Article(id=1243880297717150240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715875200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493773154, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493773154, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493773154, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493773154, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243880295267676686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='11', pageStart='1633', pageEnd='1802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493772569, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774494101943, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881676808499395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881676808499396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1780, endPage=1792, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243880297964614180, articleId=1243880297717150240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical study on two-way fluid-structure coupling characteristics of propeller-shafting system based on FEM/CFD method, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The exciting forces generated by the propeller during ship operation will cause the vibration of propulsion shafting, and the shafting vibration will also have feedback to the propeller, causing complex spatial motion. There is a two-way fluid-structure coupling problem in the propeller-shafting system. To investigate this complex dynamic problem, the numerical model for simulating the coupling of shafting multi-degree-of-freedom vibration and propeller viscous flow field was established in this paper, based on the finite element (FEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. The iterative solution of the two-way coupling was realized by carrying out secondary development in the flow field solver, and several numerical examples were simulated to study the variation characteristics of fluid exciting and vibration response. The results show that, the simulation method proposed in this paper has practical values, and the convergence and accuracy of the two-way fluid-structure coupling simulation can meet the engineering requirements. The computing speed for solving the coupling system of this method is fast, and no additional computing resources are required. The two-way coupling effect and unbalanced mass have significant influence on the amplitudes at rotating frequency while the non-uniform inflows have significant influence on the amplitudes at blade passing frequency.

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船舶航行时螺旋桨产生的激励力会引起推进轴系振动,而轴系振动也会对螺旋桨产生反馈,引起复杂空间运动,桨-轴系统中存在着双向流固耦合问题。为了研究这种复杂动力学特性,本文基于有限元(FEM)和计算流体力学(CFD)方法,建立能够模拟轴系多自由度振动与螺旋桨粘性流场耦合的数值模型,在流场求解器中进行二次开发实现双向耦合的迭代求解,并进行多个算例的模拟来研究流体激励与振动响应的变化规律。结果表明:本文提出的方法具有实用价值,采用该方法进行双向流固耦合分析时收敛性与精度满足工程要求,求解速度较快且无需附加的计算资源;双向耦合效应与质量不平衡对轴频处的幅值有较大影响,而非均匀来流对叶频处的幅值有较大影响。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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孟长霖(1997-),男,博士研究生

率志君(1979-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

倪世威(1990-),男,博士。

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孟长霖(1997-),男,博士研究生

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Main parameters of the propulsion shafting in Ref. [18]

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轴系主要参数螺旋桨主要参数轴承主要参数
轴长L/m20桨叶数Z5刚度/(N·m-1阻尼/(Ns·m-1与螺旋桨距离/m
轴截面外径Dinner/m0.5
轴截面内径Douter/m0.24直径D/m5后艉轴承3×1083×1061.8
杨氏模量E/GPa210前艉轴承3×1083×10610.2
泊松比γ0.33密度ρ/(kg·m-38900中间轴承3×1083×10619.5
密度ρ/(kg·m-37800
), ArticleFig(id=1243880311608684700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880297717150240, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

文献[18]中推进轴系主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轴系主要参数螺旋桨主要参数轴承主要参数
轴长L/m20桨叶数Z5刚度/(N·m-1阻尼/(Ns·m-1与螺旋桨距离/m
轴截面外径Dinner/m0.5
轴截面内径Douter/m0.24直径D/m5后艉轴承3×1083×1061.8
杨氏模量E/GPa210前艉轴承3×1083×10610.2
泊松比γ0.33密度ρ/(kg·m-38900中间轴承3×1083×10619.5
密度ρ/(kg·m-37800
), ArticleFig(id=1243880311742902433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880297717150240, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of shafting free whirling vibration results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第1阶固有频率/Hz第2阶固有频率/Hz第3阶固有频率/Hz
文献[18]中方法1结果9.9517.9721.19
文献[18]中方法2结果9.9617.9821.20
本文计算结果9.9217.8721.12
), ArticleFig(id=1243880311902285989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880297717150240, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

