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A rapid design method for a marine propeller with an arbitrary radial circulation distribution was proposed in this paper. Based on the lifting surface model, a genetic algorithm was employed to design the pitch and maximum camber distributions, using given camber line shapes, aiming to achieve a chordwise distribution of circulation that is as close as possible to the specified one. Subsequently, the design problem related to specified chordwise circulation distribution was solved, the redesign process of which starts with the above designed propeller. The camber line shape of each blade section was corrected according to the difference between current chordwise circulation distribution and the specified one, so that the circulation distribution of the designed propeller converges iteratively to the expected one. By applying these methods, a five-bladed highly skewed propeller was redesigned under open water conditions, and the design results were numerically validated with RANS simulation results. The hydrodynamic performances and pressure distributions of the designed propeller are in good agreement with the design objectives, thus indicating that the proposed design methods are simple, fast, and reasonably accurate.

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对于任意径向环量分布螺旋桨,本文提出了一种基于升力面模型的快速设计方法,采用给定的拱弧线形状,通过遗传算法来设计螺距和最大拱度分布,并使环量的弦向分布尽可能接近指定的形式。在此基础上,进一步解决了指定弦向环量分布的快速设计问题,即从上述设计桨出发,根据其弦向环量分布与指定分布之差,对拱弧线形状进行修正,通过迭代逐步接近指定的弦向环量分布。应用上述方法,对一型五叶大侧斜桨在敞水条件下进行了重新设计,并通过RANS模拟对设计结果进行了数值验证。结果表明,设计桨水动力性能及压力分布与设计目标一致性较好,本文方法简单快速,具有合理的精度。

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薛颖(1992-),女,博士研究生

季雪芹(1995-),女,博士研究生

张晓嵩(1996-),男,博士,工程师

杨晨俊(1964-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

董小倩(1988-),女,硕士,工程师。

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Influence of population size on hydrodynamic performance of designed propellers

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方案KT10 KQƞ
P10.22300.45570.6924
P20.22300.45610.6918
P30.22290.45540.6925
P43820.22260.45450.6931
), ArticleFig(id=1243896377768526542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896356838949840, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

种群规模对设计桨水动力性能的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案KT10 KQƞ
P10.22300.45570.6924
P20.22300.45610.6918
P30.22290.45540.6925
P43820.22260.45450.6931
), ArticleFig(id=1243896377869189840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896356838949840, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of hydrodynamic performances of designed propellers in iteration process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案KT10 KQƞ
P30.22290.45540.6925
P3-I10.22300.45560.6926
P3-I20.22290.45510.6929
P3-I30.22290.45500.6931
), ArticleFig(id=1243896377936298707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896356838949840, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

迭代过程中设计桨的水动力性能比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案KT10 KQƞ
P30.22290.45540.6925
P3-I10.22300.45560.6926
P3-I20.22290.45510.6929
P3-I30.22290.45500.6931
), ArticleFig(id=1243896377990824661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896356838949840, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of calculated hydrodynamic performances of propellers P3, P3-I3 and P4382

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
螺旋桨方法KT10 KQƞ
P4382Exp.0.2050.4400.659
P4382RANS0.20930.44200.6701
P3RANS0.21030.44500.6688
P3-I3RANS0.21220.44940.6681
), ArticleFig(id=1243896378078905048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896356838949840, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

设计桨P3、P3-I3和P4382的水动力性能计算结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
螺旋桨方法KT10 KQƞ
P4382Exp.0.2050.4400.659
P4382RANS0.20930.44200.6701
P3RANS0.21030.44500.6688
P3-I3RANS0.21220.44940.6681
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基于升力面模型的任意环量分布螺旋桨快速设计方法
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薛颖 1 , 季雪芹 1 , 张晓嵩 2, 3 , 杨晨俊 1 , 董小倩 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(9): 1352-1360
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(9): 1352-1360
基于升力面模型的任意环量分布螺旋桨快速设计方法
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薛颖1, 季雪芹1, 张晓嵩2, 3, 杨晨俊1 , 董小倩1
作者信息
  • 1.上海交通大学 海洋工程全国重点实验室,船海工程数值试验中心,上海 200240
  • 2.中船(上海)节能技术有限公司,上海 200011
  • 3.中国船舶科学研究中心 上海分部,上海 200011
  • 薛颖(1992-),女,博士研究生

