Article(id=1281202631481725606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757865600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783392110938, onlineDateStr=2026-07-07, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783392110938, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783392110938, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1783392110938, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1281202552578478607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2026', volume='30', issue='5', pageStart='659', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783392092127, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1783395243852, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281215774769525418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281215775176372907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1281202552578478607, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=739, endPage=751, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281202632740016807, articleId=1281202631481725606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Analysis method for high-concentration mineral particle flow in long-distance curved pipes, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The flexible hose connecting the deep-sea mining vehicle and the relay station is a key link in the deep-sea mining system and is suspended in a curved configuration above the mining vehicle. This paper extends the applicable conditions of the model from the vertical pipeline to the flexible hose based on the one-dimensional model (VHT_1D), by discretizing the long-distance curved pipelines into a series of inclined pipelines for force analysis. The extended model is fully compared with the key parameters calculated by the two-way coupling method of fluid dynamics and discrete elements (CFD-DEM), and this model shows high accuracy. At the same time, the influence of input parameters such as feed concentration and mixture transport velocity on the flow state in the pipeline is further explored. A reasonable range of input parameters is determined, and the conveying efficiency of the pipeline system is optimized. In addition, the hydraulic gradients in the single-peak and double-peak long-distance curved pipes are compared and analyzed, providing a basis for the design of the conveying pump. The extended model significantly improves computational efficiency while maintaining high accuracy, particularly for long-distance pipeline applications.

, authors=Lin-na CHEN1, Yu-miao WANG1, Zhong-wei ZHOU1, 2, Ri ZHANG1, authorsList=Lin-na CHEN, Yu-miao WANG, Zhong-wei ZHOU, Ri ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ri ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Ship Mechanics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281202783680434234, articleId=1281202631481725606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=长距离弯曲管道中高浓度矿石颗粒流的分析方法, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

柔性软管是深海采矿系统中连接采矿车与中继站的关键纽带,以弯曲状态悬浮在采矿车上。本文基于之前开发的高浓度矿石颗粒垂直水力输送的一维模型(VHT_1D),通过将长距离弯曲管道离散成一系列斜管单元进行受力分析,将该模型适用条件从垂直管拓展到长距离弯曲管道。通过将拓展后的模型计算结果与计算流体动力学与离散元(CFD-DEM)双向耦合方法的计算结果进行充分对比,验证了该模型具有较高的精度。同时,进一步探讨了进料浓度和混合物输送速度等输入参数对管道内流态的影响,以此确定合理的输入参数范围,优化管道系统的输送效率。此外,通过对单峰与双峰长距离弯曲管道的水力梯度的对比分析,为输送泵的设计提供了依据。拓展后的模型在保证高精度的同时大大提升了计算效率,尤其适用于长距离弯曲管道。

, authors=陈琳娜1, 王钰渺1, 周忠玮1, 2, 张日1, authorsList=陈琳娜, 王钰渺, 周忠玮, 张日, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张日, authorNote=

陈琳娜(2001–),女,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
张 日(1987–),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《船舶力学》编辑部2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=0F2qLDCkFG5qAlZkfDePbg==, magXml=svgfNa4QpamPbqKo/3wwZA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=YpAcCMlcog+8xU2B4rpdog==, pdfFileSize=1741555, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=hYi/8pclVKHi0s82zBmVzQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=nKmvOa5ZnkoPQ1ucWcwDjw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1281202787555971138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202631481725606, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1281202787950235716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202631481725606, authorId=1281202787555971138, language=EN, stringName=Lin-na CHEN, firstName=Lin-na, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266400, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1281202788277391429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202631481725606, authorId=1281202787555971138, language=CN, stringName=陈琳娜, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.中国海洋大学 工程学院,山东 青岛 266400, bio={"content":"

陈琳娜(2001–),女,硕士研究生

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陈琳娜(2001–),女,硕士研究生

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All parameters required in long-distance curved pipes

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名称符号/单位数值
管长 $ L/\text{m} $220.24
管径 $ D/\text{m} $0.2912
分段长度 $ \Delta {l}_{{\mathrm{s}}}/\text{m} $0.4368
流体密度 $ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{f}}}/(\text{kg}\cdot {\text{m}}^{{-3}} )$1025
流体动力粘度 $ {\mu }_{{\mathrm{f}}}/(\text{Pa}\cdot \text{s}) $0.001599
颗粒直径 $ {d}_{{\mathrm{p}}}/\text{mm} $20
颗粒密度 $ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{p}}}/(\text{kg}\cdot {\text{m}}^{{-3}}) $2000
颗粒与颗粒碰撞恢复系数 $ \eta $0.5
颗粒与壁面碰撞恢复系数 $ {\eta }_{{\mathrm{w}}} $0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1281202810230378612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202631481725606, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

长距离弯曲管道计算中所需要的参数

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名称符号/单位数值
管长 $ L/\text{m} $220.24
管径 $ D/\text{m} $0.2912
分段长度 $ \Delta {l}_{{\mathrm{s}}}/\text{m} $0.4368
流体密度 $ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{f}}}/(\text{kg}\cdot {\text{m}}^{{-3}} )$1025
流体动力粘度 $ {\mu }_{{\mathrm{f}}}/(\text{Pa}\cdot \text{s}) $0.001599
颗粒直径 $ {d}_{{\mathrm{p}}}/\text{mm} $20
颗粒密度 $ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{p}}}/(\text{kg}\cdot {\text{m}}^{{-3}}) $2000
颗粒与颗粒碰撞恢复系数 $ \eta $0.5
颗粒与壁面碰撞恢复系数 $ {\eta }_{{\mathrm{w}}} $0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1281202810586894453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1281202631481725606, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Design of working conditions

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输入参数工况1工况2工况3工况4工况5工况6工况7
进料浓度3%6%9%12%9%9%9%
混合物输送速度vm /(m·s−1)5555346
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工况设计

