Article(id=1243896355073147828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896350367134664, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742054400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774497601526, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1758297600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774497601526, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774497601526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774497601526, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243896350367134664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='9', pageStart='1343', pageEnd='1498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774497600404, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774501609474, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243913165692584796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896350367134664, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243913165692584797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896350367134664, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1407, endPage=1422, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243896355438052281, articleId=1243896355073147828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Precise pitching motion and depth control of a bionic robotic fish, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A fuzzy adaptive sliding mode based method was designed to control the precise pitching motion of a bionic robotic fish in response to the problem of numerous gait control parameters and imprecise dynamics modelling for the co-propulsion of 3-degree-of-freedom pectoral fins, flexible body and caudal fin. Firstly, based on the given 3-degree-of-freedom pectoral fin and flexible body co-propulsion motion law, the relationship between the fish body thrust/moment and the pectoral fin phase difference and body fluctuation frequency was established by the least-squares method using CFD numerical simulation. Secondly, the designed fuzzy adaptive sliding mode controller was used to achieve the free-diving motion of the robotic fish, taking the smooth curve with the current and the desired depth levels as asymptotes, as the desired motion trajectory. The fuzzy adaptive sliding mode controller was designed to achieve the free diving motion of the machine fish. The fuzzy controller was used to analyse and calculate the adaptive law of fuzzy control rule to compensate the uncertainty term of the dynamics model and the disturbance term of the water current during the movement of the robot fish in real time, and combined with the sliding mode controller to reduce the system jitter to achieve the accurate tracking of the trajectory. Finally, the results of the simulation and the pool experiments show that the robot fish is able to swim between different depths in a fast and smooth manner, and the movement trajectories are smooth with the maximal depth deviation of only 0.08 m, and the steady state error remains at 0.04 m, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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针对3自由度胸鳍、柔性身体与尾鳍协同推进步态控制参数繁多、动力学建模不精确问题,设计了一种基于模糊自适应的滑模方法控制仿生机器鱼精确俯仰运动。首先,基于给定的3自由度胸鳍与柔性身体协同推进运动规律,通过最小二乘法利用CFD数值模拟建立了鱼体推力/力矩与胸鳍拍翼旋转相位差和柔性身体波动频率之间的关系。其次,以当前和期望深度水平面为渐近面的光滑曲线为期望运动轨迹,利用所设计模糊自适应滑模控制器实现机器鱼自由俯仰运动,其中采用模糊控制器分析计算模糊控制规则自适应律,实时补偿机器鱼运动时动力学模型的不确定项和水流干扰项,并结合滑模控制器减小系统抖振实现轨迹精确跟踪。最后,仿真和水池实验结果表明,机器鱼能够快速、平稳地在不同深度之间进行游动,其运动轨迹光滑,最大深度偏差仅为0.08 m,稳态误差保持在0.04 m以内,从而验证了所提方法的有效性。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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李宗刚(1975-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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2.兰州交通大学 机器人研究所,兰州 730070
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Fuzzy approximation adjustment rules

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
e1
NBNMNSZEPSPMPB
e2NBNBNBNBNBNMNSZE
NMNBNMNMNMNSZEZE
NSNBNMNMNSZEZEPS
ZENBNMNSZEPSPMPB
PSNSZEZEPSPMPMPB
PMZEZEPSPMPMPMPB
PBZEPSPMPBPBPBPB
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模糊逼近调节规则表

