Article(id=1243896230724612268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739635200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774497571878, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1755619200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774497571878, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774497571878, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774497571878, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243896229885751465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='8', pageStart='1181', pageEnd='1342', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774497571678, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774501555614, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243912939799949656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243912939799949657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1211, endPage=1225, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243896231030796463, articleId=1243896230724612268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical studies on coherence of combined propagation of random wind and waves, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There is a strong coherence between random wind and wave environment elements, which not only affects the synchronization and intensities of fluctuating wind and random wave in combined wind-wave propagation process, and but also affects the accurate calculations of combined wind-wave action on offshore structures. Therefore, based on the CFD numerical simulation methods of random wave and fluctuating wind fields, a numerical flume for simulations of combined wind-wave propagation was established, then a series of numerical simulations of combined propagation of fluctuating wind and random wave were carried out. Based on the analysis of numerical results, the influences of wind speed position height, significant wave height, wave peak frequency and basic wind speed on the coherence between wind and wave were explored. According to the influence characteristics of these factors, a calculation function model of wind-wave coherence value of combined wind-wave propagation was proposed. Then, the parameters of the coherence function model were determined by a series of numerical fits according to the numerical results under various influencing factors. Based on this, a concrete calculation expression describing the coherence value of combined wind-wave propagation was established.

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随机风、浪环境要素存在较强相干性,该相干性影响随机风-浪联合传播过程中脉动风速与波浪的同步性和强度,进而影响海上结构受随机风-浪联合作用的准确计算。为此,基于随机波浪和脉动风场CFD数值模拟方法,建立随机风-浪联合传播数值水槽,开展一系列脉动风和随机波浪联合传播的数值模拟计算,基于数值结果分析探究风速位置高度、波浪有效波高、波浪谱峰频率和基本风速等因素对风、浪之间相干效应的影响特性及影响规律。依据这些因素的影响特性,研究提出联合传播过程中随机风-浪相干值计算函数,并依据各类影响因素变化条件下的系列数值结果拟合确定相干函数表达式中的各项参数,建立描述随机风-浪联合传播相干性计算函数公式。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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韦承勋(1985-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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韦承勋(1985-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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韦承勋(1985-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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figureFileBig=+g1PSfFhPALCzNA2fsQKsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243896245580837622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243896230724612268, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Mesh parameters and simulated wave height errors

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网格方案粗网格中网格细网格
最小网格尺寸/m0.4×0.40.2×0.10.1×0.1
网格总数146 853333 833827 793
波高误差13.7%2.3%1.8%
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网格参数及模拟波高误差

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网格方案粗网格中网格细网格
最小网格尺寸/m0.4×0.40.2×0.10.1×0.1
网格总数146 853333 833827 793
波高误差13.7%2.3%1.8%
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随机风-浪联合传播相干性数值研究
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韦承勋 , 张志豪 , 余松泽 , 王文静 , 李盛辉
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(8): 1211-1225
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(8): 1211-1225
随机风-浪联合传播相干性数值研究
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韦承勋 , 张志豪, 余松泽, 王文静, 李盛辉
作者信息
  • 广西科技大学 土木建筑工程学院,广西 柳州 545006
  • 韦承勋(1985-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical studies on coherence of combined propagation of random wind and waves
Cheng-xun WEI , Zhi-hao ZHANG, Song-ze YU, Wen-jing WANG, Sheng-hui LI
Affiliations
  • School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.004
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随机风、浪环境要素存在较强相干性,该相干性影响随机风-浪联合传播过程中脉动风速与波浪的同步性和强度,进而影响海上结构受随机风-浪联合作用的准确计算。为此,基于随机波浪和脉动风场CFD数值模拟方法,建立随机风-浪联合传播数值水槽,开展一系列脉动风和随机波浪联合传播的数值模拟计算,基于数值结果分析探究风速位置高度、波浪有效波高、波浪谱峰频率和基本风速等因素对风、浪之间相干效应的影响特性及影响规律。依据这些因素的影响特性,研究提出联合传播过程中随机风-浪相干值计算函数,并依据各类影响因素变化条件下的系列数值结果拟合确定相干函数表达式中的各项参数,建立描述随机风-浪联合传播相干性计算函数公式。

脉动风  /  随机波浪  /  风-浪联合  /  数值水槽  /  风-浪相干性  /  相干函数

There is a strong coherence between random wind and wave environment elements, which not only affects the synchronization and intensities of fluctuating wind and random wave in combined wind-wave propagation process, and but also affects the accurate calculations of combined wind-wave action on offshore structures. Therefore, based on the CFD numerical simulation methods of random wave and fluctuating wind fields, a numerical flume for simulations of combined wind-wave propagation was established, then a series of numerical simulations of combined propagation of fluctuating wind and random wave were carried out. Based on the analysis of numerical results, the influences of wind speed position height, significant wave height, wave peak frequency and basic wind speed on the coherence between wind and wave were explored. According to the influence characteristics of these factors, a calculation function model of wind-wave coherence value of combined wind-wave propagation was proposed. Then, the parameters of the coherence function model were determined by a series of numerical fits according to the numerical results under various influencing factors. Based on this, a concrete calculation expression describing the coherence value of combined wind-wave propagation was established.

