Article(id=1243896354624357295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896350367134664, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742832000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774497601418, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1758297600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774497601418, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774497601418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774497601418, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243896350367134664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='9', pageStart='1343', pageEnd='1498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774497600404, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774501609474, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243913165692584796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896350367134664, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243913165692584797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896350367134664, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1373, endPage=1382, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243896355157033910, articleId=1243896354624357295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Thrust loss mechanism and directionality of omnidirectional waterjet propeller, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The omnidirectional waterjet propeller, as a lateral thruster or dynamic positioning device, has attracted more and more attentions. Its hydrodynamic characteristics are a key factor in meeting the application requirements. However, there are limited related studies. The numerical simulation of hydrodynamic performance of the omnidirectional waterjet propeller was carried out in this paper. Based on the STAR-CCM+ software, the steady RANS method was applied to investigate the hydrodynamic performance of an omnidirectional waterjet propeller under two conditions, i. e. static water and flowing water. The results show that the hydrodynamic performance of both thrust magnitude and directionality is greatly affected by the magnitude and direction of incoming flow, and the influence is greater when the rotational speed is lower. The research in this paper reveals the thrust loss mechanism of the omnidirectional waterjet propeller. Its hydrodynamic performance should be evaluated according to its working conditions, and the low rotational speed operation should be avoided to ensure that hydrodynamic performance requirements are met.

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全回转喷水推进器作为一种侧推或动力定位装置,应用需求日益增长。水动力特性是满足使用要求的关键因素,但针对其水动力特性的相关研究较少。因此,本文开展全回转喷水推进器水动力性能数值模拟研究。基于STAR-CCM+商业软件,采用多面体网格离散计算域,并采用定常RANS方法,对全回转喷水推进器在静水和有来流工况下的水动力特性进行了考察。在静水与有来流工况下,全回转推进器的水动力特性存在较大差别,其推力受来流大小和方向影响较大,推力的大小及指向性均发生变化,且转速越低,受影响越大。本研究揭示了全回转喷水推进器的推力损失与指向性发生变化的机理,并建议在实际运用中应根据工况评估其水动力性能,且尽量避免低转速运行,以确保满足水动力性能需求。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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邱继涛(1994-),男,硕士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

