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In order to explore the lubrication characteristics of the main bearing under heavy load and its interaction mechanism with wear, based on the micro-contact and fatigue damage mechanism of micro-convex body, the wear model of bearing material was constructed, and combined with the mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory, the coupling analysis model of mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication and wear of the main bearing was established, based on which, the wear distribution and evolution law of the main bearing under specific load at the time of ignition were investigated, and the effects of wear on lubrication characteristic parameters such as oil film pressure, oil film thickness and rough contact pressure were discussed. The effects of load, radius clearance, micro-convex friction coefficient and rotational speed on the wear characteristics of the main bearing were obtained. The results show that with the increase of wear time, the wear area increases from the center of the bearing zone along the circumferential direction of the bearing, the contact pressure decreases and the minimum oil film thickness increases, and that the increase of radius clearance and micro-convex friction coefficient and the decrease of rotational speed will aggravate the wear of bearing bush.

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为探究低速机主轴承在重载工况下润滑性能及其与磨损的相互作用机制,基于微凸体微观接触及疲劳损伤机理构建轴承材料磨损模型,并结合混合热弹流润滑理论,建立主轴承混合热弹流润滑与磨损耦合分析模型,据此探究发火时刻特定承载下的主轴承磨损分布与演变规律,以及磨损对油膜压力、油膜厚度及粗糙接触压力等润滑特性参数的影响,获取载荷、半径间隙、微凸体摩擦系数和转速等参数对主轴承磨损特性的影响规律。研究表明:随着磨损时间增加,磨损区域从承载区中心沿轴承周向增大,接触压力减小,最小油膜厚度增大;半径间隙及微凸体摩擦系数增大、转速降低都会加剧主轴承磨损。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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陈锐(1998-),男,博士研究生

赵滨(1990-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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赵滨(1990-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Parameters of bearing experiment

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参数数值参数数值
轴瓦半径/mm26.88滑油粘度(40℃)/(Pa·s)0.089
轴瓦壁厚/mm4.0滑油比热/(J·kg-1·℃-12000
轴承宽度/mm29.62滑油热传导系数/(W·m-1·℃-10.13
半径间隙/μm38轴瓦热传导系数/(W·m-1·℃-1117
转速/(r·min-11000轴颈热传导系数/(W·m-1·℃-151.9
载荷/N5000供油温度/℃40
), ArticleFig(id=1243880317136782275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880299164188886, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

轴承实验相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
轴瓦半径/mm26.88滑油粘度(40℃)/(Pa·s)0.089
轴瓦壁厚/mm4.0滑油比热/(J·kg-1·℃-12000
轴承宽度/mm29.62滑油热传导系数/(W·m-1·℃-10.13
半径间隙/μm38轴瓦热传导系数/(W·m-1·℃-1117
转速/(r·min-11000轴颈热传导系数/(W·m-1·℃-151.9
载荷/N5000供油温度/℃40
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Parameters of pin-on-disc wear test

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参数数值
销材料45号钢
盘材料巴氏合金
盘弹性模量24 GPa
盘材料硬度1100 MPa
载荷30N、40N、50N
转速100 r/min
实验时间10 h
), ArticleFig(id=1243880317346497480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880299164188886, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

销盘磨损实验相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
销材料45号钢
盘材料巴氏合金
盘弹性模量24 GPa
盘材料硬度1100 MPa
载荷30N、40N、50N
转速100 r/min
实验时间10 h
), ArticleFig(id=1243880317459743694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880299164188886, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Calculation parameters of main bearing of low speed engine

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参数数值参数数值
轴承内半径/mm225轴承内层材料巴氏合金
轴承外半径/mm235微凸体摩擦系数μ0.09~0.11
轴承宽度/mm138轴承载荷/kN600~800
半径间隙/mm0.13~0.21循环硬化系数K/MPa73
转速/(r·min-1117~197循环硬化指数M8.2
润滑油牌号SAE5W-30硬度Hc/MPa1100
滑油比热容/(J·kg-1·℃-12000疲劳强度系数σf/MPa512
滑油密度/(kg·m-3860临界损伤变量Dc0.3
轴颈材料45号钢
), ArticleFig(id=1243880317560406994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880299164188886, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