fluctuating wind  /  random wave  /  combined wind-wave  /  numerical water flume  /  wind-wave coherence  /  coherence function
韦承勋, 张志豪, 余松泽, 王文静, 李盛辉. 随机风-浪联合传播相干性数值研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (8) : 1211 -1225 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.004
Cheng-xun WEI, Zhi-hao ZHANG, Song-ze YU, Wen-jing WANG, Sheng-hui LI. Numerical studies on coherence of combined propagation of random wind and waves[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (8) : 1211 -1225 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.004
海上脉动风、随机波浪是海上结构物的主要环境荷载。在已各自形成的传播过程中风、浪往往同时出现,形成风-浪同步传播现象[1],在遇到结构物时形成风-浪对结构体的联合作用。
随机风、浪同步传播的过程中,水面区域的脉动风速引起的气压波动将改变随机波浪传播过程中的波面形态;反过来,波浪波面形态的改变也会对近水面附近的风速形成阻碍和扰动影响。这种风、浪之间显著存在的相互作用效应即为风-浪相干性。这一相干性显著影响风、浪传播过程中波高、波周期和平均风速、风脉动参数等要素的变化,然而这些变化复杂而难寻规律[2-3],至今未形成清晰明了的规律模型。
近年来,学者们也逐步意识到海洋工程结构风-浪联合作用相关科学问题的重要意义,并针对各类海洋工程结构开展了风-浪联合作用的各类相关研究。如针对基础、桥塔等跨海桥梁结构体系在风、浪、流及其联合作用下的弹性动力模型试验研究[4-8]和数值模拟研究[9-10];针对海洋平台结构风-浪联合作用的模拟研究[11-12];针对海上风机结构的风-浪联合作用试验和数值研究[13-16]。一些试验研究证实了风、浪要素之间的相互作用对海洋工程结构风-浪联合作用效应的显著影响,其中一些研究还给出了风、浪之间的耦合变化对相关类型结构动力响应的一些影响规律。部分研究发现风、浪之间相互作用效应增大了结构荷载响应。这些研究从侧面反映了风、浪之间相互作用的复杂性和不确定性,以及结构风-浪联合作用效应与单独风、浪作用效应的差异性。部分研究结果在现象上显示了风、浪之间相干效应及其对结构风-浪作用影响性的存在,但这一相干效应具体影响因素及其影响形式未能解析表示。
随机风-浪联合作用下,海上结构物的风-浪荷载力计算通常采用风、浪荷载单独计算的方式进行:波浪作用力基于入射波浪参数值及结构水动力系数值进行计算;脉动风作用力基于来流脉动风速大小和结构风阻系数值进行计算;风-浪联合作用下,采用两者单独计算作用力值的线性叠加作为风-浪联合作用力。此种独立计算再叠加的方式虽然简单方便,且适合工程运用快速计算,但忽略了风、浪之间相干性,会使最后得到的结果与实际不符。一方面,风、浪联合作用时,结构体在受到风作用而产生的最大响应并不一定会和波浪作用引起的最大响应在同一时间发生,将两者简单的叠加有可能使得最后结果相对保守,也有可能对风-浪同步作用下的结构响应进行了放大[17-19];另一方面,在风-浪相干效应下,波浪波面形态影响近海面的风速脉动,从而使海上结构近海面区域构件的风压作用受到水面波浪形态的影响,同时,结构水下基础前方的入射波浪形态受到水面附近脉动风速的催动和干扰,从而影响结构波浪冲击效应,包括波浪水平冲击作用力及波浪在结构物表面的爬升效应等。
因此,海上结构体风-浪同步联合作用应考虑风、浪之间相干性才能更加真实地反映风-浪作用的实际情况。开展随机风、浪同步传播过程中影响风、浪相干作用主要因素及其影响规律的研究,以此建立随机风-浪同步传播相干性模型,将为海洋工程结构设计提供理论基础,推动结构设计理论及方法向精细化发展,保证结构的安全性并具有很好的经济性。
