Article(id=1243880301609468194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716739200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493774081, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493774081, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493774081, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493774081, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243880295267676686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='11', pageStart='1633', pageEnd='1802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493772569, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774494101943, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881676808499395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881676808499396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1666, endPage=1677, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243880301965984045, articleId=1243880301609468194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Distribution characteristics of rain field in profile wind speed and calculation of rain load on offshore platforms, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous development of large-scale offshore floating structures, the rain load of large-scale offshore floating structures in extreme environment has become one of the focus issues of designers. Based on the discrete particle model, the motion prediction of wind driven rain field was made and the distribution law of spatial characteristic parameters of rain field was quantified. The calculation formula of structural rain load was deduced, and the rain load prediction of offshore platform under different wind speed and rainfall intensity combination conditions was completed. The research results show that the rain load of offshore platforms under the action of DNV wind profile and Davenport wind spectrum follows Gamma distribution. Compared to the average wind load, when the rainfall intensity R is 800 mm/h, the significant value of rain load accounts for 5.07%, and the maximum value accounts for 8.87%; when the rainfall intensity R is 20 mm/h, the significant value of rain load accounts for 0.36%, and the maximum value accounts for 0.6%. The research results of this paper can provide guidance for the design of offshore structures and their mooring systems.

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海上浮式结构物不断向大型化发展,极端环境中大型海上浮式结构物的雨载荷已成为设计人员关注的焦点问题之一。本文基于离散粒子模型,开展风驱雨场运动预报,量化雨场空间特征参数分布规律;推导结构雨载荷的计算公式,完成海洋平台不同风速和降雨强度组合工况下雨载荷的预报。研究表明:采用DNV风剖面和Davenport风谱作用下的海洋平台雨载荷服从Gamma分布;相较于平均风载荷,当降雨强度R=800 mm/h时,雨载荷三一值占比为5.07%,最大值占比为8.87%;当降雨强度R=20 mm/h,雨载荷三一值占比为0.36%,最大值占比为0.6%。本文研究成果可为海上结构物及其系泊系统设计提供指导。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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凌宏杰(1985-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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凌宏杰(1985-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880301609468194, language=CN, label=图17, caption=海洋平台雨载荷占比图, figureFileSmall=tw1A7EPtvyHnDfsZWeITYA==, figureFileBig=ttVft3Mxsi0UYWAaUuagNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243880319590449172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880301609468194, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Typhoon rating

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类别热带低压热带风暴强热带风暴台风强台风超强台风
风级6~78~910~1112~1314~15≥16
风速/(m·s-110.8~17.117.2~24.424.5~32.632.7~41.441.5~50.9≥51
), ArticleFig(id=1243880319695306774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880301609468194, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

台风等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别热带低压热带风暴强热带风暴台风强台风超强台风
风级6~78~910~1112~1314~15≥16
风速/(m·s-110.8~17.117.2~24.424.5~32.632.7~41.441.5~50.9≥51
), ArticleFig(id=1243880319774998552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880301609468194, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Rainfall intensity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨类型小雨中雨大雨暴雨大暴雨
极值
日雨强/(mm·d-10.1-1010-2525-5050-100200
小时雨强/(mm·h-1<2.52.5-88-1616-3264100200709.2
), ArticleFig(id=1243880319858884635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880301609468194, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

降雨强度等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨类型小雨中雨大雨暴雨大暴雨
极值
日雨强/(mm·d-10.1-1010-2525-5050-100200
小时雨强/(mm·h-1<2.52.5-88-1616-3264100200709.2
), ArticleFig(id=1243880319963742235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880301609468194, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

DSD parameters

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DSDζN0/(m-3·mm-1)Λ/mm-1
MP080004.1R-0.21
09057R0.1774.37R-0.176
Gamma31.19×105R-0.3526.78R-0.176
61.44×106R-0.8809.16R-0.176
), ArticleFig(id=1243880320068599837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880301609468194, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