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e1
NBNMNSZEPSPMPB
e2NBNBNBNBNBNMNSZE
NMNBNMNMNMNSZEZE
NSNBNMNMNSZEZEPS
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), ArticleFig(id=1243896385372799858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896355073147828, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Results comparison of two control methods for depth movement

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下潜时间/s定深游动距离/m定深误差/m
胸鳍偏置法(文献[19])9.30.90.18
3自由度胸鳍拍动法(本文)6.81.30.08
), ArticleFig(id=1243896385435714419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896355073147828, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

深度运动两种控制方法的效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
下潜时间/s定深游动距离/m定深误差/m
胸鳍偏置法(文献[19])9.30.90.18
3自由度胸鳍拍动法(本文)6.81.30.08
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仿生机器鱼精确俯仰运动与深度控制
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李宗刚 1, 2, 3 , 王治平 1, 2 , 夏广庆 3 , 康会峰 3, 4
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(9): 1407-1422
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(9): 1407-1422
仿生机器鱼精确俯仰运动与深度控制
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李宗刚1, 2, 3 , 王治平1, 2, 夏广庆3, 康会峰3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.兰州交通大学 机电工程学院,兰州 730070
  • 2.兰州交通大学 机器人研究所,兰州 730070
  • 3.大连理工大学 工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 4.北华航天工业学院 河北省跨介质飞行器重点实验室,河北 廊坊 065000
  • 李宗刚(1975-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Precise pitching motion and depth control of a bionic robotic fish
Zong-gang LI1, 2, 3 , Zhi-ping WANG1, 2, Guang-qing XIA3, Hui-feng KANG3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechatronic Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 2.Robotics Institute, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 4.Hebei Key Laboratory of Trans-Media Aerial Underwater Vehicle, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.007
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针对3自由度胸鳍、柔性身体与尾鳍协同推进步态控制参数繁多、动力学建模不精确问题,设计了一种基于模糊自适应的滑模方法控制仿生机器鱼精确俯仰运动。首先,基于给定的3自由度胸鳍与柔性身体协同推进运动规律,通过最小二乘法利用CFD数值模拟建立了鱼体推力/力矩与胸鳍拍翼旋转相位差和柔性身体波动频率之间的关系。其次,以当前和期望深度水平面为渐近面的光滑曲线为期望运动轨迹,利用所设计模糊自适应滑模控制器实现机器鱼自由俯仰运动,其中采用模糊控制器分析计算模糊控制规则自适应律,实时补偿机器鱼运动时动力学模型的不确定项和水流干扰项,并结合滑模控制器减小系统抖振实现轨迹精确跟踪。最后,仿真和水池实验结果表明,机器鱼能够快速、平稳地在不同深度之间进行游动,其运动轨迹光滑,最大深度偏差仅为0.08 m,稳态误差保持在0.04 m以内,从而验证了所提方法的有效性。

仿生机器鱼  /  CFD数值模拟  /  模糊自适应控制  /  滑模控制  /  定深运动

A fuzzy adaptive sliding mode based method was designed to control the precise pitching motion of a bionic robotic fish in response to the problem of numerous gait control parameters and imprecise dynamics modelling for the co-propulsion of 3-degree-of-freedom pectoral fins, flexible body and caudal fin. Firstly, based on the given 3-degree-of-freedom pectoral fin and flexible body co-propulsion motion law, the relationship between the fish body thrust/moment and the pectoral fin phase difference and body fluctuation frequency was established by the least-squares method using CFD numerical simulation. Secondly, the designed fuzzy adaptive sliding mode controller was used to achieve the free-diving motion of the robotic fish, taking the smooth curve with the current and the desired depth levels as asymptotes, as the desired motion trajectory. The fuzzy adaptive sliding mode controller was designed to achieve the free diving motion of the machine fish. The fuzzy controller was used to analyse and calculate the adaptive law of fuzzy control rule to compensate the uncertainty term of the dynamics model and the disturbance term of the water current during the movement of the robot fish in real time, and combined with the sliding mode controller to reduce the system jitter to achieve the accurate tracking of the trajectory. Finally, the results of the simulation and the pool experiments show that the robot fish is able to swim between different depths in a fast and smooth manner, and the movement trajectories are smooth with the maximal depth deviation of only 0.08 m, and the steady state error remains at 0.04 m, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method.