要建立随机风、浪之间完整相干性模型,需要开展影响随机风、浪相干性的主要影响因素及其影响规律的研究,需要在风、浪同步传播情况下,监测获取各空间高度和各可能影响要素变化条件下的系列脉动风速时程及同步波面时程。实际海洋环境监测中,难以准确且大量获取风、浪同步传播实测数据,并难以实现基于控制变量的要素影响规律分析和研究。因此,借助数值模拟手段进行海洋随机风、浪联合传播的模拟并以此获取风速和波面时程数据成为一种可行手段。
需另外说明的是,随机风速中脉动风存在水平向脉动风和竖向脉动风,因水平向脉动风在风速中的主导性和数值研究方法上的适应性,所以此研究开展的是水平向风速与同向向前传播随机波浪间的相干效应研究,而竖向脉动风速与波浪间的相互作用可作另外研究。
本文基于CFD软件平台Fluent,开展随机波浪数值造波方法对比分析,研究建立准确合理的随机波浪数值水槽。在此基础上,在随机波浪向前传播条件下,开展数值水槽空气相脉动风场同步模拟方法研究,研究水槽入口水、气界面的交互界定方式,以及传播过程中水、气两相流相互作用的准确算法模型。以此研究建立合理可行、准确有效的随机风-浪联合传播数值水槽,为随机风-浪联合传播相干效应研究建立平台基础。随机风-浪联合传播数值水槽具体实现方法如下。
建立如图1所示二维数值水槽,水槽上、下部分分别设置为水相和空气相,水相作为随机波浪模拟载体,空气相作为脉动风场模拟载体。水槽从左至右依次为速度入口、波浪传播区、阻尼消波区和出口。
波浪传播过程中,水深、波长、周期等要素存在对应关系,数值水槽的长度应满足一定个数波浪传播所需长度。参照非线性波中的二阶Stokes波浪的波形要素,根据波浪传播中水深、波长、周期等要素间所遵循的弥散关系对模拟波长进行估算[20]。以此设定数值水槽总长为400 m,总高度为60 m,其中固定水相高度加上有效波高总高度为40 m(波浪模拟中可设定虚拟波浪水深超过水槽水相高度),有效波高往上空气相高度为20 m。
二维波浪水槽几何模型整体为规则的矩形区域,采用结构化网格对其进行网格划分,并对水气交互作用显著的波面范围区域进行网格加密处理,如图2所示。通过建立不断加密的网格模型,进行同工况波浪模拟计算,开展网格密度对计算结果的影响性试算,即网格收敛性验证。基于二阶Stokes波,给定2 m波高、4.4 s周期和40 m水深波浪参数,采用表1所示粗、中、细三种网格方案分别进行该规则波数值模拟,记录获取各网格方案下数值波面时程,如图3所示,统计时程曲线稳定阶段波面平均波高并与理论目标波高进行对比。各网格方案数值水槽的模拟波高与理论波高误差列于表1,结果显示中、细两种网格的数值模拟波高与理论波高误差均小于3%,且两者误差值接近,网格效果趋于收敛。综合考虑计算精度与计算效率,选择采用中网格方案进行数值计算。其加密区网格尺寸为∆x=0.2 m(长),∆z=0.1 m(高),非加密区网格尺寸为∆x=0.2 m,∆z=0.2 m,总体网格数量为333 833。
数值水槽速度入口水面以下边界,以定义水质点速度值方式在入口处模拟生成随机波浪并向前传播,即速度造波法。该方法需以波浪水质点速度时程和同步波面时程数据作为入口输入项。随机波浪波面及水质点速度时程计算来源于随机波浪功率谱。在波浪谱选择方面,JONSWAP谱[21]是由多个国家联合进行波浪观测所获得的波浪谱,是能够较好地描述有限水深且处于成长状态的波浪功率谱。由实测海洋风浪观测数据绘制的功率谱曲线与理论谱对比结果来看,JONSWAP谱与平均实测波浪谱吻合较好。因此随机波浪场的模拟将基于改进的JONSWAP谱,其以频率f表示的功率谱函数表达式为
其中,
式中,HS为有效波高,Tp为谱峰周期,为平均周期,fp=1/Tp为谱峰频率,γ为谱峰升高因子,σ为峰形参数。当采用圆频率ω(单位:rad/s)表示波浪谱时,需将Swf)转化为以ω表示的谱Swω[22]
采用谐波合成方法[22]实现波浪谱到波面时程和流速时程的转变。依据随机波浪相关理论,若将随机波浪视为平稳、符合正态分布的随机模型,可将随机波浪视为无数个简谐波线性叠加而成,运用该线性叠加方式即可求得随机波浪波面时程。将随机波浪谱Swω)依据频率ω划分为N个区间,∆ωi=ωi−ωi−1为频率间距,取为区间代表频率,则第i个谐波的幅值为,由此可求出区间对应余弦波表达式,则随机波浪波面时程可表示为N个区间的余弦波叠加,即
式中,ωiεi分别为第i个组成波的频率和初相位,εi为0 ∼ 2π间均匀分布的随机数。水体流速时程可采用类似方法计算得到。基于波浪谱,通过谐波合成法计算得到的波面时程可用于界定水槽速度入口水气交界面随时间的变化,同步计算得到的水体流速时程可作为水槽速度入口液面以下流体速度输入值,以此构造入口处生成并向出口方向传播的随机波浪。