轴系回旋自由振动结果对比

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第1阶固有频率/Hz第2阶固有频率/Hz第3阶固有频率/Hz
文献[18]中方法1结果9.9517.9721.19
文献[18]中方法2结果9.9617.9821.20
本文计算结果9.9217.8721.12
), ArticleFig(id=1243880312049086634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880297717150240, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Main parameters of the PPTC propeller

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r/R=0.7处螺距比P0.7C/D盘面比AE/A0r/R=0.7处弦长c0.7/m毂径比dh/D
1.6350.7790.10420.300
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PPTC螺旋桨主要参数

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r/R=0.7处螺距比P0.7C/D盘面比AE/A0r/R=0.7处弦长c0.7/m毂径比dh/D
1.6350.7790.10420.300
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Corresponding simulation conditions of two-way fluid-solid coupling examples

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算例名称非均匀来流激励质量不平衡激励双向流固耦合效应
算例1不考虑不考虑不考虑
算例2不考虑不考虑考虑
算例3不考虑考虑考虑
算例4五阶非均匀不考虑不考虑
算例5五阶非均匀不考虑考虑
算例6六阶非均匀不考虑考虑
算例7七阶非均匀不考虑考虑
), ArticleFig(id=1243880312476905664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880297717150240, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

双向流固耦合算例对应模拟条件

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算例名称非均匀来流激励质量不平衡激励双向流固耦合效应
算例1不考虑不考虑不考虑
算例2不考虑不考虑考虑
算例3不考虑考虑考虑
算例4五阶非均匀不考虑不考虑
算例5五阶非均匀不考虑考虑
算例6六阶非均匀不考虑考虑
算例7七阶非均匀不考虑考虑
), ArticleFig(id=1243880312653066437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880297717150240, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of amplitudes of the exciting force and vibration velocity of propeller at the RF under Simulation Conditions 1-3

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工况1工况2工况3
轴频处KTy幅值3.75×10-44.91×10-46.95×10-4
轴频处螺旋桨横向振速幅值/dB98.63101.91106.24
), ArticleFig(id=1243880312757924045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880297717150240, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

工况1~3下轴频处激励力与响应幅值对比

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工况1工况2工况3
轴频处KTy幅值3.75×10-44.91×10-46.95×10-4
轴频处螺旋桨横向振速幅值/dB98.63101.91106.24
), ArticleFig(id=1243880312850198736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880297717150240, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Comparison of amplitudes of the exciting force and vibration velocity of propeller at the BPF under Simulation Conditions 2 and 5-7

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工况2工况5工况6工况7
叶频处KTy幅值1.28×10-45.71×10-42.79×10-42.53×10-4
叶频处螺旋桨横向振速幅值/dB74.78113.62107.49106.51
), ArticleFig(id=1243880312988610769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880297717150240, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

工况2、5~7下叶频处激励力与响应幅值对比

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工况2工况5工况6工况7
叶频处KTy幅值1.28×10-45.71×10-42.79×10-42.53×10-4
叶频处螺旋桨横向振速幅值/dB74.78113.62107.49106.51
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基于FEM/CFD方法的桨-轴系统双向流固耦合特性数值模拟研究
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孟长霖 1 , 简洁 1 , 董烈祎 1 , 率志君 1 , 姜晨醒 2 , 倪世威 2 , 李玩幽 1
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(11): 1780-1792
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(11): 1780-1792
基于FEM/CFD方法的桨-轴系统双向流固耦合特性数值模拟研究
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孟长霖1, 简洁1, 董烈祎1, 率志君1 , 姜晨醒2, 倪世威2, 李玩幽1
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工程大学 动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 2.厦门大学 能源学院,福建 厦门 361102
  • 孟长霖(1997-),男,博士研究生