    季雪芹(1995-),女,博士研究生

    张晓嵩(1996-),男,博士,工程师

    杨晨俊(1964-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

    董小倩(1988-),女,硕士,工程师。

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A rapid design method for marine propeller with an arbitrary circulation distribution based on lifting surface model
Ying XUE1, Xue-qin JI1, Xiao-song ZHANG2, 3, Chen-jun YANG1 , Xiao-qian DONG1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Marine Numerical Experiment Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2.CSSC Shanghai Marine Energy Saving Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200011, China
  • 3.Shanghai Branch, China Ship Scientific Research Center, Shanghai 200011, China
出版时间: 2025-09-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.002
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对于任意径向环量分布螺旋桨,本文提出了一种基于升力面模型的快速设计方法,采用给定的拱弧线形状,通过遗传算法来设计螺距和最大拱度分布,并使环量的弦向分布尽可能接近指定的形式。在此基础上,进一步解决了指定弦向环量分布的快速设计问题,即从上述设计桨出发,根据其弦向环量分布与指定分布之差,对拱弧线形状进行修正,通过迭代逐步接近指定的弦向环量分布。应用上述方法,对一型五叶大侧斜桨在敞水条件下进行了重新设计,并通过RANS模拟对设计结果进行了数值验证。结果表明,设计桨水动力性能及压力分布与设计目标一致性较好,本文方法简单快速,具有合理的精度。

螺旋桨  /  环量分布  /  设计  /  遗传算法  /  涡格法

A rapid design method for a marine propeller with an arbitrary radial circulation distribution was proposed in this paper. Based on the lifting surface model, a genetic algorithm was employed to design the pitch and maximum camber distributions, using given camber line shapes, aiming to achieve a chordwise distribution of circulation that is as close as possible to the specified one. Subsequently, the design problem related to specified chordwise circulation distribution was solved, the redesign process of which starts with the above designed propeller. The camber line shape of each blade section was corrected according to the difference between current chordwise circulation distribution and the specified one, so that the circulation distribution of the designed propeller converges iteratively to the expected one. By applying these methods, a five-bladed highly skewed propeller was redesigned under open water conditions, and the design results were numerically validated with RANS simulation results. The hydrodynamic performances and pressure distributions of the designed propeller are in good agreement with the design objectives, thus indicating that the proposed design methods are simple, fast, and reasonably accurate.