biomimetic robotic fish  /  CFD numerical simulation  /  fuzzy adaptive control  /  sliding mode control  /  depth-fixing motion
李宗刚, 王治平, 夏广庆, 康会峰. 仿生机器鱼精确俯仰运动与深度控制. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (9) : 1407 -1422 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.007
Zong-gang LI, Zhi-ping WANG, Guang-qing XIA, Hui-feng KANG. Precise pitching motion and depth control of a bionic robotic fish[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (9) : 1407 -1422 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.007
目前水下机器人已经在水下资源勘探、水下搜救、水下考古等方面取得较为广泛的应用[1-4]。随着水下工程建设项目的增多,对水下巡检机器人运动控制能力的要求也越来越高。相比于传统螺旋桨推进的水下机器人,水下仿生机器鱼具有运动效率高、机动性能好等多种优点[5-9]。由于水下工程巡检工作具有精准性、细致性的特点,对机器人自主进行固定深度运动和不同深度自由切换运动的控制提出了更高的要求。
目前对于机器鱼定深运动已经有了一定的研究成果,其控制方法通常有储水仓法、胸鳍偏置法以及重心改变法。Wang等[10]通过改变机器鱼重心位置和排水体积相结合的方式实现了上浮和下潜运动。Korkmaz等[11]研发了一款具有双关节尾鳍以及可调节重心的机器鱼,通过控制配重块位置实现机器鱼的上浮和下潜运动。Zuo等[12-13]研制的三维游动机器鱼使用车载水电解器,产生所需数量的气体,以实现机器鱼的上浮和下潜运动。Katzschmann等[14]研制的液压驱动自主软体机器鱼,通过改变胸鳍偏角拥有动态潜水能力,实现三维空间运动。Suebsaiprom等[15]利用四连杆模型设计了一种非线性、动态的机器鱼运动模型,为了改变机器鱼重心,提出了两自由度重心调节机构,使其能够在三维空间中运动。Makrodimitris等[16]利用直流水泵抽排水改变重心位置,实现了小型机器鱼深度控制功能。Yu等[17]利用单自由度胸鳍偏置法实现机器鱼深度运动,并提出了一种基于模糊滑模控制的深度控制方法,使机器鱼能够运动到目标深度并保持在该深度。Khac等[18]将机器鱼单自由度胸鳍作为Z方向的方向舵,可以实现俯仰运动。上述关于机器鱼定深控制的研究都建立在结构较为简单的机器鱼样机上,所采用的均为无胸鳍或者单自由度胸鳍结构,难以实现对真实鱼类胸鳍运动的模拟,同时,现有的研究成果虽然实现了机器鱼的定深控制,但没有实现机器鱼的定深运动控制。
Yu等[19]在所研发的机器海豚上通过模糊控制方法调节胸鳍攻角实现了定深控制。马宏伟等[20]利用专家PID和模糊控制的方法,在开发的仿生蝠鲼机器鱼样机上实现了潜水深度和俯仰角的双闭环控制。李宗刚等[21]通过将定深控制划分为趋近和巡游两个阶段采用模糊控制方法在所研制的两自由度胸鳍仿鲹科机器鱼样机上进行实验,实现了定深控制。Cao等[22]通过CPG和模糊控制相结合的方式构建控制算法,并在研制的仿生蝠鲼机器鱼样机上实现定深运动控制。Shen等[23]使用模糊PID控制器来调节重心位置实现机器海豚的定深控制。Liu等[24]提出了一种基于压力传感器阵列的人工侧线传感器(ALLS)系统来实现水下机器人俯仰运动。Khan等[25]通过对比例积分导数(PID)和状态反馈控制算法在机器鱼中的时域性能分析,控制其俯仰及定深运动。上述水下复杂流场中的机器鱼运动模型缺乏精确性,而且大多采用单一模糊控制器,没有对控制器参数进行实时调节修正。
