Article(id=1243896353273787365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896350367134664, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744905600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774497601097, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1758297600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774497601097, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774497601097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774497601097, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243896350367134664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='9', pageStart='1343', pageEnd='1498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774497600404, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774501609474, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243913165692584796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896350367134664, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243913165692584797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896350367134664, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1454, endPage=1463, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243896353957458930, articleId=1243896353273787365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Structural optimization design of ship bow considering uncertain loading effects, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

High-speed vessels face significant challenges in optimizing bow structures under slamming loads due to uncertainties in load magnitude and spatial distribution. This paper proposes a multi-stage topology optimization method integrating load uncertainty analysis and manufacturing constraints to balance lightweight design and engineering feasibility. Firstly, the uncertain loads are converted into multi-scenario worst-case loading problems. Through an iterative "critical load scenario-topology optimization" process, the critical load positions are dynamically updated. Then, a topology optimization strategy based on the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) method is employed, incorporating geometric/manufacturing constraints to progressively derive an optimal stiffener layout that meets strength and stiffness requirements. Each iteration retains prior design outcomes and updates worst-case load scenarios to achieve progressive adaptation to uncertain loads. Finally, multiple iterations and geometric reconstruction convert high-density element clusters into manufacturable stiffener configurations. Finite element verification demonstrates that the optimized bow structure exhibits significantly reduced maximum displacement, more uniform multi-scenario responses, and compliance with lightweight and safety requirements. This method effectively addresses the computational burden of double-layer nested optimization, offering a novel approach for structural optimization of high-speed vessel bows under stochastic slamming loads.

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高速航行船舶的船艏在水面砰击下会面临载荷幅值与作用位置不确定等难题,导致该结构在砰击载荷下的结构优化设计困难。本文提出了一种考虑不确定载荷作用的多阶段拓扑优化方法,通过系统性融合载荷不确定性分析与制造约束,实现了轻量化设计与工程可行性的平衡。首先,将不确定性载荷转换为多工况最不利加载问题,通过“最不利工况-拓扑优化”的迭代流程,动态更新临界载荷位置。然后,采用基于变密度法(SIMP)的拓扑优化策略,结合几何/制造约束,逐步求解得到满足强度与刚度要求的最优加筋布局。在每次迭代中,保留前一阶段的设计结果,并基于该设计更新最不利工况,实现对不确定性载荷的渐进式适应。最后,通过多次迭代与几何重构,将高密度单元群转换为可制造的加筋构型并进行有限元验证。结果表明:优化后船艏结构的最大位移显著降低,各工况响应更加均匀,满足轻量化和安全性需求。该方法有效克服了双层嵌套优化的高计算量挑战,为高速船艏在不确定砰击载荷条件下的结构优化设计提供了可行的新思路。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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王骁(1980-),男,博士,副教授,E-mail:

韦智元(1983-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Values of objective function in last ten steps of iteration history

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Iter.NumObj.(×108)Iter.NumObj.(×108)
272.594322.482
282.574332.463
292.552342.447
302.528352.434
312.504362.422
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迭代最后10步目标函数

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Iter.NumObj.(×108)Iter.NumObj.(×108)
272.594322.482
282.574332.463
292.552342.447
302.528352.434
312.504362.422
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Comparison of displacement values before and after reinforcement

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工况优化前最大位移/mm优化后最大位移/mm工况优化前最大位移/mm优化后最大位移/mm
121.0314.26626.0817.79
223.1215.84723.2916.82
326.5617.46821.4615.72
428.5518.46921.4514.70
527.6418.361021.3413.62
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加筋前后位移值对比

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工况优化前最大位移/mm优化后最大位移/mm工况优化前最大位移/mm优化后最大位移/mm
121.0314.26626.0817.79
223.1215.84723.2916.82
326.5617.46821.4615.72
428.5518.46921.4514.70
527.6418.361021.3413.62
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考虑不确定性载荷作用的船艏结构优化设计
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王骁 1 , 韦智元 1 , 王涛 2 , 高元博 1 , 于开波 1 , 李伟 1
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(9): 1454-1463
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025, 29(9): 1454-1463
考虑不确定性载荷作用的船艏结构优化设计
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王骁1 , 韦智元1 , 王涛2, 高元博1, 于开波1, 李伟1
作者信息
  • 1.海军大连舰艇学院,辽宁 大连 116018
  • 2.哈尔滨工程大学 青岛创新发展基地,山东 青岛 266000
  • 王骁(1980-),男,博士,副教授,E-mail:

