Article(id=1243880297297719831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716480000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493773053, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493773053, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493773053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493773053, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243880295267676686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='11', pageStart='1633', pageEnd='1802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493772569, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774494101943, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881676808499395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881676808499396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1742, endPage=1755, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243880297582932509, articleId=1243880297297719831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Damage characteristics of U-shaped sandwich plates under combined action of shock wave and fragment, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the anti-explosion protection performance of ships and explore the damage mechanism of marine sandwich structure under impact load, the close-range air explosion test of U-shaped folded sandwich plate was designed and carried out. The deformation and failure mode of the sandwich plate under shock wave load were analyzed, and the finite element simulation analysis was carried out. On this basis, the damage characteristics of sandwich plates under the combined action of shock wave and fragments were studied by prefabricating fragments at the bottom of explosives. The influence of panel thickness and detonation distance on the anti-explosion performance of sandwich plates was discussed from three aspects: panel break size, vertical displacement and energy absorption. The results show that the failure modes of the upper panel of the sandwich plate under the combined action of shock wave and fragment are large deflection, boundary tearing, plug break and scattered perforation. The bottom panel is dominated by large deflection and pits, and the shape of the upper panel break changes from' butterfly' to' circular' with the increase of the thickness of the upper panel. At this time, the upper panel and the core layer are the main energy absorbing components. The deformation of the central region of the sandwich plate is more sensitive to the decrease of the detonation distance, while the deformation of the edge region has no significant change. The total energy absorption of the sandwich plate, the energy absorption and proportion of the lower panel and the core layer increase with the decrease of the thickness of the upper panel. The change of the thickness of the lower panel and the core layer has little effect on the overall energy absorption of the sandwich plate and the proportion of each part.

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为提升舰船抗爆防护性能,探究船用夹层结构在冲击载荷下的毁伤机理,本文设计并开展船用U型折叠式夹层板近距空爆试验,分析夹层板在冲击波载荷作用下的变形及破坏模式,并进行有限元仿真分析。在此基础上,通过在炸药底部预制破片群,研究冲击波与破片联合作用下夹层板的毁伤特性,从面板破口大小、竖向位移和能量吸收三个方面,讨论面板厚度和爆距对夹层板抗爆性能的影响规律。结果表明:在冲击波与破片联合作用下,夹层板上面板的破坏形式为挠曲大变形、边界撕裂、冲塞破口和分散穿孔;下面板以挠曲大变形和凹坑为主;上面板破口形状随上面板厚度增加由“蝶形”向“类圆形”转变,此时上面板和芯层为主要吸能构件;夹层板中心区域的变形对爆距减小较为敏感,而边缘区域变形量无显著变化。夹层板的总吸能、下面板和芯层的吸能量和占比均随上面板厚度减小而增大,下面板和芯层厚度的改变对夹层板整体吸能及各部分占比影响较小。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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王加夏(1988-),男,博士,副教授

刘昆(1984-),男,博士,教授,博导,通讯作者,E-mail:

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pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=44, issue=01, pageStart=169, pageEnd=173, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=陈青华, 姜月秋, 艾宁, journalName=舰船科学技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈青华,姜月秋,艾宁,. 舰炮弹药对典型舰船目标毁伤效能研究[J]. 舰船科学技术202244(01): 169-173., articleTitle=舰炮弹药对典型舰船目标毁伤效能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243880311440912534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880297297719831, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=44, issue=01, pageStart=169, pageEnd=173, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Chen Qinghua, Jiang Yueqiu, Ai Ning, journalName=Ship Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Qinghua, Jiang Yueqiu, Ai Ning, et al. 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Calculation conditions of sandwich plate

