Article(id=1243896350929171400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896350367134664, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742227200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774497600538, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1758297600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774497600538, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774497600538, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774497600538, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243896350367134664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='9', pageStart='1343', pageEnd='1498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774497600404, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774501609474, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243913165692584796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896350367134664, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243913165692584797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896350367134664, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1475, endPage=1483, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243896351159858121, articleId=1243896350929171400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Overlapping finite element method for analysis of underwater acoustic scatterings by elastic targets, columnId=1241023038381158513, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydro/Structural Acoustics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The traditional low-order finite element model is usually used to obtain the acoustic scattering field of a submarine structure, and then to evaluate the acoustic stealth performance. However, the traditional finite element method is affected by the numerical pollution effect, and requires very dense mesh to obtain reliable numerical solutions for problems with relatively medium and high frequencies, leading to prohibitive cost in mesh division. In this paper, the overlapping finite element method (OFEM) and Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) mapping technique are combined to construct a coupled numerical model for the acoustic scattering of underwater elastic targets. When constructing local approximations in the OFEM, the virtual nodes are used to generate partition of unity functions, while no degrees of freedom are assigned to these virtual nodes. The novel OFEM can be directly applied to low-order finite element models and achieve higher-order approximations of the unknown variables. Numerical examples show that the OFEM can reduce the numerical error significantly and has broad application prospects in the prediction of underwater acoustic scattering by elastic targets.

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传统低阶有限元数值模型常被用来获取水下航行器的散射声场,从而预报其声隐身性能。然而,传统有限元方法受到数值污染效应的影响,在分析中高频率问题时需要十分致密的网格才能获得可靠的数值解,由此带来了高昂的网格划分成本。本文将重叠有限元法(OFEM)与Dirichlet-to-Neumann(DtN)映射技术相结合,构建一种水下弹性体声散射问题的重叠有限元数值模型。在OFEM构造局部近似时,通过使用虚拟节点生成单位分解函数,而不在这些虚拟节点上分配自由度。并且,OFEM可以直接应用于低阶有限元模型,并获得高阶的场函数近似。数值算例表明,本文提出的OFEM离散模型能显著减小数值误差,在水下弹性目标物的声散射问题分析中具有广阔的应用前景。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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桂强(1994-),男,博士研究生

李威(1975-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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桂强(1994-),男,博士研究生

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4.Hubei Key Laboratory of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering Hydrodynamics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
5.Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration (CISSE), Shanghai 200240, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1243896369044369893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896350929171400, authorId=1243896368746574299, language=CN, stringName=李威, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 4, 5, address=1.华中科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,武汉 430074
4.船舶与海洋水动力湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430074
5.高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心,上海 200240, bio={"content":"

李威(1975-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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李威(1975-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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figureFileBig=Lt1DkDEpLtKqWG7V9WKXxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243896373544858210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896350929171400, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同计算波数下的舵结构散射声压幅值指向性图, figureFileSmall=dgKWswhLPTVV3hRPUxRFMA==, figureFileBig=Lt1DkDEpLtKqWG7V9WKXxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243896373762962020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896350929171400, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of computational costs between FEM and OFEM for identical solution accuracy at wavenumber k=30

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FEMOFEM
误差log10e−1.28−1.27
方程组(16)求解时间/s2.611.07
流体域网格数量30 9681167
流体域节点数量31 3881256
流体域自由度数量31 3885024
系数矩阵条件数log10Ncond16.1516.98
), ArticleFig(id=1243896373985260139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896350929171400, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算精度相同时FEM和OFEM的计算成本对比(波数k=30)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FEMOFEM
误差log10e−1.28−1.27
方程组(16)求解时间/s2.611.07
流体域网格数量30 9681167
流体域节点数量31 3881256
流体域自由度数量31 3885024
系数矩阵条件数log10Ncond16.1516.98
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水下弹性体声散射问题的重叠有限元数值模型研究
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桂强 1 , 杨宇正 1 , 程绍坚 2 , 游翔宇 3 , 柴应彬 1 , 李威 1, 4, 5
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2025,29(9): 1475-1483
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船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2025, 29(9): 1475-1483
水下弹性体声散射问题的重叠有限元数值模型研究
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桂强1, 杨宇正1, 程绍坚2, 游翔宇3, 柴应彬1, 李威1, 4, 5
作者信息
  • 1.华中科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,武汉 430074
  • 2.上海外高桥造船有限公司,上海 200137
  • 3.长沙理工大学 水利与环境工程学院,长沙 410114
  • 4.船舶与海洋水动力湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430074
  • 5.高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心,上海 200240
  • 桂强(1994-),男,博士研究生