王仁智(1996-),男,硕士,工程师

严鹏(1990-),男,博士,高级工程师

张锐志(1995-),男,硕士,工程师

周加建(1978-),男,硕士,研究员。

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王仁智(1996-),男,硕士,工程师

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周加建(1978-),男,硕士,研究员。

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SCHOTTEL PumpJet[EB/OL]. 2023-6-16[2024-3-25]. https://www.schottel.de/en/portfolio/products/product-details/spj-schottel-pumpjet., articleTitle=SCHOTTEL PumpJet, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243896372257210885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896354624357295, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=134, issue=3, pageStart=31, pageEnd=42, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Miorini R L, Wu H, Katz J, journalName=Journal of Turbomachinery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Miorini R L, Wu H, Katz J. The internal structure of the tip leakage vortex within the rotor of an axial waterjet pump[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery, 2012, 134(3): 31-42., articleTitle=The internal structure of the tip leakage vortex within the rotor of an axial waterjet pump, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243896372383040007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896354624357295, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=刘文豪, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘文豪. 底板式全回转喷水推进器的设计与性能研究[D]. 镇江:江苏科技大学,2016., articleTitle=底板式全回转喷水推进器的设计与性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243896372584366606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896354624357295, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Liu W H, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu W H. The design and performance study on plate type rotary jet propulsion[D]. Zhenjiang: Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 2016. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The design and performance study on plate type rotary jet propulsion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243896372823441938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896354624357295, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=李贵斌, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李贵斌. 一种上装式全回转喷水推进器水动力结构:中国. 202211499263[P]. 2023-04-07., articleTitle=一种上装式全回转喷水推进器水动力结构, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243896372924105241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896354624357295, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Li G B, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li G B. The present invention relates to a water power structure of top-mounted full-rotation water-jet propeller: China. 202211499263[P]. 2023-04-07. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The present invention relates to a water power structure of top-mounted full-rotation water-jet propeller, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243896373028962847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896354624357295, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=24, pageStart=109, pageEnd=110, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=梁慧君, journalName=产业创新研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=梁慧君. 船底回转喷水推进器对船舶性能和建造的影响[J]. 产业创新研究2020(24):109-110., articleTitle=船底回转喷水推进器对船舶性能和建造的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243896373121237539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896354624357295, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=24, pageStart=109, pageEnd=110, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Liang H J, journalName=Industrial Innovation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liang H J. The impact of bottom turning water jet thrusters on ship performance and construction[J]. Industrial Innovation, 2020(24): 109-110. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The impact of bottom turning water jet thrusters on ship performance and construction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243896373213512231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896354624357295, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=63, issue=5, pageStart=96, pageEnd=104, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Carreno J E, Mora J D, Perez F L, journalName=Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Carreno J E, Mora J D, Perez F L. Mathematical model for maneuverability of a riverine support patrol vessel with a pumpjet propulsion system[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2013, 63(5): 96-104., articleTitle=Mathematical model for maneuverability of a riverine support patrol vessel with a pumpjet propulsion system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243896373305786923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896354624357295, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=27, issue=6, pageStart=848, pageEnd=864, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Bao H L, Li C, Li P Z, journalName=Journal of Ship Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bao H L, Li C, Li P Z. Design and cavitation characteristics of water-jet axial flow pumps[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2023, 27(6): 848-864., articleTitle=Design and cavitation characteristics of water-jet axial flow pumps, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243896373414838835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896354624357295, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=26, issue=1, pageStart=30, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=10, authorNames=郭嫱, 王宇, 黄先北, journalName=船舶力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭嫱,王宇,黄先北,. 喷水推进泵叶轮空化涡流的数值模拟研究[J]. 船舶力学2022, 26(1):30-37., articleTitle=喷水推进泵叶轮空化涡流的数值模拟研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243896373540667960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896354624357295, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=26, issue=1, pageStart=30, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Guo Q, Wang Y, journalName=Journal of Ship Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo Q, Wang Y, et al. 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Numerical simulations of oblique towing tests for waterjet-propelled ship model[J]. Chinese Journal of Hydrodynamics2022, 37(3):408-414. 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Research on numerical prediction and optimization of resistance and propulsion performance of waterjet propelled ships[D]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2020. 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Grids quantity

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网格数目

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Numerical simulation cases of typical working conditions

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来流速度Vin/(m·s−121012
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典型工作过程数值模拟工况

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来流速度Vin/(m·s−121012
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全回转喷水推进器推力损失机理及指向性研究
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邱继涛 1, 2 , 王仁智 2 , 严鹏 1, 2 , 张锐志 2 , 周加建 1, 2
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(9): 1373-1382
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(9): 1373-1382
全回转喷水推进器推力损失机理及指向性研究
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邱继涛1, 2 , 王仁智2, 严鹏1, 2, 张锐志2, 周加建1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.喷水推进技术重点实验室,上海 200011
  • 2.中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究院,上海 200011
  • 邱继涛(1994-),男,硕士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

    王仁智(1996-),男,硕士,工程师

    严鹏(1990-),男,博士,高级工程师

    张锐志(1995-),男,硕士,工程师

    周加建(1978-),男,硕士,研究员。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Thrust loss mechanism and directionality of omnidirectional waterjet propeller
Ji-tao QIU1, 2 , Ren-zhi WANG2, Peng YAN1, 2, Rui-zhi ZHANG2, Jia-jian ZHOU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Science and Technology of Water Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Shanghai 200011, China
  • 2.Marine Design & Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200011, China
出版时间: 2025-09-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.004
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全回转喷水推进器作为一种侧推或动力定位装置,应用需求日益增长。水动力特性是满足使用要求的关键因素,但针对其水动力特性的相关研究较少。因此,本文开展全回转喷水推进器水动力性能数值模拟研究。基于STAR-CCM+商业软件,采用多面体网格离散计算域,并采用定常RANS方法,对全回转喷水推进器在静水和有来流工况下的水动力特性进行了考察。在静水与有来流工况下,全回转推进器的水动力特性存在较大差别,其推力受来流大小和方向影响较大,推力的大小及指向性均发生变化,且转速越低,受影响越大。本研究揭示了全回转喷水推进器的推力损失与指向性发生变化的机理,并建议在实际运用中应根据工况评估其水动力性能,且尽量避免低转速运行,以确保满足水动力性能需求。

