Article(id=1243896231102103636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739289600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774497571968, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1755619200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774497571968, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774497571968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774497571968, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243896229885751465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='8', pageStart='1181', pageEnd='1342', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774497571678, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774501555614, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243912939799949656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243912939799949657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1188, endPage=1200, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243896231429259350, articleId=1243896231102103636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Experimental study on wave impact pressure and impulse of a plat-square column structure under focused waves, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the impact of extreme waves, based on the physical model test in a wave tank, this paper aims to study the characteristics of wave impact pressure and impulse generated by focused waves with different breaking stages on a plate-square column structure. Wavelet denoising, empirical mode decomposition, and local weighted linear regression methods were used to process the experimental data. The wave pressure at different parts of square columns was obtained, and the temporal and spatial distribution features of wave pressure were explored. Based on the time integral of wave impact pressure, the time-varying characteristics of the pressure impulse at the typical part of the structure were analyzed. Additionally, the effects of wave breaking stage, initial air gap, and trim angle on the spatial variation of pressure impulse were discussed in detail. The results show that the maximum impact pressure impulse generated by the focused waves is significantly affected by the breaking stage, the initial air gap, and the trim angle. Waves with crest curling or even premature breaking usually produce larger impact pressure impulses. Meanwhile, the plate-square column structure with small initial air gap and positive trim angle is subjected to a larger impact pressure impulse. This study provides a valuable reference for further investigation of the impact of extreme waves on semi-submersible platforms.

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为探究极端波浪的砰击作用,基于波浪水槽物理模型实验,本文重点研究了具有不同破碎程度的聚焦波对平板-方柱结构产生的波浪砰击压力与冲量特性。采用小波降噪、经验模态分解与局部加权线性回归等方法对实验数据进行处理,获得了方柱不同位置处的波浪砰击压力,探究了波浪压力的时空分布特征。基于波浪砰击压力的时间积分,分析了结构典型部位处砰击压力冲量的时变特性。此外,详细讨论了波浪破碎程度、初始气隙及纵倾角对砰击压力冲量空间变化的影响。研究表明,聚焦波产生的最大砰击压力冲量受波浪破碎程度、初始气隙及纵倾角的影响显著,波峰翻卷乃至提前破碎的波浪通常会产生较大的砰击压力冲量。同时,具有较小初始气隙和正纵倾角的平板-方柱结构受到的砰击压力冲量更大。本研究为深入探讨极端波浪对半潜式平台的波浪砰击作用提供了有价值的参考。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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张念凡(1998-),男,博士研究生,E-mail:

刘明月(1987-),女,助理教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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caption=正纵倾角下方形立柱附近的波浪演化(红色虚线表示自由面轮廓), figureFileSmall=KPfc0mRFVbaT2lRwc7jKAw==, figureFileBig=xUbMfzwDyw534MoiDa084w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243896242980373055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896231102103636, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of focused waves

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编号周期范围/s波峰高hc/mΔx/m说明
理论值测量值
FW10.8~2.00.1200.1160波陡很大,波浪未破碎
FW20.8~2.00.1200.1210.1波陡进一步变大,波浪未破碎
FW30.8~2.00.1200.1280.2原聚焦位置x0处波面几乎竖直
FW40.8~2.00.1200.1350.3原聚焦位置x0处波峰微卷
FW50.8~2.00.1200.1320.4原聚焦位置x0处波峰卷曲
FW60.8~2.00.1200.1250.5原聚焦位置x0之前波峰已经下落
), ArticleFig(id=1243896243093619269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896231102103636, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

