Article(id=1243880298535043277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716134400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493773349, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493773349, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493773349, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493773349, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243880295267676686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='11', pageStart='1633', pageEnd='1802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493772569, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774494101943, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881676808499395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881676808499396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1756, endPage=1767, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243880298858004690, articleId=1243880298535043277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Coupling analysis of welding residual stress redistribution and crack propagation, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Welding residual stress has a significant impact on the fatigue life of a welding structure. Meanwhile, welding residual stress is not invariable, but will be redistributed with crack propagation. Therefore, the coupling study of welding residual stress redistribution and crack propagation is very important to predict the fatigue life of a welded structure accurately. Based on thermal elastic-plastic finite element method and extended finite element method (XFEM), a fatigue life analysis method considering the coupling of residual stress redistribution and crack propagation was proposed in this paper. Taking the tensile fatigue sample of TC4 titanium alloy as an example, the redistribution of the welding residual stress along with crack propagation was studied with the extended finite element method. The welding residual stress distribution in front of the crack tip during crack propagation and the fatigue crack propagation a-N curve under the redistribution of weld residual stress were calculated by cyclic iteration. The calculation results show that the welding residual stress at the crack tip increases firstly and then decreases with the crack propagation. Compared with the results based on constant value of the residual stress, the extended finite element fatigue life analysis method considering the redistribution of the residual stress is more accurate to predict the fatigue lives of welding structures.

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焊接残余应力对于焊接结构疲劳寿命影响明显,同时焊接残余应力并不是一成不变的,随着裂纹扩展会发生重分布。因此,开展焊接残余应力重分布和裂纹扩展的耦合研究对于准确预测焊接结构的疲劳寿命至关重要。本文基于热弹塑性有限元法与扩展有限元法(XFEM),提出考虑焊接残余应力重分布和裂纹扩展耦合的疲劳寿命分析方法。以TC4钛合金拉伸疲劳试样为例,结合扩展有限元法,研究焊接残余应力随裂纹扩展的重分布情况,循环迭代计算得到裂纹扩展过程中裂尖前方焊接残余应力分布,以及焊接残余应力重分布下的疲劳裂纹扩展a-N曲线。计算结果表明,裂尖处焊接残余应力会随裂纹扩展先增大后减小,相比于将焊接残余应力视为恒定值,考虑焊接残余应力重分布的扩展有限元疲劳寿命分析方法能更准确地预报焊接结构疲劳寿命。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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高海洋(1998-),男,硕士研究生

罗广恩(1980-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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高海洋(1998-),男,硕士研究生

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高海洋(1998-),男,硕士研究生

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罗广恩(1980-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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罗广恩(1980-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Main chemical components of TC4

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FeNOCAlHVTi
0.0460.00450.120.0086.20.00134.2Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1243880313798116136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880298535043277, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

TC4主要化学成分(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FeNOCAlHVTi
0.0460.00450.120.0086.20.00134.2Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1243880313911362351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880298535043277, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Material properties of TC4 and McEvily constant

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弹性模量[18]/MPa127 519
泊松比[20]0.34
A9.209 16×10-7
m2.083 42
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TC4材料参数及McEvily参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹性模量[18]/MPa127 519
泊松比[20]0.34
A9.209 16×10-7
m2.083 42
), ArticleFig(id=1243880314142049083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880298535043277, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of fatigue lives

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方法扩展长度/mm循环次数N误差
R=0.1试验值[18]15.340 669/
R=0.1 XFEM模拟值1540 2301.07%
R=0.5试验值[18]14.9140 395/
R=0.5 XFEM模拟值15137 5292.04%
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疲劳寿命对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法扩展长度/mm循环次数N误差
R=0.1试验值[18]15.340 669/
R=0.1 XFEM模拟值1540 2301.07%
R=0.5试验值[18]14.9140 395/
R=0.5 XFEM模拟值15137 5292.04%
), ArticleFig(id=1243880314385318723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880298535043277, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Welding-related parameters of test piece

