Article(id=1243896551681143497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896547704947617, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.10.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744387200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774497648401, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1760889600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774497648401, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774497648401, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774497648401, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243896547704947617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='10', pageStart='1499', pageEnd='1662', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774497647453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774501638614, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243913287902020448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896547704947617, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243913287902020449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896547704947617, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1649, endPage=1662, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243896552205431501, articleId=1243896551681143497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Review and prospects of the acoustic analogy theory in flow acoustics, columnId=1242150510002775025, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Comprehensive Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The acoustic analogy theory is currently the most significant theoretical framework in the field of flow acoustics, with widespread engineering applications. Thus, this paper focuses on the development history and engineering applications of the acoustic analogy theory, concentrating on the three core issues: sound sources, acoustic variables, and wave operators. It then analyzes and prospects the future research of the acoustic analogy theory, considering the major needs in China and adapting to the era of artificial intelligence. The purpose is to provide some useful references for scholars through the analysis and summary of the acoustic analogy theory, and also to offer possible solutions for some engineering problems.

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目前,声比拟理论是流动声学领域中理论价值最重要、工程应用最广泛的理论体系。因此,在流动声学研究的第三个黄金时代来临之际,本文以声比拟理论的发展历程和典型应用为主线,围绕声比拟理论的三大核心问题(声源、声学变量和波动算子)对已有的研究工作进行回顾和总结,并在此基础上,从面向我国重大需求和立足人工智能时代两个方面对声比拟理论的未来研究进行了分析和展望。其目的是希望通过对声比拟理论的分析和总结,为感兴趣的学者提供一些有益的参考,同时能为一些工程问题的解决提供可能的思路。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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徐辰(1983-),女,博士,副教授

毛义军(1981-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Three golden ages of flow acoustic research

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黄金时代背景特征学术意义应用价值
第一个航空噪声的控制需求声比拟理论的提出和发展为流动噪声提供定性分析的理论研究工具或半经验的预测模型快但不准
第二个计算机仿真技术应用数值方法的建立与应用为流动噪声提供定量分析的数值预测工具准但不快
第三个人工智能技术应用人工智能技术在流动声学研究中的深度融合为流动噪声的优化设计提供技术支撑又准又快
), ArticleFig(id=1243896559302193995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896551681143497, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

流动声学研究的三个黄金时代

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
黄金时代背景特征学术意义应用价值
第一个航空噪声的控制需求声比拟理论的提出和发展为流动噪声提供定性分析的理论研究工具或半经验的预测模型快但不准
第二个计算机仿真技术应用数值方法的建立与应用为流动噪声提供定量分析的数值预测工具准但不快
第三个人工智能技术应用人工智能技术在流动声学研究中的深度融合为流动噪声的优化设计提供技术支撑又准又快
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流动声学声比拟理论的回顾与展望
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徐辰 1 , 毛义军 2
船舶力学 | 研究综述 2025,29(10): 1649-1662
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船舶力学 | 研究综述 2025, 29(10): 1649-1662
流动声学声比拟理论的回顾与展望
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徐辰1, 毛义军2
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
  • 2.华中科技大学 航空航天学院,武汉 430074
  • 徐辰(1983-),女,博士,副教授

    毛义军(1981-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Review and prospects of the acoustic analogy theory in flow acoustics
Chen XU1, Yi-jun MAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 2.School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-10-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.10.014
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目前,声比拟理论是流动声学领域中理论价值最重要、工程应用最广泛的理论体系。因此,在流动声学研究的第三个黄金时代来临之际,本文以声比拟理论的发展历程和典型应用为主线,围绕声比拟理论的三大核心问题(声源、声学变量和波动算子)对已有的研究工作进行回顾和总结,并在此基础上,从面向我国重大需求和立足人工智能时代两个方面对声比拟理论的未来研究进行了分析和展望。其目的是希望通过对声比拟理论的分析和总结,为感兴趣的学者提供一些有益的参考,同时能为一些工程问题的解决提供可能的思路。

流动声学  /  流动噪声  /  气动声学  /  水动力噪声  /  声比拟理论

The acoustic analogy theory is currently the most significant theoretical framework in the field of flow acoustics, with widespread engineering applications. Thus, this paper focuses on the development history and engineering applications of the acoustic analogy theory, concentrating on the three core issues: sound sources, acoustic variables, and wave operators. It then analyzes and prospects the future research of the acoustic analogy theory, considering the major needs in China and adapting to the era of artificial intelligence. The purpose is to provide some useful references for scholars through the analysis and summary of the acoustic analogy theory, and also to offer possible solutions for some engineering problems.

