Article(id=1243896230460371114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739721600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774497571816, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1755619200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774497571816, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774497571816, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774497571816, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243896229885751465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='8', pageStart='1181', pageEnd='1342', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774497571678, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774501555614, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243912939799949656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243912939799949657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243896229885751465, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1181, endPage=1187, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243896230724612269, articleId=1243896230460371114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Volume fraction control equation for compressible two-phase flow with cavitation, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The volume fraction equation is an important control equation for multiphase flow such as cavitation, which is derived from the mass conservation equation in incompressible cases. However, there is currently no universally recognized descriptive form for compressible fluids. The paper uses the body-fixed coordinate system as a reference frame to describe the problem, focusing on local fluid units. Starting from the volume changes of multiphase fluids, the relationship between the body derivative of volume fraction and the local average velocity divergence of each phase fluid is derived. The article also discusses the relationship between the volume fraction equation and the mass conservation equation, as well as the influence of phase transition and compressibility on the evolution of volume fraction. The forms of the volume fraction equations under two-phase pressure equilibrium are provided.

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体积分数方程是空化流动的一个重要控制方程,在不可压缩情况下由质量守恒方程导出,但对于可压缩流体,目前还没有一个得到普遍认可的描述形式。本文以随体坐标系为描述问题的参考系,针对局部流体单元,从两相流体各自的体积变化入手,推导出体积分数的随体导数与两相流体局部平均速度散度的关系。本文还讨论了体积分数方程与质量守恒方程的关系,以及相变和可压缩性对体积分数演化的影响,并给出了两相压力平衡情况下体积分数方程的形式。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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洪方文(1971-),男,研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

袁国辉(2000-),男,硕士研究生

翟树成(1986-),男,研究员

郑巢生(1987-),男,研究员。

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空化两相可压缩流动体积分数控制方程
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洪方文 , 袁国辉 , 翟树成 , 郑巢生
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(8): 1181-1187
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(8): 1181-1187
空化两相可压缩流动体积分数控制方程
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洪方文 , 袁国辉, 翟树成, 郑巢生
作者信息
  • 中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 洪方文(1971-),男,研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

    袁国辉(2000-),男,硕士研究生

    翟树成(1986-),男,研究员

    郑巢生(1987-),男,研究员。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Volume fraction control equation for compressible two-phase flow with cavitation
Fang-wen HONG , Guo-hui YUAN, Shu-cheng ZHAI, Chao-sheng ZHENG
Affiliations
  • China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2025-08-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.001
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体积分数方程是空化流动的一个重要控制方程,在不可压缩情况下由质量守恒方程导出,但对于可压缩流体,目前还没有一个得到普遍认可的描述形式。本文以随体坐标系为描述问题的参考系,针对局部流体单元,从两相流体各自的体积变化入手,推导出体积分数的随体导数与两相流体局部平均速度散度的关系。本文还讨论了体积分数方程与质量守恒方程的关系,以及相变和可压缩性对体积分数演化的影响,并给出了两相压力平衡情况下体积分数方程的形式。

体积分数  /  两相可压缩流体  /  空化  /  控制方程

The volume fraction equation is an important control equation for multiphase flow such as cavitation, which is derived from the mass conservation equation in incompressible cases. However, there is currently no universally recognized descriptive form for compressible fluids. The paper uses the body-fixed coordinate system as a reference frame to describe the problem, focusing on local fluid units. Starting from the volume changes of multiphase fluids, the relationship between the body derivative of volume fraction and the local average velocity divergence of each phase fluid is derived. The article also discusses the relationship between the volume fraction equation and the mass conservation equation, as well as the influence of phase transition and compressibility on the evolution of volume fraction. The forms of the volume fraction equations under two-phase pressure equilibrium are provided.