低速机主轴承输入参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
轴承内半径/mm225轴承内层材料巴氏合金
轴承外半径/mm235微凸体摩擦系数μ0.09~0.11
轴承宽度/mm138轴承载荷/kN600~800
半径间隙/mm0.13~0.21循环硬化系数K/MPa73
转速/(r·min-1117~197循环硬化指数M8.2
润滑油牌号SAE5W-30硬度Hc/MPa1100
滑油比热容/(J·kg-1·℃-12000疲劳强度系数σf/MPa512
滑油密度/(kg·m-3860临界损伤变量Dc0.3
轴颈材料45号钢
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低速柴油机主轴承热弹流混合润滑与磨损耦合特性研究
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陈锐 1 , 赵滨 1 , 屠力月 2 , 何涛 3 , 钟宁 2 , 邹德全 1, 4
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(11): 1768-1779
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(11): 1768-1779
低速柴油机主轴承热弹流混合润滑与磨损耦合特性研究
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陈锐1, 赵滨1 , 屠力月2, 何涛3, 钟宁2, 邹德全1, 4
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工程大学 动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 2.重庆跃进机械厂有限公司,重庆 400000
  • 3.武汉第二船舶设计研究所,武汉 430205
  • 4.圣路易斯华盛顿大学,圣路易斯 63101
  • 陈锐(1998-),男,博士研究生

    赵滨(1990-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Coupling characteristics of mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication and wear for main bearing of low-speed diesel engine
Rui CHEN1, Bin ZHAO1 , Li-yue TU2, Tao HE3, Ning ZHONG2, De-quan ZOU1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2.Chongqing Yuejin Machinery Factory Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400000, China
  • 3.Wuhan Second Ship Design Institute, Wuhan 430205, China
  • 4.Washington University, St.Louis 63101, USA
出版时间: 2024-11-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.013
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为探究低速机主轴承在重载工况下润滑性能及其与磨损的相互作用机制,基于微凸体微观接触及疲劳损伤机理构建轴承材料磨损模型,并结合混合热弹流润滑理论,建立主轴承混合热弹流润滑与磨损耦合分析模型,据此探究发火时刻特定承载下的主轴承磨损分布与演变规律,以及磨损对油膜压力、油膜厚度及粗糙接触压力等润滑特性参数的影响,获取载荷、半径间隙、微凸体摩擦系数和转速等参数对主轴承磨损特性的影响规律。研究表明:随着磨损时间增加,磨损区域从承载区中心沿轴承周向增大,接触压力减小,最小油膜厚度增大;半径间隙及微凸体摩擦系数增大、转速降低都会加剧主轴承磨损。

低速机主轴承  /  热弹流混合润滑  /  疲劳损伤  /  磨损

In order to explore the lubrication characteristics of the main bearing under heavy load and its interaction mechanism with wear, based on the micro-contact and fatigue damage mechanism of micro-convex body, the wear model of bearing material was constructed, and combined with the mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory, the coupling analysis model of mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication and wear of the main bearing was established, based on which, the wear distribution and evolution law of the main bearing under specific load at the time of ignition were investigated, and the effects of wear on lubrication characteristic parameters such as oil film pressure, oil film thickness and rough contact pressure were discussed. The effects of load, radius clearance, micro-convex friction coefficient and rotational speed on the wear characteristics of the main bearing were obtained. The results show that with the increase of wear time, the wear area increases from the center of the bearing zone along the circumferential direction of the bearing, the contact pressure decreases and the minimum oil film thickness increases, and that the increase of radius clearance and micro-convex friction coefficient and the decrease of rotational speed will aggravate the wear of bearing bush.

