操纵面以及螺旋桨的力学特性。
图9(b)图9(c)图9(d)分别表示静水中全附体Joubert BB2潜艇模型近水面操纵运动轴向力系数X'、侧向力系数Y'和转艏力矩系数N'的时历变化曲线。当执行回转操舵命令后,潜艇轴向力、侧向力和转艏力矩迅速减小,随后逐渐增大并趋于稳定,其中转艏力矩经历操舵骤降后在转艏角ψ=90°范围内迅速增至零附近波动。当浸深h/L≥0.19时,潜艇稳定回转时的轴向力和转艏力矩受浸深影响较小,侧向力绝对值则随浸深而呈现减小的趋势,且至h/L=0.27时侧向力几乎不受浸深影响。浸深h/L=0.16时,潜艇轴向力和转艏力矩随时间呈大幅波动状态,且轴向力和侧向力绝对值明显小于其他工况对应值。如在tU0/L=8时刻,浸深h/L=0.16对应的轴向力和侧向力分别比水下回转对应值小54.0%和18.5%。
图10为静水中Joubert BB2潜艇模型近水面回转运动X艉操纵面法向力系数$ {C}_{{{F}_{{\mathrm{n}}}}} $的时历变化曲线。受操舵时舵旋转加速度和初始较大来流攻角的影响,X舵法向力骤变,随着艇体漂角的逐渐平稳(见图12)和舵面来流攻角的减小,X舵法向力也逐渐趋于平稳。浸深h/L≥0.19时,回转操纵状态下艇体X舵法向力受浸深影响较小,而浸深h/L=0.16时,艇体吸力面X舵法向力明显减小,舵效显著降低。
图11为静水中Joubert BB2潜艇模型近水面回转运动螺旋桨推力系数T'、扭矩系数Q'和侧向力系数Yp'的时历变化曲线。潜艇近水面航行时会产生明显的兴波,浸深越小,兴波阻力越大,相同航速时自航点附近螺旋桨转速就越大,导致进速系数减小,螺旋桨推力和扭矩增大。潜艇执行回转操舵命令后,艇体漂角变化导致螺旋桨推力和侧向力迅速变化,其中推力呈现先减小后增大的趋势,随着漂角的稳定而逐渐趋于平稳,且稳定后的推力略高于直航状态推力值;侧向力则随着初始漂角的迅速变化而骤降,并逐渐趋于一个稳定的负值,施加给艇体一个正的转艏力矩,导致潜艇回转直径增大,且侧向力绝对值随浸深的减小而增大,表明螺旋桨侧向力也是导致潜艇回转直径随浸深减小而增大的一个次要因素。
图12为Joubert BB2潜艇静水中不同浸深下近水面回转操纵运动过程中的漂角β变化对比结果,从图中可以看出,向左舷方向执行回转操舵命令后,潜艇进入偏航状态且漂角迅速增大,至转艏角ψ约为90°时漂角开始趋近稳定。回转运动过程中,潜艇浸深越小,漂角越小,浸深h/L=0.16工况下的回转直径远大于其他工况,导致漂角远小于其他工况相对应值。对稳定回转区间内的漂角进行统计后可知,水下回转漂角平均值为−9.04°,近水面工况漂角平均值与之相比,按浸深从小到大,依次比水下值小52.2%,13.7%,7.5%和5.8%。
为防止围壳顶部出水割划水面,产生复杂的流动干扰,潜艇波浪中近水面回转计算取浸深h/L=0.19。图13(a)为波浪中Joubert BB2潜艇自航模近水面回转运动轨迹,表5表示回转运动特征参数统计结果,其中平均漂角统计的是转艏角ψ=90°~180°范围内的平均结果。可以看出,波长对潜艇近水面战术回转直径、切点横距、最大纵距影响较小,最大战术回转直径(工况λ/L=1.0)比最小战术回转直径(工况λ/L=2.0)约大4%。波长对潜艇回转第四象限(ψ=270°~360°)的运动轨迹影响较大,工况λ/L=1.5对应的回转轨迹基本上已失去对称性。
图13(b)图13(c)图13(d)分别表示波浪中全附体Joubert BB2潜艇模型近水面操纵运动轴向力系数X'、侧向力系数Y'和转艏力矩系数N'的时历变化曲线。当执行回转操舵命令后,轴向力波动幅值发生变化,而平均值变化较小,侧向力和转艏力矩平均值则由于艇体漂角的急剧变化而骤降,其中转艏力矩迅速增至零附近波动,侧向力则维持在一定的幅值附近,呈大幅波动状态。轴向力、侧向力和转艏力矩波动幅值均随波长、转艏角(浪向角)的变化而变化。
