Article(id=1243880295863267855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716825600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493772712, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493772712, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493772712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493772712, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243880295267676686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='11', pageStart='1633', pageEnd='1802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493772569, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774494101943, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881676808499395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881676808499396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880295267676686, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1710, endPage=1720, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243880296148480528, articleId=1243880295863267855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Data-driven algorithm for diving process modelling and anomaly detection of deep-sea pressurized spherical shell, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the difficulty in modelling the diving process of spherical shells, a data-driven algorithm for diving process modelling and anomaly detection of deep-sea pressurized spherical shells was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the spherical shell structures and historical diving data of manned capsules were analyzed. Then, the diving process modelling algorithm was established based on the long short-term memory network (LSTM), taking the diving depth as the input and the key hot spot strain as the output. The deduction results were analyzed and compared with the DNN model and BP model, the derivation error was reduced by 35.89% and 63.80%, respectively. Finally, based on the LSTM model, a data anomaly detection algorithm was proposed. The proposed algorithm can diagnose and correct abnormal data when a sensor fails.

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针对大深度载人舱球壳下潜过程难以推演等问题,本文提出一种数据驱动的下潜过程推演与异常诊断算法。首先,对大深度载人舱球壳结构及历史下潜数据进行分析。其次,将下潜深度作为输入,关键热点应力作为输出,利用长短时记忆神经网络(long short-term memory network,LSTM)构建下潜过程推演模型,并对推演结果进行分析。与DNN模型和BP模型进行对比,推演误差分别降低35.89%和68.30%。最后,基于LSTM模型,提出一种数据异常诊断算法,该算法可对传感器出现故障时的异常数据进行及时诊断与修正。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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姚骥(1994-),男,博士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

汪雪良(1977-),男,博士,研究员。

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2.Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea Technological Science, Wuxi 214082, China
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Dataset for the diving process of the spherical shell of the manned capsule

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时间深度/m最大应变/με
训练集2022.1110 800-6130
交叉验证集2022.105400-3010
检验集2022.1010 000-5750
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载人舱球壳下潜过程推演数据集

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时间深度/m最大应变/με
训练集2022.1110 800-6130
交叉验证集2022.105400-3010
检验集2022.1010 000-5750
), ArticleFig(id=1243880311801622691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880295863267855, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Inference errors of different measuring points

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节点号A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A8
Rc31.5119.7931.4717.8217.9421.1725.3632.09
R20.99910.9991110.9990.999
节点号A9A10A11A12A13A14A15A16
Rc58.5617.7953.6826.2325.2217.2522.0221.30
R20.99910.9990.9990.999111
节点号A17A18A19A20A21A22A23A24
Rc66.6519.1059.5026.5556.1517.7359.8426.95
R20.9990.9990.9990.9990.99910.9990.999
节点号A25A26A27A28S29S30S31S32
Rc52.4324.9147.3829.6120.6722.1320.6622.34
R20.9990.9990.9990.9991111
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不同测点的推演误差

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节点号A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A8
Rc31.5119.7931.4717.8217.9421.1725.3632.09
R20.99910.9991110.9990.999
节点号A9A10A11A12A13A14A15A16
Rc58.5617.7953.6826.2325.2217.2522.0221.30
R20.99910.9990.9990.999111
节点号A17A18A19A20A21A22A23A24
Rc66.6519.1059.5026.5556.1517.7359.8426.95
R20.9990.9990.9990.9990.99910.9990.999
节点号A25A26A27A28S29S30S31S32
Rc52.4324.9147.3829.6120.6722.1320.6622.34
R20.9990.9990.9990.9991111
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Comparison of inference errors among different methods

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Rct
LSTM31.320
DNN48.8535.89%
BP98.8068.30%
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不同方法推演误差对比