    率志君(1979-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

    倪世威(1990-),男,博士。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical study on two-way fluid-structure coupling characteristics of propeller-shafting system based on FEM/CFD method
Chang-lin MENG1, Jie JIAN1, Lie-yi DONG1, Zhi-jun SHUAI1 , Chen-xing JIANG2, Shi-wei NI2, Wan-you LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2.College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
出版时间: 2024-11-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.014
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船舶航行时螺旋桨产生的激励力会引起推进轴系振动,而轴系振动也会对螺旋桨产生反馈,引起复杂空间运动,桨-轴系统中存在着双向流固耦合问题。为了研究这种复杂动力学特性,本文基于有限元(FEM)和计算流体力学(CFD)方法,建立能够模拟轴系多自由度振动与螺旋桨粘性流场耦合的数值模型,在流场求解器中进行二次开发实现双向耦合的迭代求解,并进行多个算例的模拟来研究流体激励与振动响应的变化规律。结果表明:本文提出的方法具有实用价值,采用该方法进行双向流固耦合分析时收敛性与精度满足工程要求,求解速度较快且无需附加的计算资源;双向耦合效应与质量不平衡对轴频处的幅值有较大影响,而非均匀来流对叶频处的幅值有较大影响。

推进轴系  /  船舶螺旋桨  /  双向流固耦合  /  质量不平衡  /  非均匀来流

The exciting forces generated by the propeller during ship operation will cause the vibration of propulsion shafting, and the shafting vibration will also have feedback to the propeller, causing complex spatial motion. There is a two-way fluid-structure coupling problem in the propeller-shafting system. To investigate this complex dynamic problem, the numerical model for simulating the coupling of shafting multi-degree-of-freedom vibration and propeller viscous flow field was established in this paper, based on the finite element (FEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. The iterative solution of the two-way coupling was realized by carrying out secondary development in the flow field solver, and several numerical examples were simulated to study the variation characteristics of fluid exciting and vibration response. The results show that, the simulation method proposed in this paper has practical values, and the convergence and accuracy of the two-way fluid-structure coupling simulation can meet the engineering requirements. The computing speed for solving the coupling system of this method is fast, and no additional computing resources are required. The two-way coupling effect and unbalanced mass have significant influence on the amplitudes at rotating frequency while the non-uniform inflows have significant influence on the amplitudes at blade passing frequency.

