Article(id=1281202834876108955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752681600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783392159432, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783392159432, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783392159432, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1783392159432, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1281202552578478607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='5', pageStart='659', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783392092127, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1783395243852, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281215774769525418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281215775176372907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=804, endPage=815, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281202836478333084, articleId=1281202834876108955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Experimental and simulation studies on the anisotropic behavior of E40 steel, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The plastic deformation behavior of E40 steel in the tensile state was investigated by unidirectional tensile experiments, and the results showed that it has significant anisotropic characteristics. Based on the experimental results, three yield models, Hill48, Yld2000-2d, and Yld2004-18p, were parametrically calibrated, and their strain hardening behaviors were described using a modified Hockett-Sherby model. A VUMAT subroutine was developed and implemented using ABAQUS software and combined with a sheet metal stamping experimental system to evaluate the engineering applicability of different yield models. Comparison between numerical simulations and experimental results shows that under bending radii of $ r $ = 200 mm and $ r $ = 500 mm, the prediction error of the Yld2004-18p model is less than 4%, with its prediction accuracy approximately three times higher than that of the Hill48 model. The study shows that the Yld2004-18p model can more accurately portray the anisotropic response of E40 steel, which provides an effective constitutive modeling strategy for the simulation of precision forming of ship components.

, authors=Yi-jie CAI1, 2, Wen-jie ZHANG1, 2, Wen-qian ZHANG1, 2, Feng-yan SHI3, Yong HU3, Qing-yun YANG4, authorsList=Yi-jie CAI, Wen-jie ZHANG, Wen-qian ZHANG, Feng-yan SHI, Yong HU, Qing-yun YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wen-qian ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281202950185914780, articleId=1281202834876108955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=E40钢各向异性行为的实验和模拟研究, columnId=1241023038926410098, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=结构力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文通过单向拉伸实验研究了E40钢在拉伸状态下的塑性变形行为,结果表明其具有显著的各向异性特征。同时基于实验结果,对Hill48、Yld2000-2d与Yld2004-18p三种屈服模型进行了参数标定,并采用修正型Hockett-Sherby模型描述其应变硬化行为。最后基于ABAQUS软件开发了VUMAT子程序,结合板料冲压实验系统评估不同屈服模型的工程适用性。数值模拟与实验结果对比显示,在弯曲半径$ r $ = 200 mm和$ r $ = 500 mm的工况下,Yld2004-18p模型的预测误差小于4%,其预测精度较Hill48模型提高约3倍。研究表明,Yld2004-18p模型能更准确地刻画E40钢的各向异性响应,为船舶构件精密成形仿真提供了有效的本构建模策略。

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蔡一杰(1987–),男,博士,副教授,E-mail:

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张文谦(1990–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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caption=沿板材长度方向(X方向)的法向位移误差分布, figureFileSmall=mhXraksBRObq6a3Ic3uWfw==, figureFileBig=4GZoHd+a43lMePwZNwALEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1281202983287362021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Mechanical properties and Lankford coefficient ($ R $) of E40 steel at different orientations

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角度/°屈服强度$ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}}$ /MPa抗拉强度$ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{b}} $ /MPa伸长率A /%厚向异性系数R
0348.9636.031.50.887
15348.4628.830.60.868
30354.4641.331.40.897
45361.3634.431.30.945
60357.1652.531.80.847
75357.0639.030.80.808
90359.7639.332.90.859
), ArticleFig(id=1281202983698403814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

E40钢不同取向下的力学性能及厚向异性系数$ R $

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
角度/°屈服强度$ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{s}}$ /MPa抗拉强度$ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{b}} $ /MPa伸长率A /%厚向异性系数R
0348.9636.031.50.887
15348.4628.830.60.868
30354.4641.331.40.897
45361.3634.431.30.945
60357.1652.531.80.847
75357.0639.030.80.808
90359.7639.332.90.859
), ArticleFig(id=1281202983832621543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Fitting parameters of hardening model

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参数 $ {\sigma }_{0} $KQba
Hockett-Sherby+Linear983.835131.5707.3870.663−150.245
), ArticleFig(id=1281202984243663336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

硬化模型拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 $ {\sigma }_{0} $KQba
Hockett-Sherby+Linear983.835131.5707.3870.663−150.245
), ArticleFig(id=1281202984604373481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Anisotropic parameters of the Hill48 yield model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FGHLMN
Hill48-S0.48890.54790.45211.51.51.3472
Hill48-R0.54720.52990.47011.51.51.5565
), ArticleFig(id=1281202986248540651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Hill48屈服模型的各向异性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FGHLMN
Hill48-S0.48890.54790.45211.51.51.3472
Hill48-R0.54720.52990.47011.51.51.5565
), ArticleFig(id=1281202986340815340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Parameters of Yld2000-2d anisotropic yield model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$ \alpha 1 $ $ \alpha 2 $ $ \alpha 3 $ $ \alpha 4 $ $ \alpha 5 $ $ \alpha 6 $ $ \alpha 7 $ $ \alpha 8 $
1.0690.9181.1861.0251.0731.3550.9810.773
), ArticleFig(id=1281202986659582445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Yld2000-2d各向异性屈服模型参数