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Rct
LSTM31.320
DNN48.8535.89%
BP98.8068.30%
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数据驱动的载人舱球壳下潜过程推演与异常诊断
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姚骥 1, 2, 3 , 汪雪良 1, 2, 3 , 叶聪 1, 2, 3 , 顾学康 1, 2 , 陈浩政 1, 2, 3 , 王雷 1, 2, 3 , 张铮铮 1, 2, 3
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(11): 1710-1720
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(11): 1710-1720
数据驱动的载人舱球壳下潜过程推演与异常诊断
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姚骥1, 2, 3 , 汪雪良1, 2, 3, 叶聪1, 2, 3, 顾学康1, 2, 陈浩政1, 2, 3, 王雷1, 2, 3, 张铮铮1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2.深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 3.深海载人装备全国重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 姚骥(1994-),男,博士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

    汪雪良(1977-),男,博士,研究员。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Data-driven algorithm for diving process modelling and anomaly detection of deep-sea pressurized spherical shell
Ji YAO1, 2, 3 , Xue-liang WANG1, 2, 3, Cong YE1, 2, 3, Xue-kang GU1, 2, Hao-zheng CHEN1, 2, 3, Lei WANG1, 2, 3, Zheng-zheng ZHANG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 2.Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea Technological Science, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Deep-sea Manned Vehicles, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2024-11-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.008
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针对大深度载人舱球壳下潜过程难以推演等问题,本文提出一种数据驱动的下潜过程推演与异常诊断算法。首先,对大深度载人舱球壳结构及历史下潜数据进行分析。其次,将下潜深度作为输入,关键热点应力作为输出,利用长短时记忆神经网络(long short-term memory network,LSTM)构建下潜过程推演模型,并对推演结果进行分析。与DNN模型和BP模型进行对比,推演误差分别降低35.89%和68.30%。最后,基于LSTM模型,提出一种数据异常诊断算法,该算法可对传感器出现故障时的异常数据进行及时诊断与修正。

数据驱动  /  载人舱球壳  /  长短时记忆神经网络  /  下潜过程推演  /  异常诊断

Aiming at the difficulty in modelling the diving process of spherical shells, a data-driven algorithm for diving process modelling and anomaly detection of deep-sea pressurized spherical shells was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the spherical shell structures and historical diving data of manned capsules were analyzed. Then, the diving process modelling algorithm was established based on the long short-term memory network (LSTM), taking the diving depth as the input and the key hot spot strain as the output. The deduction results were analyzed and compared with the DNN model and BP model, the derivation error was reduced by 35.89% and 63.80%, respectively. Finally, based on the LSTM model, a data anomaly detection algorithm was proposed. The proposed algorithm can diagnose and correct abnormal data when a sensor fails.

