Article(id=1243896550938756032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896547704947617, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.10.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744992000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774497648224, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1760889600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774497648224, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774497648224, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774497648224, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243896547704947617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='10', pageStart='1499', pageEnd='1662', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774497647453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774501638614, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243913287902020448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896547704947617, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243913287902020449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896547704947617, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1499, endPage=1513, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243896551500792778, articleId=1243896550938756032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Hydrodynamics of flexible pipe based on energy competition, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a marine riser is a great threat to its service safety. From the perspective of energy, the hydrodynamic force on the riser undergoing vortex-induced vibration was divided into three components, i.e. vortex-induced force acting as energy input, drag force acting as energy dissipation and added mass force acting a neutral role in energy. The energy competition between the first two components determines the final energy effect of the fluid on the structure. Furthermore, the identification method of hydrodynamic coefficients based on the flexible riser model experiment was derived for the new hydrodynamic force model in detail. Through the towing experiment of the flexible riser, the vortex-induced vibration response, and coefficients distribution characteristics under different flow velocities were identified. The results show that the vortex induced vibration response of the flexible riser under uniform flow has multi-mode participation characteristic, which leads to the "jump" phenomenon of hydrodynamic coefficients. The vortex-induced force coefficients and drag coefficients behave significant correlation with the amplitude of VIV. Based on the measured values between hydrodynamic coefficients and response amplitude, an empirical model for hydrodynamic coefficients under energy competition force model was preliminarily established. The research in this paper provides a valuable reference for the development of fast empirical prediction methods of marine risers in the future.

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海洋立管涡激振动是威胁海洋立管作业安全的重要因素。本文从能量的角度分析,将涡激振动状态下作用于立管的水动力载荷分为起能量输入作用的激励力、能量耗散作用的阻尼力和不做功的附加质量力。前两者在能量上相互竞争决定最后流体对结构的能量作用。进一步地,本文详细推导了新载荷模型下基于柔性立管模型实验的关键载荷系数识别方法。通过柔性立管水池拖曳实验,识别得出了不同流速工况下涡激振动响应及载荷系数分布特性。结果表明:均匀流作用下柔性立管的涡激振动响应具有多模态参与特性,并由此导致水动力载荷系数存在系数“阶跃”现象;激励力系数及阻力系数与涡激振动幅值具有显著的关联关系,初步建立了能量竞争载荷模型下水动力载荷系数经验模型。本研究对未来海洋立管快速经验预报方法的发展具有参考意义。

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宋梦杰(1999-),女,硕士

任浩杰(1994-),男,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=D31FFyD3xu6ItcuDw/VU4g==, figureFileBig=UftBga1WxnyiM7YrftobrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243896572132573885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896550938756032, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Distribution of the mean added mass coefficients in IL and CF directions under different flow velocities, figureFileSmall=XXZHDn9mdwDeQEoc/6tWAg==, figureFileBig=nccuCKrNHtI+Aqb0MG9MvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243896572237431490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896550938756032, language=CN, label=图12, caption=IL和CF方向平均附加质量系数随无量纲频率分布, figureFileSmall=XXZHDn9mdwDeQEoc/6tWAg==, figureFileBig=nccuCKrNHtI+Aqb0MG9MvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243896572312928962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896550938756032, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Distribution of the calculated and measured mean strain in the IL direction and RMS value of the VIV response in the CF direction along the flexible pipe under uniform flow of U=2.8 m/s, figureFileSmall=tIh54UADQKdPUmPQl+5PvQ==, figureFileBig=0h/PDi2IrVRcDE65ZvqU1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243896572375843524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896550938756032, language=CN, label=图13, caption=U=2.8 