main bearing of low speed engine  /  mixed thermal elastohydrodynamics  /  fatigue damage  /  wear
陈锐, 赵滨, 屠力月, 何涛, 钟宁, 邹德全. 低速柴油机主轴承热弹流混合润滑与磨损耦合特性研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (11) : 1768 -1779 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.013
Rui CHEN, Bin ZHAO, Li-yue TU, Tao HE, Ning ZHONG, De-quan ZOU. Coupling characteristics of mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication and wear for main bearing of low-speed diesel engine[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (11) : 1768 -1779 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.013
主轴承作为低速机最为关键的摩擦副之一,其润滑性能对低速机可靠性有着重要影响[1]。磨损是主轴承润滑失效的主要形式之一,特别在启停、发火等恶劣工况下,主轴承在重载、低转速工况下不可避免地会出现混合润滑状态,进而出现因固体接触导致的磨损[2],这在低速机上尤为显著。由于磨损会改变轴承油膜间隙进而影响其润滑特性,而混合润滑状态改变又时刻影响轴瓦磨损,即轴承润滑与磨损之间存在实时耦合作用。为进一步提高对低速机主轴承润滑及磨损特性的认识,有必要针对其典型工况,开展润滑与磨损特性实时耦合作用机制研究。
当前,已有学者开展了滑动轴承磨损对其润滑特性影响的相关研究。Dufrane等[3]通过试验观察发现滑动轴承的磨损主要对称地发生在滑动轴承底部,且沿宽度方向均匀分布,并在此基础上,首次建立了描述滑动轴承磨损几何形状的表达式;Fillon等[4-5]通过数值计算方法研究了初始磨损缺陷对轴承温度、油膜压力及滑油流量等热流体润滑特性的影响,并进行了试验验证;Chun等[6]基于Dufrane磨损理论建立了磨损轴承的润滑分析模型,研究了滑动轴承在多次启动和滑行条件下磨损对润滑性能的影响;Sharma[7-8]在轴承特定位置预设磨损几何形状,分析了磨损深度、磨损尺寸对滑动轴承润滑性能的影响规律。
上述研究表明滑动轴承磨损对其润滑特性的影响不可忽略,但并未精确考虑轴承混合润滑状态下真实磨损特征及其演变行为。为此,相关学者开始逐渐探究轴承混合润滑与磨损的耦合作用。Sander等[9-11]将Archard磨损模型[12]与混合润滑模型相结合,基于磨损系数经验值,开展了稳定工况、启停工况下滑动轴承的磨损预测及最小油膜厚度、微凸体接触压力等润滑特性参数分析工作,并进行了试验验证;王丽丽等[13]建立了滑动轴承润滑与磨损耦合模型,分析了不同微织构尺寸条件下磨损对油膜压力、微凸体接触压力等润滑特性参数的影响规律,并据此提出了轴承降低磨损的优化方法;Xiang等[14]提出了一种弹流混合润滑与磨损实时耦合分析方法,探究了轴承磨损分布及深度随时间的演变规律,并据此分析了间隙、粗糙度曲率半径等参数对轴承磨损及润滑特性的影响。
目前针对滑动轴承的磨损-混合润滑耦合模型基本都采用Archard磨损模型,并且假定磨损系数为定值。尽管Archard模型是预测摩擦副磨损的最常用方法,但是在滑动轴承混合润滑-磨损耦合特性研究中,Archard模型忽略了微凸体的微观接触和疲劳损伤材料剥落行为。Kragelsky[15]研究发现,摩擦副之间的黏着磨损在微观层面上是由微凸体的摩擦疲劳剥落机理所驱动的;在此理论基础上,Beheshti等[16]基于连续介质损伤力学方法,针对铝合金材料提出了一种预测材料磨损系数的理论方法,并进行了试验验证,但是这些模型并未考虑轴承混合润滑特性的影响。
