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The motion of ships and marine structures is a nonlinear motion with time series characteristics. The Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) artificial neural network has the characteristics of memorizing time interval information and processing nonlinear data, which is very suitable for processing such nonlinear motion with time series characteristics. Therefore, LSTM has significant advantages in predicting the very short-term motion response of ships. In this paper, an improved LSTM method for the prediction of very short-term motion response of ships is proposed. This method converts the prediction of ship motion into the prediction of peak and valley values by means of extracting envelopes, which can reduce the data demand of the traditional LSTM model and simplify the complexity of the prediction curve, thereby significantly improving the forecast duration. In this paper, the improved LSTM was used to predict the regular wave curve, irregular wave curve and real ship motion curve. The results show that the improved LSTM prediction method can enlarge the maximum forecast duration of the traditional LSTM model from 6~8 s to about 20 s, and has ideal prediction results for special signals such as abrupt signals, which has high practical value.

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船舶与海洋结构物的运动是具有时间序列特性的非线性运动,而长短期记忆人工神经网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)具有记忆时间间隔信息以及处理非线性数据的特性,非常适合处理此类具有时间序列特性的非线性运动,所以LSTM对船舶极短期运动响应预报具有显著优势。本文提出一种改进的LSTM船舶极短期运动响应预报方法,该方法通过提取包络线等手段将对船舶运动的预报转化为峰谷值的预报,可以降低传统LSTM模型的数据需求量,简化预报曲线复杂度,从而显著提高预报时长。本文通过用改进LSTM模型对规则波曲线、不规则波曲线、实体船运动曲线等进行预报,结果表明,改进的LSTM预报方法能将传统LSTM模型对不规则波的最大预报时长从6~8 s提升到20 s左右,且对突变信号等特殊信号有理想的预报结果,具有很高的实用价值。

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洪智超(1987-),男,博士,副教授,E-mail:

徐立新(1966-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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徐立新(1966-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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一种改进的LSTM船舶运动极短期预报方法
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洪智超 1, 5 , 丁羿杰 1 , 刘蕾 2 , 王浩 3, 4 , 张卫伟 3, 4 , 徐立新 1, 5