图14为波浪中Joubert BB2潜艇模型近水面回转运动X艉操纵面法向力系数$ {C}_{{{F}_{{\mathrm{n}}}}} $的时历变化曲线。同静水工况一致,执行操舵命令后X舵法向力骤变,后又逐渐趋于平稳并在一定的值附近波动,施加潜艇稳定回转转艏力矩。对于波长λ/L=1.5工况,至tU0/L ≈ 8时刻(转艏角ψ ≈ 240°)后,为平衡艇体垂直面运动经历的一个较大埋艏姿态,X舵舵角迅速发生变化,X1和X3舵甚至增至最大舵角30°,而X1和X2舵则降至10°(见文献[37]),各舵法向力随之发生大幅变化,导致潜艇回转第四象限的运动轨迹出现显著偏差。
图15为Joubert BB2潜艇波浪中不同浸深下近水面回转操纵运动过程中的漂角β变化对比结果,回转操舵的执行导致潜艇漂角迅速增大,至转艏角ψ约为90°时开始在一个负的稳定值附近大幅波动,转艏角ψ=180°(随浪状态)附近由于艇体侧向力和转艏力矩波动较小,漂角波动幅度降低。ψ=240°后工况λ/L=1.5运动轨迹的非常规变化导致艇体甚至由负漂角状态增至最大约4.7°的正漂角状态。
本文针对Joubert BB2潜艇匹配的INSEAN E1619螺旋桨模型,开展了静水和波浪中潜艇近水面自航模回转操纵运动数值模拟研究。主要结论如下:
(1)建立了静水和波浪中潜艇自航模操纵运动的数值模拟方法。采用基于重叠网格的方法对潜艇六自由度耦合运动及各操纵面的独立运动进行建模和计算,利用滑移网格技术直接模拟艇后螺旋桨的转动,采用自动舵 PD 控制器实现艇体水平和垂向姿态闭环控制,采用螺旋桨转速 PI 控制器实现预期航速下的推阻平衡,并利用VOF(Volume of Fluid)方法结合五阶Stokes波捕捉自由面以及模拟规则波。
(2)潜艇战术回转直径、切点横距和漂角随浸深的减小呈现出增大的趋势,且过于靠近水面(h/L=0.16)时,回转直径、切点横距和最大纵距均急剧增大,首要原因在于X舵法向力减小,舵效显著降低,其次螺旋桨侧向力绝对值随浸深的减小而增大,这也是导致潜艇近水面回转直径增大的原因之一。
(3)规则波波长对潜艇近水面战术回转直径、切点横距、最大纵距影响较小,特定波长(如λ/L=1.0)下潜艇回转第四象限(ψ=270°~360°)的垂直面运动姿态变化会导致X舵法向力随之发生大幅改变,从而引起潜艇漂角的大幅改变和回转运动轨迹的较大偏差。
本文建立的静水和波浪中X舵潜艇自航模数值模拟方法通用于任意的X舵潜艇自航模模型,研究可为潜艇操纵性和适航性预报与评估以及潜艇自航模模型试验技术完善提供技术支撑。

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2026年第30卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.006
  • 接收时间:2025-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-17
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    1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082

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张 楠(1977–),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师,通讯作者, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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