Article(id=1243880300242121306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716134400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493773755, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493773755, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493773755, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493773755, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243880295267676686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='11', pageStart='1633', pageEnd='1802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493772569, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774494101943, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881676808499395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881676808499396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1700, endPage=1709, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243880300581859937, articleId=1243880300242121306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Analysis of load and stress on the column structure of offshore platform in the extreme wave environment, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the open-source computational fluid dynamics software OpenFOAM was used to simulate the effect of plunging breaker waves and non-breaking waves on the typical column of an offshore platform in the extreme ocean environment. The purpose was to compare and analyze the variation of wave loads and structural stress in the column under the above two wave types. The motion of the fluids was simulated based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations combined with k-ω SST turbulence model. The numerical results show that the breaking wave load on the column is much higher than the non-breaking wave load under the same design wave parameter input. The maximum stress values for each structure of the column under non-breaking wave loads are less than the yield limit of material. However, under the plunging breaker load, the maximum stress of some structures exceeds the yield limit of materials and cannot meet the requirements of structural safety. Therefore, the impact of breaking wave load on structural strength should be considered in the safety design of marine structures to ensure that the structure has sufficient safety margins.

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本文利用开源计算流体力学软件OpenFOAM,数值模拟极限海浪环境下卷破波浪和非破碎波浪对海洋平台立柱的影响,目的是对比分析立柱在上述两种波浪类型下的波浪载荷及结构应力的变化情况。基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程结合k-ω SST湍流模型对流体质点运动方程进行求解。通过数值结果发现,在相同设计波浪参数输入下,作用在海洋平台立柱上的卷破波浪载荷远远高于非破碎波浪载荷。立柱各个结构在非破碎波浪载荷作用下的最大应力值均小于材料的屈服极限。然而,在卷破波浪载荷作用下,部分结构受到的最大应力超过了材料的屈服极限,不满足结构安全要求。因此,在海洋结构物安全设计中需要考虑卷破波浪载荷对结构强度的影响,以确保结构具有足够的安全裕度。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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曲森(1993-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

任慧龙(1965-),男,博士,教授

王希坤(1972-),男,博士,教授

史鸿博(1992-),男,博士,教授。

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Parameters of design wave

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名称符号/单位数值
波高Hs/m13.8
波浪周期T/s16.4
), ArticleFig(id=1243880312061669549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880300242121306, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

设计波参数

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名称符号/单位数值
波高Hs/m13.8
波浪周期T/s16.4
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极限海浪环境下海洋平台立柱结构载荷及应力分析研究
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曲森 1, 2 , 任慧龙 3 , 王希坤 1 , 史鸿博 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(11): 1700-1709
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(11): 1700-1709
极限海浪环境下海洋平台立柱结构载荷及应力分析研究
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曲森1, 2 , 任慧龙3, 王希坤1, 史鸿博1
作者信息
  • 1.江苏大学 流体机械工程技术研究中心,江苏 镇江 212013
  • 2.江苏大学 流体机械温岭研究院,浙江 温岭 317522
  • 3.哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 曲森(1993-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

    任慧龙(1965-),男,博士,教授

    王希坤(1972-),男,博士,教授

    史鸿博(1992-),男,博士,教授。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Analysis of load and stress on the column structure of offshore platform in the extreme wave environment
Sen QU1, 2 , Hui-long REN3, Xi-kun WANG1, Hong-bo SHI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  • 2.Wenling Fluid Machinery Technology Institute of Jiangsu University, Wenling 317522, China
  • 3.College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2024-11-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.007
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本文利用开源计算流体力学软件OpenFOAM,数值模拟极限海浪环境下卷破波浪和非破碎波浪对海洋平台立柱的影响,目的是对比分析立柱在上述两种波浪类型下的波浪载荷及结构应力的变化情况。基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程结合k-ω SST湍流模型对流体质点运动方程进行求解。通过数值结果发现,在相同设计波浪参数输入下,作用在海洋平台立柱上的卷破波浪载荷远远高于非破碎波浪载荷。立柱各个结构在非破碎波浪载荷作用下的最大应力值均小于材料的屈服极限。然而,在卷破波浪载荷作用下,部分结构受到的最大应力超过了材料的屈服极限,不满足结构安全要求。因此,在海洋结构物安全设计中需要考虑卷破波浪载荷对结构强度的影响,以确保结构具有足够的安全裕度。

卷破波浪  /  雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程  /  湍流模型  /  破碎波浪载荷  /  海洋平台