全回转喷水推进器  /  水动力性能  /  RANS  /  推力损失  /  推力指向性

The omnidirectional waterjet propeller, as a lateral thruster or dynamic positioning device, has attracted more and more attentions. Its hydrodynamic characteristics are a key factor in meeting the application requirements. However, there are limited related studies. The numerical simulation of hydrodynamic performance of the omnidirectional waterjet propeller was carried out in this paper. Based on the STAR-CCM+ software, the steady RANS method was applied to investigate the hydrodynamic performance of an omnidirectional waterjet propeller under two conditions, i. e. static water and flowing water. The results show that the hydrodynamic performance of both thrust magnitude and directionality is greatly affected by the magnitude and direction of incoming flow, and the influence is greater when the rotational speed is lower. The research in this paper reveals the thrust loss mechanism of the omnidirectional waterjet propeller. Its hydrodynamic performance should be evaluated according to its working conditions, and the low rotational speed operation should be avoided to ensure that hydrodynamic performance requirements are met.

omnidirectional waterjet propeller  /  hydrodynamic performance  /  RANS  /  thrust loss  /  thrust directionality
邱继涛, 王仁智, 严鹏, 张锐志, 周加建. 全回转喷水推进器推力损失机理及指向性研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (9) : 1373 -1382 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.004
Ji-tao QIU, Ren-zhi WANG, Peng YAN, Rui-zhi ZHANG, Jia-jian ZHOU. Thrust loss mechanism and directionality of omnidirectional waterjet propeller[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (9) : 1373 -1382 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.004
目前,常用于动力定位和侧推的推进装置有全回转吊舱螺旋桨、舵桨、隧道式侧推器等。全回转喷水推进器是一种特殊的推进装置,也越来越多地用于动力定位或侧推,如图1所示,它是一种典型的全回转喷水推进器。全回转喷水推进装置安装于船体底部,整个装置被内置于船舱内。动力装置带动推进器内部叶轮旋转,从推进器底部吸水,并从底部一侧喷出,利用高速水流反作用力产生推力[2],且可360°回转。相对于其他动力定位装置,全回转喷水推进装置具有结构紧凑、无船外附体、低噪声等优势,目前被广泛应用于双端航线船、游艇、铰链式拖船等。
