Article(id=1243896232792404167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740240000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774497572372, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1755619200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774497572372, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774497572372, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774497572372, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243896229885751465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='8', pageStart='1181', pageEnd='1342', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774497571678, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774501555614, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243912939799949656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243912939799949657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1239, endPage=1249, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243896233077616844, articleId=1243896232792404167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Dynamic collision avoidance trajectory planning for unmanned ships based on improved PRM algorithm and event triggering mechanism, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The trajectory planning of unmanned ships is an important part of unmanned ships autonomous navigation. A trajectory planning method for unmanned ship dynamic collision avoidance was proposed based on improved PRM algorithm and event triggering mechanism. Firstly, PRM and A* were combined to obtain the PRM-A* algorithm, and a trajectory planning model for unmanned ships was established based on the PRM-A* algorithm. A grid map was established based on the current environmental situation, the PRM-A* algorithm was used to plan the collision avoidance path of unmanned ships, and an S-T grid map of the collision avoidance path was established. The PRM-A* algorithm was used to plan the speed of unmanned ships on the S-T grid map, thus obtaining the collision avoidance trajectory of unmanned ships at the current time. Secondly, a dynamic collision avoidance model was established for unmanned ships based on the event triggering mechanism. An unmanned ship collision risk assessment model was established based on the TCPA and DCPA of unmanned ships, based on which event triggering condition was set. When the event was triggered, the unmanned ship collision avoidance trajectory was planned based on the current time window environmental situation. Finally, simulation experiments were conducted on the trajectory planning of unmanned ships in open and restricted waters. The results show that the algorithm can effectively make an unmanned ship avoid static and moving obstacles in waters, save computational resources, and improve computational performance.

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无人船的轨迹规划是无人船自主航行的重要环节。本文基于改进PRM算法和事件触发机制提出一种无人船动态避碰的轨迹规划方法。首先,将PRM和A*结合得到PRM-A*算法,并基于PRM-A*算法建立无人船轨迹规划模型。根据当前时刻的环境态势建立栅格地图,通过PRM-A*算法规划无人船的避碰路径,并建立该避碰路径的S-T栅格图。通过PRM-A*算法对S-T栅格图规划无人船航速,从而得到当前时刻的无人船避碰轨迹。其次,基于事件触发机制建立无人船的动态避碰模型。根据无人船的TCPA和DCPA建立无人船碰撞危险度评估模型,并以此为基础设置事件触发条件;事件触发后,根据当前时间窗的环境态势规划无人船避碰轨迹。最后,分别进行开阔水域和限制水域的无人船轨迹规划仿真试验。结果显示,本算法可使无人船能有效地避开局部水域中静态障碍物和移动障碍物,并节省计算资源,提升计算性能。

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王子铭(1996-),男,博士

陈顺怀(1966-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

郑龙(1997-),男,博士。

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Event triggering times of dynamic collision avoidance model

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航行场景事件触发次数时间窗数减小比例
开阔水域283212.5%
限制水域193240.625%
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动态避碰模型事件触发次数

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航行场景事件触发次数时间窗数减小比例
开阔水域283212.5%
限制水域193240.625%
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基于改进PRM算法和事件触发机制的无人船动态避碰轨迹规划
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王子铭 a, b , 陈顺怀 a, b , 郑龙 a, b
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(8): 1239-1249
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(8): 1239-1249
基于改进PRM算法和事件触发机制的无人船动态避碰轨迹规划
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王子铭a, b, 陈顺怀a, b , 郑龙a, b
作者信息
  • a.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
  • b.武汉理工大学 高性能船舶技术教育部重点实验室,武汉 430063
  • 王子铭(1996-),男,博士