由于仿生机器鱼所工作的水下环境复杂多变,存在较多难以计算的外界干扰。机器鱼在下潜过程中其柔性身体的蒙皮体积会因为所承受水压的不同而发生改变,而且由于水下压力场的复杂性导致机器鱼柔性身体的收缩量无法得到准确计算。模糊控制方法因其可对系统中非线性不确定项进行实时补偿的功能,在水下机器人运动控制方面得到了较为广泛的应用[19-2226-30],而滑模控制方法具有使系统沿滑模面快速趋近设定目标值的特性[31],故可通过将模糊自适应和滑模控制算法相结合的方法对机器鱼定深运动进行控制。
本研究利用给定的3自由度胸鳍与3关节柔性身体尾鳍协同推进运动规律,通过CFD数值模拟的方式建立了胸/尾鳍协同推进机器鱼自由俯仰运动的水动力学模型,利用所设计的模糊自适应滑模控制器,实现对机器鱼系统模型未知项和水流干扰项参数的逼近,并通过滑模控制器使得机器鱼精确跟踪期望俯仰轨迹并保持定深运动。仿真和实验表明,本文所设计的控制器能实现机器鱼精确跟踪铅垂面期望轨迹并控制其在固定深度运动。
相比于单自由度胸鳍运动、水动力学模型精确性低等问题,本文工作的创新点如下:(1)建立了3自由度胸鳍运动规律,并提出胸鳍拍翼旋转相位差,以解决深度控制参数过多问题;对比胸鳍偏置法,3自由度胸鳍拍动控制方法在实现机器鱼俯仰运动的基础上,也可产生前进运动的推进力,通过多自由度胸鳍拍动实现机器鱼定深运动。(2)使用CFD仿真数据与实体实验相结合的方式,建立了胸鳍拍翼旋转相位差和柔性身体波动频率两者与机器鱼推力、力矩的映射关系;(3)采用模糊控制器逼近系统不确定项与水流干扰项,并通过自适应律实时调节来修正控制器参数,在复杂的水下动态环境中实现了机器鱼精确跟踪俯仰轨迹与定深控制。
利用对鱼类运动的观察分析,本节建立了3自由度胸鳍与3关节柔性身体尾鳍协同推进的运动规律,并通过胸鳍拍翼旋转相位差和柔性身体波动频率的组合控制来实现深度方向轨迹跟踪,以减少运动控制参数。
为了描述仿生机器鱼运动和推进机构(胸鳍和柔性身体/尾鳍)运动,如图1所示,定义如下四个坐标系:鱼体运动坐标系OF-xFyFzF、左胸鳍运动坐标系Ol-xlylzl、右胸鳍运动坐标系Or-xryrzr和柔性身体/尾鳍运动坐标系Ot-xtytzt。其中鱼体运动坐标系固定在机器鱼质心上并随机器鱼运动,oFxF轴沿机器鱼的头尾轴向头方向,oFyF轴沿机器鱼的右胸鳍切向向外延伸,oFzF轴垂直于xFoFyF平面向下;胸鳍运动坐标系与鱼体运动坐标系方向一致,但胸鳍坐标系原点与3自由度胸鳍运动中心重合;柔性身体/尾鳍运动坐标系固定在柔性身体与鱼头连接面中心,其中otxt轴沿鱼体头尾轴反方向,otyt轴沿左胸鳍方向向外平行延伸,otzt轴垂直于xtotyt平面向下。
首先,观察真实鱼类胸鳍运动轨迹,许多鱼鳍轨迹呈现出空间8字形或椭圆形[31],受此启发设计出3自由度胸鳍推进机构。以左胸鳍为例,设定刚性胸鳍3个自由度高效运动规律按以下方程摆动,即
式中,fp为胸鳍拍动频率;φroAroφroa为前后拍翼角、幅值、偏置;φflAflφfla为上下拍翼角、幅值、偏置;δr为胸鳍拍翼角耦合相位差,可改变前后拍翼角和上下拍翼角组成的运动轨迹,当δr=π/2时,拍翼耦合轨迹为空间椭圆形,如图2(a)所示;φsAsφsa为摇翼角、幅值、偏置。3自由度胸鳍拍动规律如图2所示。
其次,通过Lighthill鱼体波曲线方程驱动3关节柔性身体尾鳍机器鱼,则有
式中,ybody是鱼体的横向位移,l是鱼体的轴向位移,c1是鱼体波波幅包络线的一次项系数,c1=0.054,c2是鱼体波波幅包络线的二次项系数,c2=0.235,k是波长倍数(k=2π/λ),λ是鱼体波的波长,λ=0.639 m,ft是柔性身体波动频率。
最后,根据定深运动规律分析可知,可通过改变胸鳍推力方向或胸鳍拍翼旋转相位差实现上浮与下潜运动,改变柔性身体波动频率实现加速与减速,其协同控制才能致使机器鱼实现俯仰运动。因此,将式(1)中前后拍翼角φro、上下拍翼角φfl和摇翼角φs进行转换可得