propulsion shafting  /  marine propeller  /  two-way fluid-structure coupling  /  mass unbalance  /  non-uniform inflow
孟长霖, 简洁, 董烈祎, 率志君, 姜晨醒, 倪世威, 李玩幽. 基于FEM/CFD方法的桨-轴系统双向流固耦合特性数值模拟研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (11) : 1780 -1792 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.014
Chang-lin MENG, Jie JIAN, Lie-yi DONG, Zhi-jun SHUAI, Chen-xing JIANG, Shi-wei NI, Wan-you LI. Numerical study on two-way fluid-structure coupling characteristics of propeller-shafting system based on FEM/CFD method[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (11) : 1780 -1792 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.014
在船舶航行时,由于不均匀的船体尾流作用,螺旋桨不可避免地工作在非均匀的来流中并产生周期性的激励,这种流体激励引起的轴系振动会通过轴承传递到船体,影响船舶的安静性与舒适性。现代大型船舶的推进轴系往往具有轴系长、跨度大和艉部悬臂的特点,导致其刚度较弱,因此轴系在流体与机械激励下的振动尤其是回旋振动的幅值不可忽略;与此同时,为了追求更好的推进性能,船舶往往选择大质量和大转动惯量的螺旋桨,因此会导致螺旋桨在微小的偏心状态下产生很大的质量不平衡激励,从而引起剧烈的轴系振动[1-2]
空间不均匀来流导致的螺旋桨流体激励会引起轴系振动能量的不均匀分布,进而引发艉部振动与舱室噪声,而进行船舶动力装置振动噪声控制的第一步就是要准确预测系统的动力学特性,由于桨-轴系统中存在着双向流固耦合效应,传统的研究方法并不能对耦合系统中的振动特性进行准确的预测,因此,开发一种能够综合考虑非均匀来流条件、流体激励和质量不平衡激励等因素影响的桨-轴系统双向流固耦合分析方法具有很强的实用意义。
现有的研究大多将桨-轴耦合系统割裂为两个研究对象,第一步进行螺旋桨水动力特性的研究,第二步提取螺旋桨流体激励进行轴系动力学的分析,这种研究方法忽略了轴系振动对螺旋桨流场的反馈作用[3]。而当轴系柔性与螺旋桨质量都较大时,轴系振动的幅值不可忽略,这种反馈现象也应被考虑。所以,为了探明桨-轴耦合系统产生振动噪声的机理并对其加以控制,将该系统作为一个整体进行流固耦合动力学的研究是十分必要的。
国内外学者采用理论、实验与数值模拟的方法,对螺旋桨-推进轴系的振动特性开展了详尽的研究[4-7],但在轴系振动的相关研究中,其关注点主要在于系统的动力学建模与自由、强迫振动特性,所以通常对螺旋桨激励进行了一定程度的简化。
随着计算流体力学(CFD)技术在船舶领域的普及,采用该方法预测螺旋桨水动力与激励特性的研究大量增加[8-11]。相比于更早期的数值方法(如升力线法、升力面法、面元法等),CFD方法能够考虑流体粘性对螺旋桨水动力特性的影响,对螺旋桨尾涡结构的模拟也不再受到数值模型的局限。虽然CFD法相比于早期方法在求解过程中对计算资源的需求更大,但随着计算机技术的日益发展,目前大多数的计算资源都可以满足螺旋桨水动力CFD计算的需求。
现有的针对螺旋桨-轴系耦合系统的研究中,考虑轴系振动对螺旋桨反馈作用的研究较少。流固耦合动力学研究的方法主要可以分为两种,第一种是基于有限元(FEM)/边界元(BEM)的方法[12-13],第二种是基于商业软件内置算法的FEM/CFD的方法[14-15]