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件电流/A电压/V焊接速度/(mm・s-1焊道数量
TC4钛合金试样70151.51
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TC4试样焊接相关参数[20]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件电流/A电压/V焊接速度/(mm・s-1焊道数量
TC4钛合金试样70151.51
), ArticleFig(id=1243880314628588365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880298535043277, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Working conditions of calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况焊接残余应力取值情况
1不考虑焊接残余应力
2焊接残余应力取为0.3σy的拉应力
3考虑焊接残余应力及重分布
), ArticleFig(id=1243880314716668752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880298535043277, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

计算工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况焊接残余应力取值情况
1不考虑焊接残余应力
2焊接残余应力取为0.3σy的拉应力
3考虑焊接残余应力及重分布
), ArticleFig(id=1243880314804749142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880298535043277, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Fatigue life comparison

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况疲劳寿命/cycle差值
124 414/
2836465.74%
315 63635.95%
), ArticleFig(id=1243880314897023834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880298535043277, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

疲劳寿命对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况疲劳寿命/cycle差值
124 414/
2836465.74%
315 63635.95%
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焊接残余应力重分布与裂纹扩展的耦合分析
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高海洋 , 罗广恩 , 郑新招 , 柴莹
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(11): 1756-1767
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(11): 1756-1767
焊接残余应力重分布与裂纹扩展的耦合分析
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高海洋, 罗广恩 , 郑新招, 柴莹
作者信息
  • 江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212100
  • 高海洋(1998-),男,硕士研究生

    罗广恩(1980-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Coupling analysis of welding residual stress redistribution and crack propagation
Hai-yang GAO, Guang-en LUO , Xin-zhao ZHENG, Ying CHAI
Affiliations
  • School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
出版时间: 2024-11-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.012
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焊接残余应力对于焊接结构疲劳寿命影响明显,同时焊接残余应力并不是一成不变的,随着裂纹扩展会发生重分布。因此,开展焊接残余应力重分布和裂纹扩展的耦合研究对于准确预测焊接结构的疲劳寿命至关重要。本文基于热弹塑性有限元法与扩展有限元法(XFEM),提出考虑焊接残余应力重分布和裂纹扩展耦合的疲劳寿命分析方法。以TC4钛合金拉伸疲劳试样为例,结合扩展有限元法,研究焊接残余应力随裂纹扩展的重分布情况,循环迭代计算得到裂纹扩展过程中裂尖前方焊接残余应力分布,以及焊接残余应力重分布下的疲劳裂纹扩展a-N曲线。计算结果表明,裂尖处焊接残余应力会随裂纹扩展先增大后减小,相比于将焊接残余应力视为恒定值,考虑焊接残余应力重分布的扩展有限元疲劳寿命分析方法能更准确地预报焊接结构疲劳寿命。

疲劳裂纹扩展  /  残余应力重分布  /  扩展有限元  /  TC4钛合金

Welding residual stress has a significant impact on the fatigue life of a welding structure. Meanwhile, welding residual stress is not invariable, but will be redistributed with crack propagation. Therefore, the coupling study of welding residual stress redistribution and crack propagation is very important to predict the fatigue life of a welded structure accurately. Based on thermal elastic-plastic finite element method and extended finite element method (XFEM), a fatigue life analysis method considering the coupling of residual stress redistribution and crack propagation was proposed in this paper. Taking the tensile fatigue sample of TC4 titanium alloy as an example, the redistribution of the welding residual stress along with crack propagation was studied with the extended finite element method. The welding residual stress distribution in front of the crack tip during crack propagation and the fatigue crack propagation a-N curve under the redistribution of weld residual stress were calculated by cyclic iteration. The calculation results show that the welding residual stress at the crack tip increases firstly and then decreases with the crack propagation. Compared with the results based on constant value of the residual stress, the extended finite element fatigue life analysis method considering the redistribution of the residual stress is more accurate to predict the fatigue lives of welding structures.