本研究以某船用低速二冲程柴油机主轴承为研究对象,大型低速机主轴承有着工况恶劣、载荷大的特点,并且由于低速机主轴瓦材料较软,在混合润滑阶段容易产生弹塑性接触;因此基于微凸体微观弹塑性接触及疲劳损伤机理建立磨损模型,并结合轴承混合热弹流润滑理论,建立固定载荷下主轴承混合热弹流润滑与磨损耦合分析模型,并据此分析重载工况下轴瓦磨损分布随时间的变化规律及磨损对润滑性能的影响,探究载荷、半径间隙、微凸体摩擦系数和转速对低速机主轴承磨损的影响规律。本研究可为低速机主轴承磨损预测及润滑特性分析提供一定的理论支撑。
图1为轴颈与轴瓦位置关系图,其油膜厚度(hT)方程为
式中,等式右边第一项为名义油膜厚度,c为轴承间隙,ε为偏心率,e为偏心距,θ为轴颈坐标系下的位置角,ξ{ZJ}为轴颈微凸体高度,ξ{ZB}为轴瓦微凸体高度,hB为轴瓦变形量,hW为轴瓦磨损深度,p为油膜压力。
基于平均流量的扩展Reynolds方程为
式中,ϕxϕy为压力流量因子,η为润滑介质粘度,ρ为润滑介质密度,U为轴颈转动方向表面线速度,σ为综合表面粗糙度,ϕs为剪切流量因子,p为润滑油压力。
对油膜压力的求解采用迎风差分方法,边界条件为雷诺边界条件。
在本模型中,将轴颈、润滑油和轴瓦视为一个能量传递耦合系统,该系统瞬态传热行为包括油膜中的热对流和固体中的热传导,用欧拉法的一般能量方程表示为
式中,Cp为比热容,r为轴承半径,v为控制体三个方向速度,k为控制体三个方向热传导系数,Φ为热源,可由以下公式计算得到:
式中,Φc为微凸体接触热,Φl为流体剪切热,分别由式(5)、(6)计算得到。
式中,μc为微凸体摩擦系数,d为计算点至轴瓦表面距离。
基于Greenweed和Tripp提出的微凸体接触模型[17],选取膜厚比H=4为流体润滑状态和混合润滑状态的分界点,假定接触表面微凸体高度分布概率密度函数为期望等于零的正态高斯分布,粗糙表面微凸体接触压力公式为
式中,pc为微凸体接触压力,E为综合弹性模量,E1E2υ1υ2分别为主轴承及轴颈的弹性模量和泊松比,F2.5H)为不同膜厚比情况下的分布函数,H为膜厚比,K为弹性系数。
将主轴承油膜压力p与微凸体接触压力pc在计算区域内进行积分,即可得油膜承载力Poil与微凸体承载力Pc,而混合润滑状态下的主轴承承载力Pl即为PoilPc之和,具体如下式所示:
式中,分别为xy方向油膜承载力,分别为xy方向微凸体接触承载力。
在滑动过程中,对于每个粗糙表面,由于表面形貌的随机分布,接触状态或接触面积是随机的,因此,表面上的局部接触应力和应变分布仍然是不确定的,很难通过分析表面上的动态接触应力和应变来评估粗糙度损伤。为了方便、有效地评价粗糙表面接触疲劳损伤引起的微凸体材料磨损,本文引入一个物理量ΔV,定义为接触相互作用下单个微凸体的平均磨损体积。而单个微凸体因接触导致的疲劳损伤所需的接触次数为N,一个滑动周期内粗糙表面总微凸体接触次数为NC,因此单位滑动距离内轴瓦材料磨损总体积为
图2(a)所示,对于低速机主轴承而言,由于其载荷较大、轴瓦材料为巴氏合金质地较软,容易发生塑性变形,因此在计算微凸体微观接触时,基于KE弹塑性接触理论来计算轴瓦的微凸体接触及磨损去除体积,具体计算公式如下:
实际接触面积是半径为a1的圆形曲面,假设β为粗糙度半径,δ为法向压缩变形。
基于KE弹塑性接触理论,δ可表示为
轴承摩擦副在一个滑动周期内的动态接触模型示意图如图2所示。由图2(b)可得单位滑动距离ΔL内粗糙表面总微凸体接触次数为
式中,n为粗糙接触面上总微凸体数目,F为轴瓦混合润滑区域粗糙接触载荷,v为摩擦副相对滑动线速度,Δt为单位滑动时间。
基于连续介质损伤力学方法计算微凸体疲劳损伤所需的接触次数N。采用损伤变量D表征材料微裂纹和微空隙逐渐扩大直至损伤整个过程中实际有效承载面积Ar减小的程度:
式中,Ar为无损状态的横截面积,为损伤后的有效横截面积。
当损伤变量D经疲劳循环次数N达到临界值DcDc≤1)时,材料发生失效。其中,Dc为材料固有特性,可由静态拉伸试验获得。在单轴加载条件下,得到循环周期的损伤变量Di计算公式[18]
式中,σf为疲劳强度系数,M为循环硬化指数,Di-1为第i-1次循环的损伤变量,D0=0,K为循环硬化系数,Δσm为第i次循环最大名义应力范围。
对于单轴加载的低周疲劳损伤,磨损失效原因主要是剪切作用,因此低周疲劳循环中最大名义应力范围Δσm=τ,Δσli=0,而受法向力F接触表面的剪应力τ由下式给出:
由式(20)和式(23)可得