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(9): 1383-1396
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(9): 1383-1396
一种改进的LSTM船舶运动极短期预报方法
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洪智超1, 5 , 丁羿杰1, 刘蕾2, 王浩3, 4, 张卫伟3, 4, 徐立新1, 5
作者信息
  • 1.江苏科技大学,江苏 镇江 212100
  • 2.中国造船工程学会,北京 100861
  • 3.南通鹏瑞海工科技有限公司,江苏 南通 226000
  • 4.南通集海海洋装备有限公司,江苏 南通 226100
  • 5.江苏省船舶与海洋工程装备技术创新中心,江苏 南通 226100
  • 洪智超(1987-),男,博士,副教授,E-mail:

    徐立新(1966-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
An improved LSTM method for extremely short-term forecasting of ship movement
Zhi-chao HONG1, 5 , Yi-jie DING1, Lei LIU2, Hao WANG3, 4, Wei-wei ZHANG3, 4, Li-xin XU1, 5
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
  • 2.China Shipbuilding Engineering Society, Beijing 100861, China
  • 3.Nantong Pengrui Offshore Engineering Co., Ltd., Nantong 226000, China
  • 4.Nantong Jihai Marine Equipment Co., Ltd., Nantong 226100, China
  • 5.Jiangsu Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Shipbuilding and Offshore Engineering Equipment, Nantong 226100, China
出版时间: 2025-09-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.005
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船舶与海洋结构物的运动是具有时间序列特性的非线性运动,而长短期记忆人工神经网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)具有记忆时间间隔信息以及处理非线性数据的特性,非常适合处理此类具有时间序列特性的非线性运动,所以LSTM对船舶极短期运动响应预报具有显著优势。本文提出一种改进的LSTM船舶极短期运动响应预报方法,该方法通过提取包络线等手段将对船舶运动的预报转化为峰谷值的预报,可以降低传统LSTM模型的数据需求量,简化预报曲线复杂度,从而显著提高预报时长。本文通过用改进LSTM模型对规则波曲线、不规则波曲线、实体船运动曲线等进行预报,结果表明,改进的LSTM预报方法能将传统LSTM模型对不规则波的最大预报时长从6~8 s提升到20 s左右,且对突变信号等特殊信号有理想的预报结果,具有很高的实用价值。

LSTM  /  船舶运动  /  极短期预报  /  包络线分析

The motion of ships and marine structures is a nonlinear motion with time series characteristics. The Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) artificial neural network has the characteristics of memorizing time interval information and processing nonlinear data, which is very suitable for processing such nonlinear motion with time series characteristics. Therefore, LSTM has significant advantages in predicting the very short-term motion response of ships. In this paper, an improved