Article(id=1243896232033239131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740585600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774497572191, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1755619200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774497572191, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774497572191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774497572191, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243896229885751465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='8', pageStart='1181', pageEnd='1342', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774497571678, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774501555614, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243912939799949656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243912939799949657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1201, endPage=1210, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243896232318451807, articleId=1243896232033239131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Research on linear springing characteristics of containership based on model experiment and numerical simulation, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Springing and whipping have a non-negligible effect on the structural strength and fatigue life of containerships, and they have also been the focus and attention of researchers, of which linear springing is a more unique fluid-structure interaction phenomenon. In this paper, the ship motion and structural response in the linear springing state in waves of a 20,000 TEU containership model with a scaling ratio of 1∶49 were investigated by using both model tests and numerical calculations. The motion and sectional bending moment of the model were measured in the wave tank, and the numerical calculation was realized by two-way coupling of computational structural dynamics and CFD taking into account the fluid viscosity, and the effectiveness of the coupling method was verified by comparing the calculation results with the experimental data. The results of the ship motion and structural response under linear springing are analyzed, and it is found that the linear springing does not have much effect on the ship motion, but it will significantly enhance the structural sectional loads, the elastic resonance makes the structural response to be concentrated in the two-node vibration. The structural response obtained based on the rigid body is much smaller than that of the experimental and flexible body results, so the dynamic elastic coupling phenomenon between the hull and the surrounding flow field needs to be taken into account in the assessment of the ship's strength and fatigue performance.