propeller  /  circulation distribution  /  design  /  genetic algorithm  /  vortex lattice method
薛颖, 季雪芹, 张晓嵩, 杨晨俊, 董小倩. 基于升力面模型的任意环量分布螺旋桨快速设计方法. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (9) : 1352 -1360 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.002
Ying XUE, Xue-qin JI, Xiao-song ZHANG, Chen-jun YANG, Xiao-qian DONG. A rapid design method for marine propeller with an arbitrary circulation distribution based on lifting surface model[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (9) : 1352 -1360 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.002
船舶螺旋桨设计时需要综合考虑水动力、空泡和噪声等性能,而这些都与环量分布密切相关,指定环量分布的桨叶设计可以看作是螺旋桨单/多目标优化的一个基础性问题。
迄今为止,螺旋桨理论设计主要基于势流理论,较常采用的做法是根据升力线设计得到最佳环量分布,权衡空泡等性能后进行适当的叶梢卸载,然后再进入升力面/面元法设计来确定螺距分布和拱弧面形状。比较有代表性的是Greeley等[1]的工作,他们从初始拱弧面出发,应用升力面理论涡格法逐步修正各半径剖面的螺距和拱度,直至所有控制点都满足法向速度为零的边界条件。在国内,王国强等[2]较早地开发了基于涡格法的螺旋桨性能预报程序和理论设计程序,并应用于解决实际工程问题。谭廷寿等[3-4]先后采用升力面方法和面元法进行了给定环量分布的桨叶设计,同时采用B样条来表征桨叶几何。辛公正等[5]将多组件的相互作用引入到设计过程中,开发了对转桨的升力面设计程序;随后他们又将CFD方法耦合进升力面设计程序,从而能够考虑船体、附件与推进器的相互作用以及流场粘性的影响[6]。张涛等[7]针对大侧斜对转桨,改进了升力面设计中螺距和拱弧面的迭代方法。
近年来,优化方法越来越多地应用于螺旋桨设计,其中的性能预报可以通过势流方法、图谱或粘流CFD计算等多种方式完成,优化目标以效率为主,还包括空泡性能和非定常力等。曾志波等[8]利用神经网络模型对大量的螺旋桨图谱数据进行了数学表达,从而更便于遗传算法寻优过程中的目标函数计算。蔡昊鹏等[9]基于升力线模型,采用粒子群算法寻优来得到螺旋桨的最佳环量分布。王琪等[10]基于涡格法在进行指定环量分布的桨叶设计时,采用Newton-Raphson迭代法来计算螺距和拱度的修正量。Gaggero等[11]通过面元法和遗传算法,对高速航行体后的螺旋桨进行了包括效率、船速、空化初生速度和空化面积在内的多目标优化。基于面元法程序和粒子群算法,王超等[12]对侧斜分布进行优化,以减小非定常推力的二阶幅值;叶礼裕等[13]对螺距、侧斜等螺旋桨径向参数进行优化,以提高推力和效率。Gaggero等[14]在进行螺旋桨多目标优化时,利用大量的面元法样本和少量的RANS样本,建立了多保真度Kriging代理模型,从而能够以较小的时间成本去实现更高的预报精度。
总的来看,虽然螺旋桨的设计方法在不断地发展,但是对指定环量分布螺旋桨设计这一基础性问题的研究相对较少。为此,本文综合应用升力面涡格法和遗传算法,针对给定径向环量分布这一基本设计问题,提出了两种快速方法:第一种方法采用给定的拱弧线形状,设计变量为最大拱度和螺距的径向分布,并且在满足径向环量分布的前提下使弦向环量分布尽可能接近所需要的结果;第二种方法是在第一种方法的基础上衍生的,能够对设计桨的弦向环量分布也进行指定,拱弧线形状虽然不作为设计变量,但是会根据每次设计结果的弦向环量分布作出相应调整,从而使设计桨逐步满足设计所需的径向及弦向环量分布形式。
本文主要研究指定径向环量分布的螺旋桨设计问题,设计变量为螺距分布和最大拱度分布,其余参数作为已知条件。对于不同的设计要求,分别给出了指定拱弧线形状和指定弦向环量分布两种做法。下面依次介绍这两种方法。
螺旋桨的定常性能预报采用升力面涡格法[15]。如图1所示,拱弧面被划分成径向等宽的M个条带,每个条带再沿弦向等分成N个四边形网格,网格点的径向坐标记为rmm=1,2,...,M + 1),弦向坐标记为snn=1,2,...,N + 1);在每个网格内布置展向涡,其强度记为。按下式计算可得到径向环量分布,
当拱弧线形状给定时,桨叶剖面的环量由最大拱度和攻角共同决定。如果没有其他约束,将有无数种拱度和攻角的组合能够产生指定的环量值,但显然它们的弦向环量分布是不同的。出于对空泡初生性能的考虑,设计时希望弦向环量分布在从导边开始的大部分弦长范围内都能够比较均匀地分布,例如常用的NACA a=0.8负荷分布(如图2所示),图中γ为展向涡强度(环量)的面密度,0~0.8C范围内的值均为γ0