fatigue crack propagation  /  residual stress redistribution  /  extended finite element method  /  TC4 titanium alloy
高海洋, 罗广恩, 郑新招, 柴莹. 焊接残余应力重分布与裂纹扩展的耦合分析. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (11) : 1756 -1767 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.012
Hai-yang GAO, Guang-en LUO, Xin-zhao ZHENG, Ying CHAI. Coupling analysis of welding residual stress redistribution and crack propagation[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (11) : 1756 -1767 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.012
船舶结构在焊接过程中会产生较高的焊接残余应力,容易引起结构的疲劳破坏,在评估船舶结构疲劳寿命时,焊接残余应力场会影响结构内的平均应力与循环应力最大值[1]。以往的研究将焊接残余应力简化成某一固定值来估算其对结构疲劳寿命的影响[2],但是实际情况并非如此,焊接残余应力在疲劳载荷作用下并非一成不变。首先,在受到较大的循环载荷时,循环载荷引起的结构应力与焊接残余应力叠加,疲劳热点处的应力会超过屈服极限,在这种情况下,焊接残余应力会发生释放;其次,由于焊接残余应力是一个结构内部自平衡的应力,当裂纹出现或扩展时这个新增裂纹面区域承载能力减弱,其裂纹附近的焊接残余应力场会发生重分布;以上两种焊接残余应力的变化又会影响到裂纹扩展。关于焊接残余应力在疲劳载荷作用下的释放研究,李良碧等[3]归纳了疲劳载荷大小和初始焊接残余应力与焊接残余应力释放程度的关系,探究了焊接残余应力释放机理,发现当外载荷与残余应力叠加,使疲劳热点应力超过了材料的屈服强度时,材料进入塑性阶段,残余应力发生释放,并分析不同载荷下典型节点的疲劳强度。Shen等[4]采用连续损伤力学法研究了循环载荷下对接焊接接头的疲劳损伤演化,并指出载荷在第一次循环时焊接残余应力释放最多。沈言等[5]研究了循环载荷下焊接残余应力释放规律,并基于改进的McEvily疲劳裂纹扩展速率模型,分析了含半椭圆表面裂纹的锥柱耐压壳疲劳寿命。然而,现有的焊接件疲劳寿命分析较少考虑到焊接残余应力重分布的影响,因此,开展焊接残余应力重分布与裂纹扩展的耦合分析对于准确预报焊接结构疲劳寿命具有重要的意义。
到目前为止,关于描述考虑焊接残余应力随裂纹扩展重分布的研究方法主要有经验公式法与有限元法,Terada[6]将实验数据整理并建立了焊接残余应力场与疲劳裂纹扩展的关系方程;Al-Mukhtar[7-8]分别使用线性函数与多项式的形式来描述焊接残余应力与裂纹尺寸的关系,并利用权函数法来分析T型板焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展趋势;Sutton等[9]采用有限元建立了不同裂纹长度下残余应力场的分布规律,并分析残余应力重分布对裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响;徐晓丽等[10]采用有限元法计算了平板对接焊结构的裂纹扩展后残余应力重分布时的应力强度因子,采用弹性叠加原理与Forman公式分析了表面裂纹在该结构上的扩展寿命;Shiue等[11]分析了焊接残余应力随裂纹扩展变化规律,拟合得到了应力重分布公式,随后进行了疲劳寿命预测;Yu等[12]发现当残余应力高达一定水平时,残余应力对疲劳寿命的影响趋于收敛。上述文献都能体现裂纹扩展与焊接残余应力重分布规律,但主要集中在经验公式拟合与传统的有限元计算上,并未考虑在裂纹扩展过程中裂纹与焊接残余应力的相互耦合。