DSD参数表[19]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DSDζN0/(m-3·mm-1)Λ/mm-1
MP080004.1R-0.21
09057R0.1774.37R-0.176
Gamma31.19×105R-0.3526.78R-0.176
61.44×106R-0.8809.16R-0.176
), ArticleFig(id=1243880320160874527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880301609468194, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of maximum velocity ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
雨滴直径D/mm0.250.51.02.05.0
Choi[25]1.01.21.61.71.9
γFu[23]1.061.111.21.341.71
式(23)1.071.131.231.401.84
), ArticleFig(id=1243880320274120737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880301609468194, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

最大速度比对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
雨滴直径D/mm0.250.51.02.05.0
Choi[25]1.01.21.61.71.9
γFu[23]1.061.111.21.341.71
式(23)1.071.131.231.401.84
), ArticleFig(id=1243880320358006819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880301609468194, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Wind resistance of offshore platform

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速迎风面积风阻力Fw/kN空气密度风阻系数Cw
V/(m·s-1A/m2DNV规范CFDρa/(kg·m-3DNV规范CFD
4010 55810 3891.0231.0067
3010 750.29593958261.21.0231.0036
20263925881.0231.0033
106606471.0231.0038
), ArticleFig(id=1243880320433504293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880301609468194, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

海洋平台风阻系数计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风速迎风面积风阻力Fw/kN空气密度风阻系数Cw
V/(m·s-1A/m2DNV规范CFDρa/(kg·m-3DNV规范CFD
4010 55810 3891.0231.0067
3010 750.29593958261.21.0231.0036
20263925881.0231.0033
106606471.0231.0038
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剖面风速下雨场分布特性及海洋平台雨载荷计算研究
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凌宏杰 1 , 王志东 1 , 程小明 2 , 丁军 2
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(11): 1666-1677
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(11): 1666-1677
剖面风速下雨场分布特性及海洋平台雨载荷计算研究
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凌宏杰1 , 王志东1, 程小明2, 丁军2
作者信息
  • 1.江苏科技大学,江苏 镇江 212003
  • 2.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 凌宏杰(1985-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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通讯作者,E-mail:
Distribution characteristics of rain field in profile wind speed and calculation of rain load on offshore platforms
Hong-jie LING1 , Zhi-dong WANG1, Xiao-ming CHENG2, Jun DING2
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
  • 2.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2024-11-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.004
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海上浮式结构物不断向大型化发展,极端环境中大型海上浮式结构物的雨载荷已成为设计人员关注的焦点问题之一。本文基于离散粒子模型,开展风驱雨场运动预报,量化雨场空间特征参数分布规律;推导结构雨载荷的计算公式,完成海洋平台不同风速和降雨强度组合工况下雨载荷的预报。研究表明:采用DNV风剖面和Davenport风谱作用下的海洋平台雨载荷服从Gamma分布;相较于平均风载荷,当降雨强度R=800 mm/h时,雨载荷三一值占比为5.07%,最大值占比为8.87%;当降雨强度R=20 mm/h,雨载荷三一值占比为0.36%,最大值占比为0.6%。本文研究成果可为海上结构物及其系泊系统设计提供指导。

雨场  /  雨载荷  /  海洋平台  /  比捕获率

With the continuous development of large-scale offshore floating structures, the rain load of large-scale offshore floating structures in extreme environment has become one of the focus issues of designers. Based on the discrete particle model, the motion prediction of wind driven rain field was made and the distribution law of spatial characteristic parameters of rain field was quantified. The calculation formula of structural rain load was deduced, and the rain load prediction of offshore platform under different wind speed and rainfall intensity combination conditions was completed. The research results show that the rain load of offshore platforms under the action of DNV wind profile and Davenport wind spectrum follows Gamma distribution. Compared to the average wind load, when the rainfall intensity R is 800 mm/h, the significant value of rain load accounts for 5.07%, and the maximum value accounts for 8.87%; when the rainfall intensity R is 20 mm/h, the significant value of rain load accounts for 0.36%, and the maximum value accounts for 0.6%. The research results of this paper can provide guidance for the design of offshore structures and their mooring systems.