flow acoustics  /  flow noise  /  aeroacoustics  /  hydrodynamic noise  /  acoustic analogy theory
徐辰, 毛义军. 流动声学声比拟理论的回顾与展望. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (10) : 1649 -1662 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.10.014
Chen XU, Yi-jun MAO. Review and prospects of the acoustic analogy theory in flow acoustics[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (10) : 1649 -1662 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.10.014
流动声学研究的是流体运动中伴随的声学现象。相对于振动声学而言,流动声学是一门相对年轻的学科,它是在流体力学和声学基础上形成的交叉学科。
自然界中广泛存在流动声学的现象,如潺潺的流水声和呼呼的寒风声。气流吹过笛子发出的声音本质上也属于流动声学的范畴。在工业革命之前,自然界存在的和人类创造出来的流动声学现象一般都不会成为噪声问题,因此,人类基本没有开展关于流动声学方面的探索研究。在工业革命之后,气体动力技术得到了长足的发展。到上世纪30年代以后,航空发动机巨大的轰鸣声促使当时的科学家和工程师们开始严肃的关注流动诱发的噪声问题。例如,Stowell等[1]在1935年研究了运动气流经过旋转圆柱时形成的涡脱落及其伴随的噪声现象;Gutin[2]在1937年开展了定常气动力激发螺旋桨噪声的研究。一般认为,现代流动声学建立的标志是1952年Lighthill[3]声比拟理论的提出,主要原因在于,声比拟理论首次在流体力学和经典声学的基础上采用严格的数学语言描述了喷流噪声的产生和传播特征。此外,大部分的流动声学现象通常与空气动力学非定常流动密切相关,因此,学术界和工程界通常将与非定常空气动力学相关的声学研究称之为气动声学(Aeroacoustics)研究。气动声学建立的相关研究方法通常也可以被应用于水下噪声的产生和传播研究,如水中航行器和推进桨的水动力噪声。虽然水流的运动通常可以假设为不可压缩过程,但是,研究水中噪声的传播必须考虑水的可压缩性。
本文中采用流动声学的概念来描述流体运动过程中伴随的声学现象,其原因在于如下两个方面:①表达的严谨性,表明相关的理论和分析方法不仅适用于气体介质,同样适用于液体介质;②经典的声比拟理论通常研究大气中运动气流相关的噪声产生和传播现象,即描述的是单相运动流体及其与固体边界作用诱发的声学现象。
流动声学的研究方法在过去的半个多世纪得到了充分的发展,目前有关流动声学的研究方法主要分为如下两大类,如图1所示。一类是流场、声场的统一求解方法,也称直接求解方法;另一类是流场和声场的分离求解方法,也称混合求解方法。其中直接求解方法通过直接求解可压缩Navier-Stokes方程来模拟整个非线性流动和线性声传播区域的流体扰动现象,直接求解方法采用的是高精度的数值方法同时模拟非定常流动和声的传播过程,其对计算机的硬件和计算格式的精度均具有极高的要求,目前尚没有达到工程广泛应用的程度,关于该方面的内容可以参见Tam[4]的著作等。分离求解方法假设流动是诱发声音传播的根源,而声波传播的过程对流动的影响则忽略不计。在此假设前提下,首先采用计算流体力学方法(CFD)模拟非线性流动得到声源信息,然后再采用相关的声学理论或方法求解声源向远场辐射的噪声。其中声比拟理论是目前应用最广泛的流动声学分析方法。
本文的主要结构如下:第1章主要是对声比拟理论基本研究思想的介绍;第2章主要介绍声比拟理论研究的核心问题,即等效声源、声学变量及波动算子;第3章主要对声比拟理论的研究历史进程进行了回顾,并在此基础上,从面向我国重大需求和立足人工智能时代两个方面,对声比拟理论的未来研究进行了分析和展望;最后,第4章为本文小结。
在流动声学理论建立之前,人类已经在经典声学领域开展了长期深入的研究,相关的研究成果可以参见英国科学家Rayleigh[6]的著作《The Theory of Sound》。经典声学中已经建立了成熟的理论来描述声音的产生和传播过程,其中,声音的产生通常可以用不同类型的声源来描述,如单、偶极子源,而声音的传播特征可以用波动方程描述。不过,在Rayleigh那个时代,人类感兴趣的声学现象通常都与固体结构的振动相关。因此,当人类进入喷气时代遇到流动噪声的问题时,声学的研究对象已经超出了当时声学科学家和工程师的认知范围。另一方面,在喷气时代之前已经建立了流体动力学的基础理论。科学家和工程师们已经能够认识到,流体运动过程中伴随的声学现象是可压缩流体中的一种特殊非定常流动现象。因此,只要满足牛顿流体的定义,相关的现象都可以采用Navier-Stokes方程进行描述。但是,如何建立理论描述喷流过程中伴随的噪声现象?当时的科学家和工程师们从如下两方面进行了探索研究。
第一种探索是站在流体力学专家的角度,考虑的是如何从非定常Navier-Stokes方程中建立相关的理论揭示流体运动过程中伴随的声学现象。
第二种探索是站在声学专家的角度,考虑的是能否将经典振动声学的理论和方法拓展到研究流动相关的声学现象。
因此,如何桥接流体力学与声学的理论体系来建立能够分析研究流动声学的方法是当时需要解决的关键难题。
人类知识不断积累的方式通常是通过已有知识来探索、发现未知。因此,基于经典声学和流体力学的知识体系,建立相关的理论和方法来揭示流动声学的机理,在当时的历史背景下是具有科学性和合理性的。