    陈顺怀(1966-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

    郑龙(1997-),男,博士。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Dynamic collision avoidance trajectory planning for unmanned ships based on improved PRM algorithm and event triggering mechanism
Zi-ming WANGa, b, Shun-huai CHENa, b , Long ZHENGa, b
Affiliations
  • a.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • b.Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ship Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.006
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无人船的轨迹规划是无人船自主航行的重要环节。本文基于改进PRM算法和事件触发机制提出一种无人船动态避碰的轨迹规划方法。首先,将PRM和A*结合得到PRM-A*算法,并基于PRM-A*算法建立无人船轨迹规划模型。根据当前时刻的环境态势建立栅格地图,通过PRM-A*算法规划无人船的避碰路径,并建立该避碰路径的S-T栅格图。通过PRM-A*算法对S-T栅格图规划无人船航速,从而得到当前时刻的无人船避碰轨迹。其次,基于事件触发机制建立无人船的动态避碰模型。根据无人船的TCPA和DCPA建立无人船碰撞危险度评估模型,并以此为基础设置事件触发条件;事件触发后,根据当前时间窗的环境态势规划无人船避碰轨迹。最后,分别进行开阔水域和限制水域的无人船轨迹规划仿真试验。结果显示,本算法可使无人船能有效地避开局部水域中静态障碍物和移动障碍物,并节省计算资源,提升计算性能。

无人船  /  轨迹规划  /  PRM-A*算法  /  事件触发机制  /  TCPA  /  DCPA

The trajectory planning of unmanned ships is an important part of unmanned ships autonomous navigation. A trajectory planning method for unmanned ship dynamic collision avoidance was proposed based on improved PRM algorithm and event triggering mechanism. Firstly, PRM and A* were combined to obtain the PRM-A* algorithm, and a trajectory planning model for unmanned ships was established based on the PRM-A* algorithm. A grid map was established based on the current environmental situation, the PRM-A* algorithm was used to plan the collision avoidance path of unmanned ships, and an S-T grid map of the collision avoidance path was established. The PRM-A* algorithm was used to plan the speed of unmanned ships on the S-T grid map, thus obtaining the collision avoidance trajectory of unmanned ships at the current time. Secondly, a dynamic collision avoidance model was established for unmanned ships based on the event triggering mechanism. An unmanned ship collision risk assessment model was established based on the TCPA and DCPA of unmanned ships, based on which event triggering condition was set. When the event was triggered, the unmanned ship collision avoidance trajectory was planned based on the current time window environmental situation. Finally, simulation experiments were conducted on the trajectory planning of unmanned ships in open and restricted waters. The results show that the algorithm can effectively make an unmanned ship avoid static and moving obstacles in waters, save computational resources, and improve computational performance.