rain field  /  rain load  /  offshore platform  /  specific capture rate
凌宏杰, 王志东, 程小明, 丁军. 剖面风速下雨场分布特性及海洋平台雨载荷计算研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (11) : 1666 -1677 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.004
Hong-jie LING, Zhi-dong WANG, Xiao-ming CHENG, Jun DING. Distribution characteristics of rain field in profile wind speed and calculation of rain load on offshore platforms[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (11) : 1666 -1677 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.004
风驱雨(WDR)[1]是指雨滴从云层中形成并在下降过程中在风场的驱动作用下具有水平速度的雨滴。雨滴下落过程中,受到重力、空气阻力、风拖曳力及表面张力共同作用。脉动风速的时变特性导致雨滴在运动过程中受力处于不平衡状态,因此雨滴运动末速度具有不确定性,雨滴与结构发生碰撞将自身动能转换为结构压能,形成雨载荷。
国内外学者在雨滴空间运动及风驱雨场现场实测的研究成果较多[2-5],研究了雨场的空间分布规律,但风驱雨载荷研究成果较少。由于实验室环境中风雨耦合场的发生与可控难度系数高,公开的雨载荷试验数据较少,主流采用计算流体力学的连续相与离散相模型双向耦合算法开展结构雨载荷的研究工作。Abadie和Mendes[6]研究了湍流对风驱雨的影响,结果表明湍流可以忽略;Li等[7]提出了一种雨荷载的模拟方法,采用输电塔进行风、雨荷载作用下的响应分析,模拟结果表明,风荷载和雨荷载作用下的位移均大于风荷载作用下的位移,说明雨荷载不可忽略;柯世堂等[8-11]与付兴等[12-13]开展了高层建筑、输电塔、冷却塔等结构雨载荷数值预报研究,研究结果表明,雨载荷与降雨强度密切相关,随着降雨强度的增加,雨载荷在风载荷的占比不断增加。海上浮式结构物易遭受极端天气的侵袭,极端环境中海上结构物雨载荷的量化计算尚无公开文献报道,海上大尺度、高耸结构的雨载荷贡献量开始受到设计人员的关注。
国际惯例依据其中心附近的最大风力对台风分级,如表1所示(数据来自中国气象局)。降雨强度是描述降雨强弱的重要指标,用I表示,通常用年、月、日、小时等统计时间长度的降雨量来表示,因此单位有mm/24h、mm/h等。表2所示为降雨强度等级[14],可分为小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨、大暴雨,依据是24小时降雨量和1小时降雨量。
本文基于离散粒子模型开展风驱雨场运动预报,量化剖面风速作用下雨场特征参数分布规律;推导结构雨载荷计算公式,自主开发预报程序,以某海洋平台为例,开展不同风速和降雨强度组合工况下海洋平台雨载荷的计算与分析。研究成果对指导海洋平台及其系泊系统设计具有重要的意义。
雨滴谱可以用MP分布[15]、对数正态分布[16]和Gamma分布[17]等函数来描述,其中MP和Gamma分布最为常用。MP分布是Marshall和Palmer于1948年提出,其形式为
Gamma分布是在MP分布中引入一个形状因子ζ
式中,ND)为单位尺度间隔、单位体积内的雨滴数;N0表示浓度;Λ是尺度参数,与降雨强度R(mm·h-1)有关;D为雨滴直径。