LSTM method for the prediction of very short-term motion response of ships is proposed. This method converts the prediction of ship motion into the prediction of peak and valley values by means of extracting envelopes, which can reduce the data demand of the traditional LSTM model and simplify the complexity of the prediction curve, thereby significantly improving the forecast duration. In this paper, the improved LSTM was used to predict the regular wave curve, irregular wave curve and real ship motion curve. The results show that the improved LSTM prediction method can enlarge the maximum forecast duration of the traditional LSTM model from 6~8 s to about 20 s, and has ideal prediction results for special signals such as abrupt signals, which has high practical value.

LSTM  /  ship movement  /  very short-term forecast  /  envelope line analysis
洪智超, 丁羿杰, 刘蕾, 王浩, 张卫伟, 徐立新. 一种改进的LSTM船舶运动极短期预报方法. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (9) : 1383 -1396 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.005
Zhi-chao HONG, Yi-jie DING, Lei LIU, Hao WANG, Wei-wei ZHANG, Li-xin XU. An improved LSTM method for extremely short-term forecasting of ship movement[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (9) : 1383 -1396 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.005
船舶等海面浮体在海上风浪组合的复杂环境中,会产生六个自由度的运动,而对船舶平稳性要求较高的海上精密作业,如航母舰载机着舰、船舶吊装作业等,剧烈的运动会对海上作业人员产生极大的影响,为避免此类影响造成作业安全事故的发生,作业人员需要能准确把握船舶未来的运行情况,从而保证作业安全性和作业效率,而船舶运动姿态极短期预报就是一个重要的研究方向[1]
长短期记忆人工神经网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)模型非常适用于船舶运动、波浪等参数的极短期预报,相较于过去基于物理运算的极短期预报模型,基于LSTM的极短期预报模型具有计算量小、运算速度快、成本低等优势[2],但长期以来,由于LSTM算法自身局限、误差累积等原因,此类方法的预报精度随时间下降较快,有效的预报时长短,难以在实际场景中应用[3]。近年来随着智能算法的进一步普及和拓展,一些基于改进LSTM的极短期预报方法成为主要研究方向,这类方法能结合LSTM模型与其他智能算法模型的优缺点,取长补短,并针对预报数据进行去噪、降维等处理降低复杂度,一定程度上能解决单一智能算法有效预报时长短、抗干扰性弱等问题。目前基于改进LSTM算法进行的极短期预报已有诸多研究,如上海交通大学潘文寅等[4]利用多平台混合训练LSTM模型,实现了对未来20~40 s内的垂荡和纵荡运动的精确预报。吴成东等[5]将LSTM模型与经验模态分解(EMD)方法结合,将预报结果的平均绝对百分比误差缩小至5%以内,明显优于传统LSTM预报模型。哈尔滨工程大学唐忠[6]将高斯过程回归算法(GPR)引入到船舶运动姿态极短期预报问题中,采用两步预测的思想,成功结合了LSTM和GPR各自的优势,得到的预报结果能在不损失LSTM模型预报精度的同时获得更可靠的区间预测结果等。对LSTM本身进行改进的极短期预报模型也取得了较大进展,如张承维[7]提出了一种融合注意力机制的双向LSTM模型,通过动态加权关键时间步的特征,显著提高了不规则波的预报精度,使其有效预报时长达到15秒。李明瑞[8]创新性地将经验模态分解(EMD)与LSTM相结合,先通过EMD分解波浪信号的各模态分量,再利用LSTM对各分量分别建模预报,该方法在非线性波浪预报中较传统LSTM误差降低了23%等。