式中,ΓC分别为剖面的总环量和弦长。
指定拱弧线形状的设计虽然无法实现指定弦向环量分布,但可以控制各剖面的弦向环量在导边处的密度,使其尽量接近所需值。因此,设计问题可以描述如下:
式中,Γm分别是桨叶第m个条带的总环量和其目标值;分别是桨叶第m个条带第1个展向涡的强度及其目标值。将设计变量的位置取在条带边缘处,因此设计变量x可以表示为
式中,ϕmm=1,2,⋯,M+1)分别表示半径rm处的最大拱度和螺距角,设计变量总数为2(M + 1)。
对于多目标优化问题,常见的解决方法有求解Pareto解集再评估以及将多目标问题转换成单目标问题等。由于式(3)中函数F1和函数F2之间不存在明显的竞争关系,因此这里可以通过加权求和的方式将该多目标优化问题转换成下式的单目标优化问题:
式中,w∈(0,1)为权重系数,这里根据经验将其取为0.5。
通过遗传算法和涡格法程序来解决式(5)的优化问题,其中采用的遗传算子包括算术交叉、基本位变异和跨世代选择,交叉率为0.8,变异率为0.01。
前面介绍了指定拱弧线形状的设计方法,能够在满足指定径向环量分布的同时控制导边处的弦向环量,该方法简单快速,但不能对弦向环量分布进行控制。如果对空泡初生性能有更高的要求,则需要对每个半径剖面都指定弦向环量分布。常见的做法是以螺距分布和拱弧面作为设计变量[11017],通过优化设计来满足要求。
考虑到直接对拱弧面和螺距进行设计,设计变量较多,过程较为复杂,且拱线形状更多地是影响环量的弦向分布情况,对剖面总环量影响不大,因此提出了一种快速设计方法,其基本思路如下:存在这样一组拱线形状以及螺距、最大拱度分布,能够在一定工况下产生指定的环量面分布;假设这组拱线形状事先已知,就可以利用1.1节中指定拱线形状的设计方法得到螺旋桨几何;对于这组事先未知形状的拱线,可以先给定一个初始值,然后以迭代的方式逐步收敛到真实值。
基于上述思路进行快速迭代设计,具体步骤如下:
(1)首先选择某二维拱线为初始拱线,令各半径剖面均为该拱线形状,得到拱线组1:fmn表示(rmsn)处的拱度,这里为了方便,记
(2)以作为指定拱线组,按1.1节的方法进行指定拱线的桨叶设计,得到设计桨的最大拱度和螺距角分布为,环量面分布为
(3)根据和目标环量对各半径剖面的拱线形状,依次计算其修正量,并得到新拱线
式中,k为大于零的常数,实际操作时根据具体情况调节k的大小,使每次的修正量不超过最大拱度值的2%,这里根据经验取0.2;
(4)对新拱线组进行边界处理:
(5)以作为指定拱线,进行指定拱线的桨叶设计,得到,对应设计桨环量面分布为
(6)判断是否满足下式条件:
式中,ε为一常数,如果满足则设计停止,输出为最终设计结果,否则令后返回步骤(3)再次进行迭代。
以DTNSRDC 4382桨[16](以下简称P4382)在设计工况(敞水,J=0.889)下的径向环量分布为目标(如图3中实线所示),对螺距和最大拱度分布进行设计,控制第一个网格内的环量密度等于γ0γ0的定义如式(2)所示。给定各半径剖面的拱线形状为NACA a=0.8拱弧线,与原型桨P4382一致;其余几何参数也和原型桨相同。参考本文作者[17]在指定环量面分布桨叶设计中的网格收敛性研究,这里将展向网格数M和弦向网格数N都取为12。为了考察该方法对种群规模的依赖性,这里采用50、100和150三个种群规模分别进行设计,进化80代后稳定收敛,设计结果依次命名为P1、P2和P3。
图3为设计结果的径向环量分布,它与目标环量分布都非常吻合。图4为设计结果的弦向环量分布,不同方案之间差别较小,各半径剖面在导边处的环量密度都满足了γ0的设计要求;设计桨与原型桨的弦向环量分布定性一致,但前者略微平缓一些。图5为设计结果的最大拱度和螺距分布,三个方案在大部分半径范围内比较接近,在叶根和叶梢附近有少许不同,且随着种群规模的增加,设计结果趋于一致。比较明显的是,设计桨从叶根到0.9R附近的最大拱度都要小于原型桨,从0.9R附近到叶梢范围内则大于原型桨;螺距则恰好相反;这与图4所示的弦向环量分布密切相关,在其他几何参数不变的情况下,为了使半径剖面导边处的环量增加,应增大该剖面的螺距或减小拱度,反之亦然。
水动力性能的升力面计算结果如表1所示,3个方案基本相同,相差不超过0.2%;与原型桨的水动力性能比较接近,也验证了螺旋桨的水动力性能主要由径向环量决定,弦向环量分布对其影响不大。总的来说,采用50~100的种群规模都能较好地满足本文的设计需求,从设计精度考虑,我们选择以P3方案作为该方法的最终设计结果,并在后续设计工作中也都采用150的种群规模。
从设计桨P3出发,采用1.2节中的方法进行拱线组修正的迭代设计,弦向环量的设计目标设定为NACA a=0.8的弦向环量分布,其余设置不变。经历3次修正后拱线基本满足设计要求,相比较直接对拱弧面和螺距进行优化设计[17],计算时间减少了约80%;将迭代了1、2、3次的设计桨分别命名为P3-I1、P3-I2和P3-I3。