MP与Gamma谱的参数选取见表3。由图1可以看出,与MP DSD相比[19],由于形状因子ζ的存在,Gamma模型能够更准确地表达小直径雨滴特征,而小雨滴比大直径雨滴更常见。Kumar等[18]研究表明:当μ=3时,Gamma模型与实际降雨吻合较好。R=100 mm/h和R=709.2 mm/h降雨计算结果如图1所示,其他降雨量没有给出,结果与图1相似。
雨滴分布函数选取Gamma(3)分布。从图2图3可以看出,单位体积内雨滴数量随着降雨强度R的增加而增加,雨滴尺度从小直径向大直径过渡,但雨场内雨滴直径普遍小于5.0 mm,即使在降雨强度R=709.2 mm/h的极端降雨条件下,直径大于5.0 mm的雨滴数量也极少,雨滴直径分布主要集中于0.5~3.0 mm区间内。
Choi [20]提出的风驱雨中雨滴粒子的运动方程为
式中:Re为雷诺数;ρa为空气密度,ρa=1.2 kg/m3ρw为雨滴密度,ρw=998 kg/m3μ为动力粘度系数;g为重力加速度;UVW分别表示风速在xyz方向的分量;m为雨滴的质量;CD表示雨滴阻力系数,与其直径D有关。根据Gunn和Kinzer(1949)[21]给出的等效雨滴直径0.1~5.8 mm阻力系数试验结果,对试验结果拟合得到式(4)。Van Mook(2002)[22]研究表明:当雨滴直径大于6 mm时,雨滴表面张力无法维持其形态,运动过程中会出现破碎现象。
将式(5)和式(6)代入式(3),得
自编程采用有限元的方法求解式(7)即可得到雨滴的加速度、速度及位移。
为研究风驱雨场中不同直径雨滴粒子运动特性,定义比捕获率和速度比[23]如下:
式中:RvD)和RhD)为自由空间内分别通过垂直面和水平面的降雨强度,与雨滴直径D有关;VhHD)为雨滴通过某一高度时的水平速度,与雨滴直径D和高度H有关;VH)为风速,与高度H有关。当风速VH)=0时,式(8)和式(9)无意义,雨场为雨滴落体运动,不在本文讨论范围。
比捕获率是指在垂直面和水平面内降雨强度的比值,即雨滴通量Q在垂直面和水平面的比值,如图4所示。
图5所示,剖面风场驱动下雨滴水平速度与风速关系为
将式(11)代入式(10),得
均匀风场中γ=1,即雨滴水平速度与驱动风速一致。
由第1章可知:在相同降雨强度R情况下,选取不同雨滴谱型,单位体积空间内部雨滴的直径及其对应的雨滴数量完全不同;如给定降雨强度和雨滴谱型,则单位体积内可离散出m种不同直径的雨滴Di,对应的数量为nDi)。
降雨强度可表达为
降雨强度R是不同直径雨滴对应降雨强度RDi)构成的集合:R = {RD1),RD2),…,RDm)},i = 1,2,…,mVDi)是雨滴垂直于雨滴谱面的速度。
选取任意雨滴直径情况下,式(10)与式(14)相等,可导出
比捕获率η是不同直径雨滴ηDi)构成的集合:η = {ηD1),ηD2),…,ηDm)}。
由式(15)可知,大尺度风雨场得到充分发展后,在垂直面内和水平面内的降雨强度相等。
假设雨滴撞击后速度为零,则单个圆球形雨滴对固壁撞击力,可由冲量定理[23]根据雨滴尺寸和质量、末速度和撞击时间计算:
式中,τ为碰撞时间。
作用到结构物上的雨滴数采用垂直面上的雨滴谱。假设单位体积流量的所有雨滴都作用到结构物上,则水平方向上单位体积的雨载荷为
时间τ内通过结构物的降雨体积流量为
结构物水平方向上雨载荷为
结构物水平方向上雨压为
式中:A为结构物迎风投影面积;α为结构物的形状系数,镂空结构取2.0,封闭结构取1.0,遮蔽结构参照风场的遮蔽系数选取;VHt)表示时变风速。注意式(17)~(20)对雨载荷的计算忽略了结构物对风场的改变而引起的雨场分布不均匀现象。
基于Matlab软件平台,自编程序根据公式(2)雨滴谱离散雨场,采用DNV风剖面见式(21),采用有限元方法求解式(7)~(20)完成风驱雨场雨滴空间特征参数、结构雨压和雨载荷的计算。
DNV《Environmental Conditions and Environmental Loads》[24]风速剖面表达式如下:
式中,V10为距海平面10 m高度的时均风速,选取10/20/30/40 m/s;H为距海平面的高度,取200 m。设200 m以上的高空风速均与200 m处的速度相同,当雨滴落到200 m处时,水平速度达到与水平风速相同,下落末速度Vf达到稳定值,雨滴末速度的计算公式由Van Mook(2002)[22]采用Gunn和Kinzer (1949)[21]试验数据拟合如下:
剖面风场中雨滴运动的示意如图6所示,计算的不同雨滴直径和风速驱动下的雨滴水平速度比绘制成图7。从图中可以看出,速度比与雨滴直径成正比,与高度成反比,与基本风速无关。推导出速度比的拟合公式为
图8给出了公式(23)对雨滴速度比拟合图,可以看出拟合值与原始数据具有良好的一致性,计算的不同直径雨滴速度比最大值与公开文献的对比见表4,具有良好的一致性。综上表明,公式(23)是正确的。
设波动风速的方程为
参数选取如下:V0=20 m/s,A=B=3 m/s,ω1=0.314,ω2=0.628。
图9可以看出:雨滴对风速的追随效应随着直径的增加而减小,直径小于1.0 mm的雨滴几乎随风速同步变化;大直径雨滴自身质量较大,惯量力作用下对风速变化的感知具有滞后性,追随性较差,波动风速下易出现雨滴速度大于风速现象。这为下文解释水平方向雨滴速度比提供了支撑。
以DNV二维风速剖面为例,V10=10 m/s,雨滴谱选取Gamma(3),降雨强度R=100 mm/h,雨滴直径D=0.5~6.0 mm,间隔0.1 mm离散雨场,在30 m高空设置1 m3降雨区(初始生成雨场内雨滴垂向速度达到最大末速度,水平速度与风速一致,模拟高空运动达到该区域的状态)。Z=0时表示雨滴已落地,X>80 m时超出计算边界,计算得到的剖面风场驱动下雨场的分布见图10。从图中可以看出:(1)由图10(a)可知,水平风速驱动下雨场空间运动过程中存在明显的分层和扩散现象,相较于小直径雨滴,大直径雨滴的垂直下落末速度大,水平追随性差,处于下层,小直径雨滴处于上层;(2)由图10(b)可知,剖面风速作用下雨滴水平方向速度比γ随雨滴直径增大而增大,且越靠近地面γ越大;由于剖面风速随高度的减小而减小,且雨滴对风速的追随性随直径的增加而变弱,雨滴在惯性力作用下对风速变化的感知具有延迟效应,出现雨滴运动速度大于风速现象(与Chio[25]观测结果一致);(3)由图10(c)可知,小直径雨滴垂直方向下落末速度小,水平方向对风速追随性好,因此,小直径雨滴的比捕获率η明显大于大直径雨滴,在极端高风速作用下η可能大于10;(4)由图10(d)可知,高空单位体积的雨场在风速驱动下出现分层和扩散现象,这是由于降雨具有大尺度、长时序特征;除降雨的边界区域外,整个雨场得到充分发展,在垂直面和水平面的降雨强度相等,印证了公式(15)。
海洋平台的结构形式如图11,结构形式类似为心形状,前后建筑物存在遮蔽效应,水面以上高H=44 m,总长L=400.0 m,总宽B=400.0 m,极端海况时利用风标效应单点系泊于心尖位置,本次计算的海洋平台迎风面形状见图12,采用图像识别,从自由面至顶端分割成242份,ΔH=0.1818 m。图13给出了海洋平台不同高度对应的迎风面积,高度30 m以上为贝壳剧场顶部,受风面积比较小,高度30 m以下结构较为丰满,对应的面积较大,贝壳剧场对后方结构遮蔽系数选取0.5。
选取DNV风速剖面见式(21),海平面10 m处的时均风速V10=10,20,30,40 m/s,波动风谱采用Davenport,截断频率为5 Hz,频率分割数为1024。雨滴谱选取Gamma(3),降雨强度R=20,100,200,300,400,500,600,700,800 mm/h。计算时间步长Δt=0.5 s,时长t=3600 s。
图14给出了海洋平台不同高度的雨压及雨载荷历时曲线图。从图中可以看出:(1)雨场的水平方向动能主要来自于风场,雨压与雨场动能正相关,因此雨压和雨载荷随风速的变化而变化;(2)剖面风速作用下雨压随高度降低而减小;(3)海洋平台高度30 m以上结构雨压较大,但迎风面积小,因此雨载荷较小。将不同海洋平台不同高度产生的水平方向雨载荷沿高度方向积分,即可得到海洋平台水平方向雨载荷。