然后根据式(22)可以计算第i次循环的损伤变量Di,当损伤变量Di=Dc时,微凸体疲劳损伤所需的接触次数N计算公式为
根据上述理论模型建立主轴承热弹性流体混合润滑与磨损耦合分析模型,计算流程如图3所示。模型分为两个模块:第一个模块用于计算固定载荷下轴承润滑特性参数,第二个模块用于计算轴瓦磨损量。
首先输入初始参数,计算初始状态油膜厚度和油膜压力达到收敛,通过调整偏心率和偏位角,使得油膜承载力和接触力之和与轴承外载荷在水平横向和垂向上均达到平衡。然后通过磨损计算模块计算轴瓦磨损。在当前磨损时间步t,计算轴瓦各节点磨损深度,并更新轴瓦磨损轮廓,以新磨损轮廓更新油膜厚度,计算油膜压力和接触压力,并重新计算油膜承载力,并使得油膜承载力与轴承外载荷重新达到平衡;通过新的接触压力分布进行下一时间步t+Δt的磨损深度计算(本模型中时间步长Δt=0.1 s);重复该迭代过程,直到磨损时间达到给定时间。
为验证混合热弹性流体润滑模型,进行单轴承润滑实验(轴承实验台如图4所示)。该试验台由动力系统、滑油系统及测试系统组成。动力系统由电机驱动,通过联轴器带动试验用轴颈旋转。滑油系统由油箱、油泵和进油管组成,采用注油方式进行润滑,油箱可以收集轴承端泄油量,进而重复利用。测试系统由试验轴瓦、试验轴颈、温度传感器与力传感器组成,其中试验轴瓦与试验轴颈分别由螺栓连接至轴承座与转轴上,可以进行拆卸更换。温度传感器(测点)位于主轴瓦中心截面的上方两侧45°角处(如图4所示),通过轴承座上的小孔直接测试轴瓦温度。
首先打开油泵,在保证轴承滑油充足状态下开机,设置一个较小的转速加速度,缓慢增加至所测转速,然后逐渐加载至试验载荷,开始正式测试,待温度稳定后作为最终结果进行提取。试验进行三次,在保证每次试验偏差较小的前提下,取平均值作为最终结果。值得注意的是,为剔除试验台系统其他部件的摩擦力对试验测量的影响,在空轴(不加装轴瓦)情况下对试验台系统进行摩擦力矩测量,在计算轴承摩擦系数时减去了该值。测量轴承平均摩擦系数和两个测点温度结果,与本研究所用润滑模型(TEHD模型)计算所得平均摩擦系数和温度结果进行对比验证(如图5所示),可以看出,平均摩擦及温度计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,平均摩擦系数偏差为9.6%,测点温度最大偏差为2.8%。其中轴承结构、材料参数及工况条件如表1所示。
为验证本研究基于微凸体微观接触及疲劳损伤机理建立的磨损模型的准确性,在油润滑条件下采用RTEC摩擦磨损实验机进行销盘磨损实验(如图6所示)。销试样采用45号钢,Φ2 mm,材料弹性模量为210 GPa;盘试样采用本研究中某低速机主轴瓦材料(巴氏合金),尺寸为Φ50×6.35 mm。
表2所示,在室温(25℃)的条件下进行了3组载荷(30 N、40 N、50 N)下的磨损试验。由于油润滑条件下磨损量较小,故每组试验的持续时间为8 h。通过扫描式电子显微镜(SEM)观察试样表面磨痕及磨痕形貌,磨损形貌如图7所示,可以发现,在巴氏合金盘磨损区域两侧有磨屑堆积并且局部磨损形貌主要为疲劳磨损导致的凹坑,表明在磨损过程中发生了塑性变形,并且磨损形式主要为疲劳磨损。进一步说明了对于巴氏合金这种硬度较软的材料而言,计算磨损时应考虑微凸体的塑性接触和塑性变形。
通过高精度天平测量磨损前后盘试样质量,计算磨损量,每组实验重复三次,取平均值。然后将实验测量的磨损量与磨损模型计算的磨损量进行对比验证,结果如图8所示,三组实验最大误差为10.82%,验证了该磨损模型的准确性。
为探究重载工况下主轴承润滑及磨损特性,以某低速船用柴油机主轴承为研究对象,选取发火瞬时附近载荷值,建立固定载荷下主轴承热弹流润滑与磨损耦合模型,研究重载工况下的磨损与润滑特性,相关计算参数(结构参数、材料参数、工况参数)如表3所示。
在600~800 kN垂向载荷作用下,主轴瓦最大磨损深度随磨损时间从0到10 h的变化情况如图9所示。在不同载荷下,磨损深度随磨损时间增大。在磨损前期磨损速率逐渐降低,这是由于轴瓦磨损随时间加剧,其表面轮廓逐渐被磨损严重,导致接触区域的油膜厚度增大,接触压力减小;而在磨损中后期磨损速率逐渐稳定,这是由于在磨损一段时间后,轴瓦承载区磨损增大,导致轴颈向下移动,偏心率逐渐增大,接触压力逐渐稳定,因此磨损速率逐渐稳定。