随着技术的发展,全回转喷水推进器的应用需求日益增大,但相关的研究并不多见。刘文豪[3]根据巡逻艇的常规参数对全回转喷水推进系统进行了设计,并采用CFD方法对泵体叶片数、叶片厚度和叶顶间隙进行了研究。七〇八研究所的李贵斌[4]提出一种上装式全回转喷水推进器水动力结构,无需上排即可完成设备维修,降低了安装和维修成本。梁慧君[5]研究了全回转喷水推进器对船舶性能和船舶建造的影响,认为全回转喷水推进器的运用可实现用最小的建造成本满足新规范和建造周期的双重要求。Carreno等[6]对装备有全回转喷水推进系统的巡逻艇进行了操纵性数值试验,数值试验结果与全尺寸试验结果之间具有良好的拟合度。目前,关于常规喷水推进系统的研究已经相当成熟,涵盖了水动力特性、空化及噪声等方面的研究[7-9]。而全回转喷水推进装置基本原理与常规喷水推进相似,均是利用喷出与吸入流体的动量差产生推力[10-11],但其形式与常规喷水推进相差甚远,水动力性能及其他各方面性能也大不相同,相关研究也鲜有发表。
随着海上装备需求的增加,一些具有特殊用途的船舶,例如需要在浅水工况进行作业的船舶,为了保持航向或定位,越来越倾向于配备全回转喷水推进器。为满足航向稳定或动力定位的需求,全回转喷水推进器的水动力特性显得尤为重要,因此开展全回转喷水推进装置水动力性能研究,对其实际运用有积极意义。
在此背景之下,本文对全回转喷水推进器进行数值模拟研究。全回转喷水推进器在实船应用时,往往有一定的来流,与其在静止流场中的水动力性能可能存在差异。因此,本文采用RANS数值模拟方法,开展典型工况下全回转喷水推进器水动力性能研究,主要针对全回转喷水推进器在静止流场中与有较低来流速度流场中两者的水动力性能差异进行分析,揭示全回转喷水推进器推力损失机理,并研究其推力的指向性,对其实际运用有一定的参考意义。
本文研究对象为一个典型的全回转喷水推进器,其特征直径为D=0.34 m,最大外径约为1.8D,内部叶轮叶片数为4,其剖面结构如图2所示。动力装置带动推进器内部的叶轮旋转,将水流从中间进水口吸入,经过一侧的喷水口将水流喷出,以此产生推力。
本文基于STAR-CCM+商业软件进行数值模拟。计算域为推进器区域和一个长方体,其示意图如图3所示。计算域由三个子域构成,分别是:包含叶轮的旋转域(Rotation domain)、包含推进器的静止域1(Station domain 1)和静止域2(Station domain 2)。旋转域和静止域1之间通过Interface 2和Interface 3进行数据传递,静止域1和静止域2之间通过一个圆柱形交界面Interface 1进行数据传递。计算域的一个侧边界为速度进口(Inlet)(见图3(b)),其余三个侧边界为自由流动边界,而其他边界均为不可滑移壁面。通过将静止域1旋转,可调整喷射角α,以实现不同喷射方向的模拟。
本文采用多面体网格对计算域进行离散,并采用定常RANS方法,采用运动参考系模型(MRF)对叶轮的旋转进行数值模拟。本文采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型封闭控制方程组,该湍流模型的优势在于能有效地模拟具有旋转流动、逆压梯度的边界层流动、分离流动等物理现象[12]。本文使用两层y+模型,以实现对壁面流动的全y+处理。两层y+模型是低雷诺数方法的一种替代方法,由Rodi[13]首先提出,该方法可与Realizable k-ε等湍流模型结合使用,应用于粘性影响层(包括粘性底层和过渡层)的求解。控制方程选用2阶格式离散,压力-速度耦合计算选用SIMPLE算法。坐标系的定义如图3(b)所示,其中喷射方向指向x轴正向时α=0°,以逆时针旋转为正向。
采用CFD数值模拟方法进行研究,往往需要进行网格的收敛性研究,以确保数值模拟具有较高数值精度[14-16]。为了确保数值模拟采用的网格具有较高模拟精度,本文也开展网格收敛性研究,共划分5套网格,由粗到细依次为G1G2G3G4G5,对应的网格的总数目如表1所示。以推进器的推力系数KT、功率系数KP、流量系数KQ为考察量,选取工况Vin=0 m/s,转速n=5 r/s、30 r/s,开展网格收敛性研究。
推力系数KT的定义为
式中,T为推进器所有壁面上的总力值,单位为N;ρ为水的密度,单位为kg/m3
功率系数KP的定义为