    韦智元(1983-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Structural optimization design of ship bow considering uncertain loading effects
Xiao WANG1 , Zhi-yuan WEI1 , Tao WANG2, Yuan-bo GAO1, Kai-bo YU1, Wei LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Dalian Naval Academy, Dalian 116018, China
  • 2.Qingdao Innovation and Development Base, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.011
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高速航行船舶的船艏在水面砰击下会面临载荷幅值与作用位置不确定等难题,导致该结构在砰击载荷下的结构优化设计困难。本文提出了一种考虑不确定载荷作用的多阶段拓扑优化方法,通过系统性融合载荷不确定性分析与制造约束,实现了轻量化设计与工程可行性的平衡。首先,将不确定性载荷转换为多工况最不利加载问题,通过“最不利工况-拓扑优化”的迭代流程,动态更新临界载荷位置。然后,采用基于变密度法(SIMP)的拓扑优化策略,结合几何/制造约束,逐步求解得到满足强度与刚度要求的最优加筋布局。在每次迭代中,保留前一阶段的设计结果,并基于该设计更新最不利工况,实现对不确定性载荷的渐进式适应。最后,通过多次迭代与几何重构,将高密度单元群转换为可制造的加筋构型并进行有限元验证。结果表明:优化后船艏结构的最大位移显著降低,各工况响应更加均匀,满足轻量化和安全性需求。该方法有效克服了双层嵌套优化的高计算量挑战,为高速船艏在不确定砰击载荷条件下的结构优化设计提供了可行的新思路。

船艏砰击  /  不确定性载荷  /  结构优化  /  加筋结构  /  轻量化设计

High-speed vessels face significant challenges in optimizing bow structures under slamming loads due to uncertainties in load magnitude and spatial distribution. This paper proposes a multi-stage topology optimization method integrating load uncertainty analysis and manufacturing constraints to balance lightweight design and engineering feasibility. Firstly, the uncertain loads are converted into multi-scenario worst-case loading problems. Through an iterative "critical load scenario-topology optimization" process, the critical load positions are dynamically updated. Then, a topology optimization strategy based on the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) method is employed, incorporating geometric/manufacturing constraints to progressively derive an optimal stiffener layout that meets strength and stiffness requirements. Each iteration retains prior design outcomes and updates worst-case load scenarios to achieve progressive adaptation to uncertain loads. Finally, multiple iterations and geometric reconstruction convert high-density element clusters into manufacturable stiffener configurations. Finite element verification demonstrates that the optimized bow structure exhibits significantly reduced maximum displacement, more uniform multi-scenario responses, and compliance with lightweight and safety requirements. This method effectively addresses the computational burden of double-layer nested optimization, offering a novel approach for structural optimization of high-speed vessel bows under stochastic slamming loads.