扩展有限元法(XFEM)凭借着能够在计算中动态更新裂纹的长度与扩展路径的优势,恰好能够弥补这一点,1999年Belytschko等[13]首次提出了扩展有限元理论,该理论允许裂纹对单元进行穿透,相比于传统裂纹扩展有限元计算方法,它避免了裂纹扩展时裂尖处的网格重划分,提升了计算效率。何龙龙等[14]在三维模型上采用扩展有限元法预测裂纹路径,结果表明三维模型上的扩展有限元法相较于二维模型更加贴近试验值。Jie等[15-16]借助Paris公式与扩展有限元法预测了十字接头疲劳寿命,证明了扩展有限元法应用于复杂结构疲劳寿命预测的可行性。
由于课题组前期已对焊接残余应力在循环载荷下的释放进行了研究,本文将基于扩展有限元法及热弹塑性有限元法,研究焊接残余应力随裂纹扩展的变化规律,进一步提出考虑焊接残余应力重分布的疲劳寿命扩展有限元分析方法。
扩展有限元理论是由Belytschko等[13]学者在1999年首次提出,相比于其它有限元裂纹扩展数值计算方法,不需要反复更新裂纹尖端区域网格,该方法通过引入节点富集函数来表达裂纹处的不连续性,其中富集函数包括了裂纹尖端渐进函数和位移跳跃函数,前者用于识别裂纹尖端附近奇异点,后者用于识别裂纹表面位移跳跃。富集函数如式(1)所示:
式中,u为总矢量位移;ui为节点矢量位移;Nix)为形函数;Fjx)为奇异函数;bij描述了奇异节点在裂纹尖端的自由度,其对应的增强节点如图1所示;Hx)为Heaviside函数,用于识别裂纹表面的位移跳跃;Heaviside函数为
式中,x为裂纹面的任意积分点,x*为裂纹面上最接近x点的积分点,nx*点上向外垂直于裂纹面的单位矢量。
奇异函数为
式中,θr为裂纹尖端对应局部坐标系的极坐标。
疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线是表征结构疲劳寿命的关键因素,Paris与Erdogan在1963年提出的用于描述裂纹随载荷循环次数扩展的Paris公式为
式中,Cm为材料常数,ΔK为裂尖处应力强度因子范围。
Paris公式凭借其简洁的形式被广泛使用,但其仅能描述疲劳裂纹扩展的稳定扩展区域,无法考虑载荷比效应、门槛值效应、不稳定扩展区域以及载荷次序效应的影响,因此许多学者相继提出了许多更加完善的疲劳裂纹扩展速率公式。其中,具有代表性的是崔维成等[17]提出的改进McEvily公式,其数学表达式为
式中:Am为材料与环境影响参数,可通过试验值拟合获得;fop为裂纹张开函数;Kmax为最大应力强度因子;Kc为材料断裂韧性;R为应力比;α’为裂纹尖端/应力应变约束系数;σmax为应力最大值;σfl为流动应力;ν为泊松比;σY为材料屈服强度;σu为材料极限强度。
目前Abaqus/CAE中已经内嵌了扩展有限元模块,且支持三维单元的疲劳裂纹扩展计算,但该模块以Paris公式作为疲劳裂纹扩展速率。因此,本文采用Abaqus二次开发技术提出一种基于改进McEvily公式的扩展有限元法,分析方法流程如图2所示。该程序主要由两部分模块构成:模块一是焊接模块,焊接子程序由Fortran语言编写而成用于求解焊接过程中的温度场与应力场,并将应力场作为初始状态输入到模型中;模块二是疲劳裂纹扩展计算模块,该模块由Python语言对Abaqus二次开发实现,通过动态计算疲劳载荷和焊接残余应力共同作用下裂尖积分点处的应力强度因子,依据公式(5)确定该状态下裂纹扩展速率,以此确定下一个裂纹尖端坐标,并更新裂纹与焊接残余应力场,当程序判断裂纹达到临界长度或裂尖处最大应力强度因子大于断裂韧性时,程序停止计算;若未达到上述条件,将开始新一轮裂纹扩展计算。