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输入参数工况1工况2工况3工况4工况5工况6工况7
进料浓度3%6%9%12%9%9%9%
混合物输送速度vm /(m·s−1)5555346
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长距离弯曲管道中高浓度矿石颗粒流的分析方法
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陈琳娜 1 , 王钰渺 1 , 周忠玮 1, 2 , 张日 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2026,30(5): 739-751
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船舶力学 |流体力学 2026 , 30 (5) : 739 -751
长距离弯曲管道中高浓度矿石颗粒流的分析方法
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陈琳娜(2001–),女,硕士研究生

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陈琳娜(2001–),女,硕士研究生

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陈琳娜1, 王钰渺1, 周忠玮1, 2, 张日1
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学 工程学院,山东 青岛 266400
  • 2.中交疏浚技术装备国家工程研究中心有限公司,上海 201314
通讯作者:
张 日(1987–),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

陈琳娜(2001–),女,硕士研究生

Analysis method for high-concentration mineral particle flow in long-distance curved pipes
Lin-na CHEN1, Yu-miao WANG1, Zhong-wei ZHOU1, 2, Ri ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266400, China
  • 2.National Engineering Research Center of Dredging Technology and Equipment, Shanghai 201314, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.007
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柔性软管是深海采矿系统中连接采矿车与中继站的关键纽带,以弯曲状态悬浮在采矿车上。本文基于之前开发的高浓度矿石颗粒垂直水力输送的一维模型(VHT_1D),通过将长距离弯曲管道离散成一系列斜管单元进行受力分析,将该模型适用条件从垂直管拓展到长距离弯曲管道。通过将拓展后的模型计算结果与计算流体动力学与离散元(CFD-DEM)双向耦合方法的计算结果进行充分对比,验证了该模型具有较高的精度。同时,进一步探讨了进料浓度和混合物输送速度等输入参数对管道内流态的影响,以此确定合理的输入参数范围,优化管道系统的输送效率。此外,通过对单峰与双峰长距离弯曲管道的水力梯度的对比分析,为输送泵的设计提供了依据。拓展后的模型在保证高精度的同时大大提升了计算效率,尤其适用于长距离弯曲管道。

矿石颗粒水力提升  /  颗粒流  /  双流体法  /  弯曲管道  /  柔性软管

The flexible hose connecting the deep-sea mining vehicle and the relay station is a key link in the deep-sea mining system and is suspended in a curved configuration above the mining vehicle. This paper extends the applicable conditions of the model from the vertical pipeline to the flexible hose based on the one-dimensional model (VHT_1D), by discretizing the long-distance curved pipelines into a series of inclined pipelines for force analysis. The extended model is fully compared with the key parameters calculated by the two-way coupling method of fluid dynamics and discrete elements (CFD-DEM), and this model shows high accuracy. At the same time, the influence of input parameters such as feed concentration and mixture transport velocity on the flow state in the pipeline is further explored. A reasonable range of input parameters is determined, and the conveying efficiency of the pipeline system is optimized. In addition, the hydraulic gradients in the single-peak and double-peak long-distance curved pipes are compared and analyzed, providing a basis for the design of the conveying pump. The extended model significantly improves computational efficiency while maintaining high accuracy, particularly for long-distance pipeline applications.