聚焦波参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号周期范围/s波峰高hc/mΔx/m说明
理论值测量值
FW10.8~2.00.1200.1160波陡很大,波浪未破碎
FW20.8~2.00.1200.1210.1波陡进一步变大,波浪未破碎
FW30.8~2.00.1200.1280.2原聚焦位置x0处波面几乎竖直
FW40.8~2.00.1200.1350.3原聚焦位置x0处波峰微卷
FW50.8~2.00.1200.1320.4原聚焦位置x0处波峰卷曲
FW60.8~2.00.1200.1250.5原聚焦位置x0之前波峰已经下落
), ArticleFig(id=1243896243206865483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896231102103636, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Test cases of the experiment of wave impacts on the square column

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号波浪入射角γ/(°)初始气隙a0/m纵倾角β/(°)
Base系列FW1~FW61800.1850
A系列FW1~FW61800.135,0.235,0.2850
B系列FW1~FW61800.185±5,±10
), ArticleFig(id=1243896243282362959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896231102103636, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

方形立柱波浪砰击的模型实验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号波浪入射角γ/(°)初始气隙a0/m纵倾角β/(°)
Base系列FW1~FW61800.1850
A系列FW1~FW61800.135,0.235,0.2850
B系列FW1~FW61800.185±5,±10
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聚焦波作用下平板-方柱结构波浪砰击压力与冲量实验研究
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张念凡 1, 2 , 刘明月 1, 2 , 肖龙飞 1, 2 , 郭英豪 1, 2 , 陈刚 1, 3
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(8): 1188-1200
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(8): 1188-1200
聚焦波作用下平板-方柱结构波浪砰击压力与冲量实验研究
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张念凡1, 2 , 刘明月1, 2 , 肖龙飞1, 2, 郭英豪1, 2, 陈刚1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.上海交通大学 海洋工程国家重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 2.上海交通大学 三亚崖州湾深海科技研究院,海南 三亚 572024
  • 3.中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究院,上海 200011
  • 张念凡(1998-),男,博士研究生,E-mail:

    刘明月(1987-),女,助理教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Experimental study on wave impact pressure and impulse of a plat-square column structure under focused waves
Nian-fan ZHANG1, 2 , Ming-yue LIU1, 2 , Long-fei XIAO1, 2, Ying-hao GUO1, 2, Gang CHEN1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2.SJTU-Sanya Yazhou Bay Institute of Deepsea Science and Technology, Sanya 572024, China
  • 3.Marine Design and Research Institute of China, CSSC, Shanghai 200011, China
出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.002
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为探究极端波浪的砰击作用,基于波浪水槽物理模型实验,本文重点研究了具有不同破碎程度的聚焦波对平板-方柱结构产生的波浪砰击压力与冲量特性。采用小波降噪、经验模态分解与局部加权线性回归等方法对实验数据进行处理,获得了方柱不同位置处的波浪砰击压力,探究了波浪压力的时空分布特征。基于波浪砰击压力的时间积分,分析了结构典型部位处砰击压力冲量的时变特性。此外,详细讨论了波浪破碎程度、初始气隙及纵倾角对砰击压力冲量空间变化的影响。研究表明,聚焦波产生的最大砰击压力冲量受波浪破碎程度、初始气隙及纵倾角的影响显著,波峰翻卷乃至提前破碎的波浪通常会产生较大的砰击压力冲量。同时,具有较小初始气隙和正纵倾角的平板-方柱结构受到的砰击压力冲量更大。本研究为深入探讨极端波浪对半潜式平台的波浪砰击作用提供了有价值的参考。

砰击压力  /  压力冲量  /  空间变化  /  模型实验  /  聚焦波  /  波浪破碎

To investigate the impact of extreme waves, based on the physical model test in a wave tank, this paper aims to study the characteristics of wave impact pressure and impulse generated by focused waves with different breaking stages on a plate-square column structure. Wavelet denoising, empirical mode decomposition, and local weighted linear regression methods were used to process the experimental data. The wave pressure at different parts of square columns was obtained, and the temporal and spatial distribution features of wave pressure were explored. Based on the time integral of wave impact pressure, the time-varying characteristics of the pressure impulse at the typical part of the structure were analyzed. Additionally, the effects of wave breaking stage, initial air gap, and trim angle on the spatial variation of pressure impulse were discussed in detail. The results show that the maximum impact pressure impulse generated by the focused waves is significantly affected by the breaking stage, the initial air gap, and the trim angle. Waves with crest curling or even premature breaking usually produce larger impact pressure impulses. Meanwhile, the plate-square column structure with small initial air gap and positive trim angle is subjected to a larger impact pressure impulse. This study provides a valuable reference for further investigation of the impact of extreme waves on semi-submersible platforms.