FEM/BEM方法对于螺旋桨-轴系的动力学特性能够进行准确的预测,但由于其对流体进行了无粘无旋的假设,导致其对螺旋桨水动力与激励特性的模拟不够准确。而基于商业软件内置算法的FEM/CFD方法相比于前者虽然克服了流场模拟方面的不足,但由于商业软件中FEM与CFD作为两个单独的求解器,在进行流固耦合计算的过程中,需要通过中间程序的调用来实现两个求解器间实时的数据交互。相比于常规计算,在双向耦合计算过程中,在两个求解器中每个迭代(时间)步内都增加了数据的提取-发送-接收的流程,造成其求解效率大大降低,加之中间调用程序也会占用大量的计算资源,所以,该方法在进行面向于工程的数值模拟时求解速度很慢。基于商业软件内置算法的FEM/CFD方法可能存在的另一个问题是收敛性不佳,在实际使用中往往需要大幅度增加数值模型的时间/空间离散度,才能得到收敛的模拟结果,而这无疑又大大延长了求解时间。
针对上述现有研究中的不足,本文建立能够模拟轴系多自由度振动与螺旋桨粘性流场耦合的数值模型,该模型考虑非均匀来流条件、流体激励力、质量不平衡激励力等因素,在流场求解器(ANSYS Fluent)中采用C语言进行二次开发,实现螺旋桨流场-推进轴系间的数据传递与双向流固耦合的迭代求解。本文采用PPTC(Potsdam Propeller Test Case)螺旋桨[16-17]与文献[18]中的轴系参数进行模型验证,证明本文建立流场与轴系动力学数值模型的正确性;通过对二次开发方法与商业软件内置算法的流固耦合模拟结果进行对比,验证本文提出的流固耦合求解方法的正确性。本文开展了质量不平衡激励与非均匀来流激励条件下的流固耦合算例数值模拟,对模拟得到的螺旋桨激励力与轴系振动响应结果进行分析,研究双向流固耦合效应对模拟结果的影响,分析不同激励条件对螺旋桨激励与轴系动力学特性的影响。本文提出的计算方法可以应用于船舶推进轴系与螺旋桨的设计优化。
建立考虑轴系多自由度振动与螺旋桨粘性流场相互作用的数值模型,需要分别建立轴系动力学与螺旋桨流场的数值模型,并通过二次开发的方式将轴系动力学算法与轴系振动对螺旋桨流场的反馈方法植入流场求解器中,以实现螺旋桨流场-推进轴系间的数据传递与流固耦合动力学的迭代求解。
常规的船舶推进轴系主要由螺旋桨、转轴、前艉轴承、后艉轴承、中间轴承与推力轴承等组成,其结构形式如图1所示。本文采用有限元方法进行轴系动力学建模,Timoshenko梁单元模拟转轴,刚性圆盘单元模拟螺旋桨,将各个位置的轴承简化为弹簧和阻尼单元[19-20]
本文在轴系动力学研究中主要关注回旋振动的特性,因此有限元模型中各个节点有4个自由度,整个系统具有4N个自由度。本文建立的轴系有限元模型如图2所示,系统动力学方程可表示为
式中,M为系统质量矩阵,C为系统阻尼矩阵,G为陀螺力矩矩阵,K为系统刚度矩阵,Ft)为激励力与力矩,Ω为转轴转速,q分别为加速度、速度、位移对应的向量。
本文使用ANSYS Fluent 2020R2进行螺旋桨流场模拟。计算流体力学(CFD)方法主要是基于有限体积法(FVM)将连续的流体域进行空间离散,在离散的计算网格中采用数值方法进行控制方程(纳维-斯托克斯方程)的求解。计算网格的质量对CFD求解的收敛性与精度有较大的影响,本文采用四面体/三棱柱混合网格进行螺旋桨流场建模,对桨叶导边、随边、顶端,以及桨叶桨毂交汇处进行了网格加密,根据流动的雷诺数与Y-plus值对边界层网格进行了加密。本文划分的流场网格如图3所示。
本文采用SST k-ω湍流模型[21]进行螺旋桨流场模拟,模拟介质为不可压缩的水。本文中流场域的内部流域的直径、长度分别为1.1D、2DD为桨叶直径),外部流域的直径、长度分别为5D、10D;边界条件采用速度进口、自由流出出口,外部流域除进出口外的外侧壁面设置为滑移壁面,在内外流域间通过建立交接面(Interface)实现两流域间的流通。在非定常计算中采用嵌套滑移网格法同时模拟螺旋桨自身的旋转与轴系振动引起的附加运动,非定常计算的时间步长为旋转1°所对应的时间,其对应的CFL(Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy)数接近于1,满足计算收敛性的需求。
本文所提出的双向流固耦合求解方法,其中一个难点是在流场求解器中植入轴系动力学算法,并在同一求解器架构内实现两个物理场之间的数据交互。本文的计算方法是通过C语言编写程序进行ANSYS Fluent的二次开发来实现的,该程序主要能够实现流体激励力提取、轴系有限元建模、轴系振动响应时域求解等功能,在每一个时间步的计算结束时进行流体激励力的提取,并加载到轴系有限元模型中,进行轴系振动响应计算,将得到的响应计算结果反馈至螺旋桨流场中,进行下一时间步的计算,直至达到规定的计算时间[2-31822]。本文中双向流固耦合求解流程如图4所示。