水槽速度入口水面以上将以随机风速时程作为输入项来生成水槽空气相脉动风场。依据脉动风场实际特性,如图1所示,数值水槽速度入口水面以上不同高度处随机风速时程应有所区别且相互影响,在此将速度入口水面以上部分沿高度进行分段,以各段中心节点位置风速值代表该段整体风速。离散的风速段越多,则模拟出的风场越接近真实情况,但是入口边界网格数量众多,节点风速合成并输入每一网格区域需要耗费大量的计算资源。将水槽水面以上风速入口边界沿高度分为10段。各段依据其中心节点位置高度不同给定不同平均风速和脉动风速叠加形成的风速时程,其中各高度段平均风速依据风速沿高度指数律分布给定,而脉动风速时程则来源于脉动风速谱。
在脉动风速谱选择方面,对比分析了几种常用风谱,其中Kaimal谱是与高度相关的风谱,且实测海洋风、浪观测数据绘制的功率谱曲线与理论谱对比,显示了Kaimal谱与平均实测风谱较为吻合。因此,随机风速谱选择Kaimal谱,其表达形式为
其中,
式中,z为模拟点竖向高度值;f代表频率;Vz)为模拟点平均风速,其由给定的基本风速及指数律风速廓线计算得到;Z0为地面粗糙长度,海面上可取值为0.01;k=0.4为卡门系数。以圆频率表示的风谱Suω)可采用与波浪谱相同的转换方法转换得到。
基于脉动风速谱,速度入口各高度段脉动风速时程输入值通过谐波合成方法计算得到,具体过程如下:在满足精度条件下,对速度入口水面以上边界进行分段,依据分段数设定脉动风速模拟个数,脉动风场中各模拟点的风速具有相关性,模拟点风速在受该点风速自功率谱控制的基础上,还受其与其它各模拟点之间互功率谱的影响。因此,根据各模拟点脉动风速自功率谱和各模拟点之间脉动风速互功率谱建立入口处整体风速谱矩阵,即
式中,n为模拟点个数。功率谱矩阵对角元素为各模拟点风速自功率谱,非对角元素为两点之间互功率谱,其计算表达式为
式中,Siω)、Sjω)分别为模拟点ij处的风速自功率谱;cohω)表示两个模拟点ij之间的相关函数,其计算表达式为
式中,UiUj分别为模拟点ij处的平均风速,点ij的空间坐标分别为(xiyizi)和(xjyjzj),C为空间相关函数中的衰减系数,这里取值为10[23]
为了模拟各点脉动风风速时程,对矩阵Suω)进行Cholesky分解,即
其中,Hω)为下三角阵,
将频率范围0~ωup划分成N个区间,由不同频率的谐波合成模拟各点处的脉动风速时程,即
式中,∆ω=ωup/N为频率间距,ωk=[∆ωk−1)+ ∆ωk]/2为频率区间内代表频率,ϕjk为分布于0 ∼ 2π之间的随机相位角,θijωk)可由下式计算:
数值水槽模型边界的设定如图1所示:水槽左端边界设置为速度入口,入口边界波面以下以速度造波方式生成随机波浪,入口边界波面以上同样以速度入口方式生成脉动风速;水槽右端边界设置为压力出口;水槽底部设置为无滑移壁面边界;水槽顶部设置为压力边界。
水槽空气相和水相之间交互作用处理选择VOF(volume of fluid)两相流算法模型进行处理;湍流模型选择SST k-ω模型;采用压力速度耦合的SIMPLE算法求解非定常状态下的瞬态问题;综合考虑随机风、浪相互作用过程需求以及计算收敛性、计算时间成本等因素,设置最大迭代时间步为20,时间步长为0.05 s,计算总时长为500 s。
给定风、浪一段相互充分作用的距离,在水槽中后段位置,即距离入口为x=300 m位置处水面位置设置虚拟浪高仪,监测风-浪联合传播过程中波面时程;同样在x=300 m位置处空气相不同高度处设置虚拟风速仪,监测风-浪联合传播过程中距离水面不同高度处脉动风速时程。
基于1.2节中随机波浪数值构造方法,根据实际风、浪观测数据[124]和数值模拟的合理可行范围,选取0.3~3 rad/s的波浪频率区间,设定波浪水深D=50 m,谱峰频率ωp=0.8 rad/s,有效波高HS=3 m的波浪工况参数,进行单独随机波浪模拟试算。为验证数值模拟效果的准确性,将开展数值模拟随机波面形成的数值波浪谱与目标理论波浪谱的对比,对比判断依据为两者功率谱曲线形状分布是否一致,功率谱曲线峰值对应频率是否一致,谱值大小误差是否许可。