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工况编号结构参数/mm载荷
上面板芯层下面板TNT/g破片个数爆距/cm
M1111.550017730
M21.511.550017730
M3211.550017730
M42.511.550017730
M51.511.550017720
M61.511.550017710
), ArticleFig(id=1243880310820155515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880297297719831, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

夹层板计算工况

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工况编号结构参数/mm载荷
上面板芯层下面板TNT/g破片个数爆距/cm
M1111.550017730
M21.511.550017730
M3211.550017730
M42.511.550017730
M51.511.550017720
M61.511.550017710
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冲击波和破片联合作用下U型夹层板毁伤特性研究
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王加夏 , 杨俊杰 , 刘昆 , 王自力
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(11): 1742-1755
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(11): 1742-1755
冲击波和破片联合作用下U型夹层板毁伤特性研究
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王加夏, 杨俊杰, 刘昆 , 王自力
作者信息
  • 江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212100
  • 王加夏(1988-),男,博士,副教授

    刘昆(1984-),男,博士,教授,博导,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Damage characteristics of U-shaped sandwich plates under combined action of shock wave and fragment
Jia-xia WANG, Jun-jie YANG, Kun LIU , Zi-li WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
出版时间: 2024-11-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.011
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为提升舰船抗爆防护性能,探究船用夹层结构在冲击载荷下的毁伤机理,本文设计并开展船用U型折叠式夹层板近距空爆试验,分析夹层板在冲击波载荷作用下的变形及破坏模式,并进行有限元仿真分析。在此基础上,通过在炸药底部预制破片群,研究冲击波与破片联合作用下夹层板的毁伤特性,从面板破口大小、竖向位移和能量吸收三个方面,讨论面板厚度和爆距对夹层板抗爆性能的影响规律。结果表明:在冲击波与破片联合作用下,夹层板上面板的破坏形式为挠曲大变形、边界撕裂、冲塞破口和分散穿孔;下面板以挠曲大变形和凹坑为主;上面板破口形状随上面板厚度增加由“蝶形”向“类圆形”转变,此时上面板和芯层为主要吸能构件;夹层板中心区域的变形对爆距减小较为敏感,而边缘区域变形量无显著变化。夹层板的总吸能、下面板和芯层的吸能量和占比均随上面板厚度减小而增大,下面板和芯层厚度的改变对夹层板整体吸能及各部分占比影响较小。

U型夹层板  /  冲击波  /  破片群  /  爆炸试验  /  数值仿真

In order to improve the anti-explosion protection performance of ships and explore the damage mechanism of marine sandwich structure under impact load, the close-range air explosion test of U-shaped folded sandwich plate was designed and carried out. The deformation and failure mode of the sandwich plate under shock wave load were analyzed, and the finite element simulation analysis was carried out. On this basis, the damage characteristics of sandwich plates under the combined action of shock wave and fragments were studied by prefabricating fragments at the bottom of explosives. The influence of panel thickness and detonation distance on the anti-explosion performance of sandwich plates was discussed from three aspects: panel break size, vertical displacement and energy absorption. The results show that the failure modes of the upper panel of the sandwich plate under the combined action of shock wave and fragment are large deflection, boundary tearing, plug break and scattered perforation. The bottom panel is dominated by large deflection and pits, and the shape of the upper panel break changes from' butterfly' to' circular' with the increase of the thickness of the upper panel. At this time, the upper panel and the core layer are the main energy absorbing components. The deformation of the central region of the sandwich plate is more sensitive to the decrease of the detonation distance, while the deformation of the edge region has no significant change. The total energy absorption of the sandwich plate, the energy absorption and proportion of the lower panel and the core layer increase with the decrease of the thickness of the upper panel. The change of the thickness of the lower panel and the core layer has little effect on the overall energy absorption of the sandwich plate and the proportion of each part.