在700 kN垂向载荷作用下,轴瓦表面磨损深度分布演变情况如图10所示。可以看出,磨损主要集中在轴承的承载区,并且轴瓦边缘磨损较中间严重,在磨损时间为10 h时最大磨损深度为14.35 μm,这是因为轴承承载区域的油膜厚度较小,较容易发生磨损,并且由于轴瓦两端边缘区域接触压力较大,故轴瓦边缘处磨损较为严重。另一方面,随着磨损时间的增加,磨损区域逐渐从承载区中心沿轴承周向扩散,这是由于随着轴承承载区中间磨损加剧,轴颈下移,轴颈与轴瓦接触区域增大。
不同磨损时间下轴承轴向润滑及磨损特性的分布情况如图11所示。图11(a)表明,轴承两侧对称分布的磨损深度随磨损时间逐渐增大,磨损时间从1 h增加到10 h,磨损深度从2.53 μm增大到14.35 μm;图11(b)表明,磨损时间从1 h增加到10 h,油膜压力峰值从110.23 MPa降低到60.50 MPa,这是由于磨损过程中承载区磨损深度增大,导致沿轴承宽度方向不同位置的润滑间隙增大(如图11(d)所示),从而降低承载区域油膜压力;图11(c)表明,随着磨损时间从1 h增加到10 h,接触压力峰值从1.35 MPa降低到0.42 MPa,并且接触压力的减小主要在磨损的前期。这是由于磨损过程增大了轴承承载区的间隙(如图11(d)所示),导致该区域的粗糙接触减少,进而导致接触压力降低速率减小。这些结果表明,在轴承工作过程中,混合润滑行为与磨损行为之间的相互作用是不能忽视的。
磨损时间t=5 h时半径间隙c对轴瓦磨损的影响规律如图12所示。可以看出,在一定范围内,随着半径间隙增大,磨损深度增大。这是由于半径间隙越小,承载区的油膜压力越低,主轴承油膜承载区域增大,接触压力降低,进而有利于降低磨损。值得注意的是,应合理控制间隙范围,避免间隙过小导致轴瓦温度过高出现“烧瓦”故障。
磨损时间t=5 h时微凸体摩擦系数对轴瓦磨损的影响规律如图13所示。可以看出,微凸体摩擦系数对磨损深度影响很大。这是由于微凸体摩擦系数的增加降低了疲劳失效的循环次数N,增大了磨损,进而增大磨损。
磨损时间t=5 h时转速对轴瓦磨损的影响如图14所示。可以看出,随着转速的增大,磨损深度减小,并且这种影响在高载荷的时候更加严重。这是由于对于低转速轴承而言,转速增大有利于形成油膜从而降低轴承承载区的粗糙接触,从而减少磨损。
本研究基于弹塑性疲劳接触磨损理论和混合润滑理论,建立了主轴承热弹性流体混合润滑与磨损耦合分析模型,探究了重载工况下低速机主轴承磨损行为与润滑之间的相互作用机理。通过轴承台架试验和销盘摩擦磨损试验验证了模型的正确性。分析了主轴承混合润滑与磨损性能随时间的变化规律,研究了轴承参数对润滑和磨损性能的影响。得出了以下结论:
(1)随着磨损时间增加,磨损区域从承载区中心沿周向扩散增大,磨损深度和接触压力先急剧降低后趋于稳定,最小油膜厚度逐渐增大,油膜压力逐渐降低;
(2)在一定范围内,合理减小半径间隙,能够降低粗糙接触压力,从而降低磨损;
(3)微凸体摩擦系数增大会使得轴瓦磨损系数增大,导致磨损更为严重;
(4)转速较大时有利于低速机主轴承油膜形成,此时磨损较低。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52271312; 51809057)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.013
  • 接收时间:2024-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-26
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52271312; 51809057)
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    1.哈尔滨工程大学 动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
    2.重庆跃进机械厂有限公司,重庆 400000
    3.武汉第二船舶设计研究所,武汉 430205
    4.圣路易斯华盛顿大学,圣路易斯 63101

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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