本文在前人研究的基础上,提出一种结合包络线的LSTM极短期预报方法,该方法通过简化预报数据复杂度以提高LSTM训练效率,最终提高LSTM的有效预报时长。
LSTM算法由细胞状态传输信息和“门”结构管理信息构成,其中“门”结构包括遗忘门、输入门和输出门,分别负责筛选旧信息、更新细胞状态和决定输出重要信息。遗忘门通过激活函数决定数据保留或舍弃,输入门创造新的候选值向量,输出门则选择并输出重要信息[7]。LSTM的具体结构和数据传播方式如图1所示。
LSTM主要参数设置如下:LSTM隐藏层为单层结构,隐藏节点数600,优化器选择Adam(自适应性矩估计),初始学习率设置为0.005,训练迭代轮数为2000,最大训练批次大小为32。初始训练样本数设置为样本总量的80%,测试样本数设置为样本总量的20%,输出采用滑动时间窗迭代多步输出,窗口大小为10。
本文中LSTM模型的样本数据来源于数值仿真与实船试验,涵盖规则波、近似规则波、JONSWAP谱不规则波及突变工况等,内容覆盖典型及极端工况以保证数据的代表性。样本库数据按照8∶2划分训练集和测试集,经Min-Max归一化和滑动窗口预处理,并采用K=5交叉验证其泛化能力,保证了神经网络算法训练的可靠性。
船舶摇荡等运动曲线通常存在较强的周期性,且振幅、频率变化趋势相对恒定,变化范围较小[10],因此本文对LSTM算法预报流程进行改进。首先,分别将船舶运动曲线的波峰和波谷值连接成曲线,形成包络线,将对船舶运动曲线的预报问题转化为对包络线的预报问题(见图2),从而大幅降低LSTM训练和计算量,提高预报效率和精度。
包络线可通过对原始数据曲线进行Hilbert变换得到。Hilbert变换方程为
式中,fx)为原始信号,Hfx))为信号fx)的Hilbert变换,P.V.表示柯西主值。
包络线即为Hfx))的模,即
式中,gx)即为信号fx)的包络线函数。
要将包络线还原为原始曲线,需要得到能描述原始曲线随时间变化的函数关系,并将曲线的幅值、周期作为参数嵌入其中。已有研究表明,船舶运动曲线、波浪曲线存在正弦波、正态波等周期信号的特征[11],因此可以通过非线性回归的方式,将原始信号曲线转化为以时间为自变量,振幅、周期为参数的函数,即
式中,ft)为原始信号随时间变化函数;Ct)、At)为ft)关于振幅的参变量,两者皆通过包络线函数gx)求解,方法如式(4)-(5);ωt)为ft)关于周期的参变量,可通过对ft)周期或近似周期长度估测得出;anknµn为函数分解的数个正弦波分量的常数参数,可通过对ft)进行牛顿-拉夫逊法非线性回归求解,如式(6)~(7)。
式中,g+t)、g-t)分别为函数ft)的上包络线和下包络线。
式(6)中Eanknµn)为误差函数,本文采用平方误差和,式(7)为多元函数E的牛顿-拉夫逊法迭代方程,其中x=[anknµn]为参数向量,∇E为误差函数E的梯度向量,H是误差函数E的海森矩阵,牛顿-拉夫逊法通过式(7)迭代更新参数anknµn,使Eanknµn)最小化,达到收敛条件,从而完成ft)非线性回归。
在得到ft)的函数关系式后,对数据曲线ft)的预报就转化为了对参变量Ct)、At)和ωt)的预报,即对包络线gx)和周期序列Tt)的预报,实现简化曲线复杂度、提高预报效率的目的。
改进LSTM模型虽然对原始数据进行了预处理,但由于波浪等信号的分解通常具有保真性,且非线性回归具有补偿作用,原则上在预处理中损失的信号特征可以得到还原,不会影响后续预报精度。
综上所述,基于改进LSTM的极短期预报方法流程可总结如图3
对于模型整体预测结果的评估,本文采用均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)、平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE),以及数据落在指定预测区间(prediction interval)的概率(预测率)这三个参数进行综合评估。其中最大绝对误差给出了预测过程中误差的最大值,均方根误差则体现了整体预测误差情况及数据的稳定程度,预测率则直观展示了预测精度的高低[12]
MAE、RMSE以及本文设定的数据预测区间的上下限数学表达式为
式中,pi为第i个预测数据,li为第i个理论数据,a±为预测数据的上下限,σl为真实数据的标准差,N为数据总量。
研究表明,在理想状态下,水体波浪通常以正弦波等周期波的形式表现,船舶运动受此类波浪影响,其运动数据也通常会表现出周期波或近似周期波的特性[11]。然而,实际海况中,大部分海浪的分布并不具有显著周期性,规则波或近似规则波极少,因此船舶运动曲线主要呈现不规则波的特性[13]。此外很多研究指出船舶横摇等运动数据受到外界因素影响,往往会在某一时段发生幅值、频率的突变现象,生成突变波,导致船舶运动曲线更为复杂[14]