U-shaped sandwich plate  /  shock wave  /  fragment group  /  explosion test  /  numerical simulation
王加夏, 杨俊杰, 刘昆, 王自力. 冲击波和破片联合作用下U型夹层板毁伤特性研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (11) : 1742 -1755 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.011
Jia-xia WANG, Jun-jie YANG, Kun LIU, Zi-li WANG. Damage characteristics of U-shaped sandwich plates under combined action of shock wave and fragment[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (11) : 1742 -1755 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.011
水面舰船作为现代攻防对抗体系中重要的海上作战平台,在实际海战中极易遭受中远程导弹或大口径舰炮的袭扰和威胁[1]。战斗部爆炸所产生的爆炸冲击波和破片群是舰船毁伤的主要源由,也是舰船防护结构设计中不可忽视的重要因素[2]。为了研究舰船防护结构的抗爆性能,可通过对联合载荷解耦,对单一毁伤元(冲击波或高速破片群)开展相关毁伤研究,如在目标板上预制穿孔[3]或凹槽[4],再施加冲击波载荷,或开展破片弹道仿真或试验[5],以建立破片侵彻的能量耗散模型和防护结构的损伤失效模型。
解耦处理可为目标防护设计提供一定的参考,然而在实际爆炸场景下,两种毁伤元的耦合破坏效应完全不同于二者单独作用或简单叠加,而是有着更为复杂的破坏机理和作用规律。冲击波与破片的联合载荷特性与结构的损伤模式紧密相关。夏晓旭等[6]采用有限体积法和网格自适应技术,对联合载荷作用阶段冲击波在破片周围的反射和绕射进行了数值研究,并给出了两种载荷追逐和相遇次数的判定依据。马福临等[7]采用近场运动学理论,模拟了冲击波和破片的载荷作用次序对层合板的损伤差异,研究指出载荷作用次序的先后,呈现出对于损伤不同程度的增强效应,最终影响联合作用的损伤能力。
对于冲击波和破片的联合毁伤机制,国内众多学者也开展了一系列研究。孔祥韶等[8]采用带壳装药进行舰船舷侧防护结构的舱内爆炸试验,表明高速破片密集作用区各弹孔间的边界会被冲击波撕开而相互连通形成长大破口,舱壁开孔和水舱可有效保护重要舱室;李茂等[9]阐述了固支钢板在联合载荷作用下的动态响应过程,给出了结构在不同爆距下的破坏模式;吴震等[10]开展了舰船板架(光板和加筋板)在非标准圆柱形战斗部爆炸的毁伤效应试验,提出了舰船板架在冲击波和破片耦合作用下的主要破坏模式,指出加筋板的抗爆能力远高于光板;李勇等[11]通过改变炸药当量对比分析了等质量实体板、间隔版和波纹夹层板的抗联和毁伤性能,结果表明药量较小时,夹层板具有更优异的抗冲击性能。
对于舰船抗爆防护,一方面可通过引入聚脲涂层[12]、泡沫铝、高强聚乙烯[13]等材料对传统防护结构进行改善,另一方面可从结构设计入手,夹层结构因其具有比强度高、可设计性强、抗冲击性能好等优良性能,在舰船防护结构中具有广阔的应用前景[14]。Li等[15]采用复合材料渐进破坏模型,对复合材料层合板在破片冲击、裸爆加载和联合载荷下的逐层损伤和破坏模式进行了研究;张成亮等[16]进行了钢−玻璃钢−钢夹层结构空中近爆模型试验,分析了结构变形破坏模式及冲击波与高速破片的联合毁伤机制,并给出了夹层结构在不同破坏模式下所对应的能量吸收规律;Zhang等[17]则以I型夹层板为研究对象,详细分析了装药质量、面板厚度配置和芯层结构对夹层板破坏模式和吸能特性的影响。
本文以U型激光焊接金属折叠式夹层板(以下简写为夹层板)为研究对象,设计并开展夹层板近场爆炸试验,采用ALE法对冲击波作用下的夹层板进行模拟计算,并在此基础上结合仿真分析技术,进一步研究夹层板在冲击波和破片联合作用下的抗冲击性能以及吸能特性,为舰船抗爆炸冲击和破片侵彻的结构设计提供参考。