在常规的流固耦合方法中,在一个迭代(时间)步内,首先将流场中壁面上的流体力映射到结构场中相对应的位置计算振动响应,之后将结构场中计算得到的形变映射到流场中相对应的位置,通过以上的方式实现了两个物理场之间的耦合求解。与常规方法相比,本文方法对流场到轴系动力学耦合过程的处理是相似的,本文在二次开发程序中,通过对桨叶上受到的流体压力与粘性力在不同方向上进行积分得到流体激励,并将得到的流体力作为集中载荷加载到轴系动力学方程中。本文采用了有限元方法中的Timoshenko梁单元与刚性圆盘单元进行轴系动力学建模,生成桨-轴系统的质量、刚度、阻尼矩阵,综合考虑了螺旋桨流体激励与质量偏心激励,并采用了具有良好收敛性的Newmark-β法进行时域响应求解。
本文所提出的双向流固耦合计算方法的另一个难点是在计算出螺旋桨处的振动响应后,如何在流场计算中对其进行表征。与常规方法不同,本文在对轴系动力学到流场反馈的处理中,采用嵌套滑移网格法在流场中实现了对螺旋桨自身的旋转与轴系振动引起的附加运动的同时模拟,在流场模型中存在内外两个流域,其中内部流域用于模拟螺旋桨自身的旋转,外部流域用于模拟轴系回旋振动对螺旋桨造成的附加平动,且内部流域的旋转相对于外部流域是平动的,内外流域网格间的交接面将二者的运动联系了起来,从而实现了轴系振动响应对螺旋桨流场的反馈。文中所采用的嵌套滑移网格法如图5所示。
文进行了轴系自由振动、螺旋桨水动力结果的对比验证,证明了轴系动力学、螺旋桨流场数值模型的正确性;进行了基于本文二次开发方法与商业软件(ANSYS Workbench)方法的桨-轴系统流固耦合动力学模拟结果的对比,验证了本文流固耦合动力学求解方法的正确性。
文中轴系振动计算所采用的主要参数如表1所示。利用上文中所编写的程序,本文建立了桨-轴系统有限元模型并进行了自由振动计算,将计算得到的回旋振动的固有频率与文献[18]中结果进行了对比,详细结果如表2所示。结果表明,本文计算的轴系回旋振动固有频率与文献中的结果十分接近,证明了本文建立的轴系动力学模型能够很好地预测系统动力学特性。
与螺旋桨水动力特性相关的四个无量纲系数:进速系数J,推力系数KT,转矩系数KQ和效率η,分别由公式(2)~(5)所示。其中,vA为螺旋桨进速(m·s-1),n为转速(r·s-1),D为桨叶直径(m),T为螺旋桨推力(N),ρ为工作介质密度(kg·m-3),Q为螺旋桨转矩(N·m)。
文中螺旋桨水动力计算所采用的模型主要参数如表3所示。首先进行了流场计算网格无关性验证,结果如图6(a)所示,可以发现在网格单元数达到240万后螺旋桨推力系数变化微弱,说明继续加密网格对水动力求解精度影响很小,因此采用240万的网格单元进行后续计算。
之后进行了均匀来流下的螺旋桨水动力验证,实验与CFD结果对比如图6(b)所示,结果表明本文建立的流场模型能够准确地模拟螺旋桨的推力、转矩、效率等水动力性能。而从图6(c)可以看出,文中的流场网格在桨叶与桨毂处的Y-plus值全部小于4,由于SST k-ω湍流模型在壁面Y-plus值为1~5的范围内使用可以获得较好的模拟效果[24],可见本文中的流场网格划分是合理的。
通过对比基于本文二次开发方法与商业软件(ANSYS Workbench)算法的桨-轴系统流固耦合动力学的模拟结果,来验证本文中流固耦合动力学求解方法的正确性。本文所提出的方法在上文中已经做了详细的介绍;而在Workbench的流固耦合模拟中,流场部分的数值模型与上文中所介绍的一致,结构场的数值模型由图7所示,两个物理场间的数据传递、模型更新方式与本文方法不同,详细流程可参考文献[25-26]。采用两种方法进行双向耦合模拟的结果如图8所示,本文所分析的螺旋桨艉轴承处振动响应点,分别对应表1所介绍的轴系上与螺旋桨距离为0 m、1.8 m的位置,振动速度的参考值为1×10-9 m·s-1。可以发现,本文方法与商业软件算法对螺旋桨流体激励与轴系回旋振动响应的预测趋势一致,二者在特征频率处(轴频、轴频倍频与叶频)幅值较为接近,验证了本文方法建立的数值模型可以准确预测桨-轴耦合系统的动力学特性。此外,经对比发现,针对计算网格数相同的算例,商业软件算法较本文方法求解时间长7倍左右。