式中,为转换后的前后和上下拍翼角,为转换后的摇翼角;δo为胸鳍拍翼旋转相位差,如图3(a)所示,当δo∈(−π/2,π/2)时调整δo的数值既可实现上浮下潜也可保持定深运动,δo变化时拍翼角耦合位移如图3(b)所示。
综上,建立机器鱼推力、力矩与胸鳍拍翼旋转相位差(δo)以及柔性身体波动频率(ft)之间的关系,是实现深度方向轨迹跟踪的关键,如图4所示。
为了建立机器鱼推力、力矩与胸鳍拍翼旋转相位差(δo)以及柔性身体波动频率(ft)之间的关系,本节基于按给定的机器鱼胸鳍运动规律推进时的CFD仿真分析结果,从中提取机器鱼胸尾鳍的拍动控制量与所受推力、力矩数据,通过最小二乘法拟合获得胸鳍拍翼的旋转相位差(δo)以及柔性身体波动频率(ft)两者分别与机器鱼推力、力矩之间的关系,进而建立胸尾鳍协同推进方式与机器鱼位姿之间的非定常动力学模型,为机器鱼在深度方向上的轨迹跟踪奠定基础。
机器鱼俯仰运动数值模拟在非定常流动条件下进行,流体域介质是液态淡水,使用动态网格技术实现鱼体运动,求解方法采用压力-速度耦合法,压力参数的空间离散化设置为二阶,动量、湍流动能和耗散率都设置为二阶逆风格式,控制方程采用三维不可压缩非定常Navier-Stokes方程,连续方程和动量方程分别为
式中,ρ是流体密度,p是压力项,u是流速分量。为了数值模拟获得非定常流动中机器鱼的推力/力矩,选择更适合近壁区域的湍流计算模型SST k-ω[32]。在机器鱼三维模型周围建立长方体(3D矩形)计算域来模拟机器鱼周围流场,计算域长、宽和高分别为8000 mm、8000 mm和6000 mm,计算域网格全局尺寸为50 mm,机器鱼边界层网格尺寸为10 mm,网格的总节点数量为2.5×107。计算域边界条件如图5(a)所示,定义机器鱼的速度入口、压力出口、自由滑移壁面和无滑移壁边界条件。
根据胸鳍和柔性身体/尾鳍运动规律,设各运动参数值分别为Aro=π/8,φroa=0,δr=π/2,Afl=π/16,φfla=π/16,As=π/4,φsa=−π/4,fp=π,ft=1/Tt,通过Ansys软件进行CFD数值模拟,可得胸鳍旋转相位差和柔性身体波动频率两者分别发生变化(δo ∈(−π/2,π/2),ft ∈(0,4))时其与鱼体推力、力矩的关系规律,驱动胸鳍和柔性身体尾鳍运动,使机器鱼自主推进下潜并在固定深度保持运动,机器鱼俯仰运动的侧视涡量云图如图5(b)所示。依据数值模拟获得的数据,利用最小二乘法构建流体仿真中胸尾鳍单个运动周期内,机器鱼的推力/力矩()与胸鳍拍翼旋转相位差(δo)和柔性身体波动频率(ft)关系如式(5)~(7)所示,拟合结果如图6所示。
式中,分别为xz方向的胸/尾鳍协同推力,为俯仰方向的力矩。
考虑到流体仿真与实际运动模型的差距,引入推力/力矩误差项,则机器鱼胸/尾鳍实际推力τ
式中,τε为鱼体实际推力/力矩与流体模拟的偏差,主要由鱼壳材料的疏水性能、天线、水池壁面和水池动、静水工况等造成,其值可通过采集实际工况的推力/力矩估算获得,本文中将其作为环境干扰。
假设机器鱼为对称体(关于oFxFzF对称和关于oFyFzF对称),并忽略横向、横摇和纵摇运动的影响;仿生机器鱼在水中铅垂方向运动时,位姿为η=[xzϕ],速度为υ=[ufvfqf],建立动力学模型如下[33]
式中,M=MRB+MACυ)=CRBυ)+CAυ),Dυ)=D+Dnυ);MRB为刚体的质量及惯量矩阵;MA为附加质量矩阵;CAυ)为附加质量引起的类科里奥利/向心力矩阵;CRBυ)为鱼体质量引起的科里奥利/向心力矩阵;D为线性阻尼矩阵;Dnυ)为非线性阻尼矩阵;gη)是恢复力(力矩);τd=τE+τετE包含鱼体受到由风、浪和流等环境干扰力引起的力/力矩。
在式(9)中,矩阵MCυ)、Dυ)、gη)均可通过机器鱼质量和运动速度计算获得,推力τ由胸鳍和柔性身体/尾鳍协同运动产生。由此可见,将仿生机器鱼在深度方向的轨迹跟踪问题,转化为通过控制胸鳍旋转相位差(δo)以改变鱼体运动俯仰角,以及控制柔性身体波动频率(ft)以改变鱼体运动速度的组合问题。然而,水下仿生机器鱼模型的复杂性和环境干扰的不确定性,导致了所建立的动力学模型往往不够精确。