经典声学理论利用非齐次波动方程关联声音的产生和传播过程,其中右端声源描述声音的产生,左端波动算子描述声音的传播。因此,借鉴经典声学的这种分析方法,从描述可压缩流体运动的控制方程出发,经过数学恒等变换后得到非齐次形式的波动方程。方程的左端项为波动算子,它被用于描述声音的传播,而方程的右端项则被称之为等效声源项。上述数学变换过程没有采用任何的假设和近似,因此,所建立的非齐次波动方程与流体力学的Navier-Stokes方程在数学上完全等价,同时又能够和经典声学的波动方程关联统一起来。这一开创性的理论工作由Lighthill[3]在1952年首次完成,它通常被认为是开创气动声学研究的标志。Lighthill将这一理论命名为Acoustic analogy,该理论借鉴了经典声学的思想和方法。
Lighthill建立声比拟理论的背景是研究喷流噪声问题,即没有考虑固体边界约束对自由湍流的影响,基于Lighthill波动方程通过量纲分析得到著名的“八次方定律”,揭示了声功率和喷流速度之间的基本关联特征[3],但Lighthill波动方程没有考虑流体中固体边界对声产生和声传播的影响,而在实际的工程问题中,几乎所有的流动噪声问题都与固体边界的存在密不可分,如飞行器的机体噪声、水中航行器的水动力噪声以及高速行驶的列车和汽车的车身噪声等。如何考虑固体边界对流动噪声的影响,是Lighthill声比拟理论向更广泛领域推广应用过程中需要解决的一个重要课题。这方面的理论推广工作主要由Curle、Ffowcs Williams和Goldstein等几位著名的气动声学专家采用两种不同的物理思想和数学方法分别主导完成。
Curle的主要贡献是借鉴电磁波领域的成果,将其应用在流动声学领域。他认为声波和电磁波的产生和传播都可以采用非齐次波动方程进行描述,方程的右端表示声波或电磁波的源项,左端为波动算子,描述声波或电磁波的传播。19世纪60年代,Maxwell[7]建立电磁场理论并预言电磁波的存在,并很快得到了Hertz[8]的实验验证。声波和电磁波在传播过程中均不可避免地受到障碍物的反射和衍射影响。在20世纪40年代,Green公式被用于描述电磁波的散射现象。在Lighthill提出声比拟理论的三年后,1955年Curle[9]利用Lighthill波动方程描述流动声源的产生,引入Green公式描述固体边界的散射效应,从而建立了Curle积分公式,描述流体与静止固体边界相互作用诱发噪声的现象,相关的研究成果发表在英国皇家学会的会刊。Curle积分公式的建立,第一次拓展了Lighthill波动方程的应用领域,基于Curle积分公式的理论分析发现,当固体边界满足声学紧凑边界条件(即固体边界的特征尺度远小于声波波长)时,固体边界通常会极大地增强亚音速流体运动过程中辐射噪声的声功率。因此,在许多工程问题中,需要优化固体结构的外形特征来控制流动噪声。
在经典的电磁学领域中,通常研究的是静止障碍物对电磁波的散射和衍射影响,因此,Green公式在20世纪50年代只能适用于静止刚性边界的情形,这也限制了Curle积分公式只能分析运动流体和静止固体边界作用诱发的噪声现象,如风洞中气流流过静止机翼、起落架和空腔等辐射出的噪声现象等。直到20世纪70年代,Goldstein[10]将Green公式拓展到能够考虑任意运动固体边界的影响并将其命名为广义Green公式,在广义Green公式的基础上,Goldstein进一步推导得到了流体与任意运动固体边界作用诱发噪声的积分公式。这一积分公式在数学上等价于FW-H波动方程,但是Goldstein建立这一积分公式的时间比Ffowcs Williams和Hawkings提出FW-H波动方程的时间[11]大约晚了8年。FW-H波动方程是目前声比拟理论体系中被广泛应用的基本控制方程,它精确地描述了流体与任意运动的固体边界相互作用过程中伴随存在的声学现象,因此,在实际应用领域中具有极大的实用价值。例如,涡喷发动机的噪声通常主要来源于高速喷流,可以基于Lighthill波动方程进行分析研究。但对于涡扇、涡桨和桨扇发动机以及直升机螺旋桨噪声等,叶片是影响噪声产生和传播的重要因素,需要利用FW-H方程来考虑固体边界对噪声的产生和传播造成的影响。
在电磁学和声学的研究领域,采用Green公式来描述固体边界对波散射的影响。在流体力学的研究领域,通常定义壁面为无滑移边界条件来描述固体边界对流动的影响。从物理本质上讲,固体和流体属于两种不同属性的物质场,因此,在截面上存在物性参数的不连续。这种不连续在场分析中不能用常规的连续函数来描述,而需要引入广义函数来描述场的不连续分布特征。Ffowcs Williams和Hawkings在流动声学领域的杰出贡献,在于引入广义函数方法来同时表达Navier-Stokes方程和流固边界条件,从而建立了能够同时描述流体和刚性固体区域的广义Navier-Stokes方程,而流固边界条件的影响则暗含在广义Navier-Stokes方程中。进一步地,按照Lighthill从Navier-Stokes方程出发推导Lighthill波动方程的思路,顺利推导了FW-H方程,其优势在于能够描述任意运动状态的流体和刚性固体相互作用过程中伴随存在的声学现象。
上述的Lighthill、Curle和FW-H方程构成了声比拟理论的数学和物理基础。声比拟理论的建立和发展过程,可以给后来者以下启示:
(1)利用和借鉴已有知识探索未知是人类知识不断积累的通用实现方式。在经典声学和流体力学的基础上,采用比拟或类比的思想,发展出了流动声学的声比拟理论。进一步地,将电磁学领域中的Green公式应用到声散射分析领域,发展出了Curle积分公式,将流动声学的声比拟理论从只能适用于自由湍流的情形拓展到能够考虑固体边界的情形。
(2)在一门学科理论的建立和发展过程中,数学通常具有非常重要的作用。虽然,Lighthill波动方程是Navier-Stokes方程的恒等数学变形,但它采用数学语言精确地表述了流体运动过程中声学现象的基本特征,因此,它标志着流动声学作为一门交叉学科正式进入现代科学技术的研究范畴。广义Green公式或广义函数的引入是推导FW-H方程的关键数学基础,将流动声学的理论拓展到更宽、更广的工程应用领域。
声比拟理论的核心步骤是从流动控制方程出发,通过一系列的数学变换构建如下所示的非齐次波动方程:
方程的右端s比拟为有限区域内的等效源项或表观声源;方程的左端比拟为声源区域之外的声传播项,其中,L表示波动算子,f表示声学变量。
因此,声比拟理论研究的核心问题包括如下三个方面:
(1)如何描述等效声源及影响声源的因素?
(2)如何选择合适的变量描述声音的扰动?
(3)如何采用波动算子描述声波的传播?