hydraulic lifting of mineral particles  /  particle flow  /  two-fluid method  /  curved pipes  /  flexible hose
陈琳娜, 王钰渺, 周忠玮, 张日. 长距离弯曲管道中高浓度矿石颗粒流的分析方法. 船舶力学, 2026 , 30 (5) : 739 -751 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.007
Lin-na CHEN, Yu-miao WANG, Zhong-wei ZHOU, Ri ZHANG. Analysis method for high-concentration mineral particle flow in long-distance curved pipes[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2026 , 30 (5) : 739 -751 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.007
深海采矿,特别是多金属结核的开采,近年来因其能够提供重要的关键金属(如镍、铜、钴、锰和稀土元素)而备受关注。这些金属对电子、能源和电动汽车等行业至关重要[1]。然而,深海采矿面临许多挑战,尤其是在长距离输送技术方面。多金属结核的输送通常依赖柔性软管等传输工具,这些工具必须在高压和低温的极端条件下运行[2]。柔性软管由金属层、聚合物层和织物层复合制成,这种多层结构能够在高内外压力、轴向负荷及其他各类负荷作用下保持稳定运行[3]。多金属结核通常位于海底4000~6000 m的深度。因此,采用长距离柔性软管输送矿石颗粒已成为未来获取深海资源的关键技术之一。
目前,关于固液两相混合物在管道中流动的研究通常集中在垂直管、水平管、斜管的流动特性方面[410]。Clauss[11]、Engelmann[12]、Xia[13]和Yang等[14]揭示了大颗粒(如锰结核)在垂直管道中的运动特性,探究管道内压降、浓度分布、输送速度、雷诺数、流动模式等参数的变化规律。Ravelet等[15]和Kaushal等[16]研究了高浓度浆料下水平管的压降和浓度变化规律。Doron和Barnea[17]采用实验装置获得了水平管固液混合物的压降和流动模式的实验数据,并与开发的三层模型[18]进行了比较,后续研究对试验设备进行了改进,探究了管道倾斜度对极限沉积速度与压降的影响[19]
随着计算技术的发展,研究人员开展了各种基于计算流体力学与离散元耦合(CFD-DEM)的数值模拟研究,包括VOF、Mixture、Eulerian和DPM模型等,这些模型被广泛用于流场模拟和计算[2022]。基于CFD-DEM耦合软件,You等[23]提出了一种基于平均算法的高密度颗粒水力输送的CFD-DEM模型,为优化颗粒输送效率提供了新思路;Zhao等[24]开发了内部接口代码,并将其与商用CFD-DEM软件深度结合,以研究不同作用力对流固耦合行为的影响。但是,长距离柔性软管输送过程的数值模拟受到高计算成本的限制,无法快速提供预测结果。
柔性管道系统作为提升系统的子系统,连接收集系统和提升系统,可最大限度地减少提升管道扭曲或振动影响,同时保证采矿车的自由运动,并传递锰结核和海水[25]。当柔性软管用于输送矿石混合物时,管道内不止存在一种流态,多种流型之间的相互转化会导致软管内的特征参数(颗粒速度、颗粒浓度和压力波动)发生非线性动态变化。管道系统会受到内部流动的显著影响,产生复杂的流动与结构响应[2627]。Zhu等[28]通过实验探讨了内部流动对涡激振动(VIV)的影响机制。Zhang等[29]建立了柔性软管传输高速螺旋流的流固耦合模型,得出内流速度对柔性软管的固有频率和振动变形的非线性影响。然而,受制于实验成本大和难度高等因素,针对柔性软管内部流场规律的研究很少。
针对上述难题,本文基于之前开发的垂直管道高浓度矿石颗粒输送一维模型(VHT_1D)[30]进行拓展,充分考虑柔性软管的形态特点,将原本适用于垂直管道的模型,成功扩展至长距离弯曲管道。在原模型基础上,通过调整软管内的轴向重力分量,深入研究了长距离弯曲管道中沿程流场的动态演变规律。通过与Liu等[31]的CFD-DEM结果进行对比,验证了本模型的预测准确性,并展现了较高的计算效率。本文的研究成果能够有效分析深海采矿柔性软管内部输运的流场规律,为软管的设计提供理论支撑。
由于柔性软管的运输跨度远大于管道直径,与横截面相比,矿物颗粒沿管道轴向的浓度和速度的变化比特定截面的变化更为显著。因此,可以将软管内流合理近似为一维固液两相流。本模型将颗粒系统视为拟流体,其控制方程是基于以下假设制定的:整个管道横截面上的颗粒与流场特性不变;颗粒为尺寸相同的球形颗粒;颗粒波动速度遵循麦克斯韦–玻尔兹曼分布。
图1所示,在无穷小段$ \Delta l $中,$ \varphi $属性总和的变化由三个因素引起。第一个因素是每个粒子属性的固有变化。第二个因素是颗粒进出无穷小段造成的,可视为颗粒流对流的影响。第三个因素是由颗粒与颗粒间的碰撞引起的。因此,无穷小段中的$ \varphi $属性总和的变化率可表示为[30]
$\begin{split} \dfrac{\partial }{\partial t}\left(n\left\langle \varphi \right\rangle \text{d}l\right)=&{\varPhi }_{\mathrm{in}}\left(\varphi \right)\text{d}l+\\& {\varPhi }_{\text{flux}}\left(\varphi \right)\text{d}l+{\varPhi }_{\text{col}}\left(\varphi \right)\text{d}l\end{split} $
式中:$ t $为时间;$ n $为单位长度上的颗粒数;$ \left\langle \right\rangle $为平均值;$ l $为颗粒沿管道轴向的坐标。
$ \varphi $属性变化引起的固有属性项$ {\varPhi }_{\mathrm{in}} $
$ {\varPhi }_{\mathrm{in}}\left(\varphi \right)= n\left\langle \dfrac{\text{d}\varphi \left(l,\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v},t\right)}{\text{d}t}\right\rangle =n\left\langle \dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial t}+\dfrac{\text{d}l}{\text{d}t}\dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial l}+\dfrac{\text{d}\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}{\text{d}t}\cdot \dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial \overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}\right\rangle = n\left\langle \dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial t}\right\rangle +n\left\langle {v}_{l}\dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial l}\right\rangle +n\left\langle \overset{\rightharpoonup }{F}\cdot \dfrac{\partial \varphi }{\partial \overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}\right\rangle$
颗粒流对流引起的对流项$ {\varPhi }_{\text{flux}} $
$ {\varPhi }_{\text{flux}}\left(\varphi \right)=\dfrac{1}{\Delta l\Delta t}\left[n\left\langle \varphi \right\rangle {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}\Delta t-n\left\langle \varphi \right\rangle {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}\Delta t-\dfrac{\partial n\left\langle \varphi \right\rangle {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}\Delta t}{\partial l}\Delta l\right]=-\dfrac{\partial }{\partial l}n\left\langle \varphi \right\rangle {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $
颗粒与颗粒间的碰撞引起的碰撞项$ {\varPhi }_{\text{col}} $
$ {\varPhi }_{\text{col}}\left(\varphi \right)=\left[\chi \left(\varphi \right)-\nabla \cdot \Theta \left(\varphi \right)\right]A $
$ \Theta \left(\varphi \right)=-\dfrac{d_{{\mathrm{p}}}^{3}}{2}{\int }_{{{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{12}}\cdot \overset{\rightharpoonup }{o} \gt 0}\left({{{\varphi }^{\prime}}}_{1}-{\varphi }_{1}\right)\left({\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{12}\cdot \overset{\rightharpoonup }{o}\right)\overset{\rightharpoonup }{o}{f}^{\left(2\right)}\left({\overset{\rightharpoonup }{r}}_{1},{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{1};{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{r}}_{2},{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{2};t\right)\text{d}\overset{\rightharpoonup }{o}\text{d}{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{1}\text{d}{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{2} $