bow slamming  /  uncertain loading effect  /  structural optimization  /  stiffend structure  /  lightweight design
王骁, 韦智元, 王涛, 高元博, 于开波, 李伟. 考虑不确定性载荷作用的船艏结构优化设计. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (9) : 1454 -1463 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.011
Xiao WANG, Zhi-yuan WEI, Tao WANG, Yuan-bo GAO, Kai-bo YU, Wei LI. Structural optimization design of ship bow considering uncertain loading effects[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (9) : 1454 -1463 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.011
随着环保与节能要求的日益提高,船舶轻量化设计已成为当前船舶行业发展的必然趋势之一,其技术途径主要有:结构设计优化、轻质材料应用、先进制造工艺的引入等。其中,以拓扑优化方法为代表的先进结构设计技术在船舶轻量化设计领域起到关键的引领作用[1-3]。结构拓扑优化方法通过引入全局拓扑设计变量,突破传统构型设计局限于尺寸与形状优化的困境,实现面向指定目标函数和约束条件下的结构创新性设计[4-5],已成功解决结构静力学、振动、热力耦合等各类问题,并在航空航天、船舶海洋、精密机械等领域获得广泛的应用。在船舶结构设计领域,Rais-Rohan等[6]首次采用两阶段优化方法对复合潜艇结构进行加强筋布局和尺寸优化。Liu等[7]结合拓扑优化和尺寸优化,用于船艏加强筋的布局和尺寸设计,通过制造约束和多目标函数实现了结构轻量化与性能优化。Yilmaz等[8]采用拓扑优化方法对支线集装箱船折叠式舱口盖进行轻量化设计,在保证结构强度的前提下实现了单舱减重和结构稳定性提升。
然而,船舶等工程结构在实际使用中,存在着各类不确定因素,如几何加工误差、载荷条件、材料属性离散等,这些不确定因素必会引起结构的性能波动,甚至导致功能失效[9-10]。这就意味着,基于确定性分析的结构拓扑优化设计方法在进行船舶轻量化设计中具有局限性。传统船舶结构设计通常采用安全因子的方法,以确保结构安全性。然而,新一代舰船对航速和结构性能提出了更高要求,亟需通过精细化的性能评估手段实现精准设计与优化,这就要求引入基于不确定性分析的设计方法。目前常用的结构不确定性分析与设计方法包括概率可靠性分析、鲁棒优化设计、区间分析、模糊理论以及非概率集合理论等[11-14]
对于船舶结构,尤其是水面高速航行的舰艇而言,船艏由于反复受到水面砰击导致其载荷大小和最大载荷位置都存在很大的不确定性。在载荷不确定优化设计方面,目前已有部分研究开展了考虑不确定载荷条件下结构优化设计研究[15-19]。其中,Yu等[20]提出融合拓扑/形状/尺寸的一种可靠性海洋结构优化方法,结合动态选择改进均值法或圆弧插值法的自适应算法加速可靠性评估。然而,对于在水面高速航行中受到显著砰击载荷影响的船体结构而言,其所面临的不确定动力载荷更为复杂,对结构安全构成严峻挑战。因此,亟需开展面向不确定水面砰击载荷的结构动力响应分析与优化设计研究。尽管结构拓扑优化在确定性问题中已取得广泛进展,但在有限不确定荷载条件下实现结构动力学拓扑优化仍面临显著难题。其主要挑战在于最坏情况载荷的确定高度依赖于材料分布特征,导致内外环优化过程高度耦合,从而引发收敛困难并显著增加计算成本。因此,发展高效可靠的结构动力学不确定性拓扑优化方法已成为船艏结构设计的关键问题之一。
本文主要研究了一种基于多级拓扑优化的考虑了未知但有界动力载荷的船艏加筋动力学设计方法。在第一级优化阶段,优先施加制造约束,以确定加劲筋的位置和轮廓;继而根据加劲筋生成理论和柔度平衡原则,依据优化结果完成船艏加筋布置。在后一级优化过程中,基于第一级结果重新考虑不确定性载荷,进行第二步拓扑优化,进行多次迭代后即可得到船艏不同位置砰击载荷下加筋最优布局。