数值波浪传播过程中,在距离入口x=300 m位置处监测获取波面随时间变化的时程数据,如图4所示。对该时程数据进行傅里叶变换获取数值模拟随机波浪功率谱密度,并将其与目标理论波浪谱进行比较,如图5所示。模拟所得波浪谱能量分布情况与理论目标谱分布情况相吻合,模拟谱与理论谱峰值频率位置相一致,模拟谱谱值大小与理论谱谱值基本相重合。以上说明所建立的数值水槽可有效开展与理论波浪相一致的随机波浪模拟。
基于1.2节中脉动风数值构造方法,根据实际风、浪观测数据[124]和数值模拟的可行范围,选定U0=12.8 m/s的基本风速,在静水无波浪条件下进行单独脉动风场模拟试算。
在(x=300 m,z=6 m)位置处设置风速监测点,此处z表示监测点到静水面距离。图6展示了该点监测获取的脉动风速时程。对该时程数据进行傅里叶变换获取数值模拟脉动风速功率谱密度,并将其与理论风速谱进行比较,如图7所示。模拟所得脉动风速谱能量分布情况与理论目标谱分布情况相符合,表明所建立的数值水槽可有效开展与理论风速相一致的脉动风数值模拟。
在求解脉动风场各点风速时程而构建脉动风速功率谱矩阵过程中,式(9)应用于求解功率谱矩阵中两点之间风速互功率谱,其描述了风场中两点之间脉动风速空间相干特性,即仅描述了不同空间位置处脉动风速之间的相互影响性。
风-浪联合传播过程中,基于风、浪之间的相干性,求解水面以上脉动风场还应该考虑水面波浪对水面以上风速的影响,同时在求解水面随机波浪时也应该考虑水面附近脉动风速对波面的影响。风-浪联合条件下,为了获取考虑风、浪之间相干性的风速时程和波面时程,参考脉动风场功率谱矩阵构造方式,以整体风-浪联合场为目标,建立由风速自谱、风速互谱、波浪谱、风-浪互谱构成的风-浪联合场功率谱矩阵,其中风速自谱、风速互谱、波浪谱均可利用已有理论求解获得。风-浪互谱的求解建立则是新的问题,为解决这一问题,引进表征脉动风速和随机波面相干性的风-浪相干函数,并通过该相干函数与相应风速自谱和波浪谱求解建立脉动风速与波浪之间风、浪互相关谱,从而得以建立完整风-浪联合功率谱矩阵,其数学原理过程如下。
在脉动风速谱矩阵Suω)的基础上进行矩阵扩充,增加第n+1行与第n+1列,利用风-浪互谱和波浪谱对增加的行和列进行填充,得到风-浪联合功率谱矩阵Sω),即
式中,in的对角元素Siiω)为i位置节点的脉动风速自谱;ijn的非对角元素Sijω)为ij位置节点之间风速互谱;i=n + 1的对角元素S n+1)(n+1)ω)即为随机波浪谱Sηηω);第n + 1行和第n + 1列非对角元素即为风-浪互谱,如Sn+1)iω)为i位置节点风速与波浪之间风-浪互谱,风-浪互谱存在关系式Sn+1)jω)=Sin+1)(-ω)(i=j)。类似脉动风速时程获取方式,通过对该风-浪联合谱矩阵Sω)的Cholesky分解与谐波合成计算,可获取水面以上各位置节点脉动风速时程和水面处波面时程。该风速时程和波面时程考虑了风、浪之间的相干性。
上式中风速自谱、风速互谱均可通过脉动风谱理论计算获得,波浪谱可通过随机波浪谱理论计算得到。针对某一位置节点脉动风速与波浪之间的风-浪互谱Sω),在此提出以下计算表达式:
式中,Suuω)、Sηηω)分别代表所求位置节点脉动风速自谱和水面处随机波浪谱。引进cohω)并定义其为脉动风与随机波浪之间的风-浪相干函数。cohω)表征了风-浪联合传播过程中水面以上某位置脉动风速和水面位置波面之间的相干性。
本文的核心工作旨在构造合理准确的风-浪相干函数cohω),即通过研究随机风-浪联合传播过程中影响风、浪相干性的主要因素及其影响规律,建立包含风速位置高度、波浪频率、波高等各类影响要素相关项的相干函数计算表达式。
观察随机风、浪同步传播常规现象特征,可以大致判断得出:脉动风速位置距离水面越近,风浪相互接触、相互作用的几率和强度越大,反之脉动风速位置距水面越远,风浪相互接触、相互作用的几率和强度越小。
因此,本文在进行随机风、浪同步传播相干性分析时,首先假设脉动风速位置距波面高度是影响风、浪相干性的一项主要因素,在此基础上探究随风、浪之间相干性大小与风速位置距波面高度值之间的相互关系及其随之变化规律。
基于已建立的随机风-浪联合传播数值水槽,开展脉动风和随机波浪联合传播数值模拟。为探究波浪与距离波面不同高度处风速的相干性,在数值水槽沿程某处水面和距离水面不同高度空气相位置设置监测点,监测获取随机波浪波面时程和距水面不同高度位置脉动风速时程。利用数值模拟时程数据,结合理论风、浪功率谱,计算获取不同风速高度位置处风、浪相干函数值,以此分析建立风-浪相干值随风速位置高速的变化规律,具体过程如下。