    李威(1975-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Overlapping finite element method for analysis of underwater acoustic scatterings by elastic targets
Qiang GUI1, Yu-zheng YANG1, Shao-jian CHENG2, Xiang-yu YOU3, Ying-bin CHAI1, Wei LI1, 4, 5
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2.Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China
  • 3.School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
  • 4.Hubei Key Laboratory of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering Hydrodynamics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 5.Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration (CISSE), Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2025-09-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.013
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传统低阶有限元数值模型常被用来获取水下航行器的散射声场,从而预报其声隐身性能。然而,传统有限元方法受到数值污染效应的影响,在分析中高频率问题时需要十分致密的网格才能获得可靠的数值解,由此带来了高昂的网格划分成本。本文将重叠有限元法(OFEM)与Dirichlet-to-Neumann(DtN)映射技术相结合,构建一种水下弹性体声散射问题的重叠有限元数值模型。在OFEM构造局部近似时,通过使用虚拟节点生成单位分解函数,而不在这些虚拟节点上分配自由度。并且,OFEM可以直接应用于低阶有限元模型,并获得高阶的场函数近似。数值算例表明,本文提出的OFEM离散模型能显著减小数值误差,在水下弹性目标物的声散射问题分析中具有广阔的应用前景。

重叠有限元法  /  弹性体声散射  /  声目标强度  /  DtN映射技术

The traditional low-order finite element model is usually used to obtain the acoustic scattering field of a submarine structure, and then to evaluate the acoustic stealth performance. However, the traditional finite element method is affected by the numerical pollution effect, and requires very dense mesh to obtain reliable numerical solutions for problems with relatively medium and high frequencies, leading to prohibitive cost in mesh division. In this paper, the overlapping finite element method (OFEM) and Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) mapping technique are combined to construct a coupled numerical model for the acoustic scattering of underwater elastic targets. When constructing local approximations in the OFEM, the virtual nodes are used to generate partition of unity functions, while no degrees of freedom are assigned to these virtual nodes. The novel OFEM can be directly applied to low-order finite element models and achieve higher-order approximations of the unknown variables. Numerical examples show that the OFEM can reduce the numerical error significantly and has broad application prospects in the prediction of underwater acoustic scattering by elastic targets.