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$ \alpha 1 $ $ \alpha 2 $ $ \alpha 3 $ $ \alpha 4 $ $ \alpha 5 $ $ \alpha 6 $ $ \alpha 7 $ $ \alpha 8 $
1.0690.9181.1861.0251.0731.3550.9810.773
), ArticleFig(id=1281202986877686254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Coefficients of Yld2004-18p for E40 steel

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参数 $ c_{12}^{'} $ $ c_{13}^{'} $ $ c_{21}^{'} $ $ c_{23}^{'} $ $ c_{31}^{'} $ $ c_{32}^{'} $ $ c_{44}^{'} $ $ c_{55}^{'} $ $ c_{66}^{'} $
实验值0.86890.72090.50090.95200.65411.24110.935711
参数 $ c_{12}^{''} $ $ c_{13}^{''} $ $ c_{21}^{''} $ $ c_{23}^{''} $ $ c_{31}^{''} $ $ c_{32}^{''} $ $ c_{44}^{''} $ $ c_{55}^{''} $ $ c_{66}^{''} $
实验值0.61211.14450.96760.71891.22400.41740.985411
), ArticleFig(id=1281202987192259055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

E40钢的Yld2004-18p的系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 $ c_{12}^{'} $ $ c_{13}^{'} $ $ c_{21}^{'} $ $ c_{23}^{'} $ $ c_{31}^{'} $ $ c_{32}^{'} $ $ c_{44}^{'} $ $ c_{55}^{'} $ $ c_{66}^{'} $
实验值0.86890.72090.50090.95200.65411.24110.935711
参数 $ c_{12}^{''} $ $ c_{13}^{''} $ $ c_{21}^{''} $ $ c_{23}^{''} $ $ c_{31}^{''} $ $ c_{32}^{''} $ $ c_{44}^{''} $ $ c_{55}^{''} $ $ c_{66}^{''} $
实验值0.61211.14450.96760.71891.22400.41740.985411
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Experimental and predicted values of normalized yield stress for E40 steel

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方向/$ {^{\circ}} $实验值Hill48-SHill48-RYld2000-2dYld2004-18p
010.99031.01561.00040.9990
150.99871.00301.01011.00680.9997
301.01581.01840.99901.02171.0170
451.03541.03160.99231.03511.0331
601.02361.03450.99491.03881.0248
751.02331.03011.00271.03451.0244
901.03091.02711.00701.03141.0298
), ArticleFig(id=1281202988362469873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

E40钢归一化屈服应力的实验值与预测值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方向/$ {^{\circ}} $实验值Hill48-SHill48-RYld2000-2dYld2004-18p
010.99031.01561.00040.9990
150.99871.00301.01011.00680.9997
301.01581.01840.99901.02171.0170
451.03541.03160.99231.03511.0331
601.02361.03450.99491.03881.0248
751.02331.03011.00271.03451.0244
901.03091.02711.00701.03141.0298
), ArticleFig(id=1281202988505076210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Comparison of experimental and predicted Lankford coefficient of E40 steel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方向/$ {^{\circ}} $实验值Hill48-SHill48-RYld2000-2dYld2004-18p
00.8870.8250.8870.8880.887
150.8680.8140.9030.9020.862
300.8970.7950.9340.9310.893
450.9450.7990.9450.9480.957
600.8470.8420.9200.9230.852
750.8080.8980.8790.8800.814
900.8590.9250.8590.8610.858
), ArticleFig(id=1281202988865786355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

E40钢厚向异性系数R值的实验值与预测值

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方向/$ {^{\circ}} $实验值Hill48-SHill48-RYld2000-2dYld2004-18p
00.8870.8250.8870.8880.887
150.8680.8140.9030.9020.862
300.8970.7950.9340.9310.893
450.9450.7990.9450.9480.957
600.8470.8420.9200.9230.852
750.8080.8980.8790.8800.814
900.8590.9250.8590.8610.858
), ArticleFig(id=1281202990535119349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Summary of stamping forming finite element simulation parameters

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节点数单元数内存软件操作系统处理器
18227153608 GBABAQUS/Explicit64-bit Windows 10Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-12600KF 3.70 GHz
), ArticleFig(id=1281202990879052278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

冲压有限元模拟参数汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点数单元数内存软件操作系统处理器
18227153608 GBABAQUS/Explicit64-bit Windows 10Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-12600KF 3.70 GHz
), ArticleFig(id=1281202991269122551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202834876108955, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Comparison of calculation times for different yield models in simulating stamping forming tests

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弯曲半径屈服模型
Hill48Yld2000-2dYld2004-18p
$ r $ = 500 mm4 min 20 s7 min 28 s10 min 17 s
$ r $ = 200 mm4 min 47 s8 min 03 s11 min 16 s
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不同屈服模型在模拟冲压试验时的计算时间比较