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波激振动和颤振对集装箱船的结构强度和疲劳寿命具有不可忽视的影响,一直是研究者关注的重点和焦点,其中线性波激振动是更为独特的流固耦合现象。本文以一艘20 000 TEU集装箱船1∶49的缩比模型为研究对象,采用模型试验和数值计算相结合的方法,对其在波浪中发生线性波激振动状态下的运动和结构响应进行研究。在波浪水池中测得模型的运动和剖面弯矩,通过计及流体黏性的CFD和结构动力学(CSD)双向耦合来实现数值计算,将计算结果与试验数据进行对比,验证了该耦合方法的有效性。对线性波激振动状态下的船体运动和结构响应进行分析,发现波激振动对船舶运动的影响不大,但会显著增强结构剖面载荷,弹性共振会导致结构响应集中表现为两节点振动。基于刚体获得的结构剖面载荷远小于试验和弹性体的结果,因此在船舶强度和疲劳性能评估中,需要考虑船体与周围流场的动态弹性耦合现象。

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屈毫拓(1997-),男,工程师,E-mail:

陆晔(1983-),男,研究员。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896232033239131, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of 20 000 TEU containership

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名称符号/单位实船船模
两柱间长Lpp/m383.07.816
型宽B/m58.61.196
型深H/m30.50.622
艉吃水Da/m16.70.341
艏吃水Df/m15.20.310
设计排水量Δ/t260 602.92.161
重心距基线高度zg/m27.5740.563
纵摇惯性矩Kyy/(kg·m22.3×10127967.8
), ArticleFig(id=1243896245383709361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896232033239131, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

20 000 TEU集装箱船主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称符号/单位实船船模
两柱间长Lpp/m383.07.816
型宽B/m58.61.196
型深H/m30.50.622
艉吃水Da/m16.70.341
艏吃水Df/m15.20.310
设计排水量Δ/t260 602.92.161
重心距基线高度zg/m27.5740.563
纵摇惯性矩Kyy/(kg·m22.3×10127967.8
), ArticleFig(id=1243896245488566966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896232033239131, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Grid discretization scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案基础尺寸/m网格总数计算效率
Mesh 10.103 093 8521 s/d
Mesh 20.055 291 7570.6 s/d
Mesh 30.0212 663 8520.2 s/d
), ArticleFig(id=1243896245610201788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896232033239131, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网格划分方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案基础尺寸/m网格总数计算效率
Mesh 10.103 093 8521 s/d
Mesh 20.055 291 7570.6 s/d
Mesh 30.0212 663 8520.2 s/d
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集装箱船线性波激振动特性的模型试验和数值仿真研究
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屈毫拓 , 陆晔 , 倪歆韵 , 汤明刚 , 郑坤 , 魏子阳 , 田超
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(8): 1201-1210
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(8): 1201-1210
集装箱船线性波激振动特性的模型试验和数值仿真研究
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屈毫拓 , 陆晔, 倪歆韵, 汤明刚, 郑坤, 魏子阳, 田超
作者信息
  • 中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 屈毫拓(1997-),男,工程师,E-mail:

    陆晔(1983-),男,研究员。

Research on linear springing characteristics of containership based on model experiment and numerical simulation
Hao-tuo QU , Ye LU, Xin-yun NI, Ming-gang TANG, Kun ZHENG, Zi-yang WEI, Chao TIAN
Affiliations
  • China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.003
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波激振动和颤振对集装箱船的结构强度和疲劳寿命具有不可忽视的影响,一直是研究者关注的重点和焦点,其中线性波激振动是更为独特的流固耦合现象。本文以一艘20 000 TEU集装箱船1∶49的缩比模型为研究对象,采用模型试验和数值计算相结合的方法,对其在波浪中发生线性波激振动状态下的运动和结构响应进行研究。在波浪水池中测得模型的运动和剖面弯矩,通过计及流体黏性的CFD和结构动力学(CSD)双向耦合来实现数值计算,将计算结果与试验数据进行对比,验证了该耦合方法的有效性。对线性波激振动状态下的船体运动和结构响应进行分析,发现波激振动对船舶运动的影响不大,但会显著增强结构剖面载荷,弹性共振会导致结构响应集中表现为两节点振动。基于刚体获得的结构剖面载荷远小于试验和弹性体的结果,因此在船舶强度和疲劳性能评估中,需要考虑船体与周围流场的动态弹性耦合现象。

流固耦合  /  集装箱船  /  模型试验  /  船舶水弹性  /  线性波激振动

Springing and whipping have a non-negligible effect on the structural strength and fatigue life of containerships, and they have also been the focus and attention of researchers, of which linear springing is a more unique fluid-structure interaction phenomenon. In this paper, the ship motion and structural response in the linear springing state in waves of a 20,000 TEU containership model with a scaling ratio of 1∶49 were investigated by using both model tests and numerical calculations. The motion and sectional bending moment of the model were measured in the wave tank, and the numerical calculation was realized by two-way coupling of computational structural dynamics and CFD taking into account the fluid viscosity, and the effectiveness of the coupling method was verified by comparing the calculation results with the experimental data. The results of the ship motion and structural response under linear springing are analyzed, and it is found that the linear springing does not have much effect on the ship motion, but it will significantly enhance the structural sectional loads, the elastic resonance makes the structural response to be concentrated in the two-node vibration. The structural response obtained based on the rigid body is much smaller than that of the experimental and flexible body results, so the dynamic elastic coupling phenomenon between the hull and the surrounding flow field needs to be taken into account in the assessment of the ship's strength and fatigue performance.

fluid structure interactions  /  containership  /  model test  /  ship hydroelasticity  /  linear springing
屈毫拓, 陆晔, 倪歆韵, 汤明刚, 郑坤, 魏子阳, 田超. 集装箱船线性波激振动特性的模型试验和数值仿真研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (8) : 1201 -1210 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.003