overlapping finite element method  /  acoustic scattering by elastic target  /  target strength  /  Dirichlet-to-Neumann mapping technique
桂强, 杨宇正, 程绍坚, 游翔宇, 柴应彬, 李威. 水下弹性体声散射问题的重叠有限元数值模型研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (9) : 1475 -1483 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.013
Qiang GUI, Yu-zheng YANG, Shao-jian CHENG, Xiang-yu YOU, Ying-bin CHAI, Wei LI. Overlapping finite element method for analysis of underwater acoustic scatterings by elastic targets[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (9) : 1475 -1483 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.013
在设计阶段预报水下目标物的声隐身能力,需要准确地得到该结构物的散射声场。为此,许多理论和方法相继被提出[1],包括解析方法和数值方法等。基于严格模型而不做任何近似的解析方法可以解决一些简单结构的声散射问题,例如分波序列法、Sommerfeld-Watson变换法和共振散射理论等。然而,实际水声工程应用中的目标物通常具有复杂的外形及内部结构,因此很难求得其散射声场的解析解。由于数值方法具备良好的通用性和处理各种复杂结构的便捷性,大多数工程问题都是通过数值方法来解决的。近几十年来,各种数值方法被应用于声学问题,其中有限元法(finite element method,FEM)和边界元法(boundary element method,BEM)是工程实践中应用最广泛的方法。经典FEM已经被广泛应用于各类声学问题,然而,FEM受到数值污染效应的影响,使得数值模型的计算精度随频率的增加而降低[2-3]。这种效应是由数值色散引起的,即数值波速与精确波速不一致。因此,在实际工程应用中,每个波长内至少需要6个单元才能产生可接受精度的解。这一经验法则使得在处理中高频问题时,网格划分成为研究人员和工程师的沉重负担。BEM只需要对问题域的边界进行离散,且能够自发地满足Sommerfeld远场辐射条件,但在求解外声场问题时需要额外的技术以保证数值解的唯一性[4-5]。此外,经典BEM中的系数矩阵是非对称和满填充的,导致方程求解成本过高,并且所使用的自由度也随计算频率的增加而增加。
为了提高有限元模型的求解精度,许多先进技术相继被提出。相关研究表明,数值色散来源于数值模型的刚度矩阵和质量矩阵不匹配[6],即与真实模型相比,有限元模型的数值刚度“偏硬”[7]。近年来,一系列将应变光滑技术与传统有限元法相结合的光滑有限元方法(S-FEM)被相继提出,该技术有效缓解了FEM数值模型的刚度过硬问题。然而,相关研究证明了在S-FEM中数值色散误差仍然无法避免。此外,广义有限元法(generalized finite element method,GFEM)[8-9]通过单元分解(partition of unity,PU)框架可以使用特殊函数来增强原始有限元近似空间,提高求解精度。然而,GFEM存在线性相关(linear dependence,LD)问题[10-11],即当使用多项式基函数作为增强函数时,系数矩阵是奇异矩阵。虽然基于三角形网格的GFEM的LD问题已经被作者[312]解决,但是基于四边形网格的GFEM的LD问题被证明是不可避免的,并且随着单元数量的增加,秩亏也会增加[10]
最近,Bathe教授提出了用于固体和结构力学的新型重叠有限元法(overlapping finite element method,OFEM)[13]。在OFEM中,节点未知量可以用函数而非单个节点值来表示,可知OFEM与GFEM相关。相比之下,三角形和四边形重叠有限单元都避免了LD问题。在OFEM中,首先在单元的顶点和各边中点生成不关联任何自由度的虚拟节点。在早期构造中借鉴了有限球法[13-14],利用Shepard函数和标准二阶有限元的形状函数来构造OFEM形状函数。因此,新的插值函数是关于等参坐标的三次函数,进而可以消除LD问题。随后Bathe等对原始方案进行了改进[15],在新方案中,由于不再使用Shepard函数,因此形函数的构造更加便捷。该方案在线弹性体静力学分析中的优势已被证明。此外,作者基于四边形单元的OFEM构造了一种增强单元,应用于时谐声传播问题,通过色散误差分析证明了该方案在声学问题中的优势[16]。然而,在过往文献研究中,通常仅考虑了刚性目标物或声振耦合问题中的弱耦合状态。但实际上,对于水下目标物的声散射问题,尤其是在中低频段进行分析时,结构和声场的相互作用不可忽略,因此需要建立针对强耦合的结构声学模型。本文在文献[16]的基础上,构建水下弹性体声散射问题的重叠有限元数值模型,并通过两个算例验证该模型的有效性和高性能特性,为高效地预报水下航行器的散射声场提供一种新颖的解决方案。