式中,P为叶轮的功率,单位为W。
流量系数KQ的定义为
式中,Q为推进器吸入水体的流量,单位为m3/s。
网格收敛性数值模拟结果如图4所示,由图可知,随着网格加密,所考察的量在低转速(n=5 r/s)时呈现出振荡收敛,在高转速(n=30 r/s)时基本呈现出单调收敛趋势,且最大偏差不超过1%,表明本文网格具有较好的收敛性。本文采用网格G5开展数值模拟研究,其局部网格如图5所示。
全回转喷水推进器作为动力定位装置或侧推器,往往伴有较低的相对来流速度,并非在静止水域中工作。本文对一些典型工况进行了数值模拟,考察了在不同来流速度Vin和不同喷射角α时,全回转喷水推进器的KTKPKQ的变化情况,其中Vin分别取0 m/s、1 m/s、2 m/s,而α自0°至360°每间隔45°为一个工况,推进器转速范围为5 r/s至30 r/s,其中30 r/s是设计最大转速。
首先,我们开展了静水工况(Vin=0 m/s)中全回转喷水推进器水动力性能的数值模拟,结果如图6所示,图中虚线为水平标识线。理论上,在静水中,流量、推力、功率分别与转速为线性相关、二次相关和三次相关,即不同转速时全回转喷水推进器的KQKTKP均为常数。而实际上,在不同转速时,推进泵做功存在一定损失,不同转速时其系数并非常数,尤其在低转速工况时,推进泵做功能力较弱,损失的比例较大。随着转速增大,KQKTKP均趋于常数,由图6可知,数值模拟结果符合此规律。
典型的工况为推进器初始喷射方向与来流相反,但随着推进器的推动,推进器喷射方向逐步变为与来流相同,如图7所示。按照本文坐标系定义,对表2中所示工况进行了数值模拟,以研究这一典型过程中推进器性能的变化。
全回转喷水推进器的水动力性能数值模拟结果如图8所示。由图可知,在典型工况下(除Vin=0 m/s),推进器性能均有所下降,表现为推力系数下降、功率系数增大、吸入流量系数减少。根据本文数值模拟结果,可从来流和转速两方面进行分析。
首先从来流方面来看。对比图8(b)与图8(c)可知,来流会导致吸入流量减小,因此流经推进器内的流体减少。在转速不变时,叶轮叶片的攻角将会增大,进而扭矩增大,导致功率相应增大。全回转喷水推进器并非像螺旋桨那样直接产生推力,而是通过叶轮吸入流体并加速后喷出,依靠喷出的高速流体产生的反作用力提供推力,因此流量减少,喷速下降,其推力也是下降的。由图8(a)可知,来流与喷射方向相同或相反时,来流越大,推力下降越多,且来流方向与喷射方向相同时(工况4和5)推力下降较多。但对比图8(a)与图8(c)中的工况1、2和4、5可知,来流方向与喷射方向相反时(工况1与2),表现出流量系数较小推力大的现象,而来流与喷射方向相同时(工况4与5),反而表现出流量系数相对大,推力却较小的现象。这说明推力的下降不仅与来流导致的流量减小有关,还与来流方向导致的其它因素有关,下文将进一步分析。
以转速n=15 r/s为例展开进一步分析,图9为工况1、3、5时推进器中剖面上的流线和压力分布,并给出了进口截面上的法向速度分布。压力系数Cp的定义见式(4),Vn表示进口截面上法向速度与平均速度的比值。
式中,p为静压值,单位为Pa。
对于工况1,其来流方向与喷射方向相反,喷流对来流产生了阻挡作用,但来流对推进器的进流影响小。因此,其进流场和推进器内部的速度、压力分布与工况3相似。而对于工况5,其来流方向与喷射方向相同,受来流影响,推进器进口处产生了严重的流动分离,压力降低,压差对此工况下的推进器而言为阻力,且推进泵进流均匀性变差,推进泵内出现了新的涡流,也会导致推进器推进性能下降。此外,对于工况5,喷流对来流无阻挡作用,来流冲击推进器产生的阻力,也是导致其推力下降幅度大的原因。
转速方面,以工况5进行分析,图10n=30 r/s、5 r/s时中剖面流线、压力分布及进口截面法向速度分布,与图9(c)进行对比可知,随着转速降低,吸入流量减小,推进器进口处的分离变得更加严重,压力系数降低,低压范围扩大,推进器进流不均匀性加重,推进器内部出现较大的涡流,导致推进器性能下降。
全回转喷水推进器更一般的工作状态为喷射方向与来流方向呈某一夹角α,因此,本文对全回转喷水推进器在几个特定喷射角时水动力性能进行了数值模拟分析。工程上,最为关注的是全回转喷水推进器的推力性能,因此本小节主要对推力性能进行分析。任意喷射角α时,推力系数KTTxTy的合力求得,图11为不同喷射角α时的推力系数KT。由图11可知,当喷射角α=90°、135°、225°时,在某一转速下,KT值大于静水工况中的推力系数,其余喷射角下推力系数均小于静水工况中的推力系数。另外,随着来流速度的增加,尤其是在低转速工况下,KT值增大或减小的幅度增大。