data-driven algorithm  /  the deep-sea pressurized spherical shell  /  LSTM  /  diving process inference  /  anomaly detection
姚骥, 汪雪良, 叶聪, 顾学康, 陈浩政, 王雷, 张铮铮. 数据驱动的载人舱球壳下潜过程推演与异常诊断. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (11) : 1710 -1720 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.008
Ji YAO, Xue-liang WANG, Cong YE, Xue-kang GU, Hao-zheng CHEN, Lei WANG, Zheng-zheng ZHANG. Data-driven algorithm for diving process modelling and anomaly detection of deep-sea pressurized spherical shell[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (11) : 1710 -1720 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.008
载人舱球壳是载人潜器的核心部件,其结构安全是确保载人潜器顺利完成水下任务的前提。载人舱球壳是一个复杂系统,构件材料性能差异大、结构关联性强,加上高强度、新材料、新工艺的应用以及应用场景的极限拓展,使载人舱球壳的服役安全受到极大考验。为确保载人舱球壳的结构安全,在执行任务之前对下潜过程进行提前推演,有助于优化下潜策略,避免重大事故发生。
目前,许多学者针对载人舱球壳结构安全性与承载能力开展了大量研究。其中挪威船级社(DNV)[1]、法国船级社(BV)[2]、美国船级社(ABS)[3]、俄罗斯船级社(RS)[4]和中国船级社(CCS)[5]均对载人舱球壳的承载能力设计提出要求,要求极限承载能力至少应为最大工作压力的1.5倍以上[6]。张磊等[7]对不同计算公式的计算结果进行对比,发现各公式预测结果与试验破坏压力均存在偏差;杨露等[8]通过试验和数值计算方法,对大深度载人舱长期寿命评估中的影响因素开展研究;王芳等[9-13]针对大深度载人潜器疲劳问题开展研究,并在结构退化规律和疲劳寿命预测等方面取得相关成果;王丹等[14]针对载人舱球壳本身初始形状对其临界载荷的影响开展研究并给出计算表达式;杨华伟等[15]为保障载人舱球壳结构安全,开展载人舱结构健康监测评估系统设计研究,并给出结构安全性评估算法函数。在数据异常诊断方面,姚骥等[16]针对海洋水下结构异常问题,提出一种结合LSTM与PCA的异常诊断算法。综上所述,当前较多的是针对载人舱球壳设计阶段问题进行研究,同时大多采用数值仿真与模型试验相结合的方法,而针对利用实测数据开展载人舱球壳服役阶段下潜任务的推演研究较少。
围绕载人舱球壳下潜任务推演与数据异常诊断这一核心问题,本文提出一种数据驱动的载人舱球壳下潜任务推演与异常诊断模型(图1)。首先,对大深度载人舱球壳结构与历史下潜数据进行介绍;其次,构建基于LSTM的下潜过程推演模型并对推演结果进行分析。进而,基于LSTM模型提出数据异常诊断算法并对异常成因进行深入讨论。最后,给出本文结论与展望。
大深度载人舱球壳结构主要采用高性能钛合金制成,该结构具备屈强比高、潜深大、服役年限长、下潜往复次数多等显著特征。
图2所示,大深度载人舱球壳主要由球壳、观察窗、出入舱口、穿舱件等部件组成。为了保障大深度载人舱球壳的结构安全,当前已在其内部部署结构健康监测系统,对观察窗周围、出入舱口、赤道焊缝等高应力区及典型位置进行监测。当前应力监测系统共32个测点。
国内某潜器载人舱球壳某潜次下潜过程如图3所示,其中下潜过程与上浮过程速度均为匀速变化,约为100 m/min,在到达目标深度5450 m后,该潜器开始工作,并在目标深度工作一段时间。因此,载人深潜球壳所受载荷可近似看做线性加载—保载—线性卸载过程。
图4给出了我国某潜器某段时期内多次下潜数据。可以看出,根据工作需要变化,该潜器下潜深度与目标深度工作时间也存在明显差异。同时,在不同潜次之前也存在一定休息时间。因此,大深度载人舱球壳主要承受高应力低周循环载荷。
图5给出了图3所示潜次载人舱球壳应力监测系统实测信息,可以看出,随着深度的增加,结构应力亦增加。结构应力状态与下潜深度之间的线性度较强。但由于海洋环境、温度场等因素的影响,结构应力状态与下潜深度之间也存在非线性的影响。因此考虑利用LSTM方法,构建大深度载人舱球壳下潜任务的推演模型。
与标准神经网络相比,循环神经网络是以序列数据为输入,在序列演进方向进行递归、且所有节点以链式相互连接的递归神经网络。它可将上一个状态的信息传递到当前状态,当输出为时间序列时,可以将其展开为一系列相互连接的标准神经元。LSTM神经网络是循环神经网络的一种,用以解决一般循环神经网络中存在的长期依赖问题。