连续体拓扑优化方法是通过确定材料的最佳分布以获得特定的结构性能要求。通常情况下,为了使结构刚度最大,建立如下以应变能最小为目标函数、以体积为约束的连续体拓扑优化数学模型:
式中,bj表示密度变量,n代表设计变量总数;所有设计变量可写成向量形式bbmin表示一个很小的正数(如0.001)以防止刚度矩阵奇异;C表示结构柔顺性,uf分别表示全局位移和力向量,K为全局刚度矩阵,Vj为单元材料体积,vol为允许的材料体积。
材料惩罚插值策略由Bendsøe等[21]首次提出,并广泛应用于SIMP法中,使拓扑结果近似趋向实体-空洞设计。为了近似实现实体-空洞设计,将含有表征材料有无的虚拟密度变量的材料杨氏模量用单元密度的插值函数表示为
式中,E0表示实体材料的杨氏模量,p表示惩罚指数(一般取值3),Ebj)表示经插值后第j个单元的杨氏模量。SIMP法中的惩罚指数选取为3,是基于大量的理论和实践研究所确定的一个通用值[22]。该值的理论基础在于,当p=3时,能够有效地避免大量灰度(中间密度)解出现,实现优化结构密度向0~1清晰分布的趋近,同时保证了结构的物理可制造性和优化过程的稳定收敛性。尽管具体到不同载荷条件和结构特征(如不同的船艏结构)时,结构响应和性能可能有所差异,但大量研究表明,p=3在各类工况和结构形式下均表现出良好的通用性。因此,在船艏结构拓扑优化问题中,一般无需针对不同条件进行惩罚指数的敏感性分析,而普遍采用p=3即可确保优化结果具有明确的物理意义和较佳的优化性能。
全局刚度矩阵可以表示为单元刚度矩阵和单元密度的函数:
式中,表示实体单元刚度矩阵,N为单元总数。
在有限元分析中,静态结构的平衡方程可表示为
以结构平均柔度为目标函数,并假设单元密度的值从1到bmin连续变化,目标函数对单元密度变化的敏感度可以写为
式(5)中存在未知结构响应u,使用伴随法对其进行求解。引入拉格朗日乘子λ,柔顺性可以等价表示为
等价改变后的目标函数的敏感度为
由于,因此式(7)可以写为
为了消除式(8)中的未知项,拉格朗日算子λ的值由下式确定:
由式(5)和式(9)得到拉格朗日算子:
基于上式,目标函数的敏感度可写为
有限元方法作为复杂结构承载能力评估的有效工具,在工程实践中已获得广泛应用。然而,传统有限元分析仅适用于确定性状态的求解,难以处理载荷参数的空间不确定性表征问题。为此,本文通过离散化随机场方法对船艏结构的空间分布载荷进行非概率建模,以实现不确定性特征的量化表征。
现有不确定性分析方法(如随机场离散法、嵌套优化法和代理模型法)普遍存在计算效率低下的缺陷。针对船艏结构特有的载荷位置、幅值及方向等不确定性参数,若采用最不利工况设计准则进行结构优化,需面临因拓扑迭代导致临界工况动态变化的挑战。尽管传统不确定性优化方法通过反复迭代可确保解的鲁棒性,但其庞大的计算资源消耗严重制约了工程应用。本文所研究的船艏结构在实际服役过程中受到水面砰击载荷的动态作用,考虑到水面砰击载荷复杂、动态特性(如冲击频率、持续时间)不确定性较大,直接测量的难度和不确定性高,本文未直接开展显式动力学分析,而是采用了等效静力载荷方法。具体而言,通过Star-CCM+等流体仿真软件获取砰击载荷的近似分布,并引入不确定性进行最不利工况分析,通过反复迭代寻找极限静载荷以替代复杂的瞬态动力学载荷。这种处理方式已被广泛应用于瞬态动力学问题的优化设计中(如G.J. Park等[23]学者的相关研究)。诚然,显式动力学分析无疑更为严格,但因当前阶段载荷详细信息的不确定性较高,故暂未纳入考虑。
本研究基于船体水动力外形恒定的物理特性,由于船艏砰击载荷的概率分布数据难以通过实测或文献获得,且大样本统计成本较高,本文采用非概率的最不利载荷工况法进行建模,并通过迭代识别关键载荷分布,实现对不确定性的保守估计。本文提出“当前设计最不利工况-拓扑优化”的迭代简化算法,该方法在当前数据条件下具备较好的适应性,也为后续概率建模研究提供了初步参考。本方法在保持总体载荷分布规律稳定的前提下,通过拓扑变量继承实现设计迭代,既避免商业软件的二次开发需求,又显著降低计算复杂度。该算法具体实施流程(见图1)如下:
(1)模型预处理和网格划分
将基于CAD软件建模的原始几何模型导入HyperMesh软件,完成实体模型表面截取与三维曲面重构、材料属性定义、连接属性设置等预先处理操作。
采用分域离散化方法,对设计域(加筋区域)与非设计域(主体结构)分别生成高质量有限元网格,确保应力集中区域的网格收敛性。
(2)不确定载荷下最不利工况分析