m/s均匀流条件下,立管IL方向平均应变和CF方向涡激振动响应RMS计算值与实测值分布, figureFileSmall=tIh54UADQKdPUmPQl+5PvQ==, figureFileBig=0h/PDi2IrVRcDE65ZvqU1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243896572459729607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896550938756032, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Comparison of VIV response results predicted by using the hydrodynamic coefficients proposed by Thorsen et al [19] and by present work under uniform flow of U=2.8 m/s, figureFileSmall=12ix05E5liouEA33DMEWmA==, figureFileBig=Q4AT4ROZgSxhUN6QSjmXag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243896572581364426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896550938756032, language=CN, label=图14, caption=U=2.8 m/s均匀流条件下,采用Thorsen等[19]和本工作提出的水动力载荷系数预报结果对比, figureFileSmall=12ix05E5liouEA33DMEWmA==, figureFileBig=Q4AT4ROZgSxhUN6QSjmXag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243896572715582157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896550938756032, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of the riser

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参数名及符号/单位数值参数名及符号/单位数值
立管长度L/m7.9长细比λ263.3
立管外径D/m0.03质量比m*3.3
立管壁厚t/mm1.5单位长度质量m/(kg∙m−11.768
弹性模量E/Pa1.08×1011阻尼比ζ0.003
轴向张力T/N3000水的运动粘度ν/(m2∙s−11.14×10−6
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立管模型参数

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参数名及符号/单位数值参数名及符号/单位数值
立管长度L/m7.9长细比λ263.3
立管外径D/m0.03质量比m*3.3
立管壁厚t/mm1.5单位长度质量m/(kg∙m−11.768
弹性模量E/Pa1.08×1011阻尼比ζ0.003
轴向张力T/N3000水的运动粘度ν/(m2∙s−11.14×10−6
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基于能量竞争原理的柔性立管水动力载荷特性研究
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宋梦杰 a, b , 任浩杰 a, b , 付世晓 a, b , 张萌萌 a, b , 许玉旺 a, b , 杨孟婕 a, b
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(10): 1499-1513
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(10): 1499-1513
基于能量竞争原理的柔性立管水动力载荷特性研究
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宋梦杰a, b, 任浩杰a, b , 付世晓a, b, 张萌萌a, b, 许玉旺a, b, 杨孟婕a, b
作者信息
  • a.上海交通大学 海洋工程国家重点实验室,上海 200240
  • b.上海交通大学 海洋装备研究院-极地深海技术研究院,上海 200240
  • 宋梦杰(1999-),女,硕士

    任浩杰(1994-),男,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Hydrodynamics of flexible pipe based on energy competition
Meng-jie SONGa, b, Hao-jie RENa, b , Shi-xiao FUa, b, Meng-meng ZHANGa, b, Yu-wang XUa, b, Meng-jie YANGa, b
Affiliations
  • a.State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • b.Institute of Polar and Ocean Technology, Institute of Marine Equipment, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2025-10-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.10.001
文章导航
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海洋立管涡激振动是威胁海洋立管作业安全的重要因素。本文从能量的角度分析,将涡激振动状态下作用于立管的水动力载荷分为起能量输入作用的激励力、能量耗散作用的阻尼力和不做功的附加质量力。前两者在能量上相互竞争决定最后流体对结构的能量作用。进一步地,本文详细推导了新载荷模型下基于柔性立管模型实验的关键载荷系数识别方法。通过柔性立管水池拖曳实验,识别得出了不同流速工况下涡激振动响应及载荷系数分布特性。结果表明:均匀流作用下柔性立管的涡激振动响应具有多模态参与特性,并由此导致水动力载荷系数存在系数“阶跃”现象;激励力系数及阻力系数与涡激振动幅值具有显著的关联关系,初步建立了能量竞争载荷模型下水动力载荷系数经验模型。本研究对未来海洋立管快速经验预报方法的发展具有参考意义。

涡激振动  /  能量竞争  /  水动力模型  /  水动力系数模型

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a marine riser is a great threat to its service safety. From the perspective of energy, the hydrodynamic force on the riser undergoing vortex-induced vibration was divided into three components, i.e. vortex-induced force acting as energy input, drag force acting as energy dissipation and added mass force acting a neutral role in energy. The energy competition between the first two components determines the final energy effect of the fluid on the structure. Furthermore, the identification method of hydrodynamic coefficients based on the flexible riser model experiment was derived for the new hydrodynamic force model in detail. Through the towing experiment of the flexible riser, the vortex-induced vibration response, and coefficients distribution characteristics under different flow velocities were identified. The results show that the vortex induced vibration response of the flexible riser under uniform flow has multi-mode participation characteristic, which leads to the "jump" phenomenon of hydrodynamic coefficients. The vortex-induced force coefficients and drag coefficients behave significant correlation with the amplitude of VIV. Based on the measured values between hydrodynamic coefficients and response amplitude, an empirical model for hydrodynamic coefficients under energy competition force model was preliminarily established. The research in this paper provides a valuable reference for the development of fast empirical prediction methods of marine risers in the future.