impact pressure  /  pressure impulse  /  spatial variation  /  model test  /  focused wave  /  wave breaking
张念凡, 刘明月, 肖龙飞, 郭英豪, 陈刚. 聚焦波作用下平板-方柱结构波浪砰击压力与冲量实验研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (8) : 1188 -1200 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.002
Nian-fan ZHANG, Ming-yue LIU, Long-fei XIAO, Ying-hao GUO, Gang CHEN. Experimental study on wave impact pressure and impulse of a plat-square column structure under focused waves[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (8) : 1188 -1200 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.002
波浪砰击是一种发生在各类海洋结构物上的强非线性现象,通常伴随有极高峰值的砰击载荷产生,严重威胁结构物的完整与安全[1-2]。深海环境中具有异常大波高与不对称波形的极端波浪,如同一面袭来的水墙,常常诱发波浪砰击,破坏力极强。近些年来,半潜式平台以其优异的性能被广泛应用于海洋油气资源的勘探和开发。然而,在恶劣海况下作业的半潜式平台将不可避免地受到波浪砰击作用,特别是暴露在水面以上的甲板与立柱部分。因此,深入理解波浪砰击并准确评估砰击载荷,对于半潜式平台的结构设计具有重要意义。
过去数十年间,学者们已对不同类型的波浪砰击问题进行了大量的理论分析与数值模拟[3-6],理论分析通常是在一些合理的假设下基于Wagner或Kaplan模型进行[7],而数值模拟则一致采用计算流体力学方法实现。但是,由于波浪砰击的非线性与复杂作用过程,物理模型实验仍被认为是评估波浪砰击载荷可靠且不可替代的研究方法。目前,大多数实验研究重点关注作用在结构物上的总体波浪砰击力与局部砰击压力。Ha等[8]通过一系列模型实验研究了作用在垂直圆柱体上的破波砰击载荷,并讨论了圆柱倾斜角对波浪砰击力的影响,发现气泡对砰击载荷的影响随着波浪的破碎而增大,且与传感器的固有频率与感应面积有关。夏齐强等[9]利用模型实验方法对大型船舶波浪载荷与砰击载荷组合特征的变化进行研究,分析了船舶外飘角和刚度变化对砰击载荷的影响。Luo等[10]对畸形波砰击张力腿平台的现象进行了实验研究,发现高波峰的畸形波会使平台产生剧烈运动,进而导致系泊缆受到较大的突发性载荷。郭英豪等[11]对半潜式钻井平台受到的水平波浪砰击压力开展了实验研究,结果表明砰击压力幅值具有显著的非线性和随机性特征,载荷的发生频率随有义波高的增加而增大。
然而,由于波浪砰击载荷的峰值巨大、作用时间极短,已有研究指出,通过时间积分得到的砰击压力冲量在海洋结构物的设计中被认为是一个更重要的物理量[12]。压力冲量的相关理论已被提出并得到了部分验证,主要适用于二维或简单三维波浪砰击问题[13-15]。此外,国内外学者还对波浪砰击压力冲量开展了数值与实验方面的研究,而关于破碎波浪作用在具有一定水下浸深与正气隙的结构物上的砰击冲量研究甚少。