图15给出了海洋平台雨载荷的概率密度函数拟合图,计算过程中风场时变,雨场时变(满足降雨强度和谱型),因此海洋平台水平方向雨载荷时变,对计算的7200个雨载荷样本点(分成100份)进行概率统计,发现其服从Gamma分布,概率密度分布函数为
式中,a为形状参数,b为逆尺度参数,均值μ=a/b,方差σ2=a/b2
图16给出的海洋平台雨载荷概率分布图可以看出,雨载荷整体服从Gamma概率分布,但在极值附近的概率预测偏小。
将海洋平台雨载荷并入风载荷统一考虑,引入ΔCw修正项,定义如下:
因此,海洋平台风雨联合作用载荷计算公式可表达为
式中,Cw为风阻系数。当风速V10=10、20、30、40 m/s时,雷诺数达到108量级,远超临界雷诺数,风速对风阻系数Cw影响不大,详见表5,本文选取CFD计算结果。
对海洋平台所有工况的雨载荷按照公式(26)处理得到雨载荷系数,以降雨强度R为横坐标,以雨载荷系数ΔCw与风载荷Cw的比值为纵坐标,绘制成图17。由图17(a)可知,不同降雨强度下风速对雨载荷系数ΔCw的影响较小。对雨载荷历时曲线进行统计,选取平均值Frm、三一值Fr1/3、十一值Fr1/10、百一值Fr1/100和最大值FrM为分析对象,将相同降雨强度的不同速度下的雨载荷系数取平均值,绘制成图17(b)。由图17(b)可以看出:
(1)降雨强度对雨载荷占比影响较大,雨载荷占比随降雨强度的增加而增加。
(2)当降雨强度R=800 mm/h时,雨载荷三一值占比5.07%,最大值占比8.87%;当降雨强度R=20 mm/h时,雨载荷三一值占比0.36%,最大值占比0.6%。
研究结果表明:常规状态下,暴雨引起的雨载荷占比小于0.6%,属于小量可忽略。当考虑海洋平台极端环境中极端载荷时,雨载荷占比可达8.87%,且雨压中心点位置高,将产生较大力矩,对海洋平台的系泊系统和运动均产生影响,不可忽略。因此,对有原地抗台要求的海洋结构物及其系泊系统设计则需考虑雨载荷的贡献量。设计中考虑雨载荷选取三一值较合理,相当于保证率是13.5%的雨载荷。
本文基于离散粒子模型,完成了风驱雨场运动预报,给出DNV剖面风速作用下雨场特征参数分布规律;推导了结构雨载荷计算方法,并完成预报程序的自主开发,以某海洋平台为例完成了雨载荷的计算与分析。得到的主要结论如下:
(1)降雨具有大尺度、长时序特征,充分发展的雨场在垂直面和水平面的降雨强度相等。
(2)剖面风速作用下雨滴水平方向速度比γ随雨滴直径增大而增大,且越靠近地面γ越大。
(3)DNV风速剖面,波动风谱Davenport驱动下海洋平台雨载荷服从Gamma分布,累积概率不超过95%服从Gamma分布良好,极值附近出现离散现象。
(4)常规状态下,暴雨引起的雨载荷占比小于0.6%,属于小量可忽略。当考虑海洋平台极端环境中极端载荷时,雨载荷占比可达8.87%,不可忽略。
  • 国家高技术船舶科研项目(工业和信息化部[2019]357)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.004
  • 接收时间:2024-05-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-27
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国家高技术船舶科研项目(工业和信息化部[2019]357)
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    1.江苏科技大学,江苏 镇江 212003
    2.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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