LSTM神经网络结构由Hohreiter等[17]于1997年提出,是一种特殊的循环神经网络,由一系列LSTM元组成,如图6所示。
图7所示,LSTM包括新输入xt、输出ht、输入门it、忘记门ft、输出门ot。引入输入门it、忘记门ft与输出门ot的目的,是为了控制每一步输出的值,使得误差在该神经元传递过程中保持不变。LSTM是循环神经网络的一个特例,新输入和每个门都会将前一次的输出ht - 1作为本次输入的一部分,因此新输入xt、输入门it、忘记门ft、输出门ot的输入都是由[xtht - 1]二元组构成。
新输入[xtht - 1]经过激活函数σc作用后,得到记忆元的候选值Ct
式中,Wc表示连接权,bc表示激活函数的一个激活阀值。
输入门用于调整候选值Ct的大小,输入门的输出为
式中,Wi表示连接权,bi表示激活函数的一个激活阀值。候选值Ct经过输入门的调整,其值为Ct·it
忘记门用于控制LSTM元的记忆状态St-1,忘记门的输出为
式中,Wf表示连接权,bf表示激活函数的一个阀值。记忆状态St - 1经过忘记门的调整,其值为ftSt - 1
此时,t时刻的状态St由其所记忆的前一时刻状态St - 1和状态更新的候选值加权得到:
输出门ot当作状态St最终输出的一个权值,控制状态St的输出大小,输出门的公式为
最终LSTM元的输出为
式中,σcσiσfσoσs为激活函数。
步骤①:利用公式(7)对输入数据进行标准化处理,并将数据集划分成训练集、交叉验证集及检验集。
步骤②:将输入变量进行转置,以适应LSTM神经网络。
步骤③:创建并训练LSTM模型。首先,初始化模型参数如学习率、训练次数等。然后训练模型直至收敛。
步骤④:利用额外的数据集检验模型并利用均方根误差及相关性系数R2等指标对已训练好的模型进行评估。
在步骤①中,采用标准差的标准化方法,其计算公式如下:
式中,sxt的标准差
最终,利用已训练的LSTM预测模型,预测期望输出:
式中,x为新输入数据,yp为预测结果。
预测残差Rs
式中,ym为实测结果。
表1给出了训练过程所选数据集,其中训练集下潜深度达到10 800 m。同时选取交叉验证集与检验集以防止训练过程发生过拟合与欠拟合行为。可以看出,所选数据集可以涵盖整个载人舱球壳的下潜过程,具备较强的完备性。
图8给出了下潜过程推演模型。整个深度学习模型共包括6层,其中LSTM层数为2,每层节点数为10。全连接层数为2,节点数分别为10,最后一层为输出层。采用均方根误差作为评价函数,训练次数为1000。初始学习率为0.01。为避免发生过拟合,在全连阶层加入Dropout操作,Dropout参数为0.5。
图9给出了大深度载人舱球壳下潜过程推演模型的训练过程。可以看出,随着训练次数的不断增加,训练集的损失值与均方根误差迅速降低,同时交叉验证集上的损失值与均方根误差同样迅速降低。该模型在训练次数为200时即达到收敛状态。此外,训练过程中,训练集与交叉验证集的推演误差保持较好的一致性,说明该模型未发生过拟合与欠拟合问题。
以1号和25号测点为例,图10给出推演结果与实测结果的对比曲线及推演残差。可以看出,推演结果与实测结果具备较高的一致性,推演残差较小。同时,推演结果在母船布放及最终回收阶段存在一定误差,通过查阅现场资料发现,该阶段为水面以上作业工况。
为了定量分析大深度载人舱球壳下潜过程推演精度,选取均方根误差Rc、相关性系数R2作为评价指标,其中均方根误差Rc与相关性系数R2的计算公式如下:
式中,covypym)为推演结果与实测结果的协方差,var[yp]为推演结果的方差,var[ym]为实测结果的方差。
表2给出了不同测点的推演误差。可以看出,17号测点的推演误差最大,其均方根误差Rc为66.650 με,相关性系数为0.999,相比其变化范围,推演误差较小。14号测点的推演误差最小,其均方根误差Rc仅为17.25 με,相关性系数为1,推演误差极小。表2表明本文所提大深度载人舱球壳下潜任务推演模型可在载人舵下潜前进行准确推演,为大深度载人舱球壳结构安全提供指导。
为验证本文所提方法的优越性,选取深层神经网络(deep neutral network,DNN)方法、反向传播(back propagation,BP)算法作为对比算法,构建下潜深度与载人舱球壳热点应力的关系模型。其中,DNN神经网络隐藏层数为3,每层节点数为10,训练次数为1000;BP神经网络隐藏层数为1,节点数为30,训练次数为1000。
图11给出了不同方法推演结果对比。可以看出,DNN模型与BP模型的预测结果也比较准确,说明DNN模型与BP模型同样适用于载人舱球壳下潜任务的推演问题。但相比于DNN模型与BP模型,LSTM模型预测结果与实测结果更为接近。
为分析不同方法的推演精度,可分别计算不同推演模型的推演残差,而为方便推演精度的分析,推演残差取绝对值。
图12给出了不同推演方法的推演残差(绝对值)分布。可以看出,LSTM模型的推演残差(绝对值)大都接近于0。DNN模型的推演残差(绝对值)分布大都在0~100 με间,推演残差大于LSTM模型;BP模型的推演残差(绝对值)大都分布在0~200 με,其推演残差大于LSTM模型和DNN模型。