在OFEM中,重叠单元[15]是指该单元的每个顶点对应的多边形单元的重叠区域,如图1所示。对于顶点为I1I2I3I4的四边形重叠区域εe,未知声压u的近似可表示为
式中,ρJ分别为新的插值函数和重叠区域εe周边四个节点未知量。
插值函数ρJ可表示为
式中,hI为双线性四边形有限单元的形函数(即N=4),可视为hI的权。
如前所述,构造OFEM近似过程中需要在单元的顶点和各边中点生成不关联任何自由度的虚拟节点,如图2所示。权函数可表示为
式中,为标准八节点四边形有限单元的形状函数,为一个关于参数β的函数,具体构造可见文献[15]。
将式(3)及的具体表达式代入式(2),可以得到新插值函数如下:
式(1)中的节点未知量可表示为
式中,pn为局部近似中使用的基函数,aJn为对应的待求系数。
本文使用双线性多项式基函数,即
外声场问题的控制方程[24]可以表示为
式中,KfMfCf分别表示总体刚度矩阵、声质量矩阵和声阻尼矩阵,p为待求节点未知量,Ff为声载荷向量,i2=−1,kωρ分别为波数、圆频率及流体密度。
对外声场问题,需要采用人工边界ΓB对无限域进行截断,并使用吸声边界条件来满足Sommerfeld远场辐射条件。本文采用的是一种精确的无反射边界条件——Dirichlet-to-Neumann(DtN)映射技术[17],则总体刚度矩阵Kf可表示为
式中,为声刚度矩阵,为计算域,∇为笛卡尔坐标系下的梯度算子,N为形函数矩阵,DtN矩阵的构造由给出。
弹性结构的动力学响应满足以下方程[4]
式中,KeMeCe分别表示弹性体刚度矩阵、弹性体质量矩阵和弹性体阻尼矩阵,ue为待求的节点未知量(位移),Fe为载荷向量。
对于弹性结构声散射问题,总声压p可表示为入射声压pi和散射声压ps之和:
在弹性体结构和流体的耦合面sf上,要满足结构的法向位移和流体的法向位移相等,即
式中,ueuf分别为结构和流体的位移,nenf分别为弹性体结构和流体在耦合面上的外法线方向,且易知有ne=-nf
同时,耦合面sf上的法向压力也应该满足:
此外,根据动能定理可知,在耦合面上有如下关系:
式(12)表明,在耦合系统中,声压对弹性结构的作用可以被认为是一个附加载荷fe
式中,耦合矩阵NeNf分别为弹性体位移场和声压场近似中使用的形函数,可根据式(2)和式(5)获得。
同样地,结构表面的振动对声场的附加载荷可表示为
将式(14)和式(15)分别代入式(7)和式(9),可以得到水下弹性体声散射问题的控制方程:
为验证本文提出的水下弹性体声散射问题的重叠有限元数值模型的有效性,本文研究了经典的水下无限长弹性圆柱的声散射问题,如图3所示。圆柱和人工边界的半径分别为a=0.5 m和R=1.2 m。根据对称性,该三维问题可以简化为一个二维问题。弹性体的材料属性为:杨氏模量E=69 GPa,泊松比μ=0.3,密度ρe=2700 kg/m3。水的密度为ρf=1000 kg/m3,水中声速为c=1500 m/s。
设平面波沿x轴方向入射,则极坐标系下任意一点(rθ)的散射声压可由下式获得:
式中,,Jn分别为第一类贝塞尔函数和第二类汉克尔函数,QnSn为与贝塞尔函数相关的系数,见文献[1]。
首先,将问题域离散为一组四边形单元网格,弹性体结构和声场的单元尺寸均为h=0.05 m,其中流体域的离散可见图4。根据经验法则,传统的FEM的计算频率上限为k=20。为了说明本文构建的OFEM数值模型的有效性,在图5中给出了不同计算波数时的散射声压指向性图。
图5中可以看出,当计算波数相对较小时,FEM和OFEM得到的数值结果均能与解析解一致。当计算波数增长到k=10时(此时无量纲波数kh=0.5),可以观察到FEM的数值解产生了相对较小的误差。当计算波数增长到k=20时(此时无量纲波数kh=1),FEM数值解已经产生了十分显著的误差。对最高计算波数k=30(此时无量纲波数kh=1.5),FEM几乎无法正确描述散射声场。相比之下,本文提出的OFEM数值模型始终能获得与解析解一致的数值结果。需要强调的是,OFEM数值模型可以直接施加在传统有限元网格上而无需对网格进行任何的修改,并且所有的节点自由度都附加在单元顶点上,即系数矩阵仍然是稀疏对称的。这就意味着,OFEM数值模型可以显著提高原始FEM模型的计算精度,并扩大可计算的频率范围。
如引言中所述,对于水下目标物的声散射问题而言,尤其是在中低频段进行分析时,结构和声场的相互作用不可忽略。根据经典共振散射理论[18],弹性体的总散射声压包含刚性背景散射声压和由弹性物体引起的共振散射成分,如果散射体是完全刚性的,后者就会消失。共振散射成分可以由总散射声压减去刚性背景散射成分得到,并且当入射声波的频率远离弹性体的特征频率时,共振散射声压的幅度往往相对较小,可以忽略不计;当入射波的频率逐渐接近弹性体的特征频率时,弹性物体对应的振动模式将被激发,共振散射声压的幅度变大,进而强烈影响总散射场。后向散射声压由于携带了散射体的信息,比如几何尺寸和材料参数等,因此具有重要的研究价值。图6给出了距离弹性圆柱中心1 m处的后向散射声压随计算波数k的变化,图中除了给出FEM和OFEM得到的数值解以外,还给出了弹性散射声场的理论值以及刚性背景散射声场的理论值。