因此,为深入理解极端波浪的砰击作用及波浪破碎的影响,本文开展了一系列物理模型实验,重点研究了聚焦波对平板-方柱结构产生的波浪砰击压力与冲量特性。聚焦波是实验室中模拟极端波浪的常用形式,它是由不同波长的成份波在某一位置同时达到峰值,叠加聚成的瞬态大波。实验中通过相位优化方法并改变波浪聚焦位置,在方柱迎浪面处生成了具有不同破碎程度的聚焦波。采用小波降噪、经验模态分解与局部加权线性回归等方法对实验测量的原始数据进行处理,获得了方柱不同位置处的波浪砰击压力,探究了波浪压力的时空分布特征。基于波浪砰击压力的时间积分,分析了结构典型部位砰击压力冲量的时变特性。此外,详细讨论了波浪破碎程度、初始气隙及纵倾角对砰击压力冲量空间变化的影响。本文的研究结果为进一步探讨极端波浪环境下半潜式平台的波浪砰击冲量特性提供了有价值的参考。
图1所示,实验模型为一个附带平板的方形立柱结构(简称为平板-方柱结构),类似于半潜式平台的甲板与立柱结构。方形立柱的几何尺寸为0.18 m×0.18 m×0.4 m(长×宽×高),上端方形平板的边长为0.28 m。为了便于砰击载荷测量单元的安装并确保实验模型具有足够的强度,方柱采用铝合金制成,内部为空心结构,壁厚10 mm;平板具有足够的厚度承受波浪砰击载荷。需要说明的是,本研究聚焦于极端波浪的砰击压力冲量特性,而不是砰击载荷作用下的结构响应。因此,模型的质量分布在此不做特殊考虑。
平板-方柱结构波浪砰击的模型实验在上海交通大学海洋工程国家重点实验室的波浪水槽中进行,实验装置在波浪水槽中的布置如图2所示。水槽全长20.0 m,宽度1.0 m,总深度1.2 m。波浪水槽的一端采用摇板造波,在另一端通过斜坡式消波滩进行消波,两者之间的有效工作区长度约为14.0 m,实验中水深保持在0.9 m。为便于观察实验现象,水槽的一侧池壁采用透明钢化玻璃材料。
实验时,将方形立柱装有砰击载荷测量单元的一面置于水槽工作区长度的中点位置,即距离造波板7.0 m处。方形立柱通过三分力传感器(KYOWA,LSM-B-500NSA1)与固定在水槽上方的安装横梁连接。模型的这种悬臂式安装方式及其与三分力传感器的连接并不能使得方柱被完全刚性固定。在波浪作用下,方柱不可避免地会发生振动,从而对实验结果造成干扰。为此,在实验开始前对方柱安装结构进行了敲击测试,得到结构在xz方向上的固有频率均在8 Hz左右。三分力传感器用来测量模型受到的总波浪载荷,而模型的局部波浪砰击载荷则通过布置在方柱迎浪面和平板下表面中心线上的共8个砰击载荷测量单元获得,装置的具体位置和编号如图1所示,其中F1位于平板下表面,F2~F8以36.5 mm的相等间隔被依次布置在方柱迎浪面上。本实验中的砰击载荷测量单元主要由力传感器、测力板、固定基座及外层防水薄膜组成,其详细构造参见文献[16]。在使用时,该装置实际测量的是波浪载荷作用下的结构响应,因此想要获得真正的波浪砰击载荷,还需要对实验数据进行一系列处理。从敲击测试结果可以得到,砰击载荷测量单元的固有频率约为4000 Hz,噪声影响很小,可以满足测量要求。
为了测量立柱前方的波面升高,等间距布置了3支电阻式浪高仪(WG1~WG3),如图2所示,其中L1=85 mm、L2=L3=80 mm。实验中的总波浪力、局部波浪压力以及波面升高数据均通过高速数据采集系统(KYOWA,EDX-200A)进行采集,采集频率设置为20 000 Hz。此外,透明水槽壁外侧还架设了一台高速摄像机,用以记录波浪砰击过程中的流场变化。
本实验使用聚焦波研究波浪的砰击压力与压力冲量。聚焦波的能量集中,极易产生较强的砰击作用,而且通过调整聚焦位置,还可以使得波浪到达结构物时具有不同的破碎程度。因此,聚焦波非常适合用于研究波浪砰击载荷特性及其受不同破碎波形和空气掺混量的影响。此外,本实验重点关注聚焦波主峰引起的波浪砰击,不考虑壁面二次反射对砰击流场的影响,三维效应可以忽略。