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弯曲半径屈服模型
Hill48Yld2000-2dYld2004-18p
$ r $ = 500 mm4 min 20 s7 min 28 s10 min 17 s
$ r $ = 200 mm4 min 47 s8 min 03 s11 min 16 s
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E40钢各向异性行为的实验和模拟研究
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蔡一杰 1, 2 , 张文杰 1, 2 , 张文谦 1, 2 , 施凤燕 3 , 胡勇 3 , 杨青云 4
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2026,30(5): 804-815
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船舶力学 |结构力学 2026 , 30 (5) : 804 -815
E40钢各向异性行为的实验和模拟研究
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蔡一杰1, 2 , 张文杰1, 2, 张文谦1, 2 , 施凤燕3, 胡勇3, 杨青云4
作者信息
  • 1.湖北工业大学 机械工程学院,武汉 430068
  • 2.现代制造质量工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430068
  • 3.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
  • 4.中国船舶集团有限公司第七二五研究所,河南 洛阳 471023
通讯作者:
张文谦(1990–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

蔡一杰(1987–),男,博士,副教授,E-mail:

Experimental and simulation studies on the anisotropic behavior of E40 steel
Yi-jie CAI1, 2 , Wen-jie ZHANG1, 2, Wen-qian ZHANG1, 2 , Feng-yan SHI3, Yong HU3, Qing-yun YANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quality Engineering in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430068, China
  • 3.Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 4.Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute, Luoyang 471023, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.012
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本文通过单向拉伸实验研究了E40钢在拉伸状态下的塑性变形行为,结果表明其具有显著的各向异性特征。同时基于实验结果,对Hill48、Yld2000-2d与Yld2004-18p三种屈服模型进行了参数标定,并采用修正型Hockett-Sherby模型描述其应变硬化行为。最后基于ABAQUS软件开发了VUMAT子程序,结合板料冲压实验系统评估不同屈服模型的工程适用性。数值模拟与实验结果对比显示,在弯曲半径$ r $ = 200 mm和$ r $ = 500 mm的工况下,Yld2004-18p模型的预测误差小于4%,其预测精度较Hill48模型提高约3倍。研究表明,Yld2004-18p模型能更准确地刻画E40钢的各向异性响应,为船舶构件精密成形仿真提供了有效的本构建模策略。

屈服模型  /  各向异性  /  E40钢  /  冲压成形

The plastic deformation behavior of E40 steel in the tensile state was investigated by unidirectional tensile experiments, and the results showed that it has significant anisotropic characteristics. Based on the experimental results, three yield models, Hill48, Yld2000-2d, and Yld2004-18p, were parametrically calibrated, and their strain hardening behaviors were described using a modified Hockett-Sherby model. A VUMAT subroutine was developed and implemented using ABAQUS software and combined with a sheet metal stamping experimental system to evaluate the engineering applicability of different yield models. Comparison between numerical simulations and experimental results shows that under bending radii of $ r $ = 200 mm and $ r $ = 500 mm, the prediction error of the Yld2004-18p model is less than 4%, with its prediction accuracy approximately three times higher than that of the Hill48 model. The study shows that the Yld2004-18p model can more accurately portray the anisotropic response of E40 steel, which provides an effective constitutive modeling strategy for the simulation of precision forming of ship components.