volume fraction  /  two-phase compressible fluid  /  cavitation  /  governing equation
洪方文, 袁国辉, 翟树成, 郑巢生. 空化两相可压缩流动体积分数控制方程. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (8) : 1181 -1187 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.001
Fang-wen HONG, Guo-hui YUAN, Shu-cheng ZHAI, Chao-sheng ZHENG. Volume fraction control equation for compressible two-phase flow with cavitation[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (8) : 1181 -1187 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.001
空化流动广泛存在于水利工程、流体机械和水下高速航行体等领域,空化会导致剥蚀、振动和噪声问题,影响工程和设备的安全性与安静性[1],它是流体力学研究的主要方向之一[2]。空化是复杂的多相流动,包含相间的物质转换和不连续界面,以及相间的动力学过程、热力学过程和声学过程,给它的建模带来很大的难度。空化建模的核心在于空化模型的建立[3]和两相流动的描述[4]
在空化流动中使用空间体积分数来描述水和水蒸汽[5],当空间点被水占据时水的体积分数等于1,蒸汽的体积分数等于0,反之当空间点被蒸汽占据时水的体积分数等于0,蒸汽的体积分数等于1[6]。体积分数的演化方程是空化流动的控制方程之一,当水和蒸汽被作为不可压缩流体时,体积分数方程可以从两相流体的质量守恒方程导出[7],但当水和蒸汽作为可压缩流体时[8],体积分数和流体密度是两个独立的自变量,需要在守恒方程外建立体积分数的控制方程[9]。Baer等[9]利用热力学过程的熵增加原理给出描述两相可压缩流体的七方程模式,包含两相各自的质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程和能量守恒方程,以及体积分数控制方程,在体积分数方程中包含两相压力不平衡松弛项[10-12]。七方程模式是最为全面的两相流描述方程,当使用混合能量时得到六方程模式[13],使用混合速度则得到目前使用最为广泛的五方程模式[14-18]。五方程模式中体积分数方程同样包含松弛项,但松弛项与混合速度散度呈线性关系。进一步,使用混合密度又得到四方程模式[19-20],这时直接使用体积分数随体导数等于0的控制方程。
以往的体积分数控制方程并非是遵照流体力学过程推导出来的,而是从热力学关系中演化得到的,其包含的假设过多,很难准确描述体积分数的演化过程。本文将依照流体力学过程,推导出体积分数的控制方程,大大提高对体积分数演化过程描述的准确性。随后章节的安排为:第一章为体积分数定义,给出两相流体中的体积分数定义,介绍相关物理量的局部平均计算形式;第二章为体积分数控制方程,介绍空化两相可压缩流体体积分数控制方程的推导过程;第三章为分析和讨论,给出质量输运方程和体积分数方程之间的关系,分析相变和可压缩性对体积分数演化的影响,并通过一个简单的例子来说明本文的体积分数控制方程的准确性和有效性。
空化流动是水与蒸汽的两相流动,水与蒸汽之间互不相容,具有排他特性,也就是在空间点上只能是一种流体:水或者蒸汽。用一个函数F来标记两相流体[6],当空间点被水占据时F=1,反之F=0,如图1所示,当然也可以反过来标记,1表示蒸汽,0表示水。一般称呼这种方法为着色法[15],即不同的流体被着不同的颜色,并用不同的数值来表达。F是一个阶跃函数,在水汽交界面处出现1到0的跃变,在数值计算中需要特殊算法处理,如施主-受主法[6]、线段法[21]等。
在很多情况下并不需要严格捕捉到水汽界面,可以存在一定宽度的扩散过渡[22],这时对于F进行局部的体积平均,在数值模拟中一个网格单元内的平均值为
式中,V是局部单元体积,αl是局部体积内F的平均值,当局部体积内全部为水时αl=1,全部为蒸汽时αl=0,包含水汽两种物质时0 < αl < 1。αl表达的是局部体积内或网格单元内水占有的体积分数。同样也可以定义蒸汽的体积分数:
水和蒸汽的体积分数满足不相容关系:
对水汽两相流体的物理量在局部体积内进行各自体积分数上的局部平均:
式中,ϕ代表某物理量,如密度ρ,或速度u,或压力p,甚至速度散度∇·u等,下标l和v分别代表水和蒸汽。
依照一般流体力学微元分析方法,推导出体积分数的控制方程。假设如图2所示的微元体内,在水作为背景流体情况下,存在大量的蒸汽泡。取微元作为局部平均空间V,其中包含水和蒸汽,蒸汽以气泡的形式存在。平均空间内的气泡,有的是整个气泡,有的是部分气泡。把平均空间内存在水的空间定义为Vl,边界为Sl,存在蒸汽的空间定义为Vv,边界为Sv。平均空间为V=Vl+Vv,边界为S=Sl+Sv。对于平均空间,以及平均空间内水的区域和蒸汽区域的边界都以指向该区域的外部为正。
定义在整个流域内速度场为u,它是连续、可微的,包括在水汽界面处。这样在随体坐标参考系下,平均区域内水和蒸汽的空间占比在∆t时间间隔内的变化为
水的体积分数变化量为
从而水体积分数的随体导数为
利用式(4)的定义可得
式中,(∇·ul和(∇·uv分别是平均区间V内速度散度在水和蒸汽区域上的体积平均值。