Hao-tuo QU, Ye LU, Xin-yun NI, Ming-gang TANG, Kun ZHENG, Zi-yang WEI, Chao TIAN. Research on linear springing characteristics of containership based on model experiment and numerical simulation[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (8) : 1201 -1210 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.003
集装箱船因其独特的中部大开口和首部大外飘结构,极易在波浪中发生波激振动和砰击颤振现象。中等海况下集装箱船就会出现明显的波激振动现象,该高频振动会严重缩短船舶结构的疲劳寿命,有研究表明波激振动在船舶疲劳损伤因素的占比中高达40%~50%[1]。高航速和大外飘会导致艏艉区域遭受砰击载荷,从而引发全船的高频颤振,颤振带来的高频弯矩与波频弯矩叠加后,极易造成船体结构的塑性屈服和失稳屈曲。因此,波激振动和砰击颤振是集装箱船结构设计和强度校核中不容忽视的两个问题,也是船舶水弹性力学领域十分关注的问题。
经过国内外学者的持续研究,多种计算船舶水弹性响应的数值方法已被提出。船舶水弹性理论首先在势流理论基础上得到发展,Bishop等[2-3]使用二维线性切片理论,将船体结构变形和水动力载荷耦合求解。Wu等[4-5]将三维耐波性理论与结构动力学进行融合,提出三维线性和非线性水弹性理论。Rajendran等[6]采用非线性时域切片方法计算了超大集装箱船在规则波中的弹振和不规则波中的颤振响应,该数值方法获得的垂向弯矩与试验结果吻合较好。Kim[7]、Ren[8]、Jiao[9]和Yu[10]等利用三维水弹性方法预报了船舶的波激振动和砰击颤振响应,计算结果的有效性得到了相关试验的验证。基于势流理论的数值方法,因其计算效率高而被广泛应用于船舶耐波性和水弹性响应预报中,但它具有一定的局限性,比如无法对波浪翻卷、破碎的甲板上浪、砰击等引起的载荷进行计算。势流理论假定流场无旋无黏,而黏性效应在船舶摇荡和高频振动中具有重要作用,因此越来越多的研究者采用计算流体力学(CFD)与计算结构动力学(CSD)耦合的方法开展浮体水弹性研究。Takami等[11]通过商业软件Star-CCM和LS-DYNA实现了流体和船体结构的耦合计算,分别使用了弱耦合和强耦合算法获得运动和垂向弯矩,结果表明强耦合方法的精度更高。Lakshmynarayanana[12]、Jiao[13-14]等人采用Star-CCM和ABAQUS耦合的方法对船舶在波浪中所受载荷和结构响应开展研究,分析了船体的非线性波激振动现象,计算结果的对比也验证了该耦合方法的有效性。Huang等[15]分析了耦合计算中的时间步长、网格尺寸等因素与计算结果的关联程度,发现耦合时间步长对结果精度的影响更大。
当船舶的遭遇波浪频率等于船体结构两节点垂向振动湿频率时,结构与流场会发生耦合共振,该现象称为线性波激振动。线性波激振动是一个典型且独特的流固耦合现象,需要采用水弹性方法对其进行研究。船舶垂向振动湿频率较高,水池条件下很难生成对应频率的波浪,因此国内外针对船舶线性波激振动的研究比较有限。本文以20 000 TEU集装箱船为对象,使用黏流CFD与结构有限元相耦合的方法,计算了线性波激工况下的船舶运动和结构响应,通过与船模试验数据的对比,验证了数值方法的有效性,并分析了线性波激振动对运动和响应的影响。
假设流体为不可压缩介质,采用雷诺平均N-S方程描述流体流动,则流动连续方程和和动量守恒方程可表达为
式中,ρ是流体密度,ij=1、2、3,分别表示向量在xyz三个方向上的分量,表示时均压力,∇表示哈密顿算子,µ是黏性系数,ūiūj表示时均流速,为脉动流速的时均值,fi为体力分量。由于雷诺应力项导致控制方程的求解不封闭,所以需要引入湍流模型,常用的湍流模型有k-εk-ω、SST k-ω,文中采用Menter[16]提出的SST k-ω湍流模型。模型中关于湍动能k和比耗散率ω的运输方程分别为
式中,ΓkΓω分别是kω的有效扩散率,表示平均速度梯度产生的湍流动能生成量,Gω表示ω生成量,YkYω分别表示湍流引起的kω的耗散,SkSω是源项,Dω表示交叉扩散项,GbGωb表示浮力效应的影响。
为了精确模拟自由液面以及船首处的液面堆积、上浪等现象,使用流体体积分数(VOF)对水气两相流交界面进行追踪和捕捉,使用α表示体单元中水的体积占比,α=1代表该单元充满水,α=0代表该单元充满空气,0 < α < 1代表该单元位于自由液面上。同时HRIC(High-Resolution Interface Capturing)[17]方法被用来获取水相和空气相之间清晰的交界面,该方法在处理自由液面处的波浪破碎、飞溅等强非线性现象时十分有效。
不同相的体积分数αi由相质量守恒方程驱动,如方程(5)所示:
式中,v为混合(质量平均)速度,a为表面积矢量,vd,i为扩散速度,为相i的用户自定义源项,Dρi/Dt为相密度的拉格朗日导数,流体不可压缩时为0。对于水气两相流,仅对一个相求解上述体积分数传输方程,然后在每个网格单元中,调整第二个相的体积分数,使这两个相的体积分数总和等于1。
结构动力分析的求解方程为
式中,M为质量矩阵,C为阻尼矩阵,K为刚度矩阵,u为结构位移,Ft为随时间变化的外载荷。
对于线性动力学问题,质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵和刚度矩阵与位移及其时间导数无关联,其结果由线弹性结构特征和所加动力载荷两个相互独立的特征决定,因此有两类常用计算方法。一类是首先求解结构模态,然后基于结构的特征值和模态叠加计算给定载荷下的响应,即模态叠加法;另一类是将上述运动方程作为载荷的函数进行直接积分求解,直接积分法又可分为隐式积分算法(Newmark方法)和显式积分算法(中心差分法)。隐式算法对于线性问题比较稳定,容易收敛,可采用相对较大的时间步进行计算;显式算法针对冲击、穿透等高频非线性动力响应问题具有显著优势,求解中它需要较小的时间步以保持稳定,在有限元网格较多时,显式算法的优势更能得到充分体现。本文研究的是集装箱船在波浪中的线弹性响应,并未涉及材料、几何、边界条件等非线性因素,因此选择隐式积分算法进行结构动力响应求解。