表1给出了实验的聚焦波参数,FW2~FW6是通过基本聚焦波FW1衍生得到,由32个波幅相同、频率等间隔分布的规则波叠加而成。各成份波的幅值为0.375 cm,周期分布在0.8~2.0 s之间,频率间隔为0.024 Hz,聚焦时间和位置分别为t0=30.0 s和x0=7.0 m。在FW1的基础上,将聚焦位置依次向造波机一端移动Δx的距离,移动5次分别得到聚焦波FW2~FW6。然而,聚焦波生成过程中各成份波之间的非线性相互作用往往会导致实际聚焦时刻、聚焦位置以及波浪时历与目标结果存在差异,而且在根据线性叠加的初始信号进行造波时,也会出现波浪提前破碎的情况,从而导致指定聚焦位置处的波面升高偏低。因此,为了获得满足实验要求的聚焦波,需要对初始的摇板运动信号进行优化。本文采用相位优化的方法生成聚焦波,即通过比较聚焦位置处波高测量谱与目标谱在各成份波上的相位差,不断调整摇板运动的相位信息,直至波峰高度接近理论值。经过一次相位优化后的聚焦波时历如图3所示,由于非线性的影响,此时波峰已经高于目标值,表现出明显的前倾特征,而波谷变得更平坦,这些都符合预期,也有利于发生波浪砰击。同时,从实验录像中观察到,波浪传播至聚焦位置x0时变得高而陡,但并未破碎。这种接近破碎状态的聚焦波适合用于波浪砰击载荷的研究,因此不再做进一步的相位优化。
图4给出了实验中各聚焦波在发生波浪砰击前的自由面特征示意图。可以看到,聚焦位置在x0=7.0 m的聚焦波FW1,其到达方柱迎浪面时具有很大的波陡,但未发生波浪破碎。随着波浪聚焦位置朝来浪方向的移动,聚焦波FW2和FW3的波陡逐渐增大,峰前波面近乎竖直,此时仍未有波浪破碎。当聚焦位置继续移动时,依次会发生波峰微卷、卷曲以及波峰提前下落等现象,从而使得聚焦波到达方柱迎浪面时分别处于波浪轻微破碎、部分破碎及完全破碎的状态。
本次实验中,通过改变方形立柱的安装高度和姿态,来研究初始气隙和纵倾角对波浪砰击压力冲量的影响。初始气隙a0是指悬伸平板下表面到静水面的垂直距离,纵倾角β是指方柱从竖直位置绕局部坐标系y轴的旋转角度(见图5)。表2给出了聚焦波环境下的实验工况,其中,Base系列工况的条件为180°的浪向角和0.185 m的初始气隙(对应0.215 m的吃水),方柱处于竖直状态。与Base系列相比,A和B系列工况分别改变初始气隙和纵倾角,而其余参数保持一致。如图5所示,A系列通过将Base系列中的方柱以0.05 m为间隔上下移动得到,具有3种初始气隙;B系列将竖直的方柱倾斜成4种相对静水面不同的角度,并定义倒向来浪一侧的方柱纵倾角为正。
实验中分别利用三分力传感器和砰击载荷测量单元测得了方柱受到的总波浪力和局部波浪压力。为了验证实验的可重复性,对Base系列工况进行了重复实验,获得的总波浪力时历(以FW1为例)如图6所示。可以观察到,在重复的波浪实验中,方形立柱受到的水平波浪力Fx和竖直波浪力Fz均表现出良好的一致性,表明此聚焦波实验具有可重复性。
波浪砰击发生时,模型受到的波浪载荷Fnet包含准静态波浪载荷Fqs和砰击载荷Fimp两部分。相应地,砰击载荷测量单元的测量结果Fmea包括准静态FR,qs和动态FR,imp两种响应成份。准静态载荷Fqs变化缓慢,不会引起动力响应,其输出响应等于输入载荷;而砰击载荷Fimp峰值大、作用时间短,易产生动力放大效应,其输出响应等于输入载荷与动力放大成份Famp之和。波浪载荷与结构响应及各成份间的关系可用公式(1)表示。另外,超高的采集频率也会使得测量数据中含有高频噪声。