$ \chi \left(\varphi \right)=\dfrac{d_{{\mathrm{p}}}^{2}}{2}{\int }_{{{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{12}}\cdot \overset{\rightharpoonup }{o} \gt 0}\left({{{\varphi }^{\prime}}}_{1}-{\varphi }_{1}+{{{\varphi }^{\prime}}}_{2}-{\varphi }_{2}\right)\left({\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{12}\cdot \overset{\rightharpoonup }{o}\right){f}^{\left(2\right)}\left({\overset{\rightharpoonup }{r}}_{1},{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{1};{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{r}}_{2},{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{2};t\right)\text{d}\overset{\rightharpoonup }{o}\text{d}{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{1}\text{d}{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{2} $
式中:$ \overrightarrow{v} $为单个颗粒的速度;$ {v}_{l} $为颗粒沿轴向的速度;$ \overrightarrow{F} $为颗粒受到的外力;$ {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $$ \left\langle {v}_{l}\right\rangle $$ A $为管道横截面积;$ {d}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $为颗粒直径;$ {\varphi }_{1}、{\varphi }_{2} $为碰撞前颗粒1、2的属性;$ {{{\varphi }^{\prime}}}_{1}、{{{\varphi }^{\prime}}}_{2} $为碰撞后颗粒1、2的属性;$ {\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{12} $为颗粒1、2的相对速度,$ {\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{12}={\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{1}-{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{2} $$ \overset{\rightharpoonup }{o} $为两颗粒中心之间的方向向量,$ \overset{\rightharpoonup }{o}=\left({\overset{\rightharpoonup }{r}}_{2}-{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{r}}_{1}\right)/{d}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $$ {f}^{\left(2\right)}\left({\overset{\rightharpoonup }{r}}_{1},{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{1};{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{r}}_{2},{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{2};t\right) $为在$ t $$ {\overset{\rightharpoonup }{r}}_{1} $$ {\overset{\rightharpoonup }{r}}_{2} $处的颗粒对数量密度,速度分别为$ {\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{1} $$ {\overset{\rightharpoonup }{v}}_{2} $
$ \varphi =m $代入式(1),可得颗粒流的质量方程为[30]
$ \dfrac{\partial {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial t}+{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}\dfrac{\partial {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial l}+{v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}\dfrac{\partial {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial l}=0 $
式中:$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}} $为颗粒体积浓度。
考虑到长距离弯曲管道内是一维固液流动,径向重力分量对轴向运动不产生影响,仅考虑轴向重力分量;每个部分的分段长度为$ \Delta {l}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $且足够小以确保每个管道分段近似为具有恒定倾角的直管段。基于以上假设,将$ \varphi =m\overrightarrow{v} $代入式(1),可得颗粒流沿管道轴向的动量方程为[30]
$ \dfrac{\partial {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial t}+{v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}\dfrac{\partial {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial l}=\left\langle {F}_{l}\right\rangle -\dfrac{1}{{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}\dfrac{\partial \lambda \alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{2}}{\partial l} $
$ \lambda =2\left(1+\eta \right)h\sqrt{T}\left\{\sqrt{T}-\dfrac{6{d}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{5\sqrt{{\text{π}} }}\dfrac{\partial {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial l}\right\} $
式中:$ \left\langle {F}_{l}\right\rangle $$ l $方向的平均外力;$ \lambda $为中间参数;$ \eta $为颗粒–颗粒碰撞的垂直恢复系数; $ h= {\left[1-{\left({\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}/0.6436\right)}^{1/3}\right]}^{-1} $为平衡径向分布函数[3233]$ T $为颗粒波动动能,$ T=\left\langle {V}^{2}\right\rangle /3 $$ V $是颗粒波动速度。
$ \varphi =m{v}^{2}/2 $代入式(1),可得颗粒流的动能方程为[30]
$ \dfrac{\partial T}{\partial t}+{v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial l}=\dfrac{2}{3}\beta -\dfrac{2}{3}{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}\lambda \dfrac{\partial {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial l}-\dfrac{2}{3{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}\dfrac{\partial \kappa \alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{2}}{\partial l}-\dfrac{2}{3}{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}\varsigma $
$ \beta =\left\langle {\overset{\rightharpoonup }{F}}^{\prime}\cdot \overset{\rightharpoonup }{V}\right\rangle =\dfrac{3{C}_{{\mathrm{D}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{f}}}}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{p}}}{d}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}\left[\dfrac{45{C}_{{\mathrm{D}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{f}}}{\xi }^{4}v_{*}^{4}{t}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{16{\rho }_{{\mathrm{p}}}{d}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{{\text{π}} }}{\left(2T\right)}^{\dfrac{3}{2}}\right] $