yield model  /  anisotropy  /  E40 steel  /  stamping forming
蔡一杰, 张文杰, 张文谦, 施凤燕, 胡勇, 杨青云. E40钢各向异性行为的实验和模拟研究. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (5) : 804 -815 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.012
Yi-jie CAI, Wen-jie ZHANG, Wen-qian ZHANG, Feng-yan SHI, Yong HU, Qing-yun YANG. Experimental and simulation studies on the anisotropic behavior of E40 steel[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (5) : 804 -815 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.012
随着海洋工程与船舶制造对高性能结构材料需求的不断提升,高强度船用钢在大型船体结构中的应用日益广泛。其中,E40钢作为一种在低温环境下仍具备优良强度与韧性的高强钢,广泛应用于船体外板、甲板结构以及高应力关键承载区域,在承受复杂海洋载荷与波浪冲击方面发挥着重要作用[12]。在此背景下,船体板材的成形精度直接关系到结构安全性与装配质量。冷弯成形作为一种兼具高精度与低能耗的加工技术[3],相较于传统火工成形无需经历加热与冷却过程,从而有效避免了材料性能劣化与组织变化问题,已成为船舶构件制造的关键工艺。然而,船用钢在成形过程中的回弹效应较为明显,会导致零件几何尺寸偏差及局部应力集中,从而影响成形精度和后续加工质量[45]。因此,作为数值仿真理论的核心,本构模型对真实变形过程的精确描述不仅是保证材料成形有限元模拟准确性的前提,也直接决定了工艺优化的成效。本文通过解析E40钢各向异性特征及其与回弹行为的关联机制,为有限元仿真优化及成形工艺改进提供理论支撑。
目前,国内外学者围绕金属材料的各向异性已开展了广泛研究,多种描述材料各向异性的模型被提出,包括基于介观尺度的Bishop-Hill模型[6]、粘塑性自洽模型VPSC(Visco-Plastic Self-Consistent Model)[7]、晶体塑性有限元法CPFEM(Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Method)[8]等,但其高昂的计算成本制约了工程应用。工程实践中,基于各向异性屈服模型与硬化定律耦合的唯象模型凭借计算效率优势成为主流方案。经典的Hill48屈服模型奠定了正交各向异性理论框架[9],Chen等[10]基于该模型构建的板材本构模型经反向深冲实验验证,显示良好精度。但Mu等[11]通过系统分析指出,Hill48模型的预测有效性取决于材料各向异性演化的单调性特征,且与$ R $值参数无显著相关性。为突破该限制,Barlat等[1215]通过对应力张量进行线性变换,相继提出了Yld89、Yld91、Yld2000-2d、Yld2004-18p等各向异性屈服模型,其多参数架构显著提升了复杂应力状态下的各向异性表征能力。张玮等[16]对船用E36钢的力学特性研究表明,其非线性应变硬化效应会显著改变材料的塑性流动规律,这要求本构建模需实现各向异性与硬化行为的精确耦合。Chen等[17]通过整合传统实验与有限元逆向识别(FEMU)方法,构建了AA5086铝合金的Yld2000-2d参数体系,并通过深冲成形实验验证了模型的可靠性。Wang等[18]进一步构建了基于Yld2004-18p的三维非关联本构模型,结合圆杯拉伸与扩孔实验,验证了模型在三维应力下对板材各向异性变形行为的高保真预测能力。
为了提升船用E40钢板冷弯成形回弹预测精度,本研究基于单轴拉伸实验分别实现对Hill48、Yld2000-2d、Yld2004-18p三种屈服模型的参数标定,并结合修正型Hockett-Sherby硬化定律构建了E40钢各向异性本构模型。为验证模型的适用性,进一步开展了冲压成形实验,并通过用户子程序VUMAT将本构模型嵌入ABAQUS平台进行数值模拟,系统评估了三种各向异性塑性模型的预测精度,为船用E40钢精密成形工艺参数优化提供理论支撑。
为了获取E40钢的力学性能参数,依据GB/T 228.1-2021《金属材料 拉伸试验 第1部分:室温试验方法》标准规范制备测试样本[19]。其中,轧制方向(Rolling Direction, RD)定义为板材在轧制过程中的主变形方向,横向(Transverse Direction, TD)为与RD垂直的板面方向。本文中“角度”定义为试样拉伸方向与轧制方向(RD)之间的夹角。以RD为0°基准方向,沿RD至TD方向按15°间隔选取不同取向(0°~90°)制备7组拉伸试样。文中所有涉及的$ R $值均表示厚向异性系数,用于表征材料在塑性变形过程中宽度方向塑性应变与厚度方向塑性应变之比。不同下标(如$ {R}_{\text{RD}} $$ {R}_{\text{TD}} $$ {R}_{\theta } $$ {R}_{\mathrm{b}} $等)仅表示取向或加载状态的差异,其物理含义保持一致。试样长度为180 mm,几何形状为扁平狗骨形。单向拉伸实验在YYF-50型拉伸试验机上执行,设置位移速率为2 mm/min,同步采用位移传感器采集载荷位移数据。图1展示了拉伸试样尺寸参数与实验装置。
通过单向拉伸实验获取E40钢的力学性能参数,结果如图2表1所示。实验结果表明,E40钢在不同取向上的力学性能存在一定差异,表现出明显的各向异性特征。该各向异性特征对板材成形极限与回弹控制具有双重影响,在工程实践中需要建立包含各向异性参数的成形工艺优化模型。
依据GB/T 5027-2007[20],当应变达10%时,采集横向应变与厚向应变并通过最小二乘法建立回归模型(R2$ \geq $0.98),其斜率绝对值为厚向异性系数$ R $值,如图3所示。
基于RD方向的应力–应变曲线来确定材料的硬化准则。E40钢的加工硬化过程通常包括一个初始快速硬化阶段和后续的线性硬化阶段。因此,为了更准确地描述材料的塑性流动特征,本研究对Hockett-Sherby函数进行了修正,通过引入线性项以同时表征初始快速加工硬化阶段和随后的线性硬化行为,如公式(1)所示
$ \sigma ={\sigma }_{0}+K\varepsilon +Q(1-{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-b{{\varepsilon }^{a}}}) $