由于高频噪声和结构动力放大效应的干扰,实验测量的原始数据往往不能被直接用于分析。波浪载荷数据处理的具体流程如图7所示。首先,采用小波分析消除测量数据中的高频噪声,本文选择“db4”正交小波函数将原始测量信号分解为8层,并根据通用阈值规则确定相应的阈值。其次,采用经验模态分解方法去除砰击载荷引起的动力放大成份,此时得到真正的波浪载荷,即净波浪载荷。最后,基于局部加权线性回归方法分离出准静态波浪载荷,从而得到波浪砰击载荷,有关数据处理方法的更详细描述见文献[17],图8给出了实验数据处理过程中各载荷成份的时历。实验中,砰击载荷测量单元测到的是力数据,其除以测力板的面积即可得到该处的“平均”压力,从而避免出现过大的“单点”压力。因此,这种测量方式更加合理,本文后续分析和讨论的波浪砰击压力均指“平均”压力。
此外,波浪砰击过程中的复杂液-气相互作用,导致砰击载荷的实尺度换算不满足Froude相似定律,而且目前暂无合理的换算方法来准确获得砰击载荷实际值,且波浪砰击载荷模型实验存在尺度效应问题。由于本研究重点关注的是聚焦波作用下平板-方柱结构受到的波浪砰击压力与冲量特性,尺度效应对砰击载荷特性及其相关规律的影响较小。因此,本文结果分析均在模型尺度下进行。
波浪砰击过程伴随着近场波面的演变,包括波浪翻卷、爬升甚至破碎,因此结构物受到的波浪压力势必具有时空动态特性。以Base系列工况中的FW1为例,方形立柱上波浪压力的时空分布如图9所示。其中,图9(a)为不同位置处的波浪压力时历,反映了波浪压力的时间动态特性;图9(b)和(c)分别表示在时间范围28.5 s<t<29.2 s内、时间间隔Δt=0.002 s的各时刻波浪压力空间分布,以及每个砰击载荷测量单元上压力峰值对应时刻的波浪压力空间分布,体现出波浪压力的空间变化。根据波浪压力时历可以发现,方柱较高部位受到的压力峰值更大、作用时间更短,而近静水面部位的压力峰值小、变化缓慢且更先受到波浪作用,这与高速摄像机中观察到的现象一致,波浪沿着方柱表面向上爬升,较低部位率先受到相对缓和的波浪压力。随着爬升速度的增大,方柱顶部及平板下表面均受到严重的砰击压力且作用时间极短。值得注意的是,尽管方柱的近静水面部位(F7,F8)率先受到波浪压力,但其达到峰值的时刻却滞后(见图9(c)的图例)。关于波浪压力的空间分布,从图9(b)中可以看到,在较长的时间内方柱的下部比上部受到更大的波浪压力,但F1和F2处的压力峰值对应的时刻附近,方柱顶部受到的波浪压力显著大于下部。图9(c)中不同峰值时刻的波浪压力空间分布说明方柱较低部位的压力变化缓慢,而较高部位的波浪压力分布在不同峰值时刻差别显著。从设计角度考虑,为保守起见,峰值压力的空间分布应被重点关注。
Base系列工况中在聚焦波FW1、FW3和FW5作用下,方形立柱的峰值波浪压力的空间分布如图10所示,图中P为总波浪压力峰值,Pqs是准静态压力峰值,Pd是砰击压力峰值。可以发现,方形立柱较高部位(F1~F3)受到的波浪压力几乎全为砰击压力,而靠近静水面的部位(F7,F8)仅受到准静态压力。随着位置的升高,方柱受到的准静态压力近似呈线性减小。此外,聚焦波作用下结构较高部位(F1~F3)的波浪压力,最大可达到较低部位(F7,F8)波浪压力的10倍左右,这意味着方柱靠近顶端的部位及平板底部是结构设计的关键部位。
砰击压力冲量是海洋结构物设计中的一个重要变量。对于具有时变特性的砰击压力,其压力冲量时历可用公式(2)进行计算。
式中,pdiP分别为波浪砰击压力和压力冲量,t0是积分计算的初始时刻。