unmanned ship  /  trajectory planning  /  PRM-A* algorithm  /  event triggering mechanism  /  TCPA  /  DCPA
王子铭, 陈顺怀, 郑龙. 基于改进PRM算法和事件触发机制的无人船动态避碰轨迹规划. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (8) : 1239 -1249 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.006
Zi-ming WANG, Shun-huai CHEN, Long ZHENG. Dynamic collision avoidance trajectory planning for unmanned ships based on improved PRM algorithm and event triggering mechanism[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (8) : 1239 -1249 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.006
无人船(Unmanned Surface Vehicle,USV)作为可以在水面上无人化、自主化航行,并具有高机动性的水上机器人,经常被用于在复杂海域执行海事巡航、气象监测、反潜以及扫雷等特定任务,在军用和民用领域均具有重要的研究价值和广泛的研究前景[1]。无人船航行的水域中存在正在航行的船舶等移动障碍物,以及浮标、岛屿等静态障碍物。因此,根据船载传感器获取的局部信息和全局先验环境信息,动态地规划无人船轨迹,使其可以同时避开水域内的静态障碍物和移动障碍物,对无人船实现自主航行具有重要的意义。
无人船的轨迹规划需要在已知的环境态势下,规划得到一系列可连成路径的坐标点以及无人船到达这一系列坐标点的时间。同时,规划得到的轨迹需满足无人船航行安全性的要求,从而使无人船能在环境态势复杂的局部水域中避开移动障碍物,完成其特定任务。换言之,无人船的轨迹规划不但要规划出无人船在各时刻的位置坐标,还要规划出无人船在各时刻的速度。张丹红等[2]利用多角度搜索的A*算法得到两个巡逻点间的最短路径,并通过改进的平滑蚁群算法得到多个巡逻点的巡逻顺序,实现了无人艇的避碰巡逻;Song等[3]提出了一种基于改进人工势场法的多子目标人工势场法确定性算法,对无人船的航行路径进行了规划;向金林等[4]通过对新延伸点添加转角约束、改变连接点条件和设置动态步长的方式改进了双向RRT算法,并以此规划局部路径,实现了无人船局部避碰;刘正锋等[5]对避碰路径转向点的转向角改变量进行约束来改进PRM算法,规划出多条从起点到终点的可航路径,并选取一条最短路径作为避碰路径;汪咏等[6]基于人工势场法和船舶操纵方程规划得到了满足无人船操纵性的光滑避碰路径。以上研究均实现了无人船对静态障碍物的避碰,但未有效实现无人船避碰移动障碍物。
王立鹏等[7]考虑船舶操纵性约束,设计的一种二次遗传算法寻优的路径规划算法规划了一条无人船可以避开静态障碍物和移动障碍物的航线;周凤杰[8]使用粒子群-遗传(PSO-GA)混合算法优化无人船的航路点,实现了无人船在两船会遇场景下的避碰;陈天元等[9]基于集合制导和动态窗口约束算法规划得到了无人船可以自动避开移动障碍物的路径;杨娇[10-11]和王群[12]针对限制水域中的内河水域,分别基于TD3算法和DQN算法实现了内河船舶两船避碰时的自主路径规划。上述研究均实现了无人船在两船会遇时对移动船舶的避碰。无人船有时会在具有多个航行轨迹难以预测的移动船舶的水域中航行,上述研究对于解决具有多个移动障碍物的复杂航行环境的避碰问题仍有一定局限性。
综合以上分析可以发现,无人船对静态障碍物的避碰研究已取得重要进展,实现无人船在不同水域环境下对多个移动障碍物的避碰仍是实现无人船自主航行的难点。同时,现有的研究成果大多聚焦在规划避碰的路径,而忽略了规划无人船到达路径上各点的时间。为实现无人船能动态地避碰,通常的做法是每隔固定时间进行轨迹规划,这样延长了计算时间,增加了计算资源消耗,不利于高机动性无人船的实际航行。事件触发机制[13]可对轨迹规划的效果和计算性能进行平衡,通过设置触发条件减少轨迹规划求解的次数,有效节省计算资源,提升计算性能。