公式(1)中的$ {\sigma }_{0} $表示初始屈服应力,$ \varepsilon $为等效塑性应变,$ {\sigma }_{0} $$ K $$ Q $$ b $$ a $表示材料参数,其具体数值通过单轴拉伸试验逆向识别获得(见表2)。由图4可知,实验数据与拟合曲线吻合较好,说明所采用的硬化准则能够较为准确地预测E40钢板材的塑性变形情况。
在平面应力条件下,Hill48屈服模型表达式为
$ f=\left(G+H\right)\sigma _{xx}^{2}-2H{\sigma }_{xx}{\sigma }_{yy}+\left(F+H\right)\sigma _{yy}^{2}+2N\sigma _{xy}^{2}=\overline{{\sigma }^{2}} $
式中:$ f $为屈服函数,用于描述材料在各向异性应力状态下的屈服行为;$ \overline{{\sigma }}$表示等效应力,$ \overline{{\sigma }^{2}} $由应力分量通过Hill屈服准则计算得到。F、G、HN是表征材料各向异性的参数。有两种求解方法,一种是采用屈服应力进行求解,表示为Hill48-S,如下式所示
$ \begin{array}{l}2F={\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{\rm{RD}}}{{\sigma }_{\rm{TD}}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{\rm{RD}}}{{\sigma }_{\rm{b}}}\right)}^{2}-1\\2G={\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{\rm{RD}}}{{\sigma }_{\rm{b}}}\right)}^{2}+1-{\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{\rm{RD}}}{{\sigma }_{\rm{TD}}}\right)}^{2}\\2H=1+{\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{\rm{RD}}}{{\sigma }_{\rm{TD}}}\right)}^{2}-{\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{\rm{RD}}}{{\sigma }_{\rm{b}}}\right)}^{2}\\2N={\left(\dfrac{2{\sigma }_{\rm{RD}}}{{\sigma }_{\rm{DD}}}\right)}^{2}-{\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{\rm{RD}}}{{\sigma }_{\rm{b}}}\right)}^{2}\\{\sigma }_{\rm{b}}=\dfrac{{\sigma }_{\rm{RD}}+2{\sigma }_{\rm{DD}}+{\sigma }_{\rm{TD}}}{4}\end{array} $
式中:$ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{b}} $表示等双拉应力状态下的屈服应力,可由0°、45°和90°方向的单轴屈服应力计算得到[21]
第二种方法为采用$ R $值进行求解,表示为Hill48-$ R $,如下式所示
$ \begin{array}{l}F=\dfrac{{R}_{\rm{RD}}}{\left(1+{R}_{\rm{RD}}\right){R}_{\rm{TD}}}\\G=\dfrac{1}{1+{R}_{\rm{RD}}}\\H=\dfrac{{R}_{\rm{RD}}}{1+{R}_{\rm{RD}}}\\N=\dfrac{\left(1+2{R}_{\rm{DD}}\right)\left({R}_{\rm{RD}}+{R}_{\rm{TD}}\right)}{2\left(1+{R}_{\rm{RD}}\right){R}_{\rm{DD}}}\end{array} $
式中:$ {R}_{\text{RD}} $$ {R}_{\text{DD}} $$ {R}_{\text{TD}} $分别表示沿轧制方向(0°)、45°方向及横向(90°)的厚向异性系数,其数值由表1中的单轴拉伸试验结果获得。
根据表1中的各向异性参数求得Hill48屈服模型的参数,结果见表3
Yld2000-2d是由Barlat等[14]所提出的一种非二次的各向异性屈服模型,对应的等效应力形式如下
$ {\sigma }_{{\mathrm{eq}}}={\left\{\dfrac{{\left| X_{1}^{'}-X_{2}^{'}\right| }^{{\rm{M}}}+{\left| 2X_{2}^{''}+X_{1}^{''}\right| }^{{\rm{M}}}+{\left| 2X_{1}^{''}+X_{2}^{''}\right| }^{{\rm{M}}}}{2}\right\}}^{1/{\rm{M}}} $
式中:M为与晶体结构有关的常数,对于E40钢,M=6,$ X_{i}^{'} $$ X_{i}^{''} $$ i $=1,2)为二阶张量$ {{\boldsymbol{X}}}^{'} $$ {{\boldsymbol{X}}}^{''} $的主值,其中$ i=1 $对应“+”号,$ i=2 $对应“−”号。形式如下
$ \begin{cases} X_{i}^{'}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(X_{11}^{'}+X_{22}^{'}\pm \sqrt{\left(X_{11}^{'}-X_{22}^{'}\right)+4X_{12}^{'2}}\right)\\X_{i}^{''}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(X_{11}^{''}+X_{22}^{''}\pm \sqrt{\left(X_{11}^{''}-X_{22}^{''}\right)+4X_{12}^{''2}}\right)\end{cases} $
$ {\boldsymbol{X}}^{{'}}={\boldsymbol{L}}^{{'}}\boldsymbol{\sigma };\;\;{\boldsymbol{X}}^{{''}}={\boldsymbol{L}}^{{''}}\boldsymbol{\sigma } $
式中:$ {\boldsymbol{\sigma}} $为柯西应力张量, $ {X}^{'} $$ {X}^{''} $为线性转换向量,其形式如下