本文在进速系数J=1(对应的来流速度为10 m/s,转速为2 r/s)的状态下,进行了考虑质量不平衡与非均匀来流激励条件下的双向流固耦合模拟分析,模拟状态下桨叶0.7倍半径处的雷诺数为5.28×107,与实船航行时的流动状态相符;研究了双向流固耦合效应对模拟结果的影响,分析了不同激励条件对螺旋桨激励与轴系动力学特性的影响,各个算例所对应的模拟条件如表4所示。
算例5中螺旋桨轴向力时域结果如图9所示,可以发现轴向力在2.5 s之前的结果中存在较为剧烈的非周期性波动,而其在2.5 s之后的结果中主要呈现周期性的波动,这说明了计算在进行到2.5 s后趋于收敛。在后续的分析中,本文将选取计算收敛后2.5~7.5 s之间的结果进行分析。
首先,本文研究了双向流固耦合效应对桨-轴耦合系统流体激励与振动响应的影响,算例1、2的螺旋桨流体激励结果如图10所示,图中横坐标为轴频及其倍轴频的阶数。均匀来流下螺旋桨轴向流体激励波动较小,双向流固耦合效应对其影响也十分有限;而这种效应对横向激励的影响主要体现为改变其在一个旋转周期内的波动幅值,考虑双向耦合时螺旋桨横向激励力在轴频下的幅值较不考虑时增大了31%左右,这是由于该情况下的流体激励引起了轴系回旋振动,位于轴系末端的螺旋桨的周期性非定心旋转对流场产生了反馈作用,导致其流体激励力进一步增大。
轴系振动响应结果如图11所示,考虑双向流固耦合效应对轴系动力学响应的影响主要体现在改变了轴频与二倍轴频处的幅值,在螺旋桨与艉轴承位置,考虑耦合效应后振速频谱中轴频处幅值都增大了3.3 dB,而在两位置处振速频谱中二倍轴频处幅值也分别增大了11.8 dB和13.3 dB。考虑双向耦合效应时二倍轴频处产生较大幅值是因为在本文的轴系动力学建模中考虑了陀螺力矩,其造成了轴系不同自由度间的耦合振动[19-20],在单一自由度内两个具有90°相位差的简谐激励力将合成为二倍于原有频率的激励力,而双向流固耦合增大了激励力幅值,进一步增强了这种多自由度振动间的耦合效应。综合上述的分析,双向耦合效应对流体激励与轴系动力学响应都有着较大的影响。
其次,本文研究了质量不平衡激励对桨-轴耦合系统流体激励与振动响应的影响,在轴系动力学模型中采用了在螺旋桨位置施加1 mm偏心距的方法,实现了对质量不平衡激励的模拟。算例2、算例3的螺旋桨流体激励力、轴系振动响应结果如图12所示,质量不平衡对螺旋桨横向流体激励的影响也主要体现在改变波动幅值上,考虑质量不平衡情况下螺旋桨横向激励力在轴频下的幅值较不考虑的情况下增大41%左右。
质量不平衡激励对轴系振动响应的影响也主要体现在改变了轴频处的幅值,在螺旋桨与艉轴承位置处,考虑质量不平衡激励状态下振速幅值较不考虑状态下均增大了4.3 dB。结合流体激励的变化规律可以发现,在考虑质量不平衡因素后,无论流体激励还是轴系激励都在一个旋转周期内有了更大的波动幅值,因此在桨-轴系统动力学研究中应当充分考虑质量不平衡激励因素。
为了研究流体激励与动力学响应在轴频处幅值变化的规律,工况1~3下轴频处激励力与响应幅值的对比列于表5,考虑了双向流固耦合效应后轴频处的激励与响应幅值分别增大了31%与46%,而考虑了质量不平衡激励后轴频处的激励与响应幅值进一步增大了41%与65%。这说明了双向流固耦合效应与质量不平衡激励都对轴频处幅值有着明显的影响,且后者的影响更显著。
最后,本文研究了不同来流条件对桨-轴耦合系统流体激励与振动响应的影响,文中进行的非均匀来流状态的模拟,采用了5~7阶的周向非均匀来流,其中来流速度波动量与平均量的比值为0.5,速度变化如图13所示。
算例2与算例4~7的螺旋桨流体激励结果如图14所示。从图14(a)~(b)中结果可以发现,非均匀来流条件对螺旋桨流体激励力影响明显,来流速度的不均匀分布导致了螺旋桨轴向、横向力波动幅值的显著增加;在不同阶数的非均匀来流下,轴向力都在叶频处出现了最大的幅值[27-28],这说明了在非均匀来流下叶片通过是影响螺旋桨轴向激励最主要的因素。在5阶非均匀来流情况下,本文对比了该条件下考虑与不考虑双向流固耦合效应时的流体激励结果,从图14(c)~(d)中可以发现,双向耦合对于螺旋桨轴向力的影响依然很小,其仅体现在轴频处幅值的细微增大;而双向耦合对于螺旋桨横向力的影响明显,其导致了轴频与轴频二倍频处幅值的明显增大,轴频处的幅值较不考虑双向耦合时增大了119%。