图6给出了三个半径剖面的弦向环量分布在迭代过程中的变化。很明显地,随着拱线形状的不断修正,各半径剖面的弦向环量分布逐渐向目标靠拢,迭代3次后基本满足设计要求;其中外半径剖面由于初始分布就更接近目标,所以比内半径更快地达到要求。图7为从NACA a=0.8拱弧线开始修正的各阶段拱线形状,从总体形状来看,各半径剖面基本是导边和随边逐渐“瘦削”,而中间部位相对而言就逐渐“平坦”,这与图6中环量的变化趋势是对应的,也验证了本文提出的拱线修正方法是有效的。图8为迭代过程中的最大拱度和螺距分布;随着拱线组的修正,设计桨的最大拱度分布呈现出较明显的变化趋势,主要表现为叶根到0.9R范围内的最大拱度值逐渐变大;螺距分布则变化不大。表2给出了设计桨的水动力性能,不管是推力、转矩还是效率,都相差很小。
采用定常RANS方法对设计桨P3、P3-I3以及原型桨P4382进行敞水计算,进速系数J=0.889,螺旋桨直径D=250 mm,转速20 r/s,进速4.445 m/s。如图9所示,计算域为一个与螺旋桨同轴的1/5个圆柱体,直径和长度分别为5D和13D,速度入口与桨盘面之间的距离为5D。用直径1.15D、长1D的圆柱面从计算域切割出一个子域作为旋转域,该旋转域与桨叶之间无相对运动;旋转域采用非结构网格进行离散,其余部分采用结构网格进行离散,两者之间通过交界面进行数据传递。桨叶的面网格尺寸为0.032D。整个计算域的总网格数约为134万,其中旋转域的网格数为108万。计算采用SST k-ω湍流模型,压力-速度耦合方式采用SIMPLE算法,压力方程采用标准格式离散,动量等输运方程都采用二阶迎风格式离散。
螺旋桨的水动力如表3所示,其中P4382的性能预报结果与试验结果[16]相比,推力和转矩的误差分别为2.1%和0.5%,效率误差为1.7%。本文两种方法设计得到的螺旋桨性能非常接近,与原型桨P4382也很接近。图10给出了设计桨半径剖面压力p的计算结果,其中压力系数按下式定义为
式中,p0为流场静压。整体来看,两个设计桨以及原型桨的压力分布相差不大;相比较P4382,两个设计桨在导边处的压力分布比P4382要均匀,尤其是在内半径;其中P3-I3桨在0~80%弦长范围内的压力分布相对而言更均匀一些,这与图4图6中的环量分布是对应的。
本文首先建立了一种指定径向环量分布的桨叶快速设计方法,该方法以指定的径向环量分布和导边环量密度为优化目标,利用遗传算法对最大拱度和螺距分布进行设计;然后在该方法的基础上,以迭代的方式去修正各半径剖面的拱线形状,从而设计出满足指定环量面分布的桨叶螺距及拱度分布。本文以五叶桨为例,考察了本文方法的可行性,并通过RANS模拟考察了方法的准确性。主要结论如下:
(1)根据本文提出的方法能够有效地开展指定径向环量分布的桨叶快速设计,算例表明,设计桨的水动力性能满足要求,其压力分布相较于原型桨略微均匀些。
(2)通过拱弧线迭代修正的方式进行设计,不需要将拱弧面作为设计对象,设计变量数较少,操作简单方便,能够快速地解决指定环量面分布桨叶设计的问题。
(3)本文提出的两种方法,能够满足不同的弦向环量设计要求,设计时可以根据具体情况进行选择。
总体来看,本文提出的螺旋桨快速设计方法具有较高的精度和计算效率,但由于升力面方法不能准确考虑桨叶导边厚度的影响,使得设计桨的压力分布在导边处出现“尖峰”,见图10(b)~(c),可以通过修改导边附近的环量分布,并结合RANS数值验证加以解决。在实际工程中,螺旋桨工作于船尾伴流中,不同时刻各剖面的来流攻角是不同的,且桨叶厚度也会对压力分布造成影响。未来,我们将考虑结合其他方法来进行适伴流设计,以期望达到更好的效果。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(AF0100142/005)
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2025年第29卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.002
  • 接收时间:2025-03-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2025-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-14
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中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(AF0100142/005)
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    1.上海交通大学 海洋工程全国重点实验室,船海工程数值试验中心,上海 200240
    2.中船(上海)节能技术有限公司,上海 200011
    3.中国船舶科学研究中心 上海分部,上海 200011

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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