$ \left[\begin{array}{c}L_{11}^{'}\\L_{12}^{'}\\L_{21}^{'}\\L_{22}^{'}\\L_{66}^{'}\end{array}\right]=\dfrac{1}{3}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}2 & 0 & 0\\-1 & 0 & 0\\0 & -1 & 0\\0 & 2 & 0\\0 & 0 & 3\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_{1}\\{\alpha }_{2}\\{\alpha }_{2}\end{array}\right] , \left[\begin{array}{c}L_{11}^{''}\\L_{12}^{''}\\L_{21}^{''}\\L_{22}^{''}\\L_{66}^{''}\end{array}\right]=\dfrac{1}{9}\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}-2 & 2 & 8 & -2 & 0\\-1 & -4 & -4 & 4 & 0\\0 & -4 & -4 & 1 & 0\\-2 & 8 & 2 & -2 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 9\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}{\alpha }_{3}\\{\alpha }_{4}\\{\alpha }_{5}\\{\alpha }_{6}\\{\alpha }_{8}\end{array}\right] $
式中:$ \alpha 1\sim \alpha 8 $为材料的八个各向异性参数。
相较于仅含四个各向异性参数的Hill48屈服模型,Yld2000-2d包含八个各向异性参数,其扩展的参数空间显著增强了非对称屈服行为的表征能力。基于表1中不同取向单轴拉伸试验获得的屈服应力及厚向异性系数,采用粒子群优化算法进行参数优化,以最小化方程(9)中定义的误差函数,得出Yld2000-2d的各个参数见表4
$ E({\alpha }_{1},\cdots,{\alpha }_{8})=\sum\limits_{i}\,{\left(\dfrac{{\sigma }_{i}}{\sigma _{i}^{\exp }}-1\right)}^{2}+\sum\limits_{i}\,{\left(\dfrac{{R}_{i}}{R_{i}^{\exp }}-1\right)}^{2} $
式中:$ \sigma _{i}^{\exp } $$ R_{i}^{\exp } $分别代表第$ i $个方向下测得的屈服应力和厚向异性系数的实验数据,$ {\sigma }_{i} $$ {R}_{i} $则表示Yld2000-2d屈服模型在第$ i $个方向上的预测值。
针对Yld2000-2d屈服模型在复杂应力状态下的表征局限,Barlat等[15]基于高阶张量变换理论提出了具有18个各向异性参数的Yld2004-18p屈服模型。该模型通过引入双线性变换张量对应力偏张量$ {\boldsymbol{S }}$进行线性变换。该屈服模型如下
$ \varphi (\sigma )=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{3}\,\sum\limits_{j=1}^{3}\,|\tilde{S}_{i}^{'}-\tilde{S}_{j}^{''}{|}^{a}=4{\overline{\sigma }}^{a} $
对于E40钢,$ a $=6。$ \sigma $为流动应力(等效应力),$ \tilde{S}_{1}^{'} $$ \tilde{S}_{1}^{''} $为张量$ {\tilde{{\boldsymbol{S}}}}^{\mathbf{'}}、{\tilde{{\boldsymbol{S}}}}^{\mathbf{''}} $的主应力值,它们由应力偏张量$ {\boldsymbol{S }} $的两次线性变换定义。如下式
$ {\tilde{\boldsymbol{S}}}^{\boldsymbol{'}}={\boldsymbol{C}}^{\boldsymbol{'}}\boldsymbol{S}={\boldsymbol{C}}^{\boldsymbol{'}}\boldsymbol{T}{\sigma }={\boldsymbol{L}}^{\boldsymbol{'}}{\sigma } $
$ {\tilde{\boldsymbol{S}}}^{{'}{'}}={\boldsymbol{C}}^{{'}{'}}\boldsymbol{S}={\boldsymbol{C}}^{{'}{'}}\boldsymbol{T}{\sigma }={\boldsymbol{L}}^{{'}{'}}{\sigma } $
公式(11)、(12)中,$ {{\boldsymbol{C}}}^{'} $$ {{\boldsymbol{C}}}^{''} $是应力张量线性变换矩阵,如下式
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}^{\boldsymbol{'}}=\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}0 & -c_{12}^{'} & -c_{13}^{'} & 0 & 0 & 0\\-c_{21}^{'} & 0 & -c_{23}^{'} & 0 & 0 & 0\\-c_{31}^{'} & -c_{32}^{'} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & c_{44}^{'} & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & c_{55}^{'} & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & c_{66}^{'}\end{array}\right] $
$ {\boldsymbol{C}}^{{''}}=\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}0 & -c_{12}^{''} & -c_{13}^{''} & 0 & 0 & 0\\-c_{21}^{''} & 0 & -c_{23}^{''} & 0 & 0 & 0\\-c_{31}^{''} & -c_{32}^{''} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & c_{44}^{''} & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & c_{55}^{''} & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & c_{66}^{''}\end{array}\right] $