本文采用LS-DYNA非线性有限元仿真软件,建立炸药、空气、夹层板和工装结构有限元模型,当考虑冲击波和破片的联合作用时,需在装药底部预制一定数量破片。根据研究问题的对称性,计算域可建为1/4模型,如图1所示。为考虑爆炸冲击波在工装结构的内部反射作用,空气域将整个结构覆盖,空气域尺寸为700 mm×700 mm×1000 mm。将空气中心区域网格进行细化,网格尺寸为2 mm,其余区域尺寸为5 mm,欧拉域网格数量为1934万,工装结构均使用5 mm网格。为模拟冲击波密集作用区夹层板的破坏,将夹层板中心边长为250 mm的方形区域网格加密划分,尺寸为2 mm,其余区域网格尺寸为5 mm,拉格朗日网格总数为18万。夹层板及工装具体尺寸见图4
有限元模型采用任意-拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)方法,并结合流固耦合(FSI)算法。炸药和空气采用关键字*ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUPALE进行定义,而夹层板和工装结构均采用Belytschko-Tsay单点积分壳单元建模,并使用关键字*CONSTRAINT_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID定义流固耦合。夹层板由上下面板与中间折叠式芯层焊接组成,整体结构利用关键字*CONTACT_ERODING_SINGLE_SURFACE对结构之间的连接进行了模拟,带有失效的接触可有效模拟夹层板由于爆炸所产生的碎片对其他结构的影响。使用关键词*CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY在工装连接处选中关键节点定义为节点刚体,以模拟螺栓对夹层板的约束作用。模型中设置无反射边界条件来溢出爆炸所产生的冲击波。
TNT炸药通常采用*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN本构模型及JWL状态方程描述:
式中,AB为材料常数,分别取A=371.2 GPa,B=371.2 GPa;R1R2ω为试验拟合参数,分别取R1=4.15,R2=0.95,ω=0.3;E为单位体积的初始内能;V为相对体积。取炸药密度ρ=1630 kg/m3,爆速D=6930 m/s,爆轰压力P=27 GPa。
空气采用*MAT_NULL本构模型及*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL状态方程描述:
式中,C0~C6均为常数,C1=C2=C3=C6=0,C4=C5=0.4,E为单位体积内能,取E=2.53×105 J/m3μ=ρ/ρ0-1,ρ/ρ0为空气密度和参考密度之比,ρ=1.205 kg/m3
夹层板材料为低碳钢,密度ρ=7850 kg/m3,弹性模量E=210 GPa,泊松比为0.3,静态屈服应力为235 MPa,失效应变为0.23。钢材是典型的应变率敏感材料,在LS-DYNA中,可用PLASTIC_KINEMATIC材料(MAT_3)和Cowper-Symonds(C-S)模型考虑应变率效应。
动力强化系数DIF可表示为
式中:CP为应变率参数,对于低碳钢,取C=40.4,P=5;为应变率。屈服应力定义为
式中,σ0为常应变率处的屈服应力;β为硬化参数,0 < β < 1;为有效塑性应变;EP为塑性硬化模量。
为研究冲击波和破片载荷联合作用下的夹层板损伤,本文首先对装药驱动金属平板飞散速度及冲击波作用下波纹夹层板结构损伤等方面开展数值模型的有效性验证。
本文采用格尼公式来验证装药驱动金属平板飞散速度的准确性[18]。爆炸初始时刻,爆轰波和爆炸产物将驱动预制破片迅速向外飞散,其平均速度为
式中,为装药的格尼系数,对于TNT装药,取MW分别为破片的总质量和实际参与驱动预制破片的炸药质量;ρMhM分别为驱动破片部分炸药的密度和高度;Dh分别为装药直径和高度。