由前述波浪压力的时空分布特性分析可知,方柱较高部位通常遭受严重的波浪砰击。图11给出了Base系列工况不同聚焦波作用下F1~F3处的砰击压力与冲量时历,其中,图(a)~(c)为砰击压力时历,(d)~(f)为压力冲量时历。可以看到,砰击压力具有峰值大、作用时间短的特点。此外,对于结构的同一部位,砰击压力峰值的大小及其发生时刻,在不同波浪作用下具有显著差别。聚焦波FW4对方柱顶部产生的砰击压力峰值均较大,且相对较早地出现,这意味着波浪破碎程度对波浪砰击压力的影响显著,波面近乎垂直乃至波峰微卷的波浪易产生大的砰击压力。压力冲量总体表现出先增大后逐渐趋于平稳的变化趋势,其时历曲线的斜率代表砰击压力的大小。多数情况下,聚焦波产生的压力冲量随时间先增大、后减小再保持平稳。这是由于砰击过程中空气的掺混导致结构物受到负压,此现象在F1中表现得更为明显(见图11(d))。这和悬伸平板与方形立柱形成的密闭空间更容易使得空气陷入有关。另外,压力冲量的最大值与砰击压力峰值两者间没有必然的联系,压力冲量的大小还取决于砰击压力的作用时长。
考虑到砰击压力冲量的时变特性,本节重点讨论聚焦波产生的最大砰击压力冲量(以下简称为砰击冲量)。
波浪破碎程度直接关系到波浪砰击的作用过程和物理现象。为了清楚地理解波浪破碎程度对砰击冲量的影响,图12给出了不同聚焦波作用下峰值砰击压力与砰击冲量的空间分布。
图12可以看出,波浪破碎程度对砰击压力与冲量均产生显著影响,尤其是在受砰击作用严重的方形立柱的较高部位。然而,两者受波浪破碎程度的影响规律却不一致。波峰微卷至卷曲的波浪会对方形立柱产生较大的砰击压力,而在波峰完全卷曲乃至波峰回落的波浪中,方柱受到的砰击冲量更大。从实验的高速摄像中观察到,波峰完全卷曲或提前回落的波浪发生砰击时,波面与结构物迎浪面之间或翻卷的波面自身会形成一个封闭的气腔,如图13所示,卷曲的波面与结构物表面之间裹挟空气形成封闭的气腔(图中蓝色实线部分),其随着砰击过程的发展逐渐被压缩成小体积气穴和许多气泡,直至最终破裂。气腔的产生相当于在结构物表面多了一层“气垫”,减缓了波浪对结构的剧烈砰击,使得该处的砰击压力幅值降低但作用时间更长[18],表现为峰值砰击压力小而砰击冲量大,如图12所示的聚焦波FW5作用下的位置F6处的情形即是如此。此外,值得注意的是,F2和F3位置处由于受到爬升波浪和掺混气体的影响也会产生相当大的砰击压力与冲量。
不同的初始气隙改变了砰击过程中波峰与结构物的相对位置,因此,初始气隙对波浪砰击冲量的空间变化具有显著的影响,且与波浪破碎程度相关。图14给出了四种初始气隙下的方形立柱在不同聚焦波作用下所受波浪砰击冲量的空间分布。
图14(a)~(c)可以看出,聚焦波FW1~FW3对具有0.135 m初始气隙的方形立柱产生较大的砰击冲量,说明在波峰未发生卷曲的波浪中,初始气隙为0.135 m的平板-方柱结构受到较强的砰击冲量作用。由于此时波浪具有极高的局部波陡,其主要对波峰附近的结构较高部位产生大的砰击冲量。另一方面,从图14(d)~(f)可以发现,聚焦波FW4~FW6对具有0.185 m和0.235 m初始气隙的方形立柱产生相当大的砰击冲量,且主要作用在其较低部位。这表明在波峰翻卷甚至破碎的波浪中,初始气隙为0.185~0.235 m左右的平板-方柱结构反而受到更强的砰击冲量作用。此外,结构物受到的最大砰击冲量的位置随着初始气隙的减小而升高。
纵倾角的变化使得砰击波面具有不同的形状。图15给出了五种纵倾角下的方形立柱在不同聚焦波作用下所受波浪砰击冲量的空间分布。纵倾角对波浪砰击冲量的空间变化影响显著,其影响结果也与波浪破碎程度有关。
图15(a)~(d)中可以看到,聚焦波FW1~FW4对具有+5°和+10°纵倾角的方形立柱产生较大的砰击冲量,尤其是在+10°的纵倾角条件下。这表明在波峰未发生卷曲或波峰微卷的波浪中,具有正纵倾角的平板-方柱结构会受到较强的砰击冲量作用,且纵倾角的增加将使结构物受到更大的砰击冲量。如图16所示,基于拍摄到的结构附近波浪演化可以发现,面向来浪一侧倾斜的方柱阻碍了波浪的爬升,使得柱前的水面抬升较慢,波峰对方柱较高部位的直接砰击作用明显,而且此时波峰水质点速度与方柱迎浪面的夹角接近90°,有效砰击速度也更大,从而使得砰击压力与冲量显著增大。从图15(e)和(f)中可观察到,聚焦波FW5和FW6对竖直方柱也会产生较大的砰击冲量。