该方法相比于传统商业软件所采用的疲劳裂纹扩展计算模块的区别在于其对复杂载荷,如考虑焊接残余应力,能够及时更新裂纹面并将上一步的应力状态继承到下一步并重新计算裂纹更新后内力达到平衡时的应力状态,并以此分析焊接残余应力随裂纹扩展重分布的过程,而每一次焊接残余应力重分布又会影响到当前状态下的裂纹扩展速率,从而实现焊接残余应力重分布与裂纹扩展耦合的效应。
TC4钛合金板厚B=4 mm,应力比R为0.1下的裂纹扩展速率曲线[18]图3所示。由文献[18]数据得出,该材料断裂韧性。TC4在R=0.1时应力强度因子门槛值为[19]。将其代入公式ΔKeffth = Kmaxath)[1 - fopath)],可得到有效应力强度因子门槛值。对图3中数据进行参数拟合,得出改进的McEvily公式如下:
借助Abaqus建立拉伸疲劳试件有限元模型,选取公式(8)作为疲劳裂纹扩展模型。试件尺寸如图4所示,试件材料为TC4钛合金,其元素成分如表1所示,材料参数如表2所示,初始裂纹长度为3 mm的边裂纹,位于试件左侧。试件底端为固定端约束,Ux =Uy = Uz =0,Rx =Ry =Rz =0,试件顶端放松y向位移,Ux =Uz =0,Rx =Ry =Rz =0,边界条件如图5所示。疲劳载荷加载在试件顶端端面处,y方向应力水平为125 MPa,采用正弦波形式加载,记录扩展长度a与循环次数N的关系曲线。为了研究基于改进McEvily公式的扩展有限元法在疲劳裂纹扩展预报中的适用性,将文献[18]中R=0.1、R=0.5的两组实验数据作为对比,其中R=0.1的裂纹扩展速率曲线主要用于参数拟合,R=0.5主要用于验证基于改进的McEvily公式扩展有限元法的精确性。
图6R=0.1时疲劳裂纹扩展过程,由于板件承受单一拉伸循环载荷,其裂纹扩展路径沿垂直于载荷方向直线扩展。由图7表3可以看出,在R=0.1、R=0.5两种工况下,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,误差分别为1.07%与2.04%,表明了基于改进McEvily公式的扩展有限元法用于疲劳裂纹扩展分析是可行的。
1.3节中试样是没有焊接的,现在考虑对接焊试样的情况,焊缝位于试件中部。模型沿xy方向的网格尺寸为0.7 mm,沿z方向的网格尺寸为1 mm,适当增大板厚方向网格尺寸是因为所研究的裂纹形式为穿透裂纹,不用考虑板厚方向的裂纹扩展路径。使用热弹塑性有限元法计算该模型的焊接残余应力场,将焊接残余应力场作为疲劳裂纹扩展分析的初始状态,在此基础上采用公式(8)和扩展有限元法进行疲劳裂纹扩展分析。
热应力的求解有两种方法,分别为间接耦合法和直接耦合法。间接耦合法是先求解温度场,然后将温度场作为边界条件进而求解热应力场;直接耦合法是直接采用温度应力耦合单元同时求解温度场和应力场,本文采用间接耦合法计算残余应力。采用双椭球移动热源来模拟焊接时熔池形貌,使用FORTRAN语言编写DFLUX子程序,实现焊接热源移动,初始温度为25 ℃,材料泊松比为0.34[20],对流换热系数为50 W/(m2℃),由于焊接件板厚较小,采用单道焊接,焊缝宽度为6 mm,其他焊接参数见表4
TC4钛合金随温度变化的热物理和力学性能[21]图8所示。