本文为实现无人船能有效避开水域内的静态、移动障碍物,并节省计算资源,提出一种动态的无人船轨迹规划方法。首先,基于A*算法和概率路线图算法(RPM)算法建立无人船的轨迹规划模型,分别对无人船航行路径和航速进行规划;随后,基于事件触发机制建立无人船动态避碰模型,根据船舶碰撞危险度设置轨迹规划模型触发的条件,从而规划得到无人船航行过程中各时刻的空间坐标和速度;最后,设计仿真试验对算法的有效性进行验证。
无人船通过规划路径和航速来避开局部水域中的移动障碍物,从而完成特定任务。随着无人船环境感知技术的发展,无人船可通过其自身安装的激光雷达、摄像头等传感器,结合目标检测、多目标跟踪等技术和全局的先验信息,获得水域中静态障碍物的具体位置以及移动障碍船的位置、速度和航向[1]。同时,无人船也可通过其自身安装的高精度GPS和IMU等惯性测量装置获取自身的位置、速度和航向角。这些表示环境态势的数据为无人船的避碰轨迹规划研究带来了便利。同时,移动障碍船的路径和航速的未知性也为无人船避碰移动障碍物带来挑战。以上述表示环境态势的数据为基础,深度学习等现代智能算法为预测移动障碍船的轨迹带来了可能[14-15]。为方便描述无人船运动,建立如图1所示的全局坐标系。
图1所示,以正北方向为y轴,正东方向为x轴,建立无人船的空间固定坐标系。其中,ψO为无人船的航向角,vO为无人船的航速。本文假设:无人船已通过环境感知技术和全局的先验信息获取无人船和移动障碍船的位置、速度和航向角实时数据;已知无人船航行起点坐标和终点坐标;已知航行水域静态障碍物具体坐标。同时,无人船已获取移动障碍船的预测路径和速度。故而,基于上述假设,本文将PRM和A*算法结合,从而对PRM改进得到PRM-A*算法,并以此建立无人船的轨迹规划模型。
概率路线图算法(RPM)算法与A*算法在机器人的路径规划中已经得到了广泛的应用[16]。原始的PRM算法计算复杂度低,但有时规划路径的转向角过大,不满足无人船航行安全性的要求。A*算法通过评价函数F规划的路径更符合航行要求,但计算复杂度相对较高。故而,可将PRM算法与A*算法结合得到PRM-A*算法。PRM-A*算法的主要思想为:在栅格图中随机采样生成包括起点和终点的多个节点,并将这些节点两两相连,从而构成路径图。其中,若两节点连线穿过障碍物,则减去该连接。使用评价函数F来评价路径图中与当前节点相连的各节点的好坏,通过选择F函数值最小的相连节点作为下一节点,从而实现从起点到终点的搜索。PRM-A*算法的具体步骤为:
Step 1:在地图的非障碍物区域随机生成包括起点和终点的N个节点。若两个节点PiPj之间的连线没有与栅格图中的障碍物相交,则将节点PiPj相连。对于节点Pi,与其相连的节点组成节点Pi的点集Seti
Step 2:创建一个Open列表和Close列表,将起点P1作为当前检查节点加入Open列表。
Step 3:计算当前检查节点Pi的点集Seti中不在Close列表的节点Pj的代价函数GPiPj)、HPjPN)以及FPiPj)。其中,ij为节点的编号,GPiPj)表示当前待检查节点Pi到节点Pj的代价。HPjPN)表示节点Pj到终点PN的代价。FPiPj)与GPiPj)和HPjPN)存在如下关系:
Step 4:若节点Pj不在Open列表中,则将当前待检查节点Pi设为节点Pj的父节点,并将节点Pj加入Open列表。若节点Pj已在Open列表中,且当前待检查节点Pi到节点PjGPiPj)函数值更小,则节点Pj的父节点重设为当前待检查节点Pi,同时更新节点PjHPjPN)函数值和FPiPj)函数值。
Step 5:删除Open列表中的节点Pi,并将其加入Close列表,从而完成了对该节点的检查。
Step 6:选择Open列表中F函数值最小的节点作为下一个待检查节点。
Step 7:重复Step 2~ Step 5,直到当前检查节点是终点。
Step 8:从终点开始,依次向父节点移动回到起点,得到规划的路径。
移动障碍船的路径和航速很多时候是无法精确预测的,这对无人船避碰移动障碍物带来了巨大挑战。可根据当前时刻航行水域的环境态势,将无人船的轨迹规划解耦成对静态障碍物的路径规划和航速规划,并每隔一段时间根据当前时刻的环境态势规划轨迹,从而动态地规划轨迹。当各轨迹规划之间的时间间隔设置合理时,这种动态轨迹规划的方式为无人船有效地避开移动障碍物提供了可能性。同时,影响无人船航行安全性和经济性的因素有很多。通常认为无人船航行过程中没有出现较大的转向,即航行轨迹越平滑,无人船航行越安全;航行里程越短,无人船航行经济性越好。故而,应使无人船在航行过程中能有效地避开水域中的障碍物,并以安全、经济的方式通过水域,从而完成特定任务。无人船在当前时刻环境态势下的轨迹规划模型的计算流程示意图如图2所示。