式(10)即为水的体积分数控制方程,它表达的物理意义很明显。首先体积分数的变化率与水和蒸汽的体积分数的乘积成正比。一方面水汽体积分数乘积表示两者的接触面积[23],因而体积分数的变化与水汽接触面积成正比,当两相各占一半时,发生体积分数变化的几率最大。另一方面预示体积分数变化只能发生在水汽交界面上,在纯水和纯蒸汽中,体积分数不会发生变化。其次,体积分数的变化率与水汽区域的散度差成正比,也可以说与水汽的可压缩性差异正相关,当两种物质可压缩特性相同时,体积分数的随体变化率为零。
在空化流动中,两相物质的输运和交换方程同样重要,现在较为流行的是使用多组分质量守恒方程,但需要解决相间存在速度差时两相不相容限制[9]。在本文中同样依照流体力学微元分析法,推导物质的输运和交换方程。
按式(4)定义的水的密度在∆t时间间隔内对于如图2中微元的随体改变量为
式中,ml是微元内水的质量,δm是蒸汽转变为水的质量,也就是相变量。这样有
定义单位体积内由蒸汽转变成水的速率:
这样式(12)为
同样,对于蒸汽有
这里要强调的是,式(14)和式(15)中的(∇·ul和(∇·uv分别是VlVv上散度的体积平均值,而不是V上的平均值。式(14)和式(15)结合式(10)可得
式中,V上的体积平均速度。式(16)和式(17)是水和蒸汽的质量输运和两相之间的质量转换方程。
在式(10)中并没有表现相变,也就是水和蒸汽间的质量转换对体积分数的影响,似乎很不合理。但实际上体积分数是由流场的输运来决定的,对于相变的影响需要通过速度来传递。把式(14)和式(15)分别除以水和蒸汽的密度,得到各自的速度散度,代入式(10)得
式中,ρ是混合流体密度ρ=αlρl+αvρv。当水和蒸汽都作为不可压缩流体时,可以得到:
在基于泡动力学空化模型推导过程中都会使用到这一体积分数方程[24],从中可以看到相变对体积分数的影响。从式(16)和式(17)中消去∇·也可以得到式(18),当水和蒸汽的密度不随时间变化时,同样可以得到式(18)。这些说明式(10)、式(16)和式(17)是自洽的。
很多文献中对于两相流的质量输运和转换方程采用的形式为[3-4]
与式(16)和式(17)相比,两相的输运速度采用了不同的值,这对于可压缩流体中并不合理。利用式(20)和式(21)可推得
式(22)比式(18)多了一项-αlαv(∇·ul−∇·uv)。只有在两相输运速度相同,或都为不可压缩流体时,多出的一项为0,式(22)与式(18)一致。所以式(20)和式(21)的形式写为式(16)和式(17)更为合理。
为了问题的简化,在不考虑相变的情况下,式(18)可以写为
假设水和蒸汽之间的压力达到平衡,都为p,忽略熵的变化,利用声速公式,式(23)转变为
式中,clcv分别是水和蒸汽中的声速。式(24)表明当两相流体之间存在压缩性差异时,压力的变化会引起两相流体积分数的变化。在压力增大的情况下,可压缩性强的流体体积分数变小,而可压缩性弱的流体体积分数变大。反之压力减小的情况下,可压缩性强的流体体积分数变大,而可压缩性弱的流体体积分数变小。
利用式(16)和式(17),在不考虑两相之间的质量转换情况下有
这样式(24)变为
式(26)把体积分数的演化方程与局部体积平均速度散度联系起来,这一控制方程模式现在使用得较为广泛[10-12]。如果考虑到两相之间的质量转换,式(26)变为
这是充分考虑可压缩影响和相变作用的体积分数控制方程。
使用仅包含单个球状气泡的球状流体微元来演示本文给出的体积分数计算情况。图3中半径为Rl的球状流体微元包含有一个半径为Rv的球状气泡,两者球心重合。气泡中的气体为理想气体,满足理想气体状态方程。气泡外围流体为水,为不可压缩流体。假设气泡做球对称膨胀,微元中的水同样保持球对称运动,也就是微元中各场点仅存在径向速度,且速度仅是径向坐标r的函数。如果气泡半径的变化率为,利用流体力学方程可以得到流体微元中存在式(28)所示的速度场:
水和气泡区域内的速度散度为
对于图3的流体微元,其水和气体的体积分数根据各自占有的体积可以直接计算得到
通过对时间求导,直接计算式(30)中水体积分数的随体导数为
把式(29)式和式(30)代入式(10)同样可得水体积分数随体导数:
其与式(31)是一致的,而式(22)并不能得到式(31)的结果。
本文利用流体力学微元分析方法,推导了两相可压缩流体体积分数演化方程和质量输运方程,作为两相流体力学控制方程的有效组成部分。在新的体积分数演化方程中,体积分数的随体变化率与两相流体的速度散度局部平均差值呈线性关系,同时与两相的体积分数乘积呈线性关系,表明体积分数的变化与两相流体压缩性的差异和两相流体的接触面积相关。在可压缩情况下,体积分数方程与质量输运方程是相互独立并自洽的,而在不可压缩情况下,它们是相关的,可以互相推导。在两相压力平衡条件下,体积分数变化率与混合流体的局部空间速度平均散度成线性关系,同时与相变质量转换率成线性关系。
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2025年第29卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.08.001
  • 接收时间:2025-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2025-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-17
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    中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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