对上述三个方面的相关研究进展,概述如下。
Lighthill方程[3]中自由湍流的等效声源称之为四极子体源,它是应力的两阶偏导,其主要由压力、密度、速度组合形成。流体的运动不仅可以采用Navier-Stokes方程描述,也可以采用涡动力学方程描述。对应地,流动声学的声比拟理论不仅可以从Navier-Stokes方程推导,也可以从涡动力学方程推导建立。建立涡与声之间关联的理论称之为涡声理论,Powell[12]和Howe[13]在此领域开展了大量的基础研究工作。但需要强调,涡声理论仍属于声比拟理论的范畴,因为涡声理论仍然沿用了声比拟理论的核心思想,即从流动控制方程出发,通过系列的数学变换构建非齐次波动方程,方程的右端比拟为等效源项,方程的左端比拟为带有声学变量的声传播项。
Lighthill方程主要用于分析无边界约束湍流引起的声辐射问题,人们在该理论基础之上进行了许多扩展延伸来解决各种各样的工程问题。从声源角度分析,这种扩展延伸包括边界条件和初始条件约束对等效声源的影响。
第一种边界条件约束形式是刚性边界,其中典型的应用背景是流体与刚性固体的相互作用,此时扰动只发生在流体区域而不会发生在固体区域。虽然Curle与Ffowcs Williams和Hawkings(FW-H)采用不同的数学方法分析了无渗透固体边界条件约束对流动噪声的影响,但所建立的控制方程均表明,流固界面上部分物理量的非连续效应可以等效为单极子源和偶极子源。进一步,研究人员在无渗透边界条件约束的FW-H方程基础上,发展了可渗透边界的FW-H方程。这两种版本形式的FW-H方程的源项十分类似,但所表示的物理含义则存在明显的区别。可渗透边界内的所有声源都可以由面上的单极子和偶极子源等效表示,从而避免相对耗时的四极子体声源辐射声的积分运算,所以,可渗透边界FW-H方程在预测流动噪声时比不可渗透边界FW-H方程更加高效。此外,可渗透边界也可以是吸声材料形成的阻抗边界,Goldstein在其1976年出版的经典著作《Aeroacoustics》[10]的第115页表示,可渗透边界的FW-H方程可以用于预测吸声边界对流动声的产生和传播的影响,但目前还没有见到其在实际工程中应用的报道。
第二种边界条件约束形式是弹性边界,其中典型的应用背景是气、液两相流体的相互作用,此时扰动会同时存在于不同的流体区域中。在此方面,Crighton和Ffowcs Williams[14]研究了水下气泡脉动时的辐射噪声,他们首先采用体积平均法将多相流体转化为等效流体,然后建立了等效流体的非齐次波动方程,此时,波动方程中新增了等效单极子和偶极子体积源项用以表征气泡浓度对辐射噪声的影响,但是,这种方法不能考虑弹性边界(如气液界面)的具体形状对声产生和传播的影响。Howe[15]以流体中存在熵斑时的辐射噪声为研究对象,利用涡声理论构建非齐次波动方程,其中方程右端的等效偶极子源等效表征了熵斑界面上温度和密度的不连续性对声产生和传播的影响。本文作者在上述研究基础上进一步拓展了FW-H方程中广义函数的定义,建立了考虑界面影响的波动方程[16]
除了上述刚性/弹性界面上的不连续会形成新的等效声源项外,初始条件的影响也可以采用等效声源模型来描述。借鉴Ffowcs Williams采用Heaviside函数考虑边界条件约束形成的空间不连续性,Morfey和Wright[17]采用Heaviside函数考虑初始条件约束形成的时间不连续性,从而在此基础上建立能够考虑初始条件约束的非齐次波动方程,其中部分新增的等效源项即表示初始条件的影响。
在经典声学理论体系中,压力及对应的无量纲声压级被广泛用于量化声波的脉动幅度。但是,在Lighthill等先驱建立的流动声学声比拟理论研究体系中,并没有选取压力作为声学标量来表征声的产生和传播。这是因为在经典声学理论体系中,流体介质通常被假设为宏观静止且无粘,此时压力的脉动即为声压。然而,运动流体中的压力脉动不再等价于声压。运动流体的扰动包括三种模式[18]:涡、声及熵的扰动,其中涡和声扰动都会直接激发出压力脉动,因此,压力不再适合作为声学标量来表征流动声的产生和传播。当运动流体中的热交换可以忽略时,熵的扰动就不存在,此时,只有声扰动模式激发出密度的波动。因此,在Lighthill、Powell、Curle以及FW-H方程中均选用了密度作为波动算子对应的声学变量来构建非齐次波动方程。这是声比拟理论最早的表现形式,也是目前应用最广泛的形式。另一方面,当研究对象的热交换效应变得显著而运动效应不再显著时,例如燃烧噪声,选择压力脉动比密度扰动则更适合作为声学变量。因为此时熵、声扰动都会激发出密度的扰动,而只有声扰动与压力扰动密切关联[19]
此外,Howe和Doak发展了涡声理论解释了涡扰动诱发声的机理,在他们的推导过程中,采用了焓作为声学变量。为了考虑非均匀背景流对声传播的影响,Lilley方程[20]和Phillip方程[21]采用无量纲参数Π=γ−1ln(p/p0)作为波动算子分量,其中γ表示绝热指数。
上述所有的声比拟理论都是采用标量来构建波动方程,标量能够定量地评价声波脉动的幅值,但不能描述声能量的具体传递途径。因此,为了形象化且可视化地描述声波能量的传递途径,本文作者开展了基于矢量的声比拟理论研究,有关详细的讨论和推导见参考文献[22]。
声比拟理论中的一些著名方程,例如Lighthill、Curle、FW-H方程以及Powell、Howe波动方程,均采用了经典波动算子。以Lighthill方程为例,它是Navier-Stokes方程的恒等数学变形,在理论上具有与Navier-Stokes方程完全相等的能力,它描述了流体运动过程中扰动的演化规律。但是,在实际应用过程中,通常先求解方程右端有限区域内的等效源项,然后再求解方程左端的声传播项,上述求解过程中并没有考虑声传播对声源项的反馈影响。由于采用的是经典波动算子,因此,实际上忽略了有限声源区域以外的流体运动和粘性效应对声传播的影响。