基于1.2节中数值水槽随机波浪和脉动风速模拟方法,在水槽速度入口处同步模拟生成随机波浪和脉动风。给定脉动风速和随机波浪工况参数如下:脉动风速基准高度(z0=10 m)处基本风速为12.8 m/s;随机波浪有效波高HS=6 m,谱峰频率ωp=0.8 rad/s,水深D=50 m。
关注水面以上不同高度处脉动风速。以(xz)表示风速监测点位置,此处x表示监测点到水槽入口水平距离,z表示监测点到波面竖向距离,对于随机波浪,定义波面位置为静水面以上一个有效波高位置。在(xz)=(300,2)、(300,4)、(300,6)、(300,8)、(300,10)等高度位置处设置脉动风速时程监测点,同步监测x=300 m位置处波面时程。以(300,4)处风速监测数据为例,同步风速时程和波面时程如图8所示。
将监测获得的各高度处风速时程分别与波面时程进行组合,通过Matlab CPSD互功率谱算法,分别计算获取各高度处风速与波面之间互相关谱数值计算值Sω)。同时根据数值模拟工况参数,通过脉动风速Kaimal谱计算获取相应理论风速功率谱值Suuω),通过随机波浪JONSWAP谱计算获取相应理论波浪功率谱值Sηηω)。基于数值计算得到的风、浪互谱值和理论计算得到的风、浪自谱值,通过下式计算获取风、浪相干函数值cohω),即
以圆频率ω为横坐标,依据风速位置高度z的变化,各高度处风、浪相干函数值散点曲线如图9所示。观察得到风-浪相干函数值的变化规律如下:
一是随频率的变化趋势。随着频率的增大,相干函数值整体大小呈现出先上升再下降的特点,其中,当频率变化到接近随机波浪谱峰频率处,即频率段范围约为0.7~1 rad/s时,相干函数值显著大于其他频率段相干函数值。
二是随风速位置高度的变化趋势。随着脉动风速位置高度的增大,相应相干函数值明显减小,即风速位置高度越低,相干函数值越大。如在图9中风速位置高度2 m条件下的相干函数值明显大于其他高度条件下的相干函数值。
总体上,风、浪相干性随频率增大呈现先上升再下降的变化趋势,变化曲线的峰值频率接近随机波浪谱峰频率;风、浪相干性随风速位置高度增大而逐步变小,即距离波面越近,风、浪相干性越大,距离波面越远,风、浪相干性越小。
有效波高是描述随机波浪运动的重要参量,其直接表征了波浪传播过程中水面的上下波动程度。风、浪联合传播过程中,波高越高,波面与空气相互接触面越大,波面与风速之间相互催动及相互干扰空间越大,相互作用的强度越强,可明显判断得出波浪波高的大小会显著影响风、浪两者之间相互作用效应。因此判定随机波浪有效波高是影响风-浪相干性的主要影响因素之一,并以此开展波浪有效波高对风、浪相干性影响效应的定性及定量研究。
基于已建立的随机风-浪联合传播数值水槽,为探究在不同有效波高条件下风、浪之间的相干性,开展在不同有效波高情况下脉动风和随机波浪联合传播的数值模拟。模拟过程中在数值水槽沿程适当水面位置记录波面时程,并在沿程该处空气相不同高度位置设置风速监测点,监测获取脉动风速时程。利用数值监测波面及风速时程数据,结合理论风、浪功率谱,计算获取不同有效波高条件下的风、浪相干函数值,以此分析建立相干函数随波浪有效波高的变化规律,具体过程如下。
依据海上风、浪实际观测数据[1],谱峰频率ωp=0.8 rad/s,水深D=50 m。给定HS=1、2、3、4、5、6 m的不同有效波高取值,依据波高不同设置不同水槽风、浪联合传播数值模拟工况。同时给定基准高度(z0=10 m)处基本风速为12.8 m/s。
关注不同波高工况下波面时程和水面以上某高度处风速时程。各工况下数值模拟过程均在x=300 m水面位置处监测波面时程,同步在(xz)=(300,4)高度位置处监测脉动风速时程。利用监测获取的波面及风速时程数据,采用与本文3.1节中相同风、浪相互作用相干函数值计算方法,计算获取不同有效波高情况下风、浪相干函数值。以圆频率ω为横坐标,依据有效波高HS的变化,风、浪相干函数值散点曲线如图10所示。
观察得到风、浪相干函数值的变化趋势:一是随频率的变化趋势。与3.1中相干函数值变化趋势相似,随着频率的增大,相干函数值整体大小同样呈现出先上升再下降的特点,其中,当频率变化到接近随机波浪谱峰频率处,即频率段范围约为0.7~1 rad/s时,相干函数值显著大于其他频率段相干函数值;二是随有效波高的变化趋势。不同的波浪有效波高其相应相干函数值具有明显差异,有效波高越高,相干函数值越大,如在图10中有效波高为6 m条件下的相干函数值明显大于其他波高条件下的相干函数值。