图2所示,本文对无人船的轨迹规划解耦为路径规划与航速规划,并根据当前时刻的环境态势,使用PRM-A*算法分别规划无人船的路径和航速。轨迹规划模型的具体流程为:
Step 1:获取当前时刻无人船(O)、移动障碍船(M)和静态障碍物的位置坐标。
Step 2:将当前时刻的移动障碍船(M)作为静态障碍物。对航行水域横向和纵向分别以dxdy为单元长度划分网格,并对各障碍物进行凸型化、膨胀化[17]处理,从而得到当前时刻环境态势的栅格地图。
Step 3:在当前时刻栅格地图中的非障碍物区域随机生成N个点。考虑到无人船很少出现向目标点反方向航行的情况,并且为了提升计算性能,对N个节点与栅格地图的起点和终点构成的路径图进行减枝操作,若路径图中两节点Pixiyi)和Pjxjyj)存在xj < xi,则将节点Pj从节点Pi的点集Seti中移除。
Step 4:使用PRM-A*算法对当前时刻栅格地图进行规划,得到无人船避碰路径。为使规划的路径在保证安全性的同时具有较好的经济性,PRM-A*算法在规划路径时的GPiPj)和HPjPN)设置如下:
式中,(xiyi)、(xjyj)、(x1y1)和(xendyend)分别为节点PiPj、起点和终点的位置坐标。
Step 5:以无人船避碰路径的航行里程为纵轴、时间为横轴建立当前时刻无人船的S-T图。根据各移动障碍船的预测路径和航速获得各移动障碍船Mi的航线与避碰路径的交点Ki,这些交点Ki即为无人船的碰撞危险点。计算各移动障碍船MiKi的时间Ti,以及无人船使用该避碰路径时,从当前时刻位置到交点Ki的航行路程Si。分别以dtds为单元长度对S-T图划分网格。将各碰撞危险点(TiSi)标注在S-T图中,并进行凸型化、膨胀化处理,从而得到当前时刻的S-T栅格图。
Step 6:在S-T栅格图中的非障碍物区域随机生成K个节点。若避碰路径的航行里程为Stotal,则以(0,0)为起点,以(Stotal/5,Stotal)为终点。对这K个节点与S-T栅格图起点和终点构成的路径图进行减枝操作,若路径图中两节点存在Sj< SiTjTi,则将节点从节点的点集中移除。同时,考虑到无人船航速通常具有最大值约束,故而,若((Sj-Si)/(TjTi))⩾ Vmax,则将节点从节点的点集中移除,其中,Vmax为无人船最大航速。
Step 7:使用PRM-A*算法对当前时刻S-T栅格图进行航速规划。为加强计算效率,PRM-A*算法规划航速时的G函数和H函数设置如下:
式中,(TiSi)、(TjSj)和(TendSend)分别为节点S-T栅格图终点的位置坐标。两两规划点之间的斜率即为无人船在这两个规划点对应路径段的航速。轨迹规划过程中,NK的取值过大会导致轨迹规划的计算复杂度过大,NK取值过小则会降低轨迹规划的效果。为加强计算性能,提高方法实用性,本文取,其中,⌈∗⌉为向上取整函数,Nmap为栅格地图的总网格数,NST为当前时刻S-T栅格图的总网格数。
无人船动态轨迹规划通常的做法是,无人船按照轨迹规划模型规划的轨迹航行一段固定时间Ts后,根据当前时刻的环境态势再次通过轨迹规划模型规划轨迹。重复上述操作直到与障碍船相撞或到达目标点位置。由于障碍船的轨迹是无法准确预测的,Ts过大会使无人船与障碍船碰撞危险增大,Ts过小会大大地降低计算性能,不利于模型的实际使用。故而,本文结合事件触发机制,提出了无人船动态避碰算法。在Ts较小的情况下,根据当前时刻的无人船碰撞危险性来设置触发条件。事件触发后,再根据当前时刻环境态势使用无人船轨迹规划模型进行轨迹规划。该方法可使无人船在保证航行安全的前提下,以较少的计算资源进行轨迹规划,提高了方法的实用性。
无人船在水域中航行时,与处于航行状态障碍船的碰撞危险程度影响着无人船的行为决策。建立一个有效的船舶碰撞危险性评估模型是实现无人船自主航行的前提。如图1所示,借鉴船舶会遇过程中的船舶领域和动界的概念,选取DPCA(最近会遇距离)、TCPA(最近会遇时间)作为评价船舶碰撞危险性的评价指标,并建立相应隶属度函数来实时评估无人船与障碍船的碰撞危险程度。图3所示为无人船(O)与障碍船(T)的会遇情况。
图3所示,ψT为障碍船(T)的航向角,vT为障碍船(T)的航速。(xOyO)和(xTyT)分别为无人船(O)和障碍船(T)在全局坐标系下的坐标。障碍船(T)相对无人船(O)的速度vR计算方法如下:
全局坐标系下,无人船(O)航向相对于障碍船(T)航向的方向角ψR