为了防止试件刚性位移,又要避免约束对板在xz方向由于热学膨胀与收缩现象产生的位移对焊接残余应力的影响,应力场计算需要施加相应的边界条件,约束对接焊平板三个角点的线位移,如图9所示。焊缝位于平板中部,焊缝宽为6 mm,长为18 mm,如图10所示。焊接热源从左向右移动,焊接完成后自然冷却至室温,沿焊缝中心线(Path 1)提取y方向焊接残余应力(以下称为横向焊接残余应力),横向焊接残余应力分布如图11所示。从图12可以看出,沿该路径的横向焊接残余应力呈现压应力-拉应力-压应力的分布情况,且在焊接引弧区域(焊接开始区域)应力表现为压应力,在平板中部应力表现为拉应力,其拉应力峰值为110 MPa,随后靠近右端面的区域(焊接结束区域)表现为压应力。文献[11]认为焊接残余拉应力对疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响较大,从而将拉应力水平较高的平板中部区域认定为疲劳裂纹产生的危险区域,并且在后续计算中将初始裂纹布置于该区域。
将2.2节计算得到的焊接残余应力场作为初始状态进行疲劳裂纹扩展分析,在焊缝中部设定初始裂纹,初始裂纹长度a=3 mm,裂纹为贯穿裂纹,疲劳载荷为250 MPa,载荷比R=0.1,加载边界条件同1.4节;疲劳裂纹扩展模型采用1.4节中改进的McEvily公式(8),疲劳裂纹扩展计算流程如图2所示。为了充分探究焊接残余应力重分布对裂纹扩展速率的影响,设计了三种计算工况进行对比,见表5。以工况1作为对照,不考虑焊接残余应力;工况2通过载荷叠加法将焊接残余应力作为初始载荷加载到拉伸疲劳试样模型上进行疲劳裂纹扩展分析,Shiue[11]认为叠加的焊接残余应力为0.3σy;工况3则为考虑焊接残余应力及重分布情况下的疲劳裂纹扩展分析。
由于扩展有限元在计算疲劳裂纹扩展的过程中,疲劳裂纹能够扩展并穿透单元,通过记录每一个单元被裂纹穿透时的载荷循环次数,可得到疲劳裂纹长度与载荷循环次数的关系。
疲劳裂纹扩展路径如图13所示,三种工况下裂纹扩展路径基本一致,均为垂直于拉伸载荷方向,裂纹形貌基本呈现左右对称分布,由中心逐步向两边扩展。
为了探究焊接残余应力与裂纹扩展的耦合关系,依据本文1.3节提出的分析方法,能够提取出裂纹扩展过程中结构内部的应力分布情况。每次疲劳载荷卸载后,提取出的结构内部应力就是此时的焊接残余应力。按图14所示的相互垂直的两类路径提取横向焊接残余应力,其中Path 1至Path 7分别是裂纹长度为3 mm、5 mm、7 mm、9 mm、11 mm、13 mm、15 mm时在裂纹尖端处沿垂直于裂纹面方向至板边缘的路径,而Path 1*至Path 7*分别是裂纹长度为3 mm、5 mm、7 mm、9 mm、11 mm、13 mm、15 mm时从裂纹尖端沿着裂纹扩展方向提取至板边缘的路径。Path 1与Path 1*的交点就是裂纹长度为3 mm时裂纹尖端的位置,Path 2与Path 2*的交点就是裂纹长度为5 mm时裂纹尖端的位置,以此类推。按上述方法将提取出的计算结果绘制成相应的曲线,如图15图16所示。
图15(a)为工况2不同裂纹尺寸时对应的横向焊接残余应分布,其中,每一条曲线代表了不同裂纹尺寸时,裂尖处横向焊接残余应力沿板长边方向的分布情况。随着裂纹扩展,裂纹尖端处焊接残余应力水平逐渐增加,直到a=15 mm时,裂尖处应力强度因子超过材料断裂韧性,试样断裂。
图15(b)为工况3不同裂纹尺寸时对应的横向焊接残余应力分布,与工况2的焊接残余应力分布规律不太相同。当a=3 mm时,焊接残余拉应力在焊缝中心最大,随后向两侧减小至压应力,直到距焊缝中心20 mm处焊接残余压应力达到最大值,再往外侧逐渐恢复至0 MPa;当a=9 mm时,焊缝中心处焊接残余拉应力达到最大值,此时焊接残余应力分布规律与a=3 mm时大致相同,只是距焊缝中心20 mm处焊接残余压应力最大值明显减小;当a=15 mm时,焊缝中心处焊接残余拉应力降到最小值。
将工况3不同裂纹尺寸下,裂纹尖端前沿至板宽端部的横向焊接残余应力输出,其分布如图16所示。图中横坐标零点为板宽中心,每条曲线的左边第一个数据点为裂纹尖端位置处的横向焊接残余应力。从图16可以看出,每一条曲线都反映出相似的规律,即裂纹尖端前沿区域的横向焊接残余应力最大,随着与裂尖距离的增加,焊接残余应力逐渐下降,由拉应力变成压应力。不同裂纹尺寸下,裂纹尖端处的横向焊接残余应力先增加后减小,将其进一步绘制成曲线,如图17所示。