综上所述,风、浪相干性随频率增大呈现先上升再下降的变化趋势,变化曲线峰值频率接近随机波浪谱峰频率;有效波高显著影响风、浪相干性,波高越大,风、浪相干性越大,波高越小,风、浪相干性越小。
在进行风速位置高度(图9)及波浪有效波高(图10)对风、浪相干性的影响分析时发现:风、浪相干函数值变化曲线峰值对应频率值,即峰值频率,均与对应随机波浪的谱峰频率值相接近,或者说在接近谱峰频率的某一频率段范围内相干函数值明显大于其他频率段函数值。因此假定相干函数值cohω)的峰值频率与对应随机波浪的谱峰频率相对应,并通过不同随机波浪谱峰频率下的风、浪联合传播数值模拟和基于模拟数据的相干函数值计算分析来证实这一性质。
基于随机风-浪联合数值水槽,依据随机波浪常规谱峰频率变化范围,根据ωp=0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6 rad/s等不同谱峰频率值设定风、浪联合数值模拟4个工况。风、浪场其他主要参数设置为:基准高度(z0=10 m)处基本风速为12.8 m/s,有效波高为HS=4 m,水深D=50 m。
关注不同谱峰频率条件下波面时程和水面以上某高度处风速时程。各工况下数值模拟均在x=300 m水面位置处监测波面时程,同步在(xz)=(300,4)高度位置处监测脉动风速时程。利用监测获取的波面及风速时程数据,采用与3.1节中相同风、浪相互作用相干函数值计算方法,计算获取不同谱峰频率条件下风、浪相干函数值。以圆频率ω为横坐标,依据谱峰频率ωp的变化,获得风、浪相互作用相干函数值散点曲线,如图11所示。
随着横轴频率的变化,不同波浪谱峰频率下相干函数值均在某一频率段呈现出显著最大值,即相干函数值存在显著峰值频率。定位观察不同谱峰频率条件下相干函数值峰值频率,总体可以看出波浪谱峰频率不同则相干函数峰值频率不同,该峰值频率接近其对应波浪谱峰频率。这一结论证实了波浪谱峰频率对风、浪相干性具备显著影响效应,可近似认为风、浪相干效应最大值发生在与波浪谱峰频率相同频率处。
进一步考虑随机风基本风速可能对脉动风与随机波浪的相干性的影响效果。在固定随机波浪参数,即随机波浪有效波高HS=6 m,谱峰频率ωp=0.8 rad/s,水深D=50 m条件下,给定风速基准高度(z0=10 m)处5、10、15、20 m/s等不同基本风速随机风,分别建立以上不同基本风速随机风与固定随机波浪联合传播数值模拟计算模型,开展风-浪联合传播数值模拟计算。各工况下数值模拟均在x=300 m水面位置处监测波面时程,同步在(xz)=(300,4)高度位置处监测脉动风速时程,通过监测时程数据计算获取各基本风速条件下风-浪相干值数值值。
不同基本风速条件下随频率变化的风-浪相干值如图12所示。对于5~20 m/s范围内基本风速值,风、浪之间相干值没有表现出明显差异,在接近波浪谱峰频率段和其他频率段均如此。风、浪同步传播条件下,从风速角度分析,影响随机风、浪之间相干效应的主导因素是风速中的脉动分量,而风速中平均基本风速影响性较小。
通过3.1~3.4节中所进行的随机风、浪联合传播数值模拟及风、浪相干性分析,已知风速位置离波面高度、波浪有效波高、波浪谱峰频率等是影响风、浪相干性的主要因素,这些因素的影响规律表现为:风速位置点离波面越远,风、浪相干性越弱,离波面越近则相干性越强,即风、浪相干函数值的大小与风速位置离波面高度存在负相关;随机波浪有效波高越高,风、浪相干性越强,反之越弱,即风、浪相干函数值的大小与波浪有效波高存在正相关;随着频率由低到高变化,风、浪相干函数值存在明显峰值,波浪谱峰频率直接影响风、浪相干函数值峰值对应频率,该峰值频率与相应波浪谱峰频率相对应。
依据上述影响要素及其影响规律,提出一种包含各影响要素及体现各要素影响规律的风-浪相干函数表达式,即式(18)。随着频率由低到高变化,该函数值呈先上升后下降变化形式,通过该式对频率ω求导可知其极大值对应频率等于表达式中频率参数ωp,使该频率参数取值为相应波浪谱峰频率即可体现波浪谱峰频率对风、浪相干函数值影响特性;在影响因子r1取负值情况下,该风-浪相干函数包含与风速位置高度相关的负相关项;在影响因子r2取正值情况下,该相干函数包含与有效波高相关的正相关项,其中高度值z0的引入是为了对相干函数值进行无量纲化。
针对提出的风-浪相干函数值形式,开展风-浪相干函数值系统数值模拟计算,通过各影响参数变化条件下的系列数值结果数据,系统拟合确定表达式中各项参数值,则风-浪相干函数表达式和式中各参数值如下:
式中,HS为波浪有效波高;z0为基本风速对应标准高度(10 m);ωp为波浪谱峰频率;C=34.6为数值大小参数;r1=−0.42为风速位置高度影响因子;r2=0.29为有效波高影响因子;a=4.7,b=1,为函数曲线形状参数。
图13图14分别展示了不同风速位置高度和不同有效波高条件下,相干函数拟合表达式计算值曲线和相应水槽模拟计算数值的对比,图中同时以(拟合公式)计算值(图中曲线)与对应数值模拟值(图中散点)之间的平均误差值(error value)表征各工况下相干函数曲线拟合精度。可以看出:相干函数表达式计算值曲线与数值散点值分布情况以及它们随频率变化的趋势基本吻合,曲线和散点值均随频率增大先上升再下降,上升段曲线幅值变化较大,频率增大至波浪谱峰频率处,相干函数值达到最大值,随后转入下降段,下降段曲线相较于上升段下降较缓;各工况下,函数计算值与数值计算值的平均误差控制在0.05~0.1范围内,相对于通常两列信号数据间0~1范围内的相干值,这一拟合误差精度在可接受范围内;随着脉动风位置高度的递增,相干函数计算值与数值计算值递减,符合相距越远风、浪相干性越小的规律;随着波浪有效波高的递增,相干函数计算值和数值计算值递增,符合波高越高风、浪相干性越大的规律。
本文针对风、流联合传播过程中的显著相干性问题,首先基于CFD软件平台Fluent,研究了随机风、浪同步传播条件下随机波浪数值造波方法和同步脉动风场数值模拟方法,以此研究建立了随机风-浪联合传播数值水槽。其次,提出了表征脉动风速和随机波浪相干性的风-浪相干函数。最后,基于建立的随机风-浪联合数值水槽,开展了系列随机波浪和脉动风联合传播的数值模拟,以及利用数值模拟获得的同步风速时程和波面时程进行风、浪相干函数值计算。通过不同参数条件下风、浪相干函数值计算结果,系统分析了风速位置高度、波浪有效波高、波浪谱峰频率等因素对风、浪相干性的影响特性及影响效应,在此基础上拟合建立了体现各类主要影响要素及其影响规律的风-浪相干函数具体计算表达式。主要结论如下:
(1)针对建立的随机风-浪联合数值水槽,开展了脉动风和随机波浪数值模拟,并将数值脉动风速时程和波面时程对应功率谱与各自理论目标谱进行了比较,相互吻合的比较结果证实了水槽随机风、浪模拟方法的准确性和该风-浪联合数值水槽用于随机风、浪联合传播模拟的可行性,为开展随机风、浪同步条件下相干效应研究提供了平台基础。
(2)随机风、浪相干性分析显示:风速位置点离波面越远,风、浪相干性越弱,离波面越近则相干性越强,即风、浪相干函数值的大小与风速位置离波面高度存在负相关;随机波浪有效波高越高,风、浪相干性越强,反之越弱,即风、浪相干函数值的大小与波浪有效波高存在正相关;随着频率由低到高变化,风、浪相干函数值存在明显峰值,其峰值对应频率与相应波浪谱峰频率接近,即波浪谱峰频率直接影响风、浪相干函数峰值频率。
(3)基于相干性分析建立的随机风-浪相干函数计算模型与随机风-浪联合水槽数值模拟结果在数值和随各类影响要素变化趋势上均基本吻合,所提出的风-浪相干函数计算模型具备合理性和可应用性。
基于风、浪联合传播数值模拟方法建立的随机风-浪联合数值水槽可应用于风、浪同步传播流场效应分析,通过水槽添加结构体也可应用于各类海上结构体风-浪联合作用的数值仿真分析。基于随机风、浪同步传播相干性分析建立的随机风-浪相干函数可应用于海上结构风-浪联合场的描述和考虑相干性的结构风-浪联合作用及作用效应求解分析,也可认为是一种随机风、浪相干性大小初步计算式,可为随机风、浪相干模型进一步优化提供参考。
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2025年第29卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.004
  • 接收时间:2025-02-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2025-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-16
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    广西科技大学 土木建筑工程学院,广西 柳州 545006

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