为突破双层嵌套优化的计算瓶颈,将不确定性拓扑优化转换为多工况确定性优化问题。通过最不利工况设计准则(Worst-Case Design Criterion)评估各不确定性载荷工况下的结构响应,选取最大变形工况作为拓扑优化基准,其计算规模与不确定性维度呈线性关系。将当前的拓扑布局作为初始设计,并将获得的最不利工况作为载荷条件,传入到OptiStruct优化求解器。
(3)拓扑优化迭代
基于OptiStruct框架,实现基于当前最不利工况下基于变密度法的拓扑优化设计,考虑以下约束和收敛条件:设计域体积约束(指定目标减重率)、制造工艺约束(指定最小成员尺寸,如≥5 mm)、收敛准则(目标函数相对变化≤1%)。
(4)优化设计更新和最不利工况求解
将本次优化设计的最优构型作为初始设计返回上述第(2)步,再次进行多种可能最不利载荷下的最不利响应分析,进而进行上述第(3)步的迭代优化设计,直至设定的迭代次数达到上限。由于船体外形结构不改变,加筋结构的改变对船体整体性能的不确定影响一般可在3~5次迭代后实现较好的收敛。
(5)优化结构重构
将拓扑优化生成的加筋构型通过几何布尔运算与原始模型融合,在关键路径区域(如舷侧纵骨交汇处)实施厚度渐变增强设计,获得基于优化结果重构的结构设计,最后进行验证性静力分析以确认优化效果。
为确定船艏加筋结构的优化分布,本文采用多载荷工况确定性优化方法,通过离散化载荷作用域与分层式优化策略实现复杂载荷条件下的鲁棒设计。具体实施中,将船艏底端接触面沿轮廓线等距划分为10个独立作用域(图2),采用区域化压强加载模式表征砰击载荷的空间不确定性特征。每个工况设定为对应区域施加2倍基准压强(pmax=2p0),其余区域保持基准压强p0,并通过压强系数缩放实现不同工况的力学等效性,消除量纲差异对优化结果的影响。
通过有限元静力分析获取各工况下的位移响应场(图3),重点考察Y/Z向位移幅值(X向位移量级低一个数量级,予以剔除)。基于最不利设计准则量化结构响应,各类工况下结构最不利响应如图4所示,计算结果表明工况4产生最大合成位移umax=32.7 mm,确定为拓扑优化基准工况。拓扑优化参数化建模中,采用323 303个三角形单元离散设计域,节点自由度数为486 228,满足高精度网格收敛要求。设置体积分数上限0.35以控制材料用量,同时引入150 mm最小成员尺寸约束,有效防止网格依赖性导致的孔洞噪声问题。基于SIMP变密度法进行材料插值,惩罚因子p=3,目标函数柔度相对变化率收敛阈值为1%。
优化过程经36次迭代后达到收敛(最后10步的优化目标函数值如表1所示),目标函数值下降72.3%,最终体积分数为0.348。优化构型显示加筋主要沿船艏纵向分布(图5俯视),在舷侧过渡区形成连续肋板结构,与文献[8]中船艏肘板拓扑优化结果呈现相似的加筋布局特征,验证了本文优化拓扑构型的有效性。
在工程可制造性处理阶段,将密度阈值0.7以上的单元群提取为加筋几何,通过NURBS曲面重构实现CAD模型转换。采用渐变厚度设计消除应力集中,实现多工况下船艏结构的优化设计。此时虽然已经获得船艏加筋结构的最终拓扑构型,但是由于加筋结构导致结构响应的变化,使得结构的最不利工况发生了改变,所以仍然需要进行迭代优化。
在船艏结构不确定性优化设计中,本研究通过多阶段迭代优化实现了动态载荷适应性与结构性能的协同提升。基于有限元方法的拓扑优化框架,采用变密度法生成初始加筋构型,随后通过两次继承式迭代优化,逐步增强结构对不确定性载荷的鲁棒性。在第二次优化设计开始阶段,首先将第一阶段的优化设计继承并直接融合到CAD模型中,形成第二阶段的初始加筋设计,如图6所示。计算结构被划分为409 813个三角形有限元网格单元,总自由度数目为644 343。体积分数上限取为0.30,初始设计变量均取为0.30。为了提高拓扑优化结果的数值稳定性和可用性,设置最小尺寸为150 mm,整个优化过程实现了稳定的收敛。此外,与第一次优化相似,第二次优化过程中物理模型、载荷、边界条件的对称保证了结果的对称性,也从侧面证实了结果的可用性。
进行两次拓扑优化分析后,得到两个清晰的拓扑优化结果。对于不确定性拓扑优化,还需要考虑不确定性因素的影响,因此设置多次优化分析。基于前两次优化的结果,在第三次优化设计中,将前两次优化结果导入计算。在原有模型基础上导入优化结果,并且对优化结果赋予属性,本文赋予与非设计域同样的属性,且壳单元厚度均为100 mm。划分好网格后,将优化结果通过TIE连接到原问题设计域上,后面过程同前两次优化。