不同的非均匀来流条件下,轴系振动响应的频谱呈现出与流体激励相似的特征,从图15频谱结果中可以分析得出,不同来流下轴系振动响应都在轴频和叶频处有较大幅值,来流速度的不均匀分布对响应频谱的影响体现在叶频处的幅值上,5阶不均匀来流时在螺旋桨位置均匀与非均匀来流下的幅值相差38.8 dB。
为了研究流体激励与动力学响应在叶频处幅值变化的规律,工况2、5~7下叶频处激励力与响应幅值的对比如表6所示,流体激励与振动响应的幅值都是在非均匀来流阶数为5阶时最大,这是由于当非均匀来流阶数与桨叶数相同时二者之间产生了更为强烈的相互作用。
本文建立了能够模拟轴系多自由度振动与螺旋桨粘性流场耦合的数值模型,考虑了非均匀来流激励和质量不平衡激励等因素,通过轴系自由振动、螺旋桨水动力、二次开发方法与商业软件算法结果的对比验证,验证了建模的正确性。本文进行了考虑质量不平衡激励与非均匀来流激励的双向流固耦合算例模拟,研究了双向耦合效应与不同激励条件对模拟结果的影响,得到的主要结论如下:
(1)考虑双向流固耦合效应时,桨-轴系统的流体激励与振动响应均与不考虑时有显著区别,采用本文方法进行双向流固耦合分析时收敛性与精度满足工程要求,且求解速度与进行常规CFD计算时十分接近,无需附加的计算资源;针对计算网格数相同的算例,商业软件算法较本文方法求解时间长7倍左右,且在模拟过程中需要占用上百GB的存储空间。由此可见,本文提出的方法相比于商业软件方法具有求解速度快、占用资源少的优势,而相比于传统的FEM/BEM方法具有考虑螺旋桨粘性流动的优势。
(2)双向流固耦合效应对流体激励与振动响应都有着较大的影响,考虑双向耦合时螺旋桨横向激励力在轴频下的幅值较不考虑时增大了31%左右。这是由于该情况下的流体激励引起了轴系回旋振动,位于轴系末端的螺旋桨的周期性非定心旋转对流场产生了反馈作用,导致其流体激励力进一步增大,而该效应对轴系振动响应的影响主要体现在改变了振速频谱轴频及其二倍频处的幅值。
(3)质量不平衡激励对流体激励与振动响应的影响与双向耦合效应相似,其产生的影响也主要体现在改变轴频处的幅值上,在计入了双向耦合后,考虑质量不平衡相较于未考虑时流体激励与振动响应进一步增大了41%与65%,因此在桨-轴系统动力学研究中应当充分考虑质量不平衡激励。
(4)来流速度的不均匀分布导致了螺旋桨轴向、横向激励波动幅值的显著增加,在非均匀来流下的叶片通过是影响螺旋桨轴向激励最主要的因素,因此在各阶非均匀来流下螺旋桨激励频谱中都以叶频成分为主导;当非均匀来流阶数与桨叶数相同时二者之间产生了更为强烈的相互作用,因而流体激励与结构振动响应表现得更加明显。
文中进行的桨-轴耦合系统动力学研究中,尚未对桨叶弹性加以考虑,这种刚性桨叶的假设对于金属材质螺旋桨是合适的,但对于可能产生较大弹性变形的复合材料桨叶是不合适的,作者希望在后续的研究中对桨叶弹性加以考虑。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52241101)
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2024年第28卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.014
  • 接收时间:2024-05-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-17
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52241101)
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    1.哈尔滨工程大学 动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
    2.厦门大学 能源学院,福建 厦门 361102

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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