从疲劳寿命的角度来看,图18给出三种工况下TC4拉伸疲劳试样的疲劳寿命与裂纹长度的关系。工况2与工况3疲劳裂纹扩展速率大于工况1,说明焊接残余应力使裂纹扩展速率增大,寿命变短;工况3与工况2相比,工况3的疲劳裂纹扩展速率偏慢,寿命偏长。这是由于工况2采用0.3σy的残余拉伸应力导致。工况3是本文根据焊接数值模拟计算得到的焊接残余应力分布,拉应力和压应力同时存在,同时也考虑了残余应力重分布,因此工况3的计算结果更符合实际。
将三种工况的寿命计算结果列表汇总,见表6,工况3考虑焊接残余应力重分布结构疲劳寿命相较于工况1下降了35.95%,工况2疲劳寿命较工况1下降了65.74%,表明工况2将焊接残余应力考虑为0.3σy的拉伸应力进行疲劳寿命估算是过于保守的,工况3考虑焊接残余应力重分布的方法更为合理。
以TC4钛合金拉伸疲劳试样为例,基于扩展有限元法,研究了焊接残余应力随裂纹扩展的重分布情况,计算得到了试样裂尖区域焊接残余应力分布变化规律与疲劳寿命,得出如下结论:
(1)本文提出了考虑焊接残余应力重分布和裂纹扩展耦合的疲劳寿命分析方法。通过对Abaqus进行二次开发,实现了焊接残余应力场和疲劳裂纹扩展的迭代计算,该方法能够计算疲劳裂纹扩展条件下焊接残余应力重分布情况和结构的疲劳寿命。
(2)从本文的拉伸疲劳试样计算结果可以看出,考虑焊接残余应力重分布后,疲劳寿命与不考虑焊接残余应力情况相比下降35.95%。
(3)在裂纹扩展过程中,裂尖处残余应力场并非一成不变,而是随着裂尖扩展而不断发生变化。在本文拉伸疲劳算例中,随着裂纹的扩展,裂尖处横向焊接残余应力呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势。
(4)以往研究中将焊接残余应力选取为0.3σy拉应力的处理方法,预测出的疲劳寿命往往过于保守,比不考虑焊接残余应力情况下的寿命下降65.74%。通过对比分析,考虑焊接残余应力重分布的扩展有限元疲劳寿命分析方法能更准确地预报焊接结构的疲劳寿命。本文提出的方法也可为其他金属焊接结构的疲劳寿命预测提供参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52171312)
  • 水路交通控制全国重点实验室开放课题资助项目(QZ2022-Y012)
  • 2023江苏省工业和信息产业转型升级项目(苏财工贸〔2023〕60号)
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2024年第28卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.012
  • 接收时间:2024-05-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-20
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(52171312)
水路交通控制全国重点实验室开放课题资助项目(QZ2022-Y012)
2023江苏省工业和信息产业转型升级项目(苏财工贸〔2023〕60号)
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    江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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