炸药直径为50 mm,高度为130 mm,炸药网格尺寸与空气细分区域均取1 mm,选取平板直径为50 mm,厚度分别为2 mm、3 mm和4 mm进行计算,平板网格取为1 mm,不同厚度平板驱动速度曲线如图2所示。当金属平板厚度分别2 mm、3 mm和4 mm时,金属平板飞散速度仿真结果分别为1785.985 m/s,1368.782 m/s和1117.949 m/s;根据式(5)计算,所得金属平板飞散速度的理论结果分别为1787.1 m/s、1413.5 m/s和1171.8 m/s,误差分别为0.06%、3.2%和4.6%,平板速度的仿真误差均小于5%,表明该方法可以较准确地模拟破片飞散速度。
本文以张长仔[19]的空中近场爆炸载荷下泡沫铝波纹杂交夹层板试验研究为基础,选取无填充试验(TZP-2)对冲击波载荷和夹层板损伤进行验证。模型由炸药、空气和夹层板3部分组成,欧拉域及夹层板网格均为1 mm。具体模型尺寸及参数信息可参见文献[19]。
图3为冲击波作用下波纹夹层板的试验与仿真对比。由图可知,夹层板中心区域产生较大塑性变形,上、下面板以及芯层壁板未出现明显破坏,受上面板挤压,芯层壁板出现了较大的拉伸变形。将上下面板横截面变形的试验与仿真结果进行对比,如图3(c)和(d)所示,数值仿真中对于波纹夹层板的上下面板横截面的整体变形轮廓与试验结果吻合良好,对于上面板,数值仿真中位移最大值为24.457 mm,较试验值26.66 mm小8.3%;对于下面板,数值仿真中位移最大值为13.09 mm,较试验值15.12 mm小13.4%。通过对比可知,本文采用的数值模型能较好地模拟爆炸冲击波下夹层板的变形破坏。
本章设计并开展了船用折叠式夹层板在冲击波作用下的近距空爆试验,分析了夹层板在冲击波载荷下的变形和破坏模式。在此基础上,对夹层板在冲击波和破片联合作用下的毁伤进行数值仿真研究,并分析爆距和板厚对夹层板破坏形式、竖向位移和吸能特性的影响。
爆炸试验结构包括U型夹层板、工装结构、炸药等。圆柱形TNT当量为500 g,半径为38 mm,高为69.9 mm,爆距为30 cm。夹层板外形尺寸为1160 mm×1160 mm×80 mm,结构尺寸如图4所示,其中芯层高度h=80 mm,芯层单元长度w=125 mm,焊接宽度f=20 mm,夹层板上、下面厚度tf=1.5 mm,芯层壁板厚度tc=1 mm,试件包含8个芯层单元。夹层板的上下面板周围余出80 mm的区域,并开有直径为26 mm的螺栓孔。为模拟实船应用时夹层板四周刚性固定的状态,由压板、支撑方管和支撑底座构成约束工装,具体装配结构如图5所示。
图6(a)所示为近场空爆试验后夹层板上面板的变形模式。从图中可以看出,上面板整体出现塑性大变形,并且中心区域产生较大的撕裂破口,横向最大破口为23.7 cm,纵向最大破口为30.7 cm,同时上面板向下运动与芯层壁板发生接触。夹层板破口左侧出现长条形裂缝和局部翻卷,右侧为穿透性破口。由于芯层对上面板的非连续支撑,上面板出现明显的条状压痕变形。仿真结果能较好地反映上面板的破口形貌,如图6(b)所示。仿真横向最大破口为23.67 cm,与试验值吻合;仿真纵向最大破口为34.03 cm,误差为10.8%,整体破口面积较试验值稍大。
为方便观察芯层的变形模式,将爆炸试验后的模型沿横向进行线切割,切割后的模型如图7(a)所示,芯层整体变形为塑性屈曲,中心位置处芯层壁板同时向内屈曲变形,并产生横向撕裂;其余相邻的芯层壁板分别为向内、向外的屈曲变形。芯层左侧壁板在上面板的挤压作用下,发生较大挠曲变形;右侧壁板在上面板剪切作用下,产生撕裂破口,而在数值结果中并未观察到该现象,如图7(b)所示,这是由于试验时炸药布置并未完全处于夹层板中心,局部高强度冲击波偏于一侧造成的。下面板中心区域挠度较大,整体呈现“类波浪式”变形,该类形貌是由于上面板中心与芯层连接区域产生的二次破片的撞击造成的,数值结果中也可较为明显地观察到二次破片的产生过程。由此可知,夹层板在冲击波作用下的主要变形模式为塑性大变形、中心破口和局部撕裂,变形是由冲击波作用、结构内部碰撞挤压以及二次破片的碰撞联合作用造成的。
图8给出了靠近工装边界处的芯层横向截面变形。由图可知,靠近边界区域,芯层受到方钢的约束,变形受到抑制,同时在上、下面板的挤压作用下,出现局部脱焊失效,相邻的芯层板分别发生向内、向外的屈曲变形,随着压皱深度的增加,芯层板与面板发生接触,仿真方法可较好地反映该类变形过程。