为了建立仿生机器鱼在不同深度下自由俯仰运动更为精确的动力学模型,本文设计了仿生机器鱼模糊自适应滑模控制方案如图7所示。首先,将机器鱼位姿的实际值和期望值之间的偏差输入滑模切换函数,因传统的滑模控制器中存在切换函数使得系统存在较大抖振,采用饱和函数代替原符号函数,降低了因速度输出时系统所产生的抖振;其次,结合模糊控制器无限逼近性质分析计算模糊控制规则自适应律,对机器鱼模型未知项和水流干扰项参数实现模糊逼近获得系统等效控制律;最后,将等效控制律和滑模控制律相结合,实现机器鱼自由俯仰运动并控制其精确跟踪期望轨迹。
通过输入机器鱼期望轨迹位姿,并定义其轨迹跟踪位姿误差e=[e1  e2]为
式中,e1e2分别为运动轨迹误差、轨迹误差变化率。根据式(9)和(10),机器鱼的动力学模型可描述为如下所示状态空间的非线性不确定系统:
式中,det)=-Je1M−1τd为水流及环境干扰;u=Je1M−1τbet)为控制增益;
在实际运动控制中,由于机器鱼模型的复杂性和流体运动的不确定性,导致式(11)中的模型fet)、水流及环境干扰det)以及控制增益bet)往往未知。因此,在滑模控制中,需要采用较大的增益项来保证系统稳定。将模型和流体干扰的不确定项定义为
式中,分别是fet)和det)的标称部分,且总和为εfet)和εdet)分别是fet)和det)的不确定部分。将控制增益定义为
则,式(11)可转化为
式中,εet)=εfet)+εdet)+εbetu为系统不确定项总和。定义切换滑模面为
式中,C=diag[c1  c2 ⋯  c6],(ci > 0,i=1,2,⋯,6)。则有
为了减少系统输出存在的抖动,使用饱和函数sat(S),因此选择的趋近律为
式中,
将上述非线性系统式(14)代入式(16)可得
当系统处于滑动模态时,。根据式(16)推导,系统的等效控制律为
在系统控制过程中,考虑到存在不确定的项和流体干扰,需要引入滑模控制律,使系统快速趋向滑模面。引入的控制律为
因此,选取的机器鱼控制律为
设计模糊自适应控制器,估计系统的不确定项和流体干扰项。由于机器鱼在运动时,控制律式(21)将不适用,可利用模糊系统逼近。设计以e作为模糊系统输入,作为输出。采用乘积推理机、单值模糊器和中心平均解模糊器,则模糊系统的输出为
式中,ei的隶属函数,形式如图8所示;k为模糊规则个数;θT=[θ1,⋯,θj,⋯,θk]为可调参数矢量;σ为输入量的个数;ξ(e)为引入的模糊向量,其定义为
定义模糊逼近的调节规则如表1所示。
根据模糊系统的逼近特性,可得
式中,为模糊系统输出;根据自适应律而变化。
采用模糊控制器,机器鱼的控制律变为
设最优参数为
式中,fbω分别为θfθbθω的集合。故而定义最小逼近误差为
式中,
通过Lyapunov函数分析控制器的稳定性,则可得
将式(29)代入式(33)中得
自适应的作用就是将跟踪误差S和参数误差调节到最小。定义Lyapunov函数为
式中,γfγbγε是正常数。
则有
Lyapunov函数的导数为
由式(36)可知,自适应律应选择为
将自适应律式(37)代入式(36),得
式中,w是模糊逼近误差,非常小,因此。当时,S≡0,根据LaSalle不变性原理,t→∞,S→0。由此可见,系统能够在有限时间内到达滑模面且渐进稳定。
深度运动控制的目的,一是实现机器鱼在固定深度执行稳定巡游的工作任务,二是使机器鱼能在不同水深中自由运动。由于身体波动导致机器鱼运动偏离期望轨迹,通过对胸鳍拍翼旋转相位差和柔性身体波动频率的调整,改变机器鱼俯仰角以实现不同水深自由运动和固定深度的巡游控制。机器鱼期望轨迹设定为xd=(π/6)tzd=(π/6)-(π/6)e-t。系统的初始状态设定为x=0,z=0,θ=0,
通过运行仿真程序,得到机器鱼的水平位移、深度位移和俯仰角曲线如图9所示。