最终,为了定量分析不同方法的推演精度,选取均方根误差Rc作为评价指标,并计算DNN模型、BP模型与LSTM模型的对比结果t。其中,t的计算公式如下:
表3给出了不同推演方法评价指标的对比,其中LSTM模型的均方根误差Rc为31.32 με,DNN模型的均方根误差为48.85 με,BP模型的均方根误差为98.80 με。相比于DNN模型与BP模型,LSTM模型的推演误差分别降低35.89%与68.30%,这进一步体现了基于LSTM方法构建大深度载人舱球壳下潜全过程推演算法的优势。
选取该大深度载人舱球壳某时期(图4)的历史下潜数据进行分析,利用LSTM模型对该时期下潜过程进行推演,并计算推演误差。图13给出了不同潜次的推演误差。可以看出,第1次与第10、11、12、13、14次推演误差较大,初步判断数据存在异常。
为了对数据异常测点进行定位,图14给出了不同测点、不同潜次的推演误差。可以看出,第一次下潜所有测点推演误差普遍偏大,第10、11、12、13、14次下潜时,29、30、32号测点推演误差普遍偏大,需要进一步对数据异常成因进行分析。
为了进一步分析异常成因,图15~17给出了29、30、32号测点推演结果与实测结果对比曲线。可以看出,在第10次下潜及以后,29号测点出现-500με的初始误差,30号测点出现240με的初始误差,32号节点出现-400με的初始误差,且下潜之前的清零操作未能解决初始误差的问题,该问题已与相关负责人员证实并进行确认。
对第一次下潜各测点推演结果进行分析,可以看出,主要异常存在三个阶段:初始布放节点、最终回收阶段和到达目标深度作业阶段。前文已经指出,在初始布放及最终回收阶段,水深信息为0,且载人舱球壳外部载荷为布放设备拉力,因此推演结果存在误差;在到达目标深度作业阶段,在水深无发生较多变化的情况下,不同测点的实测信息发生不同幅值、不同方向的漂移,出现较大波动。经与相关负责人员确认,第一次下潜过程为载人舱球壳应力重新布局过程(图18),因此出现相关异常。
综上所述,结合大深度载人舱球壳下潜过程推演模型,提出一种基于人工智能的数据异常诊断算法,该算法对传感器出现故障造成的数据异常可进行及时有效诊断,有效解决当前应力监测系统因传感器故障造成误报警的问题。
本文围绕载人舱球壳服役过程中下潜过程难以推演以及数据异常这一难点,基于人工智能方法开展基于历史深潜数据的载人舱球壳下潜过程推演与异常诊断方法研究,构建了载人舱球壳下潜任务规划模型并可用于实测数据异常诊断与修正,可为载人舱球壳在下潜过程中的结构安全、避免重大事故发生提供指导。本文主要结论如下:
(1)基于历史下潜数据,利用LSTM神经网络方法,构建了下潜深度与关键热点应力的关系模型,并进行校验,在临近下潜日期内,各热点推演结果十分准确,整体均方根误差Rc为31.32με
(2)选取DNN神经网络与BP神经网络方法作为对比,其中DNN模型的均方根误差为48.85με,BP模型的均方根误差为98.80με,相比于DNN模型与BP模型,基于LSTM方法的下潜任务推演算法误差分别降低35.89%和68.30%。
(3)基于载人舱球壳下潜过程推演模型,对推演误差开展分析,构建载人舱球壳数据异常诊断算法,并进行校验。当传感器存在误差时,所提算法可有效进行诊断,并对异常数据进行修正,进而有效解决当前应力监测系统因传感器故障等问题造成误报警的问题。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2802300)
  • 江苏省卓越博士后计划项目(2023ZB629)
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2024年第28卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.11.008
  • 接收时间:2024-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-28
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国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2802300)
江苏省卓越博士后计划项目(2023ZB629)
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    1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    2.深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
    3.深海载人装备全国重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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