为了考虑高马赫数(Mach)背景流对声传播的影响,学者们在Navier-Stokes方程的基础上重新推导了新的非齐次波动方程,其中方程左端采用了对流形式的波动算子来考虑背景流对声传播的影响。其中包括对流FW-H方程[23-24]、Lilley方程[20]、Phillip方程[21]和Mohring方程[25]等。对流FW-H方程考虑的是均匀背景流对声传播的影响,依然可以采用基于解析Green函数的积分方法求解得到等效声源向外辐射的声波,因此,目前被广泛应用在高Mach数流动噪声的预报。Lilley方程[20]、Phillip方程[21]和Mohring方程[25]考虑的是剪切背景流对声传播的影响,但需要采用数值方法来求解Green函数。需要说明的是,以航空发动机噪声为背景,Posson和Peake提出了一种新的波动算子[26]以考虑环形通道边界条件和轴流式旋转叶轮下游螺旋背景流对声传播的影响,并在此基础上提出了一种半解析-半数值的求解方法。此外,上述波动方程都忽略了粘性对声波传播的影响,为了考虑声波在远程传播和吸声介质中传播时粘性的影响,本文作者建立了粘性波动算子的声比拟理论,具体分析可见参考文献[27]。
1952年Lighthill的论文“On Sound Generated Aerodynamically. I. General Theory”的发表和1976年Goldstein的专著《Aeroacoustics》的出版,是流动声学研究历史上的两个重要节点,极大地促进了当时学术界和工业界对流动声学知识体系的建立和发展。这一阶段往往被认为是流动声学研究的第一个黄金时代,它主要围绕流动声学开展了丰富的理论研究,涌现出了Lighthill、FfowcsWilliams、Lilley、Phillips、Goldstein、Morfey和Howe等一批为声比拟理论的建立和发展做出了巨大贡献的开创性学者。这些学者的共同特点是与英国的Cambridge大学、Southampton大学等具有密切的学术渊源,因此,这也奠定了英国在流动声学理论研究领域的国际影响力。时至今日,Cambridge大学的理论物理和应用数学系(Peake教授)、工程系(Dowling教授)和Southampton大学声学与振动研究所(Joseph教授)等仍然是流动声学研究领域中的国际著名研究机构(学者)。
此后,计算机技术的发展极大地促进了研究人员开展计算气动声学的算法和应用研究。其中,基于声比拟理论的流动噪声预测技术被广泛地应用,主要原因在于相对于其他方法而言,该方法通常具有最佳的计算性价比,即计算精度与计算耗时之间的平衡性最佳。早在1992年,Lighthill教授就预见了计算流动声学时代的到来,并将其命名为流动声学研究的第二个黄金时代,具体见文献[28]最后部分Lighthill教授的总结讨论。2014年美国Stanford大学Lele教授[29]对这个阶段20多年的研究工作进行了总结,并对未来研究予以了展望。这一阶段的特征主要体现在如下两个方面:一方面是基于Euler方程或N-S等微分方程的高精度数值仿真技术被应用于流动噪声的产生和传播研究,其中美国Stanford大学Moin教授和Lele教授以及Notre Dame大学的Atassi教授等,在此方面均取得了杰出的成就,海外的华人学者在此领域也做出了具有国际影响力的重要研究工作,例如,美国Florida州立大学的Tam CKW教授、Notre Dame大学的Wang Meng教授、Old Dominion大学的Hu Fangqiang教授、以及原任职于英国Southampton大学现任职于香港科技大学的Zhang Xin教授等;另一方面是基于声比拟理论建立的积分方程方法被广泛地应用于预测各种工程问题中的流动噪声现象,其中,美国NASA Langley研究中心的Farassat以及Pennsylvania州立大学的Brentner教授、Morris教授等人,基于积分方程的预测方法及其在喷流和螺旋桨噪声预测中的应用研究广受关注。当然,在此期间甚至还出现了Fedorchenko[30]和Tam[31]等学者对流动声学理论的质疑以及Morris和Farassat[32]、Peake[33]以及Spalart[34]等学者对此展开的回复辩论,这一历程也刚好印证了唯物辩证法的否定之否定规律。在流动声学研究的第二个黄金时代,尽管以英国为代表的欧洲学术界和工业界依然保持着足够的活力,但美国实际上已经成为此领域的国际研究中心和领导者。2022年,著名流动声学专家加拿大Sherbrooke大学的Moreau教授[35]总结了计算流动声学在喷流噪声、翼型噪声、机身噪声和叶轮机械噪声四个重要领域中取得的主要成就和现状,同时,他审慎地预见到流动声学研究的第三个黄金时代将是以物理信息内嵌的神经网络为代表的机器学习方法代替传统数值模拟方法的时代。
表1对上述三个黄金时代的研究背景、特征、学术意义及应用价值进行了对比和总结。第一个黄金时代的研究背景是人类对航空噪声的控制需求,其特征是声比拟理论的提出和发展,学术意义在于为流动噪声提供了定性分析的理论研究工具或半经验的预测模型,它的应用价值是能够“快但不准”地评估噪声;第二个黄金时代的研究背景是基于计算机的仿真技术在各个领域的广泛使用,其特征是大量数值方法的建立并被用于分析流动诱发噪声的产生和传播过程,学术意义在于为流动噪声提供了定量分析的数值预测工具,它的应用价值是能够“准但不快”地预测噪声;我们正在经历第三个黄金时代,它的研究背景是人工智能技术的迅速发展和应用,它的特征预计是人工智能技术在流动声学研究中的深度融合,其意义在于能够为流动噪声的优化设计提供技术支撑,它的应用价值是能够“又准又快”地预测噪声。