无人船(O)与障碍船(T)的DPCA和TCPA如下式计算:
式中,PDCPAPTCPA分别为无人船(O)与障碍船(T)的DPCA和TCPA;dR为无人船(O)与障碍船(T)的距离,可通过计算。建立DPCA和TCPA的隶属度函数,DPCA隶属度函数如式(9)所示。
式中,d1为无人船到本船的船舶领域边界的长度,d2为无人船到本船的动界边界的长度,且d2=2d1。参考文献[18],本文中的d1通过下式计算:
式中,d1单位为n mile;θr为以无人船航向为正方向时,障碍船(T)位置相对无人船(O)的方位角。TCPA隶属度函数如式(11)所示。
式中,t1t2分别为UTCPA的时间上限和下限,t1t2分别通过式(12)计算。
式中,d3为1.2 n mile。障碍船进入本船动界时,本船与障碍船存在碰撞风险,且UTCPAUDCPA越接近1代表本船与障碍船的碰撞危险性越大,本船需要尽快避开障碍船。为综合评估DPCA和TCPA对船舶避碰的影响,建立式(13)所示的碰撞危险性评估总隶属度函数。
式中,wDCPAwTCPA为权值系数,且wDCPA +wTCPA=1。式(13)可衡量无人船与第i艘障碍船的碰撞危险性,UCi越大代表无人船与障碍船i碰撞危险性越大。UCi为0时,代表无人船与障碍船i无碰撞危险性。
通过事件触发机制减少轨迹规划的计算次数,加强计算性能。假设t0=0 s时,轨迹规划第一次触发,tk为轨迹规划第k次触发时的时间。将TS作为固定时间窗将时间离散化,无人船动态避碰的事件触发机制可由下式表示:
由式(14)可知,每隔固定时间TS计算一次无人船与各障碍船的碰撞危险性UCi。若UCi ⩾ 1,则满足触发条件。根据当前时间窗TS最后时刻的环境态势,通过无人船轨迹规划模型进行轨迹规划。无人船在下一时间窗按照新规划的轨迹航行。若当前时间窗TS最后时刻未满足触发条件,则无人船在下一时间窗继续按照当前轨迹航行。事件触发机制下的无人船动态避碰模型计算流程如图4所示。
分别针对开阔水域和限制水域进行无人船轨迹规划的仿真实验,对本文建立的无人船动态避碰模型在不同水域环境下的轨迹规划能力进行验证。开阔水域和限制水域均为以(0 m,0 m),(2000 m,0 m),(2000 m,2000 m),(0 m,2000 m)为顶点所围成的正方形水域。无人船与障碍船的船长均为10 m。在无人船轨迹规划计算过程中,建立栅格地图时划分网格的单元长度dxdy均为10 m,建立S-T栅格图时划分网格的单元长度dt为10 s,ds为10 m,时间窗Ts为20 s,栅格地图总网格数Nmap为40 000,规划路径时栅格地图的采样点数N为150,无人船最大航速Vmax为10 m/s。无人船到达终点或与障碍船相撞则停止仿真。实验主机CPU型号为Intel Core i7-8750H。
开阔水域中共有6艘障碍船。为方便模拟,障碍船均以直线航行。无人船起点为(0 m,0 m),终点为(2000 m,2000 m),初始航向角为π/4 rad;障碍船1起点为(2000 m,2000 m),终点为(0 m,0 m),航速为5 m/s,航向角为1.25π rad;障碍船2起点为(0 m,2000 m),终点为(2000 m,0 m),航速为4 m/s,航向角为0.75π rad;障碍船3起点为(0 m,500 m),终点为(2000 m,500 m),航速为5.5 m/s,航向角为0.5π rad;障碍船4起点为(1500 m,2000 m),终点为(1500 m,0 m),航速为4.6 m/s,航向角为1π rad;障碍船5起点为(2000 m,1500 m),终点为(0 m,1500 m),航速为4.6 m/s,航向角为1.5π rad;障碍船6起点为(500 m,0 m),终点为(500 m,2000 m),航速为4.6 m/s,航向角为0π rad。各障碍船在各时刻的预测轨迹和航速与实际的轨迹和航速相同。为方便展示无人船的避碰过程,将开阔水域无人船的避碰轨迹分成如图5~8所示的四个时段。无人船航速则如图9所示。
图5~9所示,开阔水域仿真总共运行89 s,无人船航行时间为628 s,避碰轨迹总里程为2964.01 m。其中,时段1为0~157 s,时段2为157~314 s,时段3为314~471 s,时段4为471~628 s。无人船轨迹在该开阔水域中完美地避开了障碍船,并到达终点。同时,避碰轨迹总里程较短,避碰轨迹相对平滑,没有大的转向角。可见,本动态避碰模型可使无人船在开阔水域实现自主避碰,且避碰轨迹能很好地保障无人船的经济性和安全性。