vortex-induced vibration  /  energy competition  /  hydrodynamic force model  /  hydrodynamic coefficient model
宋梦杰, 任浩杰, 付世晓, 张萌萌, 许玉旺, 杨孟婕. 基于能量竞争原理的柔性立管水动力载荷特性研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (10) : 1499 -1513 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.10.001
Meng-jie SONG, Hao-jie REN, Shi-xiao FU, Meng-meng ZHANG, Yu-wang XU, Meng-jie YANG. Hydrodynamics of flexible pipe based on energy competition[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (10) : 1499 -1513 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.10.001
随着海上油气开发向深水和超深水方向发展,连接水下井口和顶部浮式海上平台的海洋立管变得越来越细长[1]。当海流流经这些细长的立管时,立管两侧会产生周期性脱落的漩涡,进而产生相应的周期性脉动载荷。当载荷频率接近立管的某一固有频率时,立管在顺流向(in-line,IL)和横流向(cross-flow,CF)将发生显著振动,被称为涡激振动(VIV)[2]。这种无休止的高频振动是引起立管疲劳损伤的关键因素。然而,这一复杂流固耦合现象背后的水动力机制至今仍不清楚[3],严重阻碍了海洋立管涡激振动经验快速性预报方法的发展。因此,发展更为理想的水动力载荷模型,并揭示涡激振动状态下海洋立管关键水动力载荷系数特征具有重要意义。
当前,国内外学者对海洋立管涡激振动研究主要集中在响应特性观测方面[4-8],包括不同流场下海洋立管涡激振动响应幅值、响应频率、振动轨迹和相位信息等。然而,在水动力载荷模型和水动力载荷机理方面,相关研究仍十分有限。经过近一个世纪的发展,国内外学者提出了一些模型来描述作用于细长管线上的载荷。在顺流向,即IL方向,最为广泛使用的是1954年Morison等[9]提出的莫里森方程。该方程将IL方向的水动力分解为与速度平方成正比的阻力项和与加速度成正比的惯性力项。在横流向,即CF方向,Sarpkaya[10]基于莫里森方程,将横流向的升力线性化分解为与速度同相位的激励力和与加速度同相位的附加质量力,成为目前广泛采用的涡激力载荷表征模型,但该模型未考虑IL及CF方向响应与载荷的耦合效应。
然而,越来越多的研究表明涡激振动在IL和CF方向存在强耦合作用[211-13],为了准确预报涡激振动响应,有必要考虑横流-顺流向的耦合影响。Srinil等[14]以及Postnikov等[15]采用Vander Pol方程的非线性尾流振子来描述升力系数与结构的运动方程耦合求解动力响应,并采用非线性结构振子来表征IL和CF方向的耦合效应,但该方法对于振子经验系数的选取依赖性较强,而该经验参数无法通过实验直接界定。Thorsen等[16-19]进一步提出了一种时域同步载荷模型,通过定义拖曳阻力与相对流速同向来考虑IL和CF方向水动力的耦合效应,但与尾流阵子相似,该同步模型中的关键水动力系数也难以通过实验直接辨识,其水动力载荷系数的选取存在较大的盲目性和不确定性。因此,载荷系数可辨识的时域水动力载荷模型是目前时域水动力载荷模型发展的重要方向。
在载荷系数研究方面,Gopalkrishnan[20]和Aronsen[21]等在Sarpkaya水动力模型的基础上,分别进行了刚性圆柱在CF方向和IL方向的单自由度遍历振荡实验,绘制了升力系数和附加质量系数云图,指出升力系数与响应幅值及频率密切相关,而附加质量系数仅与响应频率相关性较强。当前工业界以Gopalkrishna和Aronsen等人的实验数据为基础建立了水动力系数数据库,并广泛应用于涡激振动半经验频域预报软件SHEAR7和VIVANA中,然而该方法无法反映立管横流向和顺流向涡激振动耦合效应,且只适用于定常均匀流场和线性结构物,对于非线性结构物以及时变流场的预报存在局限。为了直接揭示三维流场效应下真实柔性立管涡激振动载荷特性,Huera Huarte等[22]开展了阶梯流作用下柔性圆柱的涡激振动实验,根据实验获得的位移响应数据,采用逆有限元法计算柔性圆柱任意截面处的水动力,然而未对水动力系数作进一步研究。