总体上,具有+10°纵倾角的平板-方柱结构受到的波浪砰击冲量最大。因此,应尽可能避免结构物向来浪方向倾斜过大的角度。此外,纵倾角对结构物所受最大砰击冲量的位置的影响与波浪破碎程度密切相关。
基于波浪水槽物理模型实验,本文重点研究了聚焦波对平板-方柱结构产生的波浪砰击压力与冲量特性。对波浪压力的时空分布特征、不同聚焦波作用下峰值砰击压力的空间变化规律与结构典型部位处砰击压力冲量的时变特性进行分析,并详细讨论了波浪破碎程度、初始气隙及纵倾角对砰击压力冲量空间变化的影响。得到如下结论:
(1)平板-方柱结构不同部位处波浪压力的时空分布特征具有明显差异。悬伸平板与方柱较高部位受到的波浪压力峰值更大、作用时间更短,表现出砰击压力的特点;而方柱在静水面附近处的波浪压力峰值小、变化缓慢且率先受到波浪作用。
(2)结构较高部位主要承受波浪砰击压力作用,而靠近静水面的部位仅承受准静态压力。考虑到聚焦波的砰击压力作用,平板底部和方柱靠近顶端的部位应作为结构设计的关键部位。
(3)与砰击压力一样,波浪压力冲量也具有时变特性。聚焦波作用下,砰击过程中空气的掺混导致压力冲量多表现为随时间先增大-后减小-再保持平稳的变化规律。
(4)聚焦波作用下最大砰击压力冲量的空间变化受到波浪破碎程度、初始气隙及纵倾角的显著影响。波峰翻卷甚至提前破碎的波浪会产生更大的砰击压力冲量;波峰卷曲的波面与结构物表面形成的气腔起到缓冲效果,使得峰值砰击压力减小而砰击冲量增大。初始气隙与纵倾角对砰击冲量空间变化的影响与波浪破碎程度有关,且具有0.135 m初始气隙和+10°纵倾角的平板-方柱结构受到的砰击冲量更大。因此,为减小聚焦波作用下的砰击冲量,应合理增大结构物的初始气隙并使其顺着波浪传播方向倾斜。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52031006; 51909158; 51879158)
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2025年第29卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.002
  • 接收时间:2025-02-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2025-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-12
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52031006; 51909158; 51879158)
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    1.上海交通大学 海洋工程国家重点实验室,上海 200240
    2.上海交通大学 三亚崖州湾深海科技研究院,海南 三亚 572024
    3.中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究院,上海 200011

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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