$ \kappa =2{d}_{{\mathrm{p}}}h\left(1+\eta \right){\left(\dfrac{T}{{\text{π}} }\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{2}}\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial l} $
$ \varsigma =3h\left(1-{\eta }^{2}\right)T\left(\dfrac{4}{{d}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}\sqrt{\dfrac{T}{{\text{π}} }}-\dfrac{\partial {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial l}\right) $
式中:$ \beta $$ \kappa $$ \varsigma $为中间参数;$ {\overset{\rightharpoonup }{F}}^{\prime}=\overset{\rightharpoonup }{F}-{\overset{\rightharpoonup }{F}}_{{\mathrm{l}}} $为颗粒波动外力;$ \left\langle {\overset{\rightharpoonup }{F}}^{\prime}\cdot \overset{\rightharpoonup }{V}\right\rangle $为颗粒波动外力与颗粒波动速度点积的均值;$ {C}_{{\mathrm{D}}} $为拖曳力系数;$ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{p}}} $为颗粒密度;$ {\rho }_{{\mathrm{f}}} $为流体密度;$ {t}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $为颗粒响应时间;$ \xi $为与管壁碰撞的颗粒比例;$ {v}_{*} $为摩阻速度。
输送流体的质量方程为[30]
$ \dfrac{\partial {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial t}-\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial l}+{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial l}+u\dfrac{\partial {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial l}=0 $
式中:$ u $为流体速度。
输送流体的动量方程为[30]
$ \dfrac{\partial u}{\partial t}+u\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial l}=-\dfrac{1}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{f}}}}\dfrac{\partial P}{\partial l}-{g}^{\prime}-\dfrac{{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{1-{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}\dfrac{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{f}}}}{F}_{D}-\dfrac{{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{1-{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}\dfrac{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{f}}}}{F}_{{\mathrm{vm}}}-\dfrac{4v_{*}^{2}}{\left(1-{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}\right)D} $
$ v_{*}^{2}=\dfrac{{\tau }_{{\mathrm{w}}}}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{f}}}} $
式中:$ \partial P/\partial l $为压降;$ {g}^{\prime} $为轴向重力分量;$ {F}_{{\mathrm{D}}} $为拖曳力;$ {F}_{{\mathrm{vm}}} $为虚拟质量力;$ D $为管道直径;$ {\tau }_{{\mathrm{w}}} $为壁面剪切力。
颗粒流外力包括轴向重力分量$ {g}^{\prime} $、压力梯度力$ {F}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $、拖曳力$ {F}_{{\mathrm{D}}} $、虚拟质量力$ {F}_{{\mathrm{vm}}} $和颗粒碰撞壁面产生的阻力$ {F}_{{\mathrm{wall}}} $,颗粒流的平均外力为[30]
$ {F}_{l}=-{g}^{\prime}+{F}_{{\mathrm{p}}}+{F}_{{\mathrm{D}}}+{F}_{{\mathrm{vm}}}-{F}_{{\mathrm{wall}}} $
$ {g}^{\prime}=\overrightarrow{g}\cdot \overrightarrow{e}=\overrightarrow{g}\cdot \dfrac{\left(\dfrac{\text{d}x}{\text{d}s},\dfrac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}s},\dfrac{\text{d}z}{\text{d}s}\right)}{\sqrt{{\left(\dfrac{\text{d}x}{\text{d}s}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\dfrac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}s}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\dfrac{\text{d}z}{\text{d}s}\right)}^{2}}} $
$ {F}_{{\mathrm{p}}}=-\dfrac{1}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}\dfrac{\partial P}{\partial l} $
$ {F}_{{\mathrm{D}}}=\dfrac{3{C}_{{\mathrm{D}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{f}}}}{4{d}_{{\mathrm{p}}}{\rho }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}\left| u-{v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}\right| \left(u-{v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}\right) $
$ {F}_{{\mathrm{vm}}}={C}_{{\mathrm{vm}}}\dfrac{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{f}}}}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}\left(\dfrac{\text{d}{v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\text{d}t}-\dfrac{\text{d}u}{\text{d}t}\right) $
$ {F}_{{\mathrm{wall}}}=\dfrac{2{v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}\left(1-{\eta }_{{\mathrm{w}}}\right)}{\left(D-{d}_{{\mathrm{p}}}\right)}\sqrt{\dfrac{2T}{{\text{π}} }} $
式中:$ \overrightarrow{g} $为重力加速度矢量;$ \overrightarrow{e} $为沿管道轴向的单位向量;$ (\text{d}x/\text{d}s,\text{d}y/\text{d}s,\text{d}z/\text{d}s) $为管道在三个方向上位置随参数$ s $的变化率,$ \sqrt{{\left(\text{d}x/\text{d}s\right)}^{2}+{\left(\text{d}y/\text{d}s\right)}^{2}+{\left(\text{d}z/\text{d}s\right)}^{2}} $为相应的模长;$ {C}_{{\mathrm{vm}}} $为虚拟质量力系数;$ {\eta }_{{\mathrm{w}}} $为颗粒与壁面碰撞的切向恢复系数。
本文采用MacCormack方法[34]求解控制方程。数值计算程序包括时间导数估计、时间导数修正、压力梯度迭代和时间推进四个模块。数值计算流程图如图2所示。首先,根据长距离弯曲管道的几何构造和分段长度,确定节点坐标。第$ i $段管道的两个端点分别为$ ({x}_{i-1},{y}_{i-1},{z}_{i-1}) $$ ({x}_{i},{y}_{i},{z}_{i}) $,用$ x $替换中间参数$ s $,得到式(18)的离散格式为
$ {{{g}^{\prime}}}_{i}=\overset{\rightharpoonup }{g}\cdot \dfrac{\left(1,\dfrac{{y}_{i}-{y}_{i-1}}{{x}_{i}-{x}_{i-1}},\dfrac{{z}_{i}-{z}_{i-1}}{{x}_{i}-{x}_{i-1}}\right)}{\sqrt{1+{\left(\dfrac{{y}_{i}-{y}_{i-1}}{{x}_{i}-{x}_{i-1}}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\dfrac{{z}_{i}-{z}_{i-1}}{{x}_{i}-{x}_{i-1}}\right)}^{2}}} $