中国船舶科学研究中心(CSSRC)针对超大型集装箱船的波激振动响应发起了基准性研究,邀请国内外多家知名船级社和高校参与集装箱船标准模型波激振动响应的分析比较,该国际工业联合项目被命名为CSSRC-20 000 TEU(Comparative Study on Springing Responses of Containership 20 000 TEU)。该项目以一艘20 000 TEU集装箱船为对象,制作了1∶49的大尺度模型,并在耐波性水池中开展一系列模型试验[18],如图1所示,试验结果构建了一个准确可靠的标准船模数据库,并为不同数值方法的结果对比验证提供参考依据。
在满足几何相似、运动相似、重力相似和结构动力相似的基础上,采用1∶49的缩尺比制作船舶模型,实际船舶和缩比船模的基本参数见表1。试验模型的结构形式为分段船模,从艉至艏共被划分为14段,使用两根钢管梁将所有分段串联组装,在分段位置测量不同波浪工况下的垂向弯矩(VBM)。钢管梁的截面尺寸随船长方向变化,以模拟船舶结构的垂向抗弯刚度。整个船模除了外壳使用玻璃钢外,其他支撑构件和龙骨梁均采用钢材制造(E=206 GPa)。根据集装箱船的实际质量分布和相似关系,得到船模的质量分布如图2所示,添加相应的压载铁块以保证质量分布满足试验要求。在水池试验前,采用单点激励多点响应的锤击法测试船模在空气中的干模态和静水中的湿模态[19],得到满载状态下船模垂向两节点模态的干频率为3.809 Hz,湿频率为2.756 Hz。
该基准性模型试验的亮点之一是开展了迎浪下集装箱船的线性波激振动工况测试。当船舶在波浪中的遭遇频率等于结构两节点垂向振动湿频率时,船体将出现强烈共振,该现象称为线性波激振动;当垂向振动湿频率等于遭遇波浪频率的nn>1)倍时,对应倍频成分会与船体结构发生谐振,出现非线性波激振动现象,具体可参考文献[20]。水池试验的线性波激工况中波浪高度为71.4 mm,波浪长度为1086 mm,船模航速为1.69 m/s,浪向角为180°,通过式(7)换算得到波浪遭遇频率为2.755 Hz,与船模两节点垂向振动湿频率的偏差为0.036%。
依据20 000 TEU集装箱的型线图,建立缩比后的几何模型,如图3所示。数值计算借助商业黏流水动力求解器Star-CCM和结构有限元求解器ABAQUS耦合完成。计算中采用统一的笛卡尔直角坐标系,坐标原点位于船尾柱与基线的交点处,x轴正方向指向船首,y轴指向左舷,z轴指向甲板。
根据船模长度Lpp确定计算域范围,以达到保持造波质量和消除池壁效应的目的。整个计算域的长度在x方向为5.5Lppy方向为1.5Lppz方向为6Lpp,其中嵌套一个包裹船体的重叠区域,重叠区域的范围要保证与背景域之间至少存在4层插值网格,整个数值水池的范围和边界类型如图4所示。水池前端边界类型为速度入口,尾端边界为压力出口,并添加阻尼消波功能以避免波浪反射。水池顶部为压力出口边界,底部为速度入口边界,右侧面位于船舶中纵剖面上,因此被定义为对称平面,左侧面同样定义为对称平面边界以避免池壁效应的产生。重叠区域的边界为重叠网格,两套网格之间的数据插值方法为最小二乘法,船舶表面被定义为无滑移的壁面。计算域包含水相和空气相,结合波浪模型依次定义计算域的初始条件和边界条件。
使用切割体网格对背景区域和重叠区域进行网格离散,船舶壁面处使用棱柱层网格划分边界层,网格增长比为1.2。除了整体性网格,还需要对自由液面和船舶周围进行局部网格加密,在计算域自由液面范围和船舶首部、尾部区域使用控制体加密,波高范围内至少设置20层网格,波长范围内至少设置80层网格。在背景区域中对重叠区域进行包裹式的网格加密,确保内外两个区域的网格尺寸基本一致,提高计算过程中重叠网格数据插值的稳定性。此外对船舶壁面使用表面控制加密,以提高面网格的生成质量,更好拓扑船壳的三维曲度。
通过3套计算域网格进行计算结果的无关性验证,网格方案见表2。使用不同的网格开展试验工况波浪的数值生成,获得波高时历曲线,如图5所示,可以发现Mesh 1方案下虽然计算效率较高,但波高稳定性不强,Mesh 2和Mesh 3所生成的波浪稳定性较好,更适用于数值计算。为了兼顾计算效率,最终选择Mesh 2作为计算域的网格离散方案,所划分的流体网格如图5所示。计算中使用的时间步为0.0005 s。
依据试验模型建立船舶结构有限元数值模型,该模型由两个部件组成,分别为船壳(shell)和龙骨梁(beam)。船壳尺寸和形状与试验模型一致,使用无属性的表面单元(四边形和三角形)进行网格划分,共有41 911个单元、42 327个节点。龙骨梁被等效为铁木辛柯梁,将其划分为19段,共有19个梁单元、20个节点。上下移动龙骨梁使其垂向位置等于重心高度,完成两个部件之间的装配,使用运动耦合约束将船壳分段与对应的梁单元进行耦合连接,使其成为一个整体模型,结构有限元模型如图6所示。
船舶模型的结构刚度由龙骨梁来体现,采用变截面梁组装形成龙骨,所使用的变截面梁及其具有的垂向惯性矩如图7所示。梁单元的材料属性为普通钢材,除了自身重量外,还需根据模型的质量分布,将剩余压载质量以非结构质量的形式添加于对应位置的梁单元上。时域计算中在模型重心位置施加约束,限制船舶的纵荡、横荡、横摇和首摇,释放垂荡和纵摇,同时对中纵剖面上的节点施加对称边界条件。
对该集装箱船模在空气中的干模态进行计算,得到两节点和三节点垂向振动频率分别为3.82 Hz和9.14 Hz,弹性模态变形如图8所示。