为了进一步研究不同α时的力特性,绘制了极坐标中不同α时推进器推力系数的方位曲线,如图12所示,图中径向坐标表示KT,极坐标表示α,标记点的形状表示转速n,过圆心的箭头表示推进器的喷射角α,与箭头形式相同的线段表示相应α时推进器的KT值,通过该图可直观地看出不同α时,推进器的KT值及推力的指向。α=0°和180°时,由于推力方向与喷射方向基本共线,因此图12中未给出这两个喷射角时的KT方位曲线。
在静水中,推进器推力方向与喷射方向共线但相反。由图12可知,当存在某一α时,在来流的作用下,推进器产生了与来流方向相同的分力,导致推进器推力并不与喷射方向相反共线,并且水速越大,推力指向与喷射方向的偏转角度越大。随着推进器转速增加,推进器推力越来越趋向于与喷射方向共线。因此,在实际运用全回转喷水推进器进行操纵或定位时,应尽量避免使用较低转速的工况或将其作为自动控制系统的输入。此外,在有来流的工况下,当喷射方向相对于来流方向对称时,其力特性并不对称,这可能是由推进器的内部构造与旋向引起的。
值得注意的是,当α=90°、135°、225°时,KT值大于静水工况中的值。将其总推力系数KT分解为xy两个方向上的值,如图13所示。对比KTxα=90°)、KTyα=90°)与KT(静水)可知,x方向力的存在与低转速时KTy增大共同导致了α=90°时,推力系数KT大于静水中的值。对于α=135°与α=225°,对比其推力系数分量与KT(按45°分解)可知,主要是KTx较大时导致其推力系数KT大于静水中的值。根据前文分析,对于α=90°、135°、225°状态下的推进器,喷流不会对来流产生阻挡,来流的冲击会直接产生x方向的力,而该力对在此状态下的推进器表现为侧向力或推力;另一方面,来流会导致推进器进口一侧产生低压区,增加了推进器上由压差产生的力,而该力也表现为侧向力或推力,因此总推力系数KT大于静水中的值。因来流导致推进器上产生附加力,也是推力指向与喷射方向不共线的主要原因。
本文采用CFD方法对全回转喷水推进器的水动力性能进行了研究,考察了静水、有来流且与来流呈一定喷射角度的工况下的水动力特性,分析了不同工况下水动力特性,并揭示了推力损失的机理,主要得出以下结论:
(1)静水工况中,全回转喷水推进器水动力性能稳定,其推力系数、功率系数、流量系数随转速变化较小,近乎为常数。
(2)来流会影响全回转喷水推进器发出推力的大小和指向性,主要原因是来流使推进器进流的均匀性变差,对推进器产生直接冲击,并导致推进器进口发生流动分离,从而引起压差的变化。为此建议,可以在全回转喷水推进器进水口与船底板相接处设计适当大小的圆角,以减小此处的流动分离,改善压力分布。
(3)推进器转速越低、来流速度越大,对推进器推力大小和指向性的影响越大。因此,在实际运用全回转喷水器作为侧推或动力定位装置时,应考虑其工作来流工况导致的水动力性能变化,尽量避免低转速运行,以满足实际使用要求。
  • 科工局喷水推进技术重点实验室稳定支持科研计划项目(JCKY2024206D009)
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2025年第29卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.004
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2025-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-25
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科工局喷水推进技术重点实验室稳定支持科研计划项目(JCKY2024206D009)
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    1.喷水推进技术重点实验室,上海 200011
    2.中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究院,上海 200011

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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