Song等[323-25]利用有限元法对柔性立管的水动力及相应系数进行了识别和研究,与刚性圆柱单向强迫振荡实验结果相比,两者水动力系数有显著差异,原因在于IL和CF方向水动力耦合作用的影响。Liu等[26-27]利用遗忘因子最小二乘法进一步发现Sarkaya提出的载荷模型下的水动力系数在多频涡激振动响应下具有更复杂的时变特性。基于提出的水动力载荷模型,识别和揭示真实柔性立管涡激振动状态下的水动力载荷系数是载荷表征模型建立后的首要研究工作。本文基于能量竞争的原理,吸取莫里森方程和Sarpkaya提出的载荷模型的优势,将IL和CF方向的水动力分为激励力、阻力和附加质量力三部分,使得流体载荷成分的激励力和阻力在能量层面上起到竞争作用;进一步,采用模态叠加法、逆向载荷识别方法和最小二乘法建立了能量竞争载荷模型下水动力载荷系数识别方法;采用这一方法,识别和揭示了均匀流下柔性立管主导模态下的水动力系数分布特征,初步建立了能量竞争载荷模型下的水动力载荷系数经验模型。本工作可为海洋工程领域涡激振动的快速时域预报方法提供参考和借鉴。
本文的水动力载荷模型以改进的Morison方程为理论基础,用以表征IL及CF方向上的水动力载荷。为考虑IL和CF方向耦合作用,假定阻力始终与相对速度同向。将阻力沿IL和CF方向分解,并结合各自方向的惯性力,IL和CF方向的水动力FX0FY0可分别表示为
式中,ρ为流体密度,D为立管直径,CD为阻力系数,U0为流速,分别表示IL和CF方向的涡激振动速度,和分别表示IL和CF方向的振动加速度,CmxCmy分别为IL和CF方向的附加质量系数。
为了进一步揭示式(1)和式(2)各载荷分量的物理意义,本文拟从能量的角度对Morison水动力载荷模型中的载荷成分进一步研究。首先,各水动力载荷成分的平均功率可表示为
式中,PXPY分别为IL、CF方向上水动力的平均功率,PDXPDY分别表示IL和CF方向上阻力的平均功率,PMXPMY分别表示惯性力和附加质量力在IL和CF方向的平均功率。
以CF方向的功率为例,PDYPMY可分别表示为
假设CF方向上的运动方程符合正弦函数,代入上式可知平均阻力功率PDY始终为负,而PMY始终为零。这意味着阻力在涡激振动中始终起能量耗散作用,而附加质量力对系统能量没有影响。在这种情况下,流体对立管结构不存在能量输入。如果用式(1)和式(2)分别描述IL和CF方向的水动力,立管结构在没有能量输入的情况下将永远不会发生振动。这与立管涡激振动现象不相符,因此必定存在额外的水动力载荷成分起到能量输入作用。
有鉴于此,本文在式(1)和式(2)的基础上引入激励力载荷,其与立管涡激振动速度响应完全同相位,定义如下:
式中,FVXFVY分别为IL和CF方向的激励力,CVXCVY分别表示相应方向的激励力系数。
进一步地,IL方向和CF方向作用于细长管线的水动力载荷模型可分别表示为
从式(7)和(8)可以看出,本文最终将作用于立管的水动力载荷分解为三个部分:起到能量输入作用的激励力、起能量耗散作用的阻力和不起能量作用的附加质量力(惯性力)。为了更清晰地解释本文建立的水动力载荷模型与传统Sarpkaya水动力载荷模型的区别,如图1所示,本文将流体载荷成分的激励力和阻力在能量上相互竞争,竞争后的能量与结构阻尼耗散能量平衡,从而产生涡激振动。传统Sarkaya载荷模型则直接定义总输入能量,继而与结构阻尼耗散能量平衡,这种定义较为适合频域的结果预报,很难描述涡激振动的时域发展过程。
这一修正载荷模型与尾流阵子和同步载荷模型具有相通性,尤其是Thorsen等[19]提出的同步载荷模型。然而,在Thorsen等[19]的方法中由于无法对关键水动力系数进行实验识别,其关键水动力系数直接假定为常数,这一做法是否合理,目前尚未得到有效验证。而本文通过定义激励力与涡激振动速度同相位,使得水动力载荷模型在公式表达上为显式,关键水动力载荷系数可通过实验获得。
下述将进一步开展柔性立管涡激振动实验,并建立涡激振动状态下的立管载荷系数CVXz)、CVYz)、CDz)、Cmxz)和Cmyz)识别方法,揭示能量竞争载荷模型下柔性立管涡激振动水动力载荷系数分布特性。
试验在上海船舶科学研究所拖曳水池中进行,水池长192 m、宽10 m、深4.2 m。试验立管模型长7.9 m,直径0.03 m。模型水平安装在拖车下方,端部通过夹具紧固后与万向节一端相连,使得立管可以在顺流向和横流向面内自由弯曲,而不能发生轴向扭曲,从而模拟边界铰支作用。万向节另一端连接三分力仪,用于监测试验过程中立管端部的动态张力变化。另外在模型端部设置张紧器,并设定预张力为3000 N。拖车匀速运动模拟均匀流场,速度为0.4~3.6 m/s,相应的雷诺数为1.1×104~9.0×104。实验装置示意图如图2所示。立管模型参数如表1所示。