综上所述,本文将船舶在运动过程中的运动数据曲线分解为四类:规则波、近似规则波、不规则波、突变波[15]。为了测试改进的LSTM方法对这四种形态的数据曲线的预报效果,以0.1 s为采样时间间隔,生成14组125 s模拟波形,每组包含1250个数据点。
生成周期分别为2.5 s、5 s、12.5 s、25 s的规则波,分别使用传统LSTM方法和改进的LSTM方法对生成的四组不同周期的规则波曲线进行预报,结果见图4,误差分析见图5
图4~5可知,对于周期不变规则波曲线,当曲线周期较短、包含周期数较多时,传统LSTM极短期预报方法的有效预报时长可达10 s以上,而改进LSTM极短期预报方法的有效预报时长不足5 s,且传统LSTM预报精度明显优于改进LSTM预报模型。这是因为传统LSTM模型对于简单规则曲线的预报具有天然优势[16],而改进模型因为多进行了2次LSTM预报,会导致误差累积叠加,同时由于规则波的振幅不变,其包络线为直线,无法发挥基于包络线预报的优势,这导致改进方法的预报精度反而不如传统模型。另外观察到,规则波周期较短、包含的周期数较多时,传统LSTM极短期预报结果更好,这是因为训练集包含的稳定周期越多,LSTM就越能学习到曲线周期特性。相较之下,LSTM对周期为25 s的规则波的预报结果就较差,因为该段规则波仅包含8个周期用于训练,LSTM没能很好掌握其周期性。
上述现象可从以下三个层面进行解释:首先,从模型特性来看,经典LSTM模型在处理具有严格周期性的规则信号时具有天然优势,这得益于其门控机制对时序规律的捕捉能力。而改进模型由于采用了包络线分解与多次LSTM预报的架构,在规则波场景下反而会因误差累积效应导致性能下降。其次,就信号特征而言,规则波的恒定振幅使得其包络线退化为直线,导致改进模型中基于包络线预测的优势无法体现。最后,从训练数据角度分析,当规则波周期较短时,单位时长内包含的完整周期数更多,这为LSTM模型学习周期特性提供了充足的训练样本。相比之下,对于周期较长(25 s)的规则波,相同时长内仅包含8个完整周期,训练数据的不足直接影响了模型对周期性规律的掌握程度,这一现象对经典LSTM模型影响更严重,使得经典LSTM模型在对25 s的长周期规则波进行预报时,预报精度在后期反而不如改进模型,这是深度学习模型性能与训练数据完备性之间的体现。
生成平均周期分别为2.5 s、5 s、12.5 s、25 s且周期变化率为10%、振幅变化率为5%的近似规则波,分别使用传统LSTM方法和改进的LSTM方法对不同平均周期的近似规则波曲线进行预报,结果见图6,误差分析见图7
图6图7可知,当周期不再恒定且曲线振幅发生变化时,传统LSTM方法的预报精度显著下降,仅能在周期数较少时保持6~10 s左右的预报精度,其中平均周期为12.5 s时预报结果最好,平均周期为2.5 s、5 s时的预报精度最差,这是因为周期振幅的变化会对LSTM的周期性训练产生干扰,导致预报结果的周期和振幅都产生偏差,曲线包含的周期数越多,其影响就越大[17],如图6所示,LSTM对平均周期为2.5 s的近似规则波进行预报时给出了显著偏小的振幅,导致预报结果不准确,但由于2.5 s的平均周期在10%的周期变化率影响下变化范围较小,因此预报结果的周期与原始数据基本一致,仍然准确。LSTM对平均周期为5 s的近似规则波的预报则相反,由于周期变化幅度相对较大,LSTM预报结果的周期偏小,导致预报结果不准确。传统LSTM对平均周期为12.5 s和25 s的近似规则波预报也会受到干扰,但因为曲线本身包含的周期数较少,LSTM反而没有受到周期、振幅变化的过多影响,其预报结果与规则波变化不大。
而改进LSTM方法对此类曲线的预报结果显著优于经典LSTM方法,能保持约20 s左右的最大预报时长。通过改进LSTM方法对生成的包络线进行预报可以一定程度掌握原始曲线的振幅变化,虽然包络线周期性较差、包含周期数较少的特点也会一定程度影响预报精度,但因为其比原始曲线波动更小,LSTM预报的误差也更小,在可接受范围内;同时,因为改进LSTM模型会对原曲线周期-时间变化函数进行预报,并能根据曲线周期变化实时调整自身周期,进一步提高预报精度。
另外值得注意的是,改进LSTM预报模型在20 s附近出现了预报数据剧烈波动的情况,后两条曲线预测率也在20 s附近下降至80%以下,一方面可能是因为20 s的时间节点接近此改进模型的有效记忆深度极限,成为了该模型的有效预报时限。另一方面,从数据特征来看,上述近似规则波在20 s内已经历数个近似周期变化,而其累积的周期、相位误差在此时间节点附近达到临界值。改进模型虽然通过包络线分解缓解了这一问题,但在处理由多个非线性过程产生的误差共振叠加时,仍会出现改进LSTM模型预测性能的阶跃式下降的问题。此外,LSTM在对包络线预报过程中存在的过拟合问题也是导致此现象的一大原因,后续需要通过适当调整LSTM隐藏层节点数等方法缓解这一问题。
生成周期、振幅随机变化的不规则波,分别使用传统LSTM方法和改进的LSTM方法对不同平均周期的不规则波曲线进行预报,结果见图8,误差分析见图9