准确获得船模两节点垂向振动湿频率是进行线性波激振动计算的基础。参考模型试验中的锤击法开展数值计算,具体做法是将试验中的锤击过程等效为瞬时作用的集中载荷,计算龙骨梁在该载荷冲击作用下的响应时历曲线,通过对结果的频率谱分析,获得振动湿频率和阻尼。文中所使用的等效集中载荷时历变化如图9(a)所示,整个过程为12 s,载荷在第7 s时开始作用,幅值为1500 N,到达峰值后呈指数衰减,在7.2 s时载荷归零,载荷作用位置为船首区域。分别计算了船模在静水无航速工况和静水拖航工况(v=1.69 m/s)下的结果,提取两个工况船舯区域梁单元的垂向弯矩(扣除静水弯矩),整个响应时历衰减曲线如图9(b)所示,前6 s为静水平衡过程,弯矩的正负代表作用方向,中垂时为负值,中拱为正值。
对时历响应曲线进行频率谱分析,得到两个工况下的频率-幅值曲线,见图9(c)。由图可知,静水工况下船模两节点垂向振动湿频率为2.752 Hz,而试验中实测的湿模态振动频率为2.756 Hz,两者误差为0.145%,这表明建立的数值模型与试验模型两者的结果具有较好的吻合性,故本文的数值模型可用于线性波激工况的数值模拟。此外,静水拖航状态下船模垂向振动湿频率为2.764 Hz,与静水状态相比略有增加,这主要是因为船模湿表面的变化降低了附连水质量。
在船舶模型的波浪水池试验中,船体梁振动阻尼的大小常通过对数衰减率δ来表示,在锤击后的衰减时历曲线上选取n个完整的波形曲线,通过式(8)计算对应船体的对数衰减率[21],式中ymym+n分别为第mm+n次振动响应的振幅,ζ为相对阻尼系数,是船体实际阻尼系数与临界阻尼系数之比。在垂向弯矩时历衰减曲线中,选择7.5 s后的6个完整波形曲线,通过式(8)得到静水无航速下的阻尼比为0.051,有航速下则为0.06,两个工况平衡后的浮态如图10所示,带航速工况下船舶尾部吃水加深,湿表面发生变化从而增加了船体振动阻尼。
通过船模重心处的节点得到线性波激振动工况(波浪参数与试验工况一致)下的运动时历曲线,如图11所示,包含垂荡、纵摇以及重心处的垂向速度和加速度。该线性波激振动工况下,船舶垂荡和纵摇运动幅值都较小,这主要是因为波浪长度(1.086 m)相对于船长(7.816 m)为小量,时域中的瞬时湿表面与平均湿表面相差不大,所以整体浮态相对稳定。重心处的垂向速度和加速度呈明显的简谐状,变化周期与波浪遭遇周期一致。
将垂荡、纵摇运动幅值除以波浪幅值得到运动传递函数,并与试验数据进行对比,结果如图12所示。通过试验结果可以发现,当波浪频率达到5.5 Hz以上,即在模型尺度下波长小于2 m时,船舶顶浪航行时产生的垂荡和纵摇幅值都比较小,而随着波长的增加,运动幅值得到显著提升。在波浪频率小于4 Hz时,垂荡幅值与波浪频率呈近似线性关系,纵摇幅值则先增后减,最大值所对应的波长等于1.2倍船长。线性波激振动现象发生于高频波浪环境中,即使存在弹性变形和运动的耦合作用,但产生的垂荡和纵摇幅值仍是比较有限的,文中数值方法得到的运动传递函数也得到了试验数据的验证。
选择船舯梁单元的垂向弯矩时历曲线,在剔除静水弯矩后得到波浪作用下的动态垂向弯矩,并与试验中相同位置处的测试结果进行对比验证,结果如图13(a)所示。图中弯矩的正负值表示作用方向,中垂时为负值,中拱为正值。可以发现计算结果与试验数据基本一致,因而数值模型和计算方法的有效性得到验证。再对垂向弯矩结果进行频率谱分析,得到频率-幅值曲线,见图13(b),图中仅有一个明显的峰值,没有倍频等高频成分,峰值所对应的频率既等于波浪遭遇频率,又等于船体两节点振动湿频率,这表明线性波激振动工况设置的正确性,同时线性波激引起的耦合振动会导致船体结构响应频率集中于湿频率附近。船舯位置的垂向剪力时历变化如图13(c)所示,剪力变化周期与波浪遭遇周期一致,不同周期内幅值相对稳定。
为了进行比较,再将集装箱船的龙骨梁视为刚体,使用相同的波浪参数计算船舯处的垂向弯矩,得到弹性状态和刚体状态下的垂向弯矩幅值如图13(d)所示。可以发现,在不考虑船体的弹性振动时,获得的垂向弯矩响应是比较小的,而在计及船体与流场的弹性共振后,相同位置处产生的结构弯矩响应是刚体状态的近6倍。因此,在船舶设计、强度以及疲劳性能评估中,需要采用水弹性理论来处理船体与周围流场的动态耦合问题。
本文采用数值仿真和模型试验相结合的方法,对集装箱船在波浪中的线性波激振动现象进行了研究。依据试验模型建立有效的数值模型,借助CFD与CSD的双向耦合算法求解时域下集装箱船的运动和结构响应,通过计算结果和试验数据的对比分析,得到以下结论:
(1)线性波激振动状态下,基于刚体获得的船体垂向弯矩偏小,考虑结构弹性振动后获得的结果与试验数据较为吻合,因此使用水弹性方法能够开展更为准确的结构响应预报。
(2)线性波激振动将导致船体结构响应集中于两节点垂向振动湿频率处,即响应频率均为遭遇波频,几乎不包含其他倍频等高频响应。
(3)经试验数据验证,本文所采用的双向流固耦合算法能够用于计算船舶湿频率和线性波激振动响应。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFB3306200)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.003
  • 接收时间:2025-02-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2025-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-27
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国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFB3306200)
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    中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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