In this paper, the open-source computational fluid dynamics software OpenFOAM was used to simulate the effect of plunging breaker waves and non-breaking waves on the typical column of an offshore platform in the extreme ocean environment. The purpose was to compare and analyze the variation of wave loads and structural stress in the column under the above two wave types. The motion of the fluids was simulated based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations combined with k-ω SST turbulence model. The numerical results show that the breaking wave load on the column is much higher than the non-breaking wave load under the same design wave parameter input. The maximum stress values for each structure of the column under non-breaking wave loads are less than the yield limit of material. However, under the plunging breaker load, the maximum stress of some structures exceeds the yield limit of materials and cannot meet the requirements of structural safety. Therefore, the impact of breaking wave load on structural strength should be considered in the safety design of marine structures to ensure that the structure has sufficient safety margins.

plunging breaker wave  /  Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation  /  turbulence model  /  breaking wave force  /  offshore platform
曲森, 任慧龙, 王希坤, 史鸿博. 极限海浪环境下海洋平台立柱结构载荷及应力分析研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (11) : 1700 -1709 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.007
Sen QU, Hui-long REN, Xi-kun WANG, Hong-bo SHI. Analysis of load and stress on the column structure of offshore platform in the extreme wave environment[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (11) : 1700 -1709 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.007
极限条件下的结构安全性是海洋工程装备正常运行的前提和基础。对此,船级社的海洋平台规范给出了结构设计载荷条件和相应的强度衡准。按照规范[1],海洋平台的极限波浪载荷是根据平台作业海域的海况条件以及使用寿命换算出的设计波来计算,而采用的设计波是波面保持一定完整形态无翻卷破碎现象的波浪模型。然而,在实际海洋环境中,较大的波浪会发生翻卷破碎现象。当翻卷破碎波浪类型为卷破波浪时,波峰前端处的水粒子具有较大水平速度,作用于结构时会产生很大的冲击力。已有的研究和观测结果表明[2],这种冲击载荷显著大于同样波高完整形态波浪模型给出的波浪载荷,会对结构的安全性造成威胁。这也是海洋结构物在满足规范标准下依然出现安全事故的原因之一。因此,对翻卷波浪引起海洋平台结构载荷特性的研究是非常必要的。图1显示了目标平台的有限元模型,由于其甲板离水面较高,翻卷波浪砰击不到甲板。下浮筒结构以及横撑处于静水面以下,受到的破碎波浪载荷较小。而立柱处于两相(空气和水)流体中,会受到最大的破碎波浪冲击。因此,对平台立柱结构波浪载荷及应力分析尤为关键。