图9为冲击波作用下夹层板横剖面轮廓的试验与仿真结果对比,在中心点向两侧50 cm内分别选取观测点,以各观测点的位置为横坐标,以各点竖向位移的最大值为纵坐标。由图9(a)可知,上面板左侧最大变形的数值结果为25.0 mm,较试验值28 mm小10.7%;右侧最大变形的试验值为43 mm,仿真与试验结果误差较大。造成该问题的主要原因是试验中环境因素(风)与数值模型场景的误差,使得炸药未完全位于夹层板中心,造成夹层板出现非对称的单侧撕裂破口。下面板最大变形的试验值为63 mm,仿真值为42.3 mm。对比轮廓曲线可知,数值模拟能较好地预测折叠式夹层板的上面板变形,而低估了下面板变形。
在上述仿真基础上,保持夹层板结构、药量和爆距不变,将破片预制于炸药底部,单枚破片尺寸为5 mm×5 mm×2 mm,网格尺寸为1 mm,破片数量为177枚。破片具体预制位置及分布如图10所示。
图11为冲击波和破片联合作用下夹层板的毁伤效果。上面板整体发生塑性变形,中心区域形成近似“蝴蝶形”破口,破口最大横向长度为15.34 cm,最大纵向长度为19.21 cm。在中心区域Ⅰ中,弹孔分布较为密集;在区域Ⅱ中,以独立穿孔为主,损伤区域直径为41.64 cm。由于夹层板芯层与面板接触区域较其他区域结构强度为强,因此上面板沿横向变形出现一定的上下起伏现象,见图11(a)。下面板整体变形较小,中心区域由上面板产生的二次破片造成侵彻破口,在芯层与下面板连接区域由破片群造成少量凹坑和穿孔。但破片群在穿透上面板和自身相互碰撞后,造成的面板损伤相对有限,见图11(b)。芯层的变形模式则是以中心区域壁板的向内屈曲和局部凹坑为主,见图11(c)
图12为冲击波单独作用或联合作用时,夹层板上、下面板的横剖面轮廓曲线。由图可知,联合作用时较冲击波单独作用时要小,其上面板最大变形由25.0 cm减小到15.6 cm,减小了37%,同时破口尺寸也有所减小;下面板最大变形则由42.3 cm减小到17.4 cm,减小了58.7%。联合作用时夹层板上、下面板整体变形明显减小,这是因为预制的破片群较为密集,阻碍了正后方冲击波的传播,降低了到达上面板的冲击波强度。
基于上述仿真方法,对冲击波和破片联合作用下夹层板的毁伤进行多工况计算,各工况中,夹层板芯层和下面板的厚度、药量和破片数量均保持不变,研究上面板厚度和爆距的改变对夹层板损伤的影响,计算工况见表1
工况M1~M4是上面板厚度分别为1 mm、1.5 mm、2 mm和2.5 mm时,夹层板在冲击波和破片联合作用下的变形。图13给出了工况M1和M4的局部破口形貌,在上面板厚度为1 mm时,夹层板中心区域产生较大的“蝶形”破口,最大破口长度为22.2 cm,芯层壁板和下面板均出现较大的连通型破口。当上面板厚度为2.5 mm时,夹层板中心区域产生“类圆”破口,最大破口长度为10.36 cm,较M4破口长度减小了53%,同时芯层和下面板的损伤程度也有所减小。
影响上面板破口形状的原因是芯层对于上面板的非连续性加强(支撑)作用,使得夹层板结构强度存在差异。当上面板厚度较小时,此时芯层对于上面板的加强作用较为明显,弹孔薄弱处(芯层和上面板连接以外区域)更易撕裂,而相对较厚的区域(芯层和上面板连接区域)将起到使破口向内“聚拢”的效果,从而形成“蝶形”破口;而当上面板厚度较厚时,此时夹层板整体抗爆能力增强,从而弱化了芯层与上面板连接的影响,上面板的破口趋于“类圆形”。夹层板随上面板板厚变化的毁伤过程见图14(a)~(d)
工况M2、M5和M6时炸药到夹层板的距离分别为30 cm、20 cm和10 cm,夹层板在冲击波和破片联合作用下的变形如图14所示。由图可知,当爆距为30 mm时,最大破口长度为19.21 cm,破口处上面板向下翻卷;当爆距减小时,面板弹孔分布更为集中,且夹层板的毁伤显著加剧。当爆距为10 cm时,最大破口长度为21.44 cm,较M2破口长度增大了11.6%,同时上面板独立穿孔消失,破口轮廓更为光滑,下面板也出现较大的冲塞破口,见图14(b)、(e)、(f)