$ {\boldsymbol{T}} $也是线性变换,如下式所示
$ \boldsymbol{T}=\dfrac{1}{3}\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}2 & -1 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\-1 & 2 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\-1 & -1 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & 3 & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 3 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 3\end{array}\right] $
为了确定Yld2004-18p的各向异性系数,基于表1中不同取向单轴拉伸试验获得的力学性能数据,采用梯度下降算法对屈服模型参数进行反演标定,以最小化误差函数。最终得到的模型参数如表5所示。
在本工作中,误差函数定义为
$ E\left(c_{ij,}^{'}c_{ij}^{''}\right)=\sum\limits_{p}\,{w}_{p}{\left(\dfrac{\sigma _{p}^{{\mathrm{pr}}}}{\sigma _{p}^{{\mathrm{ex}}}}-1\right)}^{2}+\sum\limits_{q}\,{w}_{q}{\left(\dfrac{r_{q}^{{\mathrm{pr}}}}{r_{q}^{{\mathrm{ex}}}}-1\right)}^{2} $
式中:$ p $为不同方向单轴拉伸或单轴剪切时可用的实验流动应力个数,$ q $为实验$ R $值的个数。上式中,上标ex或pr表示对应值是实验值或预测值。误差函数中的每一项都用$ w $加权。该权重可以用来区分流动应力或$ r $值。将平面内流动应力的权重、单轴拉伸时的$ R $值,以及其他流动应力的权重分别设为1.00、0.10和0.01。Yld2004-18p屈服模型中包含14个代表板料面内性能的参数。由于板料在厚度方向上不存在弯曲,$ c_{55}^{'} $$ c_{55}^{''} $$ c_{66}^{'} $$ c_{66}^{''} $表征板料面外的剪切属性设置为1。基于表1的试验结果,得出$ c_{ij}^{'} $$ c_{ij}^{''} $的具体参数见表5
根据Hill正交各向异性塑性理论[9],用于表征板材的面内各向异性特征。该参数与表1中所列$ R $值具有相同物理含义,均表示宽度方向塑性应变与厚度方向塑性应变之比。其表达式为
$ R=\dfrac{{\mathrm{d}}{\varepsilon }_{b}}{{\mathrm{d}}{\varepsilon }_{t}} $
对于沿x轴(RD)的单轴拉力,$ R $值可进一步表示为
$ {R}_{\theta }=-\dfrac{\dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial {\sigma }_{xx}}{\sin}^{2} \theta +\dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial {\sigma }_{yy}}{\cos}^{2} \theta -\dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial {\sigma }_{xy}}\sin 2\theta }{\left(\dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial {\sigma }_{xx}}+\dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial {\sigma }_{yy}}\right)} $
式中:$ \varphi $表示屈服函数,其具体形式由所选各向异性屈服模型(Hill48、Yld2000-2d或Yld2004-18p)确定。需说明的是,前文中的$ f $与此处的$ \varphi $均表示屈服函数,仅符号表示不同,其物理含义一致。式中各偏导数项基于关联流动法则由屈服函数对应力分量求导得到,用于描述塑性应变增量方向。$ \theta $为单轴拉伸方向相对于轧制方向(RD)的取向角。
关于正交各向异性坐标的单轴应力张量与柱坐标的关系为
$ {\boldsymbol{\sigma }}_{\boldsymbol{\theta }}({\boldsymbol{Y}}_{\boldsymbol{\theta }},\boldsymbol{\theta })=\left[\begin{matrix}{\sigma }_{11} & {\sigma }_{12} & 0\\{\sigma }_{21} & {\sigma }_{22} & 0\\0 & 0 & 0\end{matrix}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{Y}_{\theta }{\cos}^{2} \theta & {Y}_{\theta }\sin \theta \cos \theta & 0\\{Y}_{\theta }\sin \theta \cos \theta & {Y}_{\theta }{\sin}^{2} \theta & 0\\0 & 0 & 0\end{array}\right] $
式中:$ {Y}_{\theta } $表示沿取向角$ \theta $方向的单轴拉伸屈服应力。
分别采用Hill48、Yld2000-2d和Yld2004-18p屈服模型计算得到不同加载方向时归一化屈服应力的理论值,并将其与实验结果进行比较,结果如表6表7所示。
根据公式(20)计算不同屈服模型预测屈服应力和$ R $值的误差$ E $,其结果如图5所示。数据分析表明,Yld2004-18p屈服模型预测精度最高,屈服应力与$ R $值分别实现0.12%和0.55%的最低平均偏差;Hill48屈服模型预测精度最低,对应误差分别为2.24%和8.5%;Yld2000-2d屈服模型预测精度中等,对应偏差分别为0.58%和3.75%。