图6可以看出,随着计算频率的增加,弹性物体的后向散射声压结果表现出强烈的振荡,并且与刚性背景散射场差异较大。当计算波数较小时,FEM和OFEM均能得到与理论值一致的数值解。随着计算波数的增加,FEM数值解的误差急剧增加。相比之下,OFEM在给出的计算波数范围内总能保持较高的计算精度,尤其是在相对高频范围内表现良好。
图7给出了距离弹性圆柱中心1 m处的后向共振散射声压随计算波数k的变化。从图7可以得出与上述讨论非常相似的结论:当波数k大于15时FEM数值解出现了明显的误差,并且这种误差随着计算波数的增加而进一步增大。此外,当波数相对较高时,FEM预报的峰值对应的频率明显偏离理论值,这就说明与标准FEM相比,OFEM法在处理弹性物体的声散射方面表现得更好,并且可以更有效地预测后向散射结果中的共振峰。
为了进一步说明本文提出的OFEM数值模型在声散射问题中的优势,在表1中给出了计算波数为k=30时,达到相同计算精度条件下标准FEM和OFEM的计算成本。此外,两种方法的条件数Ncond也在表中给出。本文误差使用下式计算:
式中,pextph分别表示精确解和数值解,上标*表示取复共轭。
表1可知,达到相同的计算精度时,OFEM数值离散模型的求解时间要小于传统FEM数值离散模型,说明OFEM的计算效率高于FEM。此外,FEM使用的流体单元数量约为OFEM的26倍;尽管OFEM中每个节点的自由度多于FEM,但OFEM离散模型使用的自由度总数远小于FEM(仅为FEM自由度总数的1/6左右),证明了OFEM能够使用相对较粗糙的网格准确预报散射声场,即能够显著减少在中高频率下网格划分的人力成本。此外,FEM数值离散模型的条件数与OFEM数值离散模型的条件数相近,说明OFEM数值离散模型的条件数合理且稳定性较好。
为了进一步说明OFEM在弹性体声散射问题分析中的有效性,本节研究了受平面波入射的弹性舵结构的散射。如图8所示,将舵的弦长归一化,并取人工边界的半径为R=2 m。使用平均单元尺寸为h=0.10 m的网格对流体域进行离散,根据经验法则,标准FEM数值离散模型的计算波数不应超过k=10。图9给出了使用相同网格时FEM和OFEM得到的人工边界上的声压幅值分布。
当计算波数较低时,FEM与OFEM均能与参考解保持一致。当波数增长到k=10时,FEM数值解产生显著振荡现象,无法正确描述散射声场。相较而言,OFEM仍然能够获得较高精度的数值解,表明OFEM能够有效处理具有复杂外形的结构声学问题,在实际工程问题中具有良好的应用前景。
本文将重叠有限元法(OFEM)与Dirichlet-to-Neumann(DtN)映射技术相结合,构建了求解水下弹性体声散射问题的重叠有限元数值模型。由于OFEM的节点未知量可以用函数表示而非单个节点值,因此能实现高阶的场变量近似。此外,所有的节点自由度都附加在单元节点上,OFEM数值模型可以直接应用于传统有限元网格上而无需对网格进行任何的修改。本文通过两个典型的水下弹性体声散射算例对总体后向散射声压及其中的共振散射成分进行了详细分析。数值结果表明,本文提出的重叠有限元数值模型能够显著提高原始有限元模型的计算精度,扩大原始模型的可计算频段,也意味着能够使用相对较粗糙的网格准确预报散射声场,即能够显著减少网格划分的人力成本。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52171336; 12202327)
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2025年第29卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.09.013
  • 接收时间:2025-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2025-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-18
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52171336; 12202327)
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    1.华中科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,武汉 430074
    2.上海外高桥造船有限公司,上海 200137
    3.长沙理工大学 水利与环境工程学院,长沙 410114
    4.船舶与海洋水动力湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430074
    5.高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心,上海 200240

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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