接着,使用向后差分计算颗粒浓度$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}} $、颗粒速度$ {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $和颗粒波动动能$ T $的时间导数为
$ \left(\frac{\partial \alpha_{\mathrm{p}}}{\partial t}\right)_i^t=-\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t \frac{v_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t-v_{{\mathrm{p}} i-1}^t}{\Delta l}-v_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t \frac{\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t-\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i-1}^t}{\Delta l} $
$ \left(\frac{\partial v_{\mathrm{p}}}{\partial t}\right)_i^t=-g^{\prime}-\frac{1}{\rho_{\mathrm{p}}}\left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial l}\right)_i^t+F_{D i}^t+F_{{\mathrm{v m}} i}^t-F_{{\mathrm{w a l l}} i}^t-v_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t \frac{v_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t-v_{{\mathrm{p}} i-1}^t}{\Delta l}-2 \lambda_i^t \frac{\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t-\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i-1}^t}{\Delta l}-\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t \frac{\lambda_i^t-\lambda_{i-1}^t}{\Delta l} $
$ \left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}\right)_i^t=-v_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t \frac{T_i^t-T_{i-1}^t}{\Delta l}+\frac{2}{3} \beta_i^t-\frac{2}{3} \alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t \lambda_i^t \frac{v_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t-v_{{\mathrm{p}} i-1}^t}{\Delta l}-\frac{2}{3} \alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t \frac{\kappa_i^t-\kappa_{i-1}^t}{\Delta l}-\frac{4}{3} \kappa_i^t \frac{\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t-\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i-1}^t}{\Delta l}-\frac{2}{3} \alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t S_i^t $
根据式(24)、(25)和(26)估算出下一时间步的参数为
$ \widetilde{\alpha}_{{\mathrm{p}}_i}^{t+\Delta t}=\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t+\left(\frac{\partial \alpha_{\mathrm{p}}}{\partial t}\right)_i^t \Delta t $
$ \widetilde{v}_{{\mathrm{p}}_i}^{t+\Delta t}=v_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t+\left(\frac{\partial v_{\mathrm{p}}}{\partial t}\right)_i^t \Delta t $
$ \widetilde{T}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}=T_{i}^{t}+\left(\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial t}\right)_{i}^{t}\Delta t $
使用向前差分计算修正后的时间导数为
$ \widetilde{\left(\dfrac{\partial {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial t}\right)}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}=-{\widetilde{{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}\dfrac{{\widetilde{{v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i+1}^{t+\Delta t}-{\widetilde{{v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}}{\Delta l}-{\widetilde{{v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}\dfrac{{\widetilde{{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i+1}^{t+\Delta t}-{\widetilde{{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}}{\Delta l} $
$ \begin{split} \widetilde{\left(\dfrac{\partial {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial t}\right)}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}=&-{g}^{\prime}-\dfrac{1}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}\left(\dfrac{\partial P}{\partial l}\right)_{i}^{t}+{\widetilde{{F}_{D}}}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}+{\widetilde{{F}_{{\mathrm{vm}}}}}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}-{\widetilde{{F}_{{\mathrm{wall}}}}}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}-{\widetilde{{v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}\dfrac{{\widetilde{{v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i+1}^{t+\Delta t}-{\widetilde{{v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}}{\Delta l}-\\& 2\tilde{\lambda }_{i}^{t+\Delta t}\dfrac{{\widetilde{{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i+1}^{t+\Delta t}-{\widetilde{{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}}{\Delta l}-{\widetilde{{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}\dfrac{\tilde{\lambda }_{i+1}^{t+\Delta t}-\tilde{\lambda }_{i}^{t+\Delta t}}{\Delta l}\end{split}$