$ {E}_{1}=\left| \dfrac{{\sigma }_{{\mathrm{pred}}}-{\sigma }_{{\mathrm{exp}}}}{{\sigma }_{{\mathrm{exp}}}}\right| \times 100\% $
式中:$ {\sigma }_{\exp } $为实验值,$ {\sigma }_{\text{pred}} $为理论预测值。
图6给出了不同屈服模型预测结果与实验数据的对比情况,其中图6(a)为屈服应力随取向角变化的分布,图6(b)为厚向异性系数$ R $随取向角的变化规律。从图6中可以看出,Yld2004-18p屈服模型在非45°轧制取向区间展现出较好的吻合度,说明其复杂参数体系能较好捕捉多角度各向异性特征。实验数据点与Yld2000-2d屈服模型的理论预测曲线有一定误差,与Hill48的理论预测曲线误差最大。该现象源于Hill48模型受限于其各向异性参数采集维度不足,对非对称各向异性行为的适应性较差。
图7为不同屈服模型下的屈服轨迹与实验值的对比,Hill48屈服模型因参数简化及数学形式限制,屈服轨迹与实验值偏差显著;而Yld2000-2d屈服模型轨迹形状较接近实验曲线,尤其在剪切主导区,吻合度提升明显,但在纯剪切区偏差较大,可能是由于二维平面假设导致对纯剪切和双轴拉伸的耦合效应捕捉不足。综上所述,Yld2004-18p屈服模型对E40钢的各向异性行为具有更优越的表征能力。
为进一步验证模型预测效果,加工了两块尺寸为100 mm×30 mm×10 mm的长方体坯料,分别采用半径为200 mm和500 mm的模具进行冲压实验。
基于ABAQUS平台构建了E40钢冷弯成形显–隐式顺序耦合仿真模型。如图8所示,模具简化为刚体,板材采用C3D8R单元,弹性模量E = 210 GPa,泊松比$ \nu $ = 0.3,摩擦系数设为0.1。成形阶段使用ABAQUS/Explicit模块进行显式动态分析:设置位移载荷驱动上模下压,采用自主开发的VUMAT子程序分别将Hill48、Yld2000-2d和Yld2004-18p各向异性屈服模型及硬化准则嵌入材料属性中,模拟r = 200 mm/500 mm两种弯曲半径下的非线性变形;回弹阶段转入ABAQUS/Standard模块执行隐式静态分析,将成形终态应力场作为初始条件,通过完全释放边界约束,精确模拟卸载后的弹性回复行为。该方法通过显式算法保障大变形计算的收敛性,采用隐式求解确保回弹量的计算精度。数值分析的基本条件如表8所示。
表9比较了Hill48、Yld2000-2d和Yld2004-18p三种屈服模型在冲压模拟中的计算时间。可以看出,Hill48因形式简单、参数少而计算耗时最短,Yld2000-2d引入更多面内各向异性参数计算耗时显著增加,Yld2004-18p由于阶数高且需求解主应力,计算时间最长。此外,小弯曲半径($ r $ = 200 mm)下局部曲率大,显式积分求解时间步减小,导致计算时间反而略长于大半径工况。
图9展示了在不同弯曲半径($ r $ = 200 mm与$ r $ = 500 mm)条件下,沿板材上表面长度方向(X方向)的回弹变形法向位移误差分布情况,其中误差定义为模型预测结果与实验测量结果在板材表面法向方向上的位移差。所有模型的回弹误差在X = 0附近均表现出对称分布。在变形程度较大时($ r $ = 200 mm),Hill48与Yld2000-2d在边缘区域误差较大,峰值超过1 mm,预测精度不理想;而Yld2004-18p模型在整个区域内误差均控制在5%以内,表现出更高的预测一致性和空间均匀性。随着变形程度减小($ r $ = 500 mm),所有模型的误差明显减小,其中Yld2004-18p误差小于3%,为最优表现。Hill48模型精度中等,边缘区域误差略有波动,而Yld2000-2d虽在整体应变较缓区域有所改善,但边缘误差仍较明显。
上述预测差异主要源于各屈服模型对材料各向异性和非线性塑性行为的描述能力差异。Hill48模型由于采用二次屈服函数,难以准确捕捉材料在复杂应力状态下的真实变形特征,尤其在小变形条件下,其相对误差可达15%。Yld2000-2d虽然通过引入参数扩展改善了各向异性描述能力,但在应力梯度较高区域依然存在预测偏差。相比之下,Yld2004-18p模型通过更高阶的屈服函数形式和优化参数设置,能更准确地描述E40钢板材的塑性应变演化和厚向回弹特性,在不同工况下均表现出优异的成形精度与工程适用性。
本文围绕E40钢板材在拉伸状态下的各向异性行为及其冲压回弹预测,结合单向拉伸实验、屈服模型参数标定及数值模拟,对比分析了Hill48、Yld2000-2d和Yld2004-18p三种各向异性屈服模型的适用性与预测精度,主要结论如下:
(1) E40钢在拉伸状态下表现出显著的各向异性特征,实验结果显示,不同方向屈服应力最大相差13  MPa,伸长率相差2.3%,厚向异性系数均小于1。
(2) 基于实验数据对Hill48、Yld2000-2d和Yld2004-18p三种屈服模型进行了参数标定,并采用修正型Hockett-Sherby模型描述材料的应变硬化行为。结果表明,Yld2004-18p模型在主应力空间下的屈服面轨迹与实验吻合度最高。
(3) 冲压回弹实验结果验证了不同屈服模型的成形预测精度。Hill48和Yld2000-2d在厚度减薄率及回弹模拟中的最大相对误差分别约为10%和15%,Yld2004-18p在小半径($ r $ = 200 mm)和大半径($ r $ = 500 mm)工况下预测误差均小于4%,较Hill48模型精度提高约3倍,能更准确地反映E40钢的塑性变形与回弹特性,具有良好的工程适用性。

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2026年第30卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.012
  • 接收时间:2025-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-17
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    1.湖北工业大学 机械工程学院,武汉 430068
    2.现代制造质量工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430068
    3.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
    4.中国船舶集团有限公司第七二五研究所,河南 洛阳 471023

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张文谦(1990–),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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