实验中,立管模型表面粘贴四组光纤光栅(FBG)应变传感器,用于测量IL和CF两个方向的应变响应。光纤光栅传感器布置位置如图3所示。CF方向(CF_a、CF_c)和IL方向(IL_b、IL_d)沿轴线方向分别均布19个和37个FBG应变传感器。应变信号采样频率为250 Hz。
图4所示,定义IL方向为x轴,CF方向为y轴,沿立管轴向为z轴,服从右手定则。沿立管轴向施加预张力FT
基于模态叠加法,IL和CF方向上的VIV位移响应可通过FBG传感器测得的各测量点的应变响应进行重构[28-31]。以CF方向位移响应识别为例,根据欧拉-伯努利梁理论,外部荷载作用下柔性立管的涡激振动位移响应可以表示为各阶模态振型与广义坐标乘积之和。CF方向的VIV位移响应可以表示为
式中,yzt)为立管各位置处CF方向的VIV位移响应;pit)为t时刻第i个广义坐标位移值;φiz)为立管各位置第i阶模态振型。
基于小变形假设,曲率κzt)可以表示为
式中,为曲率的第i阶模态振型。
根据曲率与应变的几何关系,应变可以表示为
式中,R为立管模型在位置z处的半径。
对于两端简支的细长梁,位移和曲率的模态振型均为已知,在此不做赘述。继而由式(11)得到广义模态坐标pit),然后由式(9)计算CF方向的VIV位移响应yzt)。IL方向的位移响应xzt)可以采用同样的方法被重构。
基于欧拉-伯努利梁理论,通过对控制方程的反演,可以重构受预张力柔性立管的水动力[3]。以CF方向上水动力的重构为例,水动力逆向重构可表示为
式中,为立管单位长度空气中的质量(kg/m);C为立管阻尼,为柔性立管涡激振动主导频率;EI为抗弯刚度;FYzt)为CF方向t时刻立管各位置处的水动力;FTt)为随时间变化的轴向张力。2yzt)/∂t2∂yzt)/t分别表示CF方向上的加速度和速度响应,可通过中心差分法进行计算:
另外,4yzt/∂z42yzt)/∂z2分别是CF方向位移的二阶和四阶空间导数,同样可利用中心差分法求位移响应对位置z的二阶和四阶偏导得到。前述由模态叠加法,CF方向任意截面位置处的位移响应均已获取,结合上述方法,式(12)右侧所有变量均为已知,因此可重构CF方向涡激振动状态下柔性立管任意截面位置处的载荷。同理,IL方向的水动力FXzt)亦可由该方法反演重构。
从式(7)和式(8)可以看出,两个方程中同时存在CVXz)、CVYz)、CDz)、Cmxz)和Cmyz)共5个未知水动力系数。这在实际的水动力载荷系数辨识过程中很难同时识别。
为此,本文根据IL方向载荷成分特征,首先识别式(7)和式(8)中同时存在的阻力系数。均匀流作用下IL方向的位移响应分量包括平均变形和VIV响应。前者由平均水动力分量引起,后者由时变分量产生。结合式(7),平均水动力只来自于阻力分量,即
式中,U为拖曳速度。
因此,阻力系数可以表示为
当得出阻力系数后,将CDz)作为已知量代入式(7)和式(8),基于最小二乘法,即可辨识得出CVXz)、Cmxz)、CVYz)和Cmyz)。以CF方向为例,除去阻力分量后的剩余力成分表示为
式中,为CF方向的水动力预测值,由式(8)表示;且有:
对于式(17),剩余力成分的预测值与实测值FYSzt)的残差平方和JCVYz),Cmyz))可表示为
式中,n为采样个数。
为使式(19)最小,则须满足:
将式(20)转化为矩阵形式:
式中,
则CF方向的涡激力系数和附加质量系数可表示为
CVXz)和Cmxz)亦可通过上述方法获得。最终,式(7)和式(8)中的5个水动力系数皆由上述方法得到识别。
由3.1节和3.2节的位移重构方法和水动力载荷逆向重构方法,本文首先揭示了不同流速下柔性立管的涡激振动响应及相应响应状态下的水动力载荷。以流速2.8 m/s工况为例,图5图6分别给出了IL及CF方向的涡激振动响应和水动力载荷时空分布图。为更清晰地说明两方向的涡激振动主导模态,图5图6同时给出了涡激振动位移响应及水动力载荷响应沿立管轴向的分布情况。由图5(b)~(c)可以看出流速2.8 m/s工况下,IL方向涡激振动响应以驻波形式呈现,并由第7阶模态主导;相应水动力载荷也具有模态波动和驻波分布特征,并相应地以第7阶振动模态主导。与此同时,可以看出IL方向水动力载荷并不是只有7阶模态参与,而是表现出多模态叠加特征。
与IL方向相似,由图6(a)可以看出,CF方向涡激振动表现出由第5阶模态主导、多个模态参与的特征,相应水动力载荷也被第5阶振动模态主导。上述结果表明:(1)均匀流场下,立管涡激振动存在多模态参与的响应特征;(2)涡激振动状态下立管涡激振动载荷具有模态跟随特征。
在得出不同流速下柔性立管模型的涡激振动响应及水动力载荷后,根据本文提出的水动力载荷系数识别方法,可进一步得到柔性立管任意截面位置处的水动力载荷系数。