图9可知,在仿真环境下机器鱼对所设定的期望轨迹跟踪效果良好,除在最初的收敛反应时间内有较小的误差外,往后运动时间内在模糊自适应控制器的作用下,机器鱼均能快速跟踪期望轨迹。在进入稳定运行状态以后仅有小范围的误差波动,故能够有效实现对目标轨迹的跟踪。通过对机器鱼x方向位移和深度位移数据的结合分析,可以得到机器鱼的实际运动轨迹如图10所示。
图10可知在所设计的模糊自适应控制器的作用下,机器鱼的实际运动轨迹和期望的运动轨迹基本吻合。最大轨迹误差为0.08 m,出现在运动开始约0.2 s的时刻,当机器鱼处于稳定巡游阶段时潜水深度基本固定,机器鱼仅沿x轴方向进行直线运动。
图11所示为仿真环境下机器鱼x方向运动速度、z方向运动速度和俯仰角速度变化曲线。在机器鱼水下运动速度仿真中,由图11局部放大图可知,约在0.5 s以后x方向运动速度跟踪上期望速度,之后基本保持一致仅有较小的误差(图11(a));约在0.4 s以后z方向运动速度跟踪上期望速度,之后仅有较小的误差波动(图11(b));约在0.2 s以后俯仰角速度跟踪上期望角速度(图11(c)),其时间比前两者短的原因是,机器鱼三自由度胸鳍运动拍动法能够更快地使机器鱼实现俯仰并作下潜运动。此外,机器鱼运动过程中速度和角速度曲线皆过渡平滑。
图12为仿真环境下机器鱼x方向运动位移、z方向运动位移和俯仰角位移的误差变化曲线,可以看到在控制器作用下机器鱼深度误差迅速收敛,在进入稳态以后机器鱼的运动误差仅会在较小的范围内波动。机器鱼运动过程中深度的最大误差为0.095 m,到达稳定状态后机器鱼深度的稳态误差为0.02 m。机器鱼俯仰角最大误差为0.093 rad,稳态误差为0.01 rad。
仿真结果说明将误差引入滑模趋近函数和模糊控制器相结合的方法,能够使机器鱼轨迹的跟踪更加精确,也表明本文所设计控制算法的有效性。
采用实验室研制的3自由度胸尾鳍协同推进仿蓝圆鰺机器鱼实验样机,该机器鱼长×宽×高分别为0.693 m×0.158 m×0.221 m,总重量约9 kg。机器鱼胸鳍和柔性身体关节通过伺服电机驱动,且配置有陀螺仪和压力传感器用于测量机器鱼的俯仰角和潜水深度。选择长×宽×高分别为3.8 m×1.8 m×1.2 m的室内水池作为本次实验的场地,池内水深为0.75 m。为便于实时观察机器鱼的运动状态,摄像头1放置在水池正上方距离池底约3 m的位置,摄像头2放置在水池侧方距离池底约0.6 m的位置。机器鱼初始深度为0.05 m,下潜深度为0.5 m,下潜后定深运动轨迹长度为2 m。仿生机器鱼样机如图13(a),实验水池环境如图13(b)所示。
在机器鱼深度运动实验中,控制机器鱼胸鳍按式(1)所示运动规律进行摆动,柔性身体/尾鳍按式(2)所示运动规律进行波动。仿生机器鱼深度运动实验中机器鱼的位姿变化如图14所示,机器鱼深度运动轨迹曲线如图15所示,机器鱼位移变化曲线如图16所示,机器鱼深度运动实际轨迹误差曲线如图17所示。
图15可知机器鱼在运动的初始时刻存在较大深度偏差,这和仿真结果一致。定深运动开始约5 s后,机器鱼的实际运动曲线和期望目标曲线基本保持一致。同时可以看到相比于稳定的定深游动状态(6.8~20 s),机器鱼下潜过程(0~6.8 s)产生的误差较大,这是因为机器鱼在下潜时依然需要尾鳍持续摆动以提供足够的推进力,此时机器鱼不可避免会出现较大的向前移动。
结合图14图15的运动轨迹可知,在运动结束位置,由于室内水池大小的限制,机器鱼运动轨迹稍有变形。当机器鱼在水中运动时,其运动的稳定程度和准确程度均优于水面运动的情况。造成这一现象的原因在于当机器鱼在水面运行时身体背部和腹部的阻力差异较大,从而产生了较大的转矩,而当机器鱼潜入水下以后背、腹部阻力趋于一致。
图16可知,机器鱼在实际运动过程中其最大俯仰角约为0.14 rad,在下潜(0~6.8 s)阶段由于机器鱼俯仰角需要在短时间内做出快速的改变,导致出现了较大的俯仰角偏差,使得深度方向位移也产生较大的偏差,但当机器鱼运动到定深游动状态(6.8~20 s)时,其误差均在小范围内波动。