图15为不同厚度和爆距下夹层板上、下面板横剖面的轮廓位移曲线,测点选取方式与之前相同。当上面板厚度减小时,夹层板上下面板的变形量均增加,但上面板中心区域曲线斜率变化较快,边缘较为平缓,见图15(a);而下面板的曲线斜率基本稳定,见图15(b)。这是由于上面板中心区域所受到的载荷较下面板更为剧烈且集中。当爆距减小时,夹层板上下面板位移曲线变化趋势相同,上下面板中心区域变形量均增大,且曲线斜率变化较快,而上下面板边缘区域变形量基本保持不变,见图15(c)~(d)。这说明在一定范围内,夹层板中心区域受爆距的影响较为敏感,而边缘区域的位移则基本保持稳定。
工况M1~M6下夹层板各结构吸能如图16所示。对比工况M1~M4可知:当上面板厚度增加时,夹层板总吸能量由20.42 kJ(M1)减小至17.38 kJ(M4),但上面板吸能占比增加了20.9%,芯层和下面板的吸能占比分别减小了12.8%和8.1%,从整体上看,上面板和芯层为主要吸能构件。对比工况M2、M5和M6,当爆距减小时,夹层板总吸能量由18.77 kJ(M2)增加至23.75 kJ(M6),芯层和下面板的吸能占比分别增加了4.4%和20.8%,下面板的吸能增加较芯层更为明显。
除此之外,为综合考虑夹层板面板厚度配置对夹层板吸能的影响,分别改变芯层和下面板厚度,随着芯层厚度的增加(1 mm、1.5 mm、2 mm、2.5 mm),夹层板整体吸能由20.42 kJ增加至21.26 kJ;下面板厚度的增加(1 mm、1.5 mm、2 mm、2.5 mm),对夹层板整体吸能影响较小。此时上面板在总体吸能中起主要作用。整体上看,夹层板作为抗爆防护结构时,上面板应作为优先增强对象。
本文设计并开展了船用折叠式夹层板近距空爆冲击波试验,并相应地进行了仿真研究,分析了夹层板在冲击波作用下的损伤模式,并将试验结果与仿真结果进行了对比。随后在此基础上,通过在炸药底部预制破片以研究冲击波和破片联合作用下的夹层板变形和破坏模式,以面板厚度和炸药爆距为主要参量,从夹层板破口大小、横剖面竖向位移和夹层板吸能特性等角度,对联合作用下夹层板的毁伤响应做了分析和讨论,得到如下结论:
(1)在近距空爆冲击波试验中,夹层板主要损伤模式为中心破口、塑性屈曲和局部撕裂。仿真结果能较好地反映以上损伤模式,并预测上面板的变形,却低估了下面板的变形。
(2)冲击波和破片联合作用时,夹层板上、下面板的塑性变形最大值、破口尺寸均小于冲击波单独作用下的结果,但由于有较多高速破片造成的贯穿破孔损伤作为补偿,结构整体损伤范围更大。
(3)上面板厚度的增加使得夹层板破口由“蝶形”向“类圆形”发展,最大破口长度减小了53%,这主要是由于芯层对上面板加强(支撑)作用的抗爆能力的差异造成的。同时上、下面板横剖面位移峰值均随厚度增加而减小;爆距减小对于夹层板中心区域变形影响较大,边缘则无显著变化。
(4)夹层板的总吸能、下面板和芯层的吸能量和占比,均随上面板厚度或爆距的减小而增大,下面板和芯层厚度的改变对夹层板整体吸能及各部分占比影响较小,此时上面板在总体吸能中起主要作用;当爆距减小时,下面板吸能增加也较为明显;整体上看,夹层板作为抗爆防护结构时,上面板应作为优先增强对象。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52171311; 52271279)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金面上项目(BK20191461)
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2024年第28卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.011
  • 接收时间:2024-05-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-24
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52171311; 52271279)
江苏省自然科学基金面上项目(BK20191461)
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    江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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