在航空航天背景需求的驱动下,欧美国家长期引领着流动声学最前沿的基础理论和数值算法研究。美国航空航天学会(American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,AIAA)和欧洲航空航天学会理事会(Council of European Aerospace Societies,CEAS)共同组织的年度气动声学会议,是该领域最具影响力的学术会议。此外,CEAS气动声学专家委员会(Aeroacoustics Specialists Committee)每年在《Journal of Sound and Vibration》期刊上发表的欧洲气动声学年度研究报告在学术界和工业界也具有重要的影响。
在流动声学的研究领域,我国经历了从跟跑到并跑的历史过程。本世纪以前,北京航空航天大学和西北工业大学主要围绕航空领域的气动声学问题开展了一些研究工作,其中,孙晓峰和周盛教授编写的《气动声学》[36]应该是我国在此领域最早的学术著作。清华大学、上海交通大学、西安交通大学和华中科技大学等单位则围绕风机和压缩机流动噪声开展了一些前期的研究。近年来,在我国诸如大飞机、航空发动机、大推力火箭、载人空间站等航空航天领域中的重大项目研制过程中,流动噪声都是其中需要解决的一个重要问题。这些项目的引领也催生了我国在此领域出版了一批专著,例如,北京航空航天大学孙晓峰教授[37]关于航空推进系统流动噪声研究的专著、西北工业大学乔渭阳教授[38-39]关于航空发动机流动噪声研究的专著以及南京航空航天大学史勇杰教授[40]关于直升机流动噪声研究的专著。需要说明的是,这些应用领域关注噪声的问题不仅是为了降低噪声对环境的污染,还关系到结构的疲劳断裂和装备的安全可靠性。此外,以航空器载人、载货及其他作业等多场景低空飞行活动为牵引,辐射带动相关领域融合发展的“低空经济”在2021年已经纳入国家规划。其中,无人机低空飞行需要解决的一个重要问题就是降低流动噪声。
我国学术界和工业界对流动噪声问题的关注不仅仅集中在航空航天领域。在从“制造大国”到“智造强国”的产业升级过程中,高速列车、家用电器和电子产品都是我国逐渐建立的具有重要国际影响力的产业领域。流动噪声往往又是这些产业领域中需要重点关注和解决的技术问题,而且越来越成为影响产品核心竞争力的一个重要指标。除此之外,建设一支世界先进的蓝水海军是我们实现海洋强国战略的重要保障,其中,降低水下航行器及其推进装置的水动力学噪声,比其他相关领域中流动噪声控制的需求更显重要、也更为迫切。但是,欧美国家关于水动力噪声的研究则很少有公开报道。基于上述时代背景结合我国现阶段的国家战略和经济发展需求,分析流动声比拟理论的研究意义如下。
第一、得益于计算机技术的快速发展,高精度数值模拟方法被逐步应用到开展流动噪声传播研究中,但声比拟理论依然是目前和未来一段时间内开展流动噪声研究最具有性价比的方法。在一些特定的流动声学领域,如叶轮机械领域,现有的绝大部分研究采用的均是声比拟理论。图2列出了Web of Science数据库分别以“Aeroacoustics”和“Acoustic analogy”为主题词查找2013年~2023年的论文发表情况,结果表明气动声学研究的论文数量在逐年上升,而且声比拟理论相关的研究占据了所有论文的1/3左右,因此,在气动声学研究愈发受到关注的背景下,声比拟理论依然是十分重要的研究方法。
第二、欧美国家气动声学的研究主要是以航空航天的工程需求为背景,这一研究背景决定了该领域气动声学研究的两个基本特征:①高成本、精细化的特征。航空航天的行业特征决定了其不需要过多的考虑成本来开展精细化的研究工作。得益于近年来我国大飞机专项、两机专项和载人航天工程专项等航空航天领域中重大工程项目的启动,我国学术界和工业界在气动声学领域的研究也投入了大量的资源和成本,用以提升计算机硬件和开发各种精细化仿真软件。②高马赫数、强剪切的特征。以航空航天为背景的喷气噪声、机翼噪声和叶轮机械噪声都具备上述特征,其中涉及到复杂的涡-声、声-涡、熵-声转换机理,因此,在当前有必要采用高精度数值仿真方法来揭示不同类型扰动的转换和传播机理。同时,高铁、汽车、家用电器、电子产品是我国现阶段国民经济的重要支柱产业,这些领域中也存在大量的流动噪声问题需要解决。但是,解决这些领域中的流动噪声问题不能完全照搬欧美国家研究气动声学的模式,其原因至少包括如下两个方面:①上述领域中研究对象都是消费品,其存在迭代更新快、成本控制严的特征,采用高成本、精细化、长周期的研究模式不能适用于上述领域产品的研发过程。例如,不能套用航空叶片流动噪声预测和控制的研究模式及方法来开展家用电器、电子产品中风扇噪声的预测和控制。②相对于航空航天领域的高马赫数、强剪切流动特征,高铁、汽车、家用电器、电子产品领域中的流体运动往往具有明显的低马赫数特征。一方面,相对于高马赫数运动而言,采用高精度数值模拟方法直接求解低马赫数流动伴随的声学现象具有更大的难度,因为在低马赫数流动中声学扰动量更加微弱;另一方面,通常可以通过求解不可压缩N-S方程来近似获取马赫数流动的声源信息,但是,如果直接套用声比拟理论进行噪声预测,则无法考虑边界散射对声波传播的影响。
第三、水下航行器和推进装置的噪声问题是我国目前需要重点关注的一个问题,它与航空航天为背景的流动噪声存在一定的类似性,但是至少存在如下几个方面的特殊性:①与水动力噪声关联的流动马赫数明显更低;②弹性结构边界对水动力噪声的影响更为重要;③空泡和空化噪声是水动力噪声的特有问题。大部分研究流动声学的论文和著作中都采用了刚性边界的假设且不考虑空泡相关的噪声问题,然而,大量的工程实践表明上述两个因素对水下噪声的产生和传播存在极为重要的影响。前面已经提及,相对于气动声学研究的大量文献和每年举行的各类学术会议,欧美国家对水动力噪声研究成果的公开则明显更为谨慎。作者认为可能是由于如下三方面的原因:其一、水动力噪声与国防高度关联,从而很少公开相关的研究成果;其二、水动力噪声研究特别是实验研究的难度和成本更高,因此,该方面的成果相对较少;其三、虽然发展了一些工程技术和积累了一些工程经验,但是,并没有建立与气动声学现有理论体系不同的理论与方法。