图17可知,在控制器的作用下机器鱼的深度及俯仰角误差迅速衰减,当机器鱼处于稳定运动状态时,其深度和俯仰角误差曲线存在较小的周期性波动,这是由于机器鱼在推进过程中执行器的周期性动作所导致,通过对比可以发现,误差的波动周期和机器鱼尾鳍摆动周期一致,证实了该现象出现的原因。
与文献[19]中实验结果相比(表2),3自由度胸鳍拍动控制方法在定深运动过程中仍能保持较佳的稳定误差,且下潜相同深度所需时间更少以及相同时间游动距离更长,这表明本文方法在仿生机器鱼的定深运动控制中优于胸鳍偏置法[19]
实体实验结果表明,本文所设计的控制算法在实际工作中可以有效调节机器鱼在不同深度自由俯仰运动,同时可以使机器鱼在固定深度条件下持续稳定运行。进一步说明了该控制方法的有效性,同时也说明了本文设计的3自由度胸尾鳍协同推进机器鱼样机的灵活性和高机动性。
针对机器鱼水下俯仰运动精确跟踪和深度运动控制问题,本文提出了一种模糊自适应控制方法。利用CFD仿真数据建立了胸鳍拍翼旋转相位差和柔性身体波动频率协同运动与机器鱼推力、力矩之间的关系,从而实现以3自由度胸鳍拍动法控制机器鱼深度运动;然后通过模糊控制算法对机器鱼所受到的环境干扰以及柔性蒙皮变形进行补偿,同时调节滑模增益使系统误差迅速衰减;利用滑模算法使机器鱼下潜深度和俯仰角收敛至期望值,实现不同水深的自由运动与固定深度的运动控制。最后使用所开发的机器鱼样机进行了室内水池实验,实验结果表明机器鱼仅在运动的开始位置存在明显的深度和俯仰角误差,其余状态下机器鱼运行稳定,其最大深度误差为0.08 m,稳态深度偏差保持在0.04 m以内,在设置期望深度为0.5 m的情况下机器鱼下潜过程耗时为6.8 s。在下一步的研究工作中将会在所述控制方法的基础上,结合多传感器融合技术以期提高机器鱼在水下工作时对环境的感知能力。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(61663020; 12175032; 12102082; 12275044; 12211530449)
  • 国防基础科研计划资助项目(JCKY2022407C009)
  • 甘肃省高等学校产业支撑计划项目(2022CYZC-33)
  • 大连理工大学工业装备结构分析国家重点实验室开放课题(ZG22119)
  • 兰州交通大学军民融合创新团队培育基金(JMTD202211)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.007
  • 接收时间:2025-03-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2025-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-16
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(61663020; 12175032; 12102082; 12275044; 12211530449)
国防基础科研计划资助项目(JCKY2022407C009)
甘肃省高等学校产业支撑计划项目(2022CYZC-33)
大连理工大学工业装备结构分析国家重点实验室开放课题(ZG22119)
兰州交通大学军民融合创新团队培育基金(JMTD202211)
作者信息
    1.兰州交通大学 机电工程学院,兰州 730070
    2.兰州交通大学 机器人研究所,兰州 730070
    3.大连理工大学 工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
    4.北华航天工业学院 河北省跨介质飞行器重点实验室,河北 廊坊 065000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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