Esandi等[2]对通过垂直圆柱体的破碎波和非破碎波进行了试验研究,试验结果表明,与非破碎波相比,破碎波浪对圆柱产生的作用力更大。Sawaragi等[3]对垂直圆柱上的破碎波浪载荷进行了试验研究,指出破碎波浪前端的形状决定了砰击力的上升时间,砰击力的幅值取决于波浪破碎模式和波浪破碎点的位置,当波浪破碎类型由崩破波变化为卷破波时,圆柱上水平波浪力载荷的峰值显著增加[4]。许多学者[5-8]通过试验或数值模拟方法研究了波浪破碎位置对波浪载荷的影响,他们指出当波浪在圆柱体前面附近破碎时,圆柱遭受最大的水平破碎波浪力。李芙蓉等[9]用经验公式对直立钢管上的破碎波浪冲击力进行了计算,并对钢管进行了应力分析,结果表明,波浪发生破碎时钢管上的应力远大于波浪未发生破碎时的应力。
在数值模拟波浪传播时,水和空气视为不可压缩粘性流体,其运动通过开源计算流体力学软件OpenFOAM求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程获得:
式中,ui是流体平均速度分量,p_rgh代表减掉静压后的压力,ρν分别是流体的密度和运动粘性系数。是雷诺应力分量,通过Boussinesq涡粘性假设可以表示为
这里的kνt分别是湍动能和湍流运动粘度,δij是克罗内克函数。
由于引用Boussinesq涡粘性假设,导致RANS方程并不封闭。因此需要额外的运输方程来使RANS方程封闭,从而进行速度、压力等参数求解。Brown等[10]研究发现,由Menter等提出的k-ω SST湍流模型在预测翻卷波浪波高变化方面有着优异的性能,因此,本文采用k-ω SST湍流模型进行模拟。两个输运方程湍动能k和单位湍动能耗散率ω的表达式分别为
上述方程中变量参数的定义及常数可以参考文献[11],而相关模型的验证研究工作可参考文献[12]。
海洋平台立柱横剖面如图2所示,结构外形尺寸为18.5 m和19.25 m,四个顶点为倒圆角设计,立柱高为25 m。根据DNVGL-RP-C103[1]平台规范,设计波参数如表1所示。目前不考虑平台运动的影响,立柱做刚性固定处理。现分别数值模拟破碎波浪和非破碎波浪对立柱的作用,对比其波浪特征、载荷差异及局部压力变化。
图3是两种波浪类型下数值波浪水槽的示意图。立柱的中轴线与斜坡末端点重合,如图3(a)所示。数值波浪水槽工作区域长686 m,宽130 m和高70 m,水深为31.425 m。水槽两端设有波浪生成区和吸收区,长度分别为两个波长。水池底部斜坡尺寸为186 m长和18.6 m高,斜率为1:10。立柱的吃水深度为12.825 m。入射波浪参数为上述中的生存设计波参数(波高为13.8 m,周期为16.4 s),根据Méhauté [13]的波浪理论,其波浪类型为斯托克斯五阶波浪。在以上参数设置条件下破碎波浪类型为卷破波浪,同时波浪破碎点在立柱附近,保证在立柱上产生最大的水平波浪力。而在非破碎波浪条件下,入射波浪类型为斯托克斯二阶波浪,数值水池深度调整为137 m(图3(b)),以满足无限水深条件,避免水池底部对波浪的影响。其他参数与图3(a)保持一致,水池底部无斜坡。立柱吃水深度依然为12.825 m,以便后续进行波浪载荷比较。水和空气的交界面采用流体体积法[14]进行捕捉。
数值波浪水槽的边界条件设置如下:(1)在入口边界处,水的速度根据波动理论给出,而空气的速度设为零,压力设为零法向梯度边界条件;(2)在出口边界,水和空气的速度都设为零,压力为零法向梯度条件;(3)在数值水槽的底部和立柱表面,速度采用无滑移条件,同时在这些边界上采用了壁面函数来模拟边界层流动特性,数值水槽的前后边界设置为对称(symmetry)边界条件;(4)在数值水槽顶部边界,入口流的速度由面法向的通量计算,出口流的速度设为零法向梯度边界条件。
采用有限体积法对Navier-Stokes控制方程进行离散,PISO-SIMPLE(PIMPLE)算法用于处理压力与速度耦合问题,时间导数用二阶精度隐式Crank-Nicolson格式求解,对流项采用二阶精度高斯积分与线性插值相结合的方法离散,扩散项采用二阶精度高斯线性格式离散,采用基于对角线的不完全Cholesky(DIC)预调节器的广义几何代数多重网格(GAMG)数值方法求解压力方程。一个波长内设置250个网格,一个波高内设置30个网格,近壁面第一层网格厚度为0.003DD为立柱宽度),使无量纲壁面距离y+y+ =dnut/ν,其中dn为到壁面的法向距离,ut为摩擦速度,ν为运动粘度)在40~150范围内。采用基于最大库朗数0.5的自适应时间步长方法控制时间步长。上述设置保证了网格和时间步长的收敛,更多收敛性分析研究见Qu等[12]的文章。
图4是卷破波浪和非破碎波浪(斯托克斯二阶波浪)通过立柱时自由液面的变化以及同一时刻下立柱前表面受到的压力云图。图4(a)显示了波浪在到达立柱处发生翻卷,在波峰处水粒子具有较高的水平速度砰击立柱表面,因此在立柱表面留下压力分布呈现局部大周围小的分布特点,压力最大值的部位是翻卷的波峰与立柱接触的区域。对于非破碎波来说,波浪通过立柱时,波峰的水平速度远远小于翻卷产生的波峰水平速度。同等入射波浪条件下,翻卷破碎波的波峰水平速度大约是非破碎波波峰水平速度的5倍。考虑到静水压力的影响,非破碎波浪条件下在立柱表面的压力分布呈现从上到下依次增大的特点,最大砰击压力约为卷破波情况下的三分之一。
图5显示了一个波浪周期内立柱在不同波浪类型下受到的水平波浪力的变化情况。当立柱经历破碎波浪作用时(图5(a)),水平波浪力从较小的值迅速增加到最大值,之后快速减少,产生一个尖锐的峰值。从整体上看,破碎波下水平波浪力在一个波浪周期内几乎是正向的,负向水平波浪力的值很小,与正向的波浪力相比几乎可以忽略不计。对于非破碎波浪来说(图5(b)),立柱受到的水平波浪力在一个波浪周期内先增大、后减小、再增大,呈现周期性变化。同时波浪力曲线变化光顺,没有尖锐的拐点产生,正向和负向的值几乎相等,这符合规则波(斯托克斯二阶波)下水平破浪力的作用特性。比较破碎波下和非破碎波下水平波浪力的峰值可以看出,二者相差巨大,前者大约是后者的6倍。这就说明在同等入射波浪条件下,波浪如果发生翻卷破碎,产生的波浪载荷将会大幅增加。因此在极限恶劣海况下,对破碎波浪载荷进行结构应力分析是必要的。