据作者所知,目前只能找到两本由欧美国家出版的水动力噪声研究相关的著作。其中一本是长期从事涡声理论研究的著名学者Howe的著作《Acoustics of Fluid-Structure Interactions》[41],该书其中有一章“Sound generation in a fluid with flexible boundaries”专门研究弹性边界下的流动噪声,该书作者强调“即使只有很少部分结构振动的能量散射为声能量,其流动的有效声辐射效率也会明显高于类似几何的刚性结构”。但该书中只是针对简单几何的弹性结构开展了理论研究而没有开展面向实际工程问题的应用研究。另一本著作《Mechanics of Flow-Induced Sound and Vibration》是由长期在美国David Taylor海军船舶研究与发展中心(Naval Ship Research and Development Center)工作的水动力声学专家William K. Blake所编写。该著作包括两卷,最早出版于1986年并在2017年进行了修订再版[42-43],该专著中大篇幅地强调了弹性结构以及空泡与空化在水动力噪声研究中的重要性。该专著的第一卷包含六章内容,对应的副标题是“通用的概念和基本的声源”,其中第五章和第六章分别是“流动诱发振动和噪声的基础”及“空泡动力学和空化的介绍”。该专著的第二卷同样包含六章,对应的副标题是“复杂的流-固干涉”。需要说明,此处英文“Flow-structure interactions”没有翻译为流固耦合是因为中文语境中的流固耦合通常指的是流体与弹性固体的耦合,但该卷中研究的固体结构不一定都是按照弹性结构处理。第二卷的第一章标题为“水动力诱发的空化和空泡噪声”,第三章标题为“壁湍流和随机噪声激励下的阵列和结构响应”,后续还有第四章第二节“圆柱壳体结构声学基础”和第四节“阀门中的空化噪声”等,都是与水动力噪声相关的专题研究。
基于上述分析,作者可以得到如下结论:①类似于高铁、汽车、家用电器、电子产品领域中的流动噪声研究一样,我们同样不能把面向航空航天的气动声学研究方法和模式直接照搬应用于水动力噪声的研究;②弹性边界以及空化和空泡对水动力噪声影响的研究还有待深入。例如,上述两本专著本质上尚未跳出“气动声学”和“振动声学”研究的惯性思维来开展液体与弹性固体边界或弹性气体边界(气泡)作用诱发噪声的研究。声比拟理论发展演化的一条脉络就是从Lighthill方程处理无边界约束的湍流诱发噪声,到Curle方程处理静止刚性固体边界约束的湍流诱发噪声,再到Ffowcs Williams和Hawkings处理任意运动刚性固体边界约束的湍流诱发噪声。因此,作者预见,声比拟理论进一步的发展,应该是处理任意运动弹性固体边界约束的湍流诱发噪声和任意运动弹性气液边界(气泡)约束的湍流诱发噪声问题。
流动声学是一门应用驱动型的技术学科,上述所有的理论研究和数值算法的发展都是为了解决实际工程中出现的各类问题,并最终通过实验测试来验证所建立理论的适用性和算法的精确度。此外,这些理论和算法还需要尽可能地简洁高效,从而能够便捷地分析和解决实际工程问题。以美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)开发的飞机噪声预测程序(Aircraft Noise Prediction Program,ANOPP)为例,它就是伴随气动声学理论和技术研究的不断深入而与时俱进的。NASA在1982年推出第一版ANOPP的基础是结合声比拟理论和实验数据的半经验模型[44],其相当于气动声学第一个黄金时代的研究成果在工业界的应用,但这些基于半经验模型(Semi-empirical-based model)的预测方法只能适用于常规布局飞机噪声的预测,因此,其特征可以概述为“快而不准”;2011年公布的第二版ANOPP的重要特征是基于物理的模型(Physics-based model)[45],也就是应用气动声学第二个黄金时代的研究成果,具有提升飞机噪声预测的精度并具备非常规布局飞机噪声的预测能力,但同时对计算资源提出了较高的要求,因此,其特征可以概述为“准而不快”;2022年NASA已经开始在ANOPP中开发人工神经网络工具[46]的模块,可以预见这将是气动声学第三个黄金时代重要成果的初步应用,它的期望特征应该是“又准又快”。
人工智能技术的发展,为学术界和工业界广泛开展流动噪声的优化设计提供了可实践的途径。航空器、水下航行器以及叶轮机械的气、水动力学优化设计,目前已经逐步在工业界得到了广泛应用,其中的关键之一是,上述优化设计流程中通常只需要开展定常流动模拟且其成本和耗时能够为工业部门所接受。但是,当前在大部分应用领域尚不能广泛开展流动噪声优化设计,其对应的瓶颈问题是还没有建立“又准又快”的方法预测流动噪声。基于人工智能技术开展流体动力学的仿真研究[47-51]近年来迅猛发展,还出现了专门的名词“智能流体力学”,人工智能技术已经能够较好地开展定常流动和气、水动力性能的预测,因此,可以进一步推进航空器、水下航行器和叶轮机械气、水动力学的优化设计。