图7为流速1.4 m/s和2.8 m/s工况下立管CF方向涡激振动位移响应RMS值和阻力系数沿立管的分布。从图7(a)可以看出,流速1.4 m/s下阻力系数CD随CF方向涡激振动幅值变化而变化,呈现出较为明显的相关关系。然而,在图7(b)中,2.8 m/s流速下并未观察到阻力系数随涡激振动响应同步变化现象,沿立管轴向的位移响应幅值分布不均匀,表现为靠近立管两端的幅值较小,中间位置幅值较大。造成这一差异的原因可能在于2.8 m/s流速下有多阶模态参与了涡激振动响应。
图7中,1.4 m/s和2.8 m/s两种流速下,CF方向涡激振动响应最大值分别为0.5D和0.35D,平均阻力系数分别为1.26和0.97。涡激振动响应较大时,阻力系数亦较大,原因在于立管CF方向的涡激振动位移响应增加了迎流面积,从而对阻力系数起到放大作用。综上可以看出,阻力系数与涡激振动位移响应幅值密切相关,这与涡激振动会放大阻力系数的传统认知相一致[13]
图8给出了2.8 m/s流速时多模态参与及主导模态下IL和CF方向涡激振动响应RMS值和激励力系数沿立管的分布。由图8(a)~(b)可以看出,在IL和CF方向上,激励力系数均在振动节点处存在系数阶跃现象。特别地,在图8(b)中,位于立管端部和振动节点区域的CVY出现负值,说明激励力在该处起阻尼作用,而本文提出的水动力载荷模型假设激励力起能量输入作用。造成这一现象的原因在于涡激振动的多模态参与下,载荷与响应在位置空间上存在相位差。说明涡激振动响应的多模态参与会影响水动力系数的识别结果,这与Liu等[26]发表的研究结果相一致。
上述的系数阶跃现象使得由柔性立管实验识别得出的水动力系数在涡激振动预报过程中难以应用。涡激振动预报首先要解决的是主导模态下立管响应的准确预报。因此,本文进一步采用主导模态下的振动响应进行立管水动力载荷重构,并对水动力载荷系数进行再次识别和研究。如图8(c)~(d)所示,2.8 m/s流速下,IL和CF方向的主导模态分别为第7阶和第5阶模态。与图8(a)~(b)相对比,明显可以看出,主导模态下激励力系数和涡激振动响应具有相同的变化趋势,振动节点附近的激励力系数阶跃现象消失,且CF方向的CVY均为正值。这一现象表明,激励力系数与阻力系数相似,具有明显的模态跟随特性,激励力系数与涡激振动响应大小密切相关。从能量竞争的角度来看,能量输入的载荷激励力系数较大,其涡激振动幅值势必增大,而涡激振动幅值增大同时会使得阻力系数增大,从而增大流体能量耗散,最终导致涡激振动存在一个幅值上限。这也阐明了本文能量竞争水动力载荷模型在揭示涡激振动内在机理上的优势。
图9U=2.8 m/s时,多模态和主导模态下,IL和CF方向涡激振动响应RMS值和附加质量力系数沿立管的分布。由图9(a)~(b)可以看出,附加质量系数在涡激振动位移响应节点附近也存在显著的系数阶跃现象,IL及CF方向的附加质量系数在−10至10之间波动,这一特征与Song等[325]发表的结果相一致。U=2.8 m/s时的CmxCmy平均值分别为1.5、2.6,而在以往的涡激振动预报方法中[32]Cm通常取1.0,与本文的实验结果有所不同。因此,在立管涡激振动预报过程中是否应当采用1.0需要进一步确定。
与此同时,本文得出了主导模态激励下附加质量系数沿柔性立管的分布,如图9(c)~(d)所示,主导模态下的附加质量系数分布情况同多模态具有显著差异。多模态参与下沿立管分布的附加质量系数在−10~10范围内变化,而主导模态下IL和CF方向的附加质量系数基本以常数值沿管长分布,附加质量系数基本不随涡激振动幅值变化,该现象说明IL及CF方向附加质量系数与涡激振动幅值不具有明显相关性,这与以往研究中附加质量系数依赖无因次频率而与涡激振动响应幅值关系不大的观点一致[20]。在涡激振动的节点附近,附加质量系数数值“跳跃”现象消失。附加质量系数CmxCmy分别稳定在1.66和2.23附近。这表明附加质量系数在IL和CF方向上是不相同的,在进行涡激振动预报时需要分别考虑。主导模态下激励力系数和附加质量系数的上述分布特征为建立水动力系数经验模型提供了指导。
建立合理的涡激振动水动力系数经验模型是有效预测涡激振动响应的关键。在本文的水动力载荷模型中,激励力和阻力载荷成分在涡激振动中分别起能量输入和能量耗散的作用,对应的两个系数决定了涡激振动的响应幅值。因此,本文主要研究阻力系数和激励力系数的经验模型。
以往研究结果表明,阻力系数与涡激振动响应关系密切[2111323-24]。如图10所示,本文汇总了不同流速工况下沿管长得到的最大阻力系数和CF方向涡激振动最大位移响应RMS值,并与Vandiver[13]提出的一种阻力系数模型进行对比。结果表明,Vandiver提出的阻力系数模型给出的预测值较实测值大,使得对涡激振动响应的预测偏于保守。
图10可以看出,阻力系数与涡激振动位移响应幅值大致成二次函数关系。在此,本文参考Chaplin等[11]的研究结果,将阻力系数描述为涡激振动位移响应幅值的二次函数。继而根据实测值对阻力系数模型进行修正,修正后的阻力系数模型如下:
由上式可以看出,在YRMS/D=0时,阻力系数为1.1,接近典型值CD=1.2。这在一定程度上说明了现有修正阻力系数模型的合理性。
从能量的角度来看,流体载荷阻力和激励力始终处于竞争状态。任何一方的过分占优,都会引起另一载荷成分的急剧放大。因此,激励力系数与涡激振动响应幅值之间关系应当与阻力系数具有相似性。进一步地,本文汇总了不同流速工况下柔性立管沿管长的IL方向和CF方向最大涡激振动响应无因次RMS幅值与相应方向的最大激励力系数。
图11(a)所示,IL方向的激励力系数CVX与该方向XRMS/D值基本满足二次函数关系。当IL方向完全静止时,CVX近似为0.37。这说明当立管处于静止状态时,激励力会将立管由静止状态激励至振动状态,这与实际的物理现象也是相符的。与此相似,图11(b)给出了CF方向CVYYRMS/D的分布图。图中可以看出两者之间的二次函数关系,这与本文先前的猜想一致,也说明了基于能量竞争原理的载荷模型可以从物理意义的角度描述立管涡激振动响应。特别地,当CF方向涡激振动响应幅值为零时,CVY为0.21。这与立管静止时的升力系数相近,也说明本文水动力载荷系数识别的合理性。
综合上述IL和CF方向的激励力系数与幅值之间的分布关系,本文初步建立如下的激励力系数经验模型:
需要指出的是,阻力系数与YRMS/D分布以及IL方向CVXXRMS/D分布略显离散,在某些流速下,上述模型计算的预测值与实测值不能很好地吻合,这表明该经验模型对激励力系数的预测在一定条件下可能存在误差。因此,上述水动力系数模型在涡激振动预报过程中需要进一步修正。
4.3.3 附加质量系数推荐值
与阻力系数和涡激力系数不同,附加质量系数表现出与涡激振动响应幅值无关的特征。根据以往刚性柱体强迫振荡机理实验结果可知,附加质量系数与无因次振动频率密切相关[20]。为揭示附加质量系数与振动频率的关系,本文首先定义了IL方向和CF方向的无因次振动频率分别为
式中,fILfCF分别代表涡激振动响应在IL和CF方向上的主导频率。
图12汇总了IL和CF方向上不同流速工况下实验识别的平均附加质量系数随无因次振动频率的分布。从这两幅图可以看出,附加质量系数与无量纲频率之间相关关系并不直接。IL及CF方向的附加质量系数随无因次频率呈现一定的离散特性。造成这一离散特性的原因主要是由于受当前柔性立管涡激振动试验限制,实验中难以对立管的振动无因次频率、幅值以及雷诺数等参数进行单一变量控制。也就是对于不同的工况,即使无因次频率被激发得完全一致,雷诺数等其他参数不相同,也可能诱发附加质量系数的差异,这使得当前附加质量系数的分布存在一定的离散性。但从图中可以看出,当前预报选取附加质量系数为1.0[32]是偏低的,这将导致涡激振动预报的主导模态偏低,继而使得预报结果存在偏差。根据图12的结果,本文推荐CmxCmy分别取1.2和2.0左右。这一做法将对立管涡激振动主导模态阶数及主导频率预报精度的提高有一定意义。上述现象表明,未来立管涡激振动预报中对附加质量系数的取值应当予以注意,应当对附加质量系数开展更为系统的研究,来确定附加质量系数与无因次频率之间的非线性关系。
为了证明本文水动力系数数值识别结果的准确性,基于柔性立管水池拖曳实验,对流速2.8 m/s工况下的水动力载荷系数进行验证。将识别的水动力载荷系数CVXz)、CVYz)、CDz)、Cmxz)和Cmyz)代入式(7)和式(8),得到IL和CF两个方向的水动力载荷。在ABAQUS软件中按表1所示的模型尺度建立柔性立管计算模型,并施加所获得的水动力载荷,得到IL和CF方向的平均变形和涡激振动响应。根据式(10)和式(11)进一步得到应变响应计算值。图13为流速2.8 m/s时立管IL方向平均应变和CF方向涡激振动响应RMS计算值与实测值分布的对比图。结果表明,计算值与实测值吻合较好,证明了本文所识别水动力载荷系数的正确性。
如前所述,本文提出的基于能量竞争的水动力载荷模型与Thorsen等[19]提出的同步载荷模型在原理上是相通的,区别在于本文的水动力载荷模型是显式表达,可以直接识别实验过程中涡激振动状态下的水动力载荷系数。进一步地,为了验证基于实验识别水动力系数建立的载荷系数模型的有效性,以流速2.8 m/s为例,本文基于SIMA软件采用:(1)Thorsen等[19]采用的顺流向和横流向激励力系数以及阻力系数均为1.2,附加质量系数1.0;(2)基于柔性立管实验幅值响应和能量竞争水动力载荷模型下建立的水动力系数模型得出的CVX=0.8,CVY=0.45,CD=1.25,Cmx=1.2和Cmy=2.0系数值进行涡激振动预报。需要说明的是,这里CVX取0.8的原因在于IL方向的激励力系数过于离散,因此在这里直接采用了实验识别的激励力系数最大值进行预报。