图8~9可知,经典LSTM模型因固有的局限性,在不规则波中难以很好地提取周期和振幅的变化特点,从而在波形周期性、幅值准确性等方面均造成较大的误差。而改进的LSTM极短期预报模型虽然在不规则波下的预报精度相比近似规则波有一定的降低,但仍然可以保持较长的18~20 s的预报时长。在对误差指标进一步的对比分析过程中,发现改进模型在预测率指标上较经典LSTM模型提升约20%~40%,RMSE、MAE指标则仅为经典模型的20%,这表明对于潜在的周期非平稳的不规则波浪,改进模型能够根据包络提取和特征分解适应波浪参数的非线性变化,体现出该改进模型对具有随机性和弱周期性的船舶运动信号的适应能力,以及较经典模型更强的鲁棒性。
另外,本文发现改进模型预报数据20 s后峰值异常波动的现象未能显著体现在误差曲线上,这可能是由于均方根误差和平均绝对误差具有全局平均特性,其对短期(<20 s)高精度数据的平滑作用掩盖了长期(≥20 s)预报中峰值波动的异常误差,从而产生了此类问题。
在平均周期为10 s的非固定周期信号中,随机截取数段数据,将其依次替换为常数、高频信号(确保一段突变在测试集中,其余在训练集中),生成两种突变波。分别对生成的含突变的信号使用两种方法进行预报,并评估两种方法在突变段(测试集5 s至10 s段)的预报结果,预报结果见图10,误差分析见图11
图10~11可知,传统LSTM模型无法适应任何突变,预报结果在突变段仍然保持突变之前的波形,导致该段数据预报误差较大。改进LSTM方法对突变具有一定的适应性,因为包络线会决定预报曲线的上下变化范围,使得预报曲线不会在突变段与原始曲线偏差过大,并在突变结束后调整回原先的波形,最大程度地减少突变造成的干扰和误差。在对两类突变波突变段的预报中,对突变为常数的曲线预报结果更好,这是因为此类突变波突变段是直线,只要预报曲线能在该常数附近波动,就能保证该段的预报精度,而对于突变为高频信号的突变波,因为突变段更为复杂,会显著影响预报精度。
使用改进LSTM极短期预报方法对船模实测运动响应数据进行预报。实测数据见图12
对降噪后的数据分别使用传统LSTM方法、改进LSTM方法进行预报,评估其预报结果,两种预报方法的结果见图13
通过图13可以看出在工况确定的情况下,改进LSTM的预报方法优于传统预报方法。改进LSTM预报方法能预报20 s以上的纵摇数据,而传统LSTM模型因为无法适应实际情况下数据周期、振幅的剧烈变化仅能保持6 s左右的预报精度。因此本文提出的改进LSTM预报方法具有实用价值。
本文通过将LSTM神经网络用于船舶运动极短期预报的方式,构建基于数据驱动的船舶运动极短期预报系统。在此基础上,结合CFD仿真数据进行预报实验,设计出一种改进极短期预报方法,最终得到预报精度更高的极短期预报系统。主要结论如下:
(1)对于周期不变的规则波,传统LSTM极短期预报方法在曲线周期较短时预报效果优于改进LSTM,因其对简单规则曲线具有天然优势,能保持10 s左右的预报时长;而改进LSTM因多次预报导致误差累积,且规则波振幅不变时无法发挥包络线预报优势,预报精度不如传统LSTM。此外,规则波周期短、周期数多时,传统LSTM能更好地学习曲线周期特性,因此,预报结果更好。
(2)当周期不恒定、振幅变化时,传统LSTM预报精度显著下降,改进LSTM则表现更优,能保持20 s左右的预报时长。
(3)对于不规则波,传统LSTM预报结果较差,改进LSTM虽受影响但仍能保持18~20 s的预报时长和一定的预报精度,且对具有周期特征的不规则波预报更具有优势。
(4)传统LSTM无法适应任何突变,改进LSTM则对突变具有一定适应性,能减少突变造成的干扰和误差。
(5)在对船模实测运动响应数据的预报中,改进LSTM预报能达到20 s左右的最大预报时长具有实用价值。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.005
  • 接收时间:2025-03-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2025-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-15
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国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFC2806600; 2022YFC2806604)
作者信息
    1.江苏科技大学,江苏 镇江 212100
    2.中国造船工程学会,北京 100861
    3.南通鹏瑞海工科技有限公司,江苏 南通 226000
    4.南通集海海洋装备有限公司,江苏 南通 226100
    5.江苏省船舶与海洋工程装备技术创新中心,江苏 南通 226100

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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