$ \begin{split} \left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}\right)_i^{t+\Delta t}= & -v_{{\mathrm{p}}_i}{ }^{t+\Delta t} \frac{\tilde{T}_{i+1}^{t+\Delta t}-\tilde{T}_i^{t+\Delta t}}{\Delta l}+\frac{2}{3} \tilde{\beta}_i^{t+\Delta t}-\frac{2}{3} \alpha_{{\mathrm{p}}_i}{ }^{t+\Delta t} \tilde{\lambda}_i^{t+\Delta t} \frac{v_{{\mathrm{p}}_{i+1}}{ }^{t+\Delta t}-v_{{\mathrm{p}}_i}{ }^{t+\Delta t}}{\Delta l}- \\& \frac{2}{3} \alpha_{{\mathrm{p}}_i}{ }^{t+\Delta t} \frac{\tilde{\kappa}_{i+1}^{t+\Delta t}-\tilde{\kappa}_i^{t+\Delta t}}{\Delta l}-\frac{4}{3} \tilde{\kappa}_i^{t+\Delta t} \frac{\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}}_{i+1}}{ }^{t+\Delta t}-\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}}_i}{ }^{t+\Delta t}}{\Delta l}-\frac{2}{3} \alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}{ }^{t+\Delta t} \tilde{\zeta}_i^{t+\Delta t}\end{split}$
根据连续流体的质量方程计算流体速度$ u $$ l $的导数为
$ \left(\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial l}\right)_{i}^{t+\Delta t}=\dfrac{1}{1-{\widetilde{{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}}\left[\widetilde{\left(\dfrac{\partial {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial t}\right)}_{i}^{t+\Delta t}+u_{i}^{t}\left(\dfrac{{\widetilde{{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i+1}^{t+\Delta t}-{\widetilde{{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}}_{i-1}^{t+\Delta t}}{2\Delta l}\right)\right] $
根据式(33),得到流体速度$ u $
$ u_{i}^{t+\Delta t}=u_{i-1}^{t+\Delta t}+\left(\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial l}\right)_{i}^{t+\Delta t}\Delta l $
流体速度$ u $的时间导数校正为
$ \left(\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial t}\right)_{i}^{t}=\dfrac{u_{i}^{t+\Delta t}-u_{i}^{t}}{\Delta t} $
随后,计算校正后的压力梯度,作为数值迭代的收敛标准为
$ -\left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial l}\right)_i^t=\rho_{\mathrm{f}} u_i^t \frac{u_{i+1}^t-u_{i-1}^t}{2 \Delta l}+\rho_{\mathrm{f}}\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}\right)_i^t+\rho_{\mathrm{f}} g^{\prime}+\rho_{\mathrm{p}} \frac{\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t}{1-\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t} F_{{\mathrm{D}} i}^t+\rho_{\mathrm{p}} \frac{\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t}{1-\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t} F_{{\mathrm{v m}} i}^t+\frac{4 \rho_{\mathrm{f}}}{D} \frac{\left(v_{* i}^t\right)^2}{1-\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t}$
$ \left| \dfrac{\widetilde{\left(\dfrac{\partial P}{\partial l}\right)}_{i}^{t}-\left(\dfrac{\partial P}{\partial l}\right)_{i}^{t}}{\left(\dfrac{\partial P}{\partial l}\right)_{i}^{t}}\right| \lt {\varepsilon }_{c} $
当数值迭代在一个时间步长内收敛时,将向后和向前差分平均得到时间导数$ \overline{\left(\dfrac{\partial {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial t}\right)}_{i}^{t} $$ \overline{\left(\dfrac{\partial {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}}{\partial t}\right)}_{i}^{t} $$ \overline{\left(\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial t}\right)}_{i}^{t} $,根据平均时间导数得到下一个时间步的流场特征为
$ \alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^{t+\Delta t}=\alpha_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t+\overline{\left(\frac{\partial \alpha_{\mathrm{p}}}{\partial t}\right)_i} \Delta t $
$ v_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^{t+\Delta t}=v_{{\mathrm{p}} i}^t+\overline{\left(\frac{\partial v_{\mathrm{p}}}{\partial t}\right)_i^t} \Delta t$
$ T_{i}^{t+\Delta t}=T_{i}^{t}+\overline{\left(\dfrac{\partial T}{\partial t}\right)}_{i}^{t}\Delta t $
$ u_{i}^{t+\Delta t}=u_{i}^{t}+\left(\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial t}\right)_{i}^{t}\Delta t $
从Liu等[31]的CFD-DEM研究中选取了进料浓度$ \alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{1} $为9%,混合物输送速度$ {v}_{{\mathrm{m}}} $为5 m/s时的工况。为了确保计算结果与网格划分无关,采用不同的微元长度(以管道直径$ D $的倍数表示)对网格独立性进行了验证。
图3可以看出,在相同工况下,颗粒体积浓度与输送速度随微元长度的变化很小,可以认为计算结果不受网格划分的影响。考虑到计算精度和计算效率,本文选取微元长度为$ 1.5D $的方案进行网格划分。
在现有文献中,未找到柔性软管的实验数据进行直接对比分析。为此,本文选取了Xia等[13]在垂直管道下,进料浓度$ \alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{1} $为10%和15%时测得的水力梯度$ I $的实验数据,作为参考进行对比研究。从工程设计和应用角度来看,水力梯度是关键参数,直接影响水泵设计的优化与效率。此处,水力梯度的计算方法为:管道两端的水头差值与管道总长度的比值。所有情况下总体平均绝对百分比误差$ \chi $的计算公式为
$ \chi =\dfrac{1}{k}\sum \limits_{i=1}^{n}\left| \dfrac{{P}_{i}-{E}_{i}}{{E}_{i}}\right| \times 100\mathrm{\% } $
式中:$ {E}_{i} $为对照数据,$ {P}_{i} $为预测值,$ k $为选取的数据点总数。
图4中横坐标为水力梯度实验值,纵坐标为水力梯度预测值,从图中可以看出,数据点均匀地分布在虚线的两侧,表明本模型的预测值与实验值吻合得较好,误差可能源于实验与本模型采用的管道壁面材料特性不同,体现在壁面恢复系数和粗糙度等参数的差异。将本模型的预测值与Xia等[13]的实验结果进行对比后,得到进料浓度为10%时的$ \chi $为9.41%,进料浓度为15%时的$ \chi $为9.09%。这一偏差幅度处于可接受的范围内,表明本模型能够有效预测高浓度固液混合物的水力梯度变化,为相关工程应用和研究提供了可靠的理论依据。
为评估本模型的准确性,将模型预测值与Liu等[31]采用CFD-DEM耦合方法得到的模拟值进行对比分析。Liu等[31]通过设置单峰和双峰两种典型浮力布局,对颗粒与海水混合物在柔性软管的动态过程进行了系统性研究。在具体计算过程中,采用跨度125 m的长距离弯曲管道,选用直径20 mm的球形颗粒。在管道入口2 m处通过喷射器注入颗粒,并在管道沿程设置监视器对颗粒体积浓度$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}} $、颗粒输送速度$ {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $和水力梯度$ I $等局部特征进行量化描述。设定的初始条件包括:进料浓度$ \alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{1} $为9%,混合物输送速度$ {v}_{{\mathrm{m}}} $为5 m/s。图5是单峰和双峰的浮力布局,表1列出了计算所需的所有参数。考虑到实际应用中采矿车与中继站之间的迁移速度相对较低,可以合理忽略柔性软管运动速度对混合物输送过程的影响,将研究重点集中在关键参数的相互关系及其变化趋势上。
图6(a)图6(b)中红色曲线为本模型的预测值,黑色曲线为Liu等[31]CFD-DEM的模拟值。在管道上升段,颗粒受重力和颗粒壁面接触力等作用的阻碍向上运动。由于颗粒密度大于流体密度,颗粒在管道进口处逐渐堆积,颗粒体积浓度上升,颗粒输送速度下降。此时,颗粒体积浓度始终高于进料浓度,颗粒输送速度始终低于混合物输送速度。相反,在管道下降段,重力成为混合物的主要驱动力,颗粒被加速并迅速分散。此时,颗粒体积浓度始终低于进料浓度,颗粒输送速度始终高于混合物输送速度。