图14U=2.8 m/s均匀流条件下,采用Thorsen等[19]和本文提出的水动力载荷系数预报结果对比图。图14(a)为两种系数取值下,IL方向平均流向位移预报结果对比图。对本文预报结果而言,与图7(b)中的CD=0.97相比,由于采用阻力系数模型预测的阻力系数偏大,导致IL方向涡激振动幅值预报结果偏小,但预测模态准确。而Thorsen等[19]采用较大的激励力系数,IL方向涡激振动幅值预报结果较实验值偏大;对于CF方向涡激振动来说,本文预测的结果模态数与涡激振动幅值均与实验值吻合,然而采用Thorsen等[19]的系数后,模态数和涡激振动幅值严重失真。上述结果也表明采用本文推荐的Cmy=2.0可以改善涡激振动预报的主导模态,使用本文的水动力载荷系数模型得到的预测值可以有效合理地预报涡激振动幅值,这也显示了本文水动力载荷系数模型的可靠性。未来工作中,将进一步展开基于能量竞争原理的涡激振动时域预报方法研究,并在预报中合理运用水动力载荷系数模型。
本文重点提出了基于Morison方程建立的具有能量竞争意义的水动力载荷模型,将作用于柔性立管上的水动力分为激励力、阻尼力和附加质量力三部分,通过拖曳水池模型试验,采用模态叠加法和最小二乘法,重构和识别得到了不同流速工况下的涡激振动响应、水动力载荷及载荷系数,系统分析了柔性立管在涡激振动下水动力系数沿立管的分布特性,主要结论如下:
(1)在Morison水动力载荷模型基础上,引入激励力载荷项,并显式定义为与涡激振动速度完全同相位。使得水动力载荷分解为能量输入的激励力项和能量耗散的阻力项,从而使流体载荷成分在能量方面存在竞争意义。这种显式水动力载荷模型可以使得涡激振动状态下水动力载荷系数得以直接辨识,为未来时域预报提供直接的系数取值参考,减少预报关键水动力参数取值的盲目性。
(2)均匀流作用下柔性立管的涡激振动响应具有多模态参与特性,且水动力载荷具有显著的模态跟随特性;多模态参与下,柔性立管水动力载荷系数在涡激振动位移响应节点处均存在系数阶跃现象;主导模态下,阻力系数和激励力系数与涡激振动响应幅值密切相关,附加质量系数同涡激振动响应幅值无明显关系。
(3)初步建立了涡激振动主导模态下阻力及激励力系数经验模型,并给出了附加质量系数的推荐值,对未来基于能量竞争原理水动力载荷模型建立涡激振动预报方法起到了重要载荷系数输入作用。在未来工作中,应当开展更为广泛和系统的实验,对水动力载荷系数经验模型进行优化和精细,以期适用于实际工程应用需求。
本文所提出的载荷模型为考虑结构非线性、流场时变、顺流和横流耦合等因素影响的立管涡激振动提供了一种新的时域预报思路,对突破传统工程中频域涡激振动预报方法无法考虑时变流场、计及流向耦合和结构非线性的瓶颈问题,具有重要的参考意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52101323)
  • 国家自然科学基金基础科学中心项目(52088102)
  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U19B2013)
  • 国家自然科学基金杰出青年基金项目(51825903)
  • 上海市自然基金面上项目(22ZR1432300)
  • 上海市“晨光计划”(22CGA10)
  • 上海交通大学深蓝基金(SL2021PT106)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.10.001
  • 接收时间:2025-04-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2025-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-19
基金
国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(52101323)
国家自然科学基金基础科学中心项目(52088102)
国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U19B2013)
国家自然科学基金杰出青年基金项目(51825903)
上海市自然基金面上项目(22ZR1432300)
上海市“晨光计划”(22CGA10)
上海交通大学深蓝基金(SL2021PT106)
作者信息
    a.上海交通大学 海洋工程国家重点实验室,上海 200240
    b.上海交通大学 海洋装备研究院-极地深海技术研究院,上海 200240

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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