人工智能技术目前也被应用于开展各种应用领域中非定常流动的预测研究,但必须承认目前的人工智能技术应用在非定常流动预测方面还存在如下两方面的不足。其一、以机器学习为代表的人工智能技术需要大量的数据样本进行训练,相对于定常流动数值模拟,非定常流动数值模拟的计算成本更高、耗时更长,基于大量非定常流动数据样本建立机器学习模型的方式,限制了其在很多应用领域的推广应用,因此,十分有必要建立基于更少样本数据的机器学习方法。其二、现有的机器学习方法虽然能够较好地预测时均、定常流场以及周期性分量的扰动,如周期性涡脱落、动静叶栅的周期性干涉,但很难精确地预测随机扰动的时变过程,这是由于湍流本质上存在的混沌(Chaos)和间歇(Intermittency)特征决定的[52]
综上所述,基于现有人工智能的技术有能力开展周期性扰动及其对应的离散噪声预测,但是,其需要降低获取非定常数据样本的数量或成本,也就是在“又准又快”的基础上还需要实现低成本;基于人工智能的技术目前还很难预测湍流随机扰动的时变过程,因此,还不具备对宽频噪声的预测能力,也就是“预测不准”宽频噪声的瓶颈难题依然没有得到解决。在上述时代背景和工程需求下,要实现流动噪声离散分量和宽频分量“又准又快”的预测,其可能的基本构思如下。思路一、针对周期性扰动关联的离散噪声。一方面可以减少非定常流动数值模拟的成本,例如,可以采用多相位平均的定常流或者非线性谐波(Nonlinear Harmonic)方法[53-54]来降低周期性扰动的预测成本;另一方面,采用物理信息嵌入的神经网络(PINN)[55-56]为降低需要参与训练的样本数量提供了一条新的可行方法。思路二、针对随机性扰动关联的宽频噪声,合适的策略是不预测随机扰动的时变过程,而预测随机扰动的频谱特征,如湍动能谱、壁面压力脉动谱。这是因为虽然湍流的瞬时运动具有不可预测性,但是,湍流统计理论表明随机扰动的频谱具有可预测性,而且大量的研究表明,可以建立湍动能谱和壁面压力脉动谱与定常/时均流场之间的关联性,例如,湍动能谱的理论模型包括Liepmann模型、Von Karmon模型[57]等;壁面压力脉动谱的理论模型包括Grasso[58]模型,半经验模型包括Goody[59]、Hu[60]和Lee[61]模型等,有关更全面的总结可以参见文献[62]。但是,上述理论模型是基于各种简化和假设推导得到,上述半经验模型主要基于有限的实验测量获得,因此,应用到不同领域中时还存在“预测不准”的不足。高精度数值模拟和机器学习方法的结合,刚好能够解决上述问题而且不会存在非定常样本数据获取的困难,因为完成非定常流动数值模拟后,即可以把流场中每个网格节点上速度和压力等随机扰动分量提取出来,开展机器学习模型的训练和验证。已经有部分学者在此方面开展了探索研究并初步证实了这种方法的可行性[63-66]。上述分析为应用人工智能技术实现离散和宽频声源的“又准又快”预测设想了一条切实可行的技术路线。进一步地,需要借助人工智能技术实现噪声传播过程的“又准又快”预测。
基于声比拟理论的积分方程方法能够快速地预测任意观察点位置的声学物理量信息,因此,这种方法比基于求解微分方程的高精度数值模拟方法具有更“快”的优势。同时,这种预测方法通常可以满足高速列车、家用电器和电子产品等低马赫数流动噪声的预测精度要求。但是,在航空喷流噪声和航空叶轮机械噪声等应用领域,平行剪切流和螺旋剪切流对噪声传播的影响则必须考虑。虽然Lilley[20]、Posson[26]等学者采用声比拟理论的思路已经建立了考虑非均匀背景流对声传播影响的波动方程,但是,上述波动方程没有解析Green函数,而是需要先采用数值方法求解Green函数,然后将上述波动方程转换为积分方程,从而实现噪声传播过程的预测。如今可以通过引入PINN快速地求解特定边界下带有脉冲点声源的非齐次波动方程,从而实现Green函数和声传播过程的快速求解。
上述分析表明,人工智能技术的引入不仅能够更快地预测声源和声传播,而且能够拓展声比拟理论在实际工程中的应用范围,例如考虑非均匀背景流对声传播的影响。因此,在流动声学研究的第三个黄金时代,人工智能技术必将使声比拟理论表现出更强大的工程应用价值。
本文以流动声学中最重要的声比拟理论为主线,较为系统地回顾了声比拟理论的历史发展过程、核心问题、典型的工程应用及未来的展望,并在此基础上,作者根据自己的研究经历和知识体系,对声比拟理论过往研究的一些工作进行梳理和总结,期望能够给感兴趣的读者提供参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51806164; 52076086)
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第29卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.10.014
  • 接收时间:2025-04-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2025-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-12
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51806164; 52076086)
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    1.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
    2.华中科技大学 航空航天学院,武汉 430074

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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