图6显示了目标平台立柱的有限元模型,立柱的钢材型号采用AH32型钢,屈服强度在315 MPa之间,材料密度为7.85×103 kg/m3,弹性模量E=206 000 MPa,泊松比为0.3,材料假设为理想弹塑性模型。
现将破碎波和非破碎波作用下,水平波浪力峰值时刻下的压力分布加载到立柱的有限元模型上,上下边界条件采用刚性固定,采用静力方法对平台立柱结构进行应力分析。
图7显示了立柱外板在不同波浪载荷下的应力云图。破碎波浪下的应力主要集中在迎浪表面,其他表面应力值相对较低。最大的应力值为97.1 MPa,发生在破碎波浪波峰前端与立柱接触区域附近。而非破碎波浪下应力在各个方向上分布相对均匀,且随着立柱吃水深度的增加也逐渐增加。最大的应力发生在迎浪表面且位于下端部位,应力值为36.8 MPa。对于立柱外板来说,破碎波浪下的应力值是非破碎波浪下应力值的2.64倍。
图8显示了立柱外板加强筋在破碎波浪下和非破碎波浪下的应力云图。在破碎波浪下外板加强筋最大的应力值为323 MPa,几乎超过材料的屈服极限,结构会发生损坏。同时远远高于非破碎波浪下应力值104 MPa。
图9显示了立柱内板的应力云图。破碎波浪下(左侧)的应力最大值为113 MPa,非破碎波浪下(右侧)的应力最大值为41.7 MPa。应力最大位置均在迎浪面且位于中轴上,这主要是因为外板遭受的波浪载荷通过中间夹层支撑结构传递到内板所致。对于中间夹层支撑结构来说,其受到的应力如图10所示。破碎波和非破碎波下应力最大值均在中间纵向桁材上,分别为115 MPa和37.6 MPa。
水平环向框架受到不同波浪载荷的应力分布如图11所示。与外板应力分布规律相似,破碎波浪下的最大应力发生在砰击点附近的环向框架上且集中在前表面,其最大值为113 MPa。而非破碎波浪下的应力在整个环向分布都很均匀,随着吃水深度的增加逐渐变大,最大的应力值为41.7 MPa。
图12图13分别显示了甲板平台和舱壁在不同波浪载荷下的应力云图。对于甲板平台来说,破碎波浪载荷下应力主要集中于下方甲板平台且靠近迎浪面这一侧,最大值为42.1 MPa。非破碎波浪载荷下依然是下方甲板平台的应力大于上方甲板平台的应力,但下方甲板平台上的应力分布均衡,最大应力值为24.3 MPa。对于舱壁,破碎波作用下最大应力(118 MPa)是非破碎波作用下最大应力值(41.7 MPa)的2.83倍。
综合以上分析,波浪载荷类型不同,对结构造成的最大应力值以及最危险的位置也会产生差异。对于目前研究的算例来说,在同等的设计波参数输入条件下,破碎波载荷对立柱造成的应力大约是非破碎波载荷的3倍。因此,在海洋结构物安全设计中,建议添加卷破波浪对立柱作用的计算工况,考虑卷破波浪载荷对结构强度的影响,以确保结构具有足够的安全裕度。
本文利用开源计算流体力学软件OpenFOAM进行数值模拟,分别研究了卷破波浪和非破碎波浪对海洋平台立柱的影响,基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程(RANS)结合湍流模型对流体质点运动方程进行了求解,对比分析了两种不同波浪类型作用下立柱所受的水平波浪力以及结构应力的变化情况,得到的主要结论如下:
(1)相同设计波浪参数输入下,目标海洋平台立柱受到的卷破波浪载荷远远高于非破碎波浪载荷,二者的峰值比大约是6。同时立柱结构受到的最大应力大小及位置发生变化,卷破波浪作用下立柱不同结构受到的最大应力值大约是非破碎波浪下的3倍。
(2)在非破碎波浪载荷条件下,海洋平台立柱各个结构受到的最大应力值均小于材料的屈服极限,结构是安全的。然而,当考虑在极限海浪环境下波浪发生翻卷破碎并且产生卷破波浪时,立柱外板加强筋受到的最大应力超过了材料的屈服极限,增加了结构损坏的风险。
(3)在海洋结构物安全设计中,需要考虑卷破波浪载荷对结构强度的影响,建议添加卷破波浪对结构作用的计算工况,以确保结构具有足够的安全裕度。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(52106043)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.007
  • 接收时间:2024-05-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-20
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国家自然科学基金青年项目(52106043)
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    1.江苏大学 流体机械工程技术研究中心,江苏 镇江 212013
    2.江苏大学 流体机械温岭研究院,浙江 温岭 317522
    3.哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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