限制水域中有两艘障碍船,三处静态障碍物。为方便模拟,静态障碍物均以圆形表示。其中,障碍船1的航线为以(2000 m,2000 m)为起点,(0 m,0 m)为终点的直线。障碍船1的航速和航向角分别为5 m/s和1.25π rad;障碍船2的航线为以(0 m,1125 m)为起点,(2000 m,1125 m)为终点的直线,障碍船2的航速和航向角分别为5 m/s和0.5π rad。第一处静态障碍物圆心坐标为(750 m,1500 m),半径为250 m;第二处静态障碍物圆心坐标为(1000 m,500 m),半径为250 m;第三处静态障碍物圆心坐标为(1500 m,750 m),半径为250 m。各障碍船在各时刻的预测轨迹和航速与实际的轨迹和航速相同。为方便展示无人船的避碰过程,将限制水域无人船的避碰轨迹分成如图10~13所示的四个时段。
图10~13所示,限制水域仿真总共运行53 s,无人船航行时间为631 s,避碰轨迹总里程为3059.28 m。其中,时段1为0~157 s,时段2为157~315 s,时段3为315~473 s,时段4为473~631 s。由于障碍船只有2艘,每次轨迹规划时的S-T图碰撞危险点较少,使得规划的航速均为5 m/s。无人船在该限制水域中避开了障碍船以及静态障碍物,到达终点。同时,避碰轨迹相对平滑,没有大的转向角,避碰轨迹总里程也较短。可见,本轨迹规划模型可使无人船在面对限制水域时,以较高的经济性安全地到达终点。在开阔水域与限制水域的仿真实验中,无人船动态避碰模型的事件触发情况如表1所示。
表1所示,开阔水域中移动障碍船的数量较多,所以无人船碰撞危险性较大时的情况较多,导致事件触发次数较多,但相比于未使用事件触发机制仍减小了4次轨迹规划的计算。限制水域的仿真相比于未使用事件触发机制,无人船动态避碰模型减小了13次轨迹规划的计算,减小比例高达40.625%。可见,本无人船动态避碰模型通过事件触发机制进行轨迹规划,可在保障无人船航行安全的基础上,大大减少轨迹规划的计算次数,节省计算资源,从而提高模型的适用性。
本文提出了一种以较小的计算资源对局部水域中的静态障碍物以及移动障碍船进行动态避碰的轨迹规划方法。首先将无人船的轨迹规划解耦成路径规划和航速规划,并分别使用PRM-A*算法进行求解,从而规划得到当前时刻环境态势下具有较好经济性和安全性的避碰轨迹。通过事件触发机制建立了无人船动态避碰模型,以DCPA和TCPA为基础建立无人船碰撞危险性评估模型,并以此设置事件触发的条件,分别对开阔水域和限制水域的无人船轨迹规划进行仿真实验。结果表明:本动态避碰轨迹规划方法可在保证无人船能有效避开水域中的静态障碍物和移动障碍物的基础上,减少轨迹规划的计算次数,提高计算性能,可为实现无人船的自主避碰航行提供参考。本文是在假设已获取移动障碍船预测轨迹的前提下进行的避碰轨迹规划,因而,结合深度学习算法预测障碍船轨迹后,再利用PRM-A*算法进行轨迹规划是本模型下一步的研究方向。
  • 广西重大科技专项(桂科AA23023013; AA23062037)
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2025年第29卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.006
  • 接收时间:2025-02-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2025-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-23
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广西重大科技专项(桂科AA23023013; AA23062037)
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    a.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
    b.武汉理工大学 高性能船舶技术教育部重点实验室,武汉 430063

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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