图6(a)中本模型的预测值比CFD-DEM模拟值较早达到峰值;图6(b)中本模型的预测值比CFD-DEM模拟值较早达到较低值。整体上,两个关键参数的模型预测曲线相较于CFD-DEM曲线存在一定程度的提前。这是由于本模型假设颗粒和流场特性在整个管道横截面上保持不变,忽略了局部颗粒堆积和流场特性的横向变化,使得本模型对颗粒体积浓度和输送速度的动态响应更快。此外,本模型对边界条件和初始条件进行了简化处理,假定进料均匀且颗粒分布为理想状态,加速了颗粒堆积的过程。从图中可以看出,本模型的曲线与CFD-DEM曲线主要区别在于管道入口处,CFD-DEM曲线较为平滑,而本模型的曲线变化幅度较大。这是由于在入口区域,颗粒和流体呈现较明显的截面非均匀分布,本模型假设截面特性均匀,无法捕捉颗粒随管道逐渐均匀化的过程,使得变化幅度集中在管道入口区域。
经过与Liu等[31]的计算结果对比,结果显示颗粒体积浓度曲线的$ \chi $为7.73%,颗粒输送速度曲线的$ \chi $为9.03%,均低于10%。这一结果表明,本模型在颗粒体积浓度和颗粒输送速度的预测上,与CFD-DEM模拟值具有较高的一致性,展现了良好的预测性能。
图6(c)图6(d)可以看出,在双峰形态下,颗粒体积浓度和颗粒输送速度的模型预测值与CFD-DEM模拟值的曲线轨迹基本重合。此外,本模型与CFD-DEM曲线管道入口处变化幅度的差异与单峰管道类似。与CFD-DEM曲线相比,本模型的曲线在管道进口的一段区域内,颗粒体积浓度和颗粒输送速度的变化较为平缓。这是由于在第一个管道上升阶段,管道的倾角较大,相当于大倾角的直管。颗粒在管壁上的堆积效应增强,使其无法被流体迅速携带,由于颗粒密度大于流体密度,颗粒体积浓度不会迅速下降。此外,管道倾角的增大可能增强了湍流效应,促进了颗粒在流体中的混合,颗粒和流体需要更多的时间来调整与响应。对于其余管道阶段,倾角较为平缓,类似于单峰管道,颗粒输送行为呈现出与单峰管道相似的趋势。
经与Liu等[31]的计算结果对比,结果显示颗粒体积浓度曲线的$ \chi $为4.61%,颗粒输送速度曲线的$ \chi $为5.52%,均低于10%,且低于相同工况下单峰管道的对应值。这表明,在与CFD-DEM双峰管道的对比中,本模型展现出了优异的预测性能。
图7中横坐标为CFD-DEM的水力梯度模拟值,纵坐标为本模型的水力梯度预测值,黑色数据点为单峰管道,红色数据点为双峰管道。经过计算,与Liu等[31]的对比结果显示,单峰管道的$ \chi $为16.39%,双峰管道的$ \chi $为24.06%,$ \chi $均低于30%,这一结果的偏差在可接受的范围内。表明在长距离弯曲管道水力梯度的计算上,该模型表现出了良好的预测性能。在相同情况下,CFD-DEM仿真可能需要几周时间才能完成,而本模型只需几分钟就能得出结果。本模型在保证预测精度的同时,大大提高了计算效率。
进料浓度$ \alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{1} $和混合物输送速度$ {v}_{{\mathrm{m}}} $是影响管道内流态的关键因素。适当的进料浓度能提高颗粒流动效率,有效减少堵塞风险,合适的输送速度在能耗和输送效率之间实现平衡。因此,本文基于Liu等[31]的单峰管道设置了7组工况,如表2所示,探讨进料浓度和混合物输送速度对管道内流态的具体影响机制。
图8(a)、8(b)可以看出,混合物输送速度为5 m/s时,当进料浓度从3%增加到12%,整体趋势基本保持不变,最大颗粒体积浓度和最小颗粒输送速度出现在相同位置。表明该位置是颗粒容易堆积的区域,也是输送效率最低的区域,可以采用辅助冲洗装置及选用耐磨损材料,降低颗粒的堆积风险。低浓度时,$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}/\alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{1} $$ {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}/{v}_{{\mathrm{m}}} $变化幅度较大,当$ \alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{1}\geq 6\mathrm{\% } $后,$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}/\alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{1} $$ {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}/{v}_{{\mathrm{m}}} $变化幅度逐渐减小。表明当进料浓度达到临界值后,管道内固液混合物的动态变化对进料浓度不再敏感。原因如下:首先,在较高浓度下,颗粒间的相互作用增强,拟流体粘性增大,颗粒分布趋于均匀,流体的流动特性趋于稳定。其次,颗粒在流体中的分布、沉降和扩散趋于平稳,系统进入了相对稳定的流动状态。因此,即使进料浓度继续增加,颗粒输送速度和颗粒体积浓度的变化趋势仍然保持相对稳定。
图8(c)、8(d)可以看出,进料浓度为9%时,混合物输送速度从3 m/s增加到6 m/s,总体趋势保持一致,变化幅度表现出明显差异。$ {v}_{{\mathrm{m}}} $ = 3 m/s时,$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}/\alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{1} $$ {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}/{v}_{m} $变化幅度较大,上升段的$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}} $超过了$ \alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{1} $的1.5倍,$ {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}} $下降到$ {v}_{{\mathrm{m}}} $的0.7倍以下。在工程应用中,较低的混合物输送速度是相当危险的,会显著增加管道堵塞的风险。当$ {v}_{{\mathrm{m}}}\geq$4 m/s后,$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{p}}}/\alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{1} $$ {v}_{{\mathrm{p}}}/{v}_{{\mathrm{m}}} $的变化幅度逐渐减小,表明当混合物输送速度达到临界值后,管道内固液混合物的动态变化对混合物输送速度的变化不再敏感。原因主要有:随着混合物输送速度的增加,流体对颗粒的拖曳力增大,颗粒的运动与流体更加同步,使得变化幅度逐步减小。其次,湍流效应增强了颗粒的混合和扩散,使得颗粒输送速度更加稳定。最后,高速流动减少了颗粒在管道内的沉积效应,进一步提升了混合物输送的稳定性。
以深海采矿工程为应用背景,本文拓展了一种用于分析长距离弯曲管道中矿石颗粒输送的模型。本模型将长距离弯曲管道离散为若干段斜管,并通过迭代计算进行流场分析,通过调整管道内轴向重力的大小来模拟流场变化。控制方程涵盖了颗粒流的质量、动量和动能方程,以及连续流体的质量和动量方程。本模型的实现通过四个模块完成:时间导数估计、时间导数修正、压力梯度迭代和时间推进。在研究过程中,对长距离弯曲管道内固液混合物的输送动力学进行了深入分析,将颗粒体积浓度和颗粒输送速度的计算结果与Liu等[31]基于CFD-DEM耦合方法得出的模拟值进行了对比,验证了本模型的准确性。同时,对输入参数进行了敏感性分析,评估输入参数对弯曲管道内固液混合物输送性能的影响。本模型在效率和宏观趋势的表征方面具有较强的实际应用价值,尤其在工程实践中,能够快速提供预测结果,展现出优越的适用性。主要结论如下:
(1)通过与Xia等[13]垂直管实验的水力梯度进行对比,$ \alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{1}=10\mathrm{\% } $$ \chi $为9.41%,$ \alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{1}=15\mathrm{\% } $$ \chi $为9.09%,该偏差处于可接受范围内,验证了本模型预测高浓度固液混合物水力梯度的准确性。
(2)对于单峰管道,与CFD-DEM对比的颗粒体积浓度和颗粒输送速度的$ \chi $分别为7.73%和9.03%;对于双峰管道,颗粒体积浓度和颗粒输送速度的$ \chi $分别为4.61%和5.52%。这表明本模型在预测长距离弯曲管道中混合物输送的关键参数时表现出优异的性能,且在双峰管道中的预测精度高于单峰管道。
(3)当$ {v}_{{\mathrm{m}}} $ = 5 m/s,$ \alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{1}\geq 6\mathrm{\% } $后,管道内固液混合物的动态变化对于进料浓度的变化不再敏感。同样,当$ \alpha _{{\mathrm{p}}}^{1}=9\mathrm{\% } $$ {v}_{{\mathrm{m}}}\geq $ 4 m/s后,管道内部的动态特性对于混合物输送速度的变化也不再敏感。这表明在工程实际应用中,通过确定合理的临界进料浓度和混合物输送速度范围,能有效提高管道系统的输送效率。

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2026年第30卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2026.05.007
  • 接收时间:2025-09-15
  • 首发时间:2026-07-07
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-15
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    1.中国海洋大学 工程学院,山东 青岛 266400
    2.中交疏浚技术装备国家工程研究中心有限公司,上海 201314

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张 日(1987–),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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