位移响应演化分析表明,首次优化使最大Mag位移从28.55 mm降至19.60 mm,降幅达31.3%,位移差由7.52 mm缩减至4.73 mm(图7所示)。第二次优化进一步使最大位移降低至16.34 mm,位移差收窄至3.97 mm,三次迭代后位移差较初始设计优化47.2%。这种渐进式性能提升展示了载荷离散化策略的有效性,通过将船艏底端接触面等距划分为10个独立作用域,采用区域差异加载模式表征砰击载荷的不确定性特征,较传统随机场离散方法计算效率提升40%。
在重构阶段,基于三次拓扑优化生成的密度场,采用NURBS曲面重构技术实现几何实体化,船艏加筋结构的最终设计如图8所示。有限元验证显示,加筋后各工况各方向位移平均降低32.2%,Y向与Z向位移分别降低25.9%和29.7%,如表2所示。优化设计加筋的位移响应云图如图9所示,可以看出加筋结构整体变形均匀,最大响应发生在结构主加筋处,说明加筋结构被有效地布置在结构响应最为危险的区域。通过布尔运算实现与原模型的几何融合,避免了肘板结构二次加工问题,为船艏结构轻量化加筋设计给出有效的方法。
值得注意的是,考虑到研究对象为水面高速小型船舶平台,本文所提出的拓扑优化加筋构型在制造实现方面可依托碳纤维或玻璃纤维复合材料工艺,通过模具成型与分层铺设实现船体与加筋结构一体化制造。对于金属结构的小型船舶,则可采用高精度焊接工艺实现加筋制造。
本文针对船艏结构在不确定性载荷下的结构优化设计问题,提出了一种融合多尺度拓扑优化与制造工艺约束的创新设计方法。通过将船艏底端接触面等距划分为多个独立作用域,采用区域差异加载模式表征砰击载荷的不确定性特征,并基于最不利设计准则筛选临界工况。本研究首次采用多阶段继承式迭代优化策略,通过有限元粘贴连接技术实现拓扑变量跨代传递,逐步增强结构对动态载荷的适应性。结果表明,通过复杂加筋布局设计与NURBS曲面重构,优化后的加筋结构在各工况下的结构响应显著降低,有效缓解了传统肘板结构的应力集中问题。本文所提出的方法在船艏结构设计中具有提升性能与降低重量的双重优势也得到了验证,实现了设计-制造一体化流程。
本文基于经典的SIMP方法结合不确定优化技术实现了考虑不确定性的船艏结构拓扑优化,本方法的核心思想是最不利载荷工况的选取和拓扑优化设计变量更新。本方法也可以与均匀化方法、水平集方法、进化结构优化法等经典拓扑优化方法结合进行船艏等关键结构的优化设计,由于各种经典方法在拓扑表达形式、灵敏度处理方式上存在一定差异,因此求解过程和软件工具也会有所区分,结合不同优化方法开展船舶结构设计具有显著的应用前景。本文采用的等效静载荷方法有效地解决了水面砰击载荷复杂性和不确定性带来的难题,实现了船艏结构优化设计的稳健性。然而,船艏结构动力学分析细节,包括冲击频率、持续时间等动态特征,对结构响应的影响确实尚未涉及,这也构成本研究未来重要的改进方向。在后续研究中,将尝试通过更精细的载荷测量和动力学建模,补充动态分析的细节,以进一步提高优化结果的理论严谨性和实际可靠性。
需要指出的是,本文面向的船艏结构主要应用于超高速船舶平台,在此类高性能设计场景中,制造成本的上升是为实现极限航速、安全性与结构鲁棒性所付出的必要代价。未来研究中,可在此基础上引入综合成本-效益评估模型,考虑材料与制造成本、维修频率、燃油经济性提升等因素,进一步评估优化方案在实际工程中的经济可行性。
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2025年第29卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.011
  • 接收时间:2025-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2025-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-18
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    1.海军大连舰艇学院,辽宁 大连 116018
    2.哈尔滨工程大学 青岛创新发展基地,山东 青岛 266000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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