Article(id=1243880217081659891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880211004113260, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.10.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713628800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493753928, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493753928, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493753928, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493753928, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243880211004113260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='10', pageStart='1463', pageEnd='1632', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493752479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774494057708, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881491290243855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880211004113260, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881491290243856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880211004113260, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1559, endPage=1569, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243880217438175747, articleId=1243880217081659891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of propulsion mechanism and swimming performance of 2D fish autonomous swimming, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The propulsion mechanism and swimming performance are of great significance to the construction of fish migratory channels. By using computational fluid dynamics method combined with overlapping mesh technology, the two-dimensional fish autonomous swimming was simulated by compiling the UDF program for controlling fish body swing, analyzing the evolution process and parameter changes of fish body pressure field distribution and inverse Carmen vortex street structure, carrying out the changes of fish swimming performance and fish body force under different parameters of tail swing frequency, tail swing amplitude, fish body shape and tail fin size, etc., and revealing the swimming mechanism of fish in the process of autonomous swimming. The results show that: (1) the fish body’s tail fin periodically swings back and forth under the formation of anti-Carmen vortex street, which is the main source of the fish body forward thrust, and with the increase of tail swing frequency and tail swing amplitude, the fish body tail vortex street length and vortex street strength gradually increase, while the effect of tail swing amplitude on the vortex street width is greater; (2) with the increase of swinging frequency and swinging amplitude, the horizontal mean coefficient of synergy and the maximum lateral force coefficient increase, which makes the fish obtain a larger swimming speed, but the increase of mean coefficient of synergy and swimming speed is more obvious when the swinging frequency has been changed, and the increase of maximum lateral force coefficient is more obvious when the swinging amplitude has changed; (3) with the increase of body width index, the horizontal average coefficient of force gradually decreases, and the swimming resistance to be overcome increases, which makes the swimming speed of fish gradually decrease, while the maximum lateral force coefficient gradually increases; (4)and with the increase of caudal fin index, both horizontal mean coefficient of force and maximum lateral force coefficient increase, which leads to the gradual increase of swimming speed of fish. The results of the study can provide a support for fish habitat restoration.

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推进机理及游动性能研究对鱼类洄游通道建设具有重要意义。利用计算流体动力学方法结合重叠网格技术,通过编译控制鱼体摆动的UDF程序,对二维鱼类自主游动进行模拟,分析鱼体压力场分布及反卡门涡街结构演化过程与参数变化情况,开展不同摆尾频率、摆尾幅度、鱼体体形及尾鳍尺寸等参数下鱼类游动性能及鱼体受力的变化情况,揭示鱼类自主游动过程中的游动机理。研究结果表明:(1)鱼体尾鳍周期性往复摆动下漩涡脱落形成反卡门涡街,是鱼体前进推力的主要来源,且随着摆尾频率、摆尾幅度的增加,鱼体尾部涡街长度、涡街强度逐渐增加,而摆尾幅度对涡街宽度的影响较大;(2)随着摆尾频率、摆尾幅度的增加,纵向平均合力系数和最大侧向力系数均增大,使得鱼类获得较大的游动速度,但摆尾频率改变时平均合力系数和游动速度的增加更为明显,摆尾幅度改变时最大侧向力系数的增加更为明显;(3)随着体宽指数的增加,纵向平均合力系数逐渐减小,需克服的游动阻力增加,使得鱼类游动速度逐渐减小,而最大侧向力系数逐渐增加;(4)随着尾鳍指数的增加,纵向平均合力系数和最大侧向力系数均增大,使得鱼类游动速度逐渐增大。研究成果可为鱼类生境恢复营造提供支撑。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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贾瑞(1995-),男,博士研究生

李文杰(1984-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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贾瑞(1995-),男,博士研究生

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贾瑞(1995-),男,博士研究生

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李文杰(1984-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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李文杰(1984-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Vortex scales of fish tail under different swimming parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号摆尾频率f/Hz涡街宽度h/L涡街长度x/L序号摆尾幅度A/m涡街宽度h/L涡街长度x/L
10.560.10370.232850.010.04080.1361
20.640.10320.241960.020.10370.2554
30.720.10050.247470.030.14940.3099
40.800.10320.252780.040.21730.3344
), ArticleFig(id=1243880228016210933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243880217081659891, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同游动参数下鱼体尾部涡街尺度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号摆尾频率f/Hz涡街宽度h/L涡街长度x/L序号摆尾幅度A/m涡街宽度h/L涡街长度x/L
10.560.10370.232850.010.04080.1361
20.640.10320.241960.020.10370.2554
30.720.10050.247470.030.14940.3099
40.800.10320.252780.040.21730.3344
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鱼类自主游动推进机理与游动性能二维数值模拟研究
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贾瑞 a , 杨光 a , 万宇 b , 张鹏 b , 杜洪波 b , 李文杰 a, b
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(10): 1559-1569
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(10): 1559-1569
鱼类自主游动推进机理与游动性能二维数值模拟研究
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贾瑞a, 杨光a, 万宇b, 张鹏b, 杜洪波b, 李文杰a, b
作者信息
  • a.重庆交通大学 水利水运工程教育部重点实验室,重庆 400074
  • b.重庆交通大学 国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心,重庆 400074
  • 贾瑞(1995-),男,博士研究生

    李文杰(1984-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical simulation of propulsion mechanism and swimming performance of 2D fish autonomous swimming
Rui JIAa, Guang YANGa, Yu WANb, Peng ZHANGb, Hong-bo DUb, Wen-jie LIa, b
Affiliations
  • a.Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education
  • b.National Inland Waterway Regulation Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.10.009
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推进机理及游动性能研究对鱼类洄游通道建设具有重要意义。利用计算流体动力学方法结合重叠网格技术,通过编译控制鱼体摆动的UDF程序,对二维鱼类自主游动进行模拟,分析鱼体压力场分布及反卡门涡街结构演化过程与参数变化情况,开展不同摆尾频率、摆尾幅度、鱼体体形及尾鳍尺寸等参数下鱼类游动性能及鱼体受力的变化情况,揭示鱼类自主游动过程中的游动机理。研究结果表明:(1)鱼体尾鳍周期性往复摆动下漩涡脱落形成反卡门涡街,是鱼体前进推力的主要来源,且随着摆尾频率、摆尾幅度的增加,鱼体尾部涡街长度、涡街强度逐渐增加,而摆尾幅度对涡街宽度的影响较大;(2)随着摆尾频率、摆尾幅度的增加,纵向平均合力系数和最大侧向力系数均增大,使得鱼类获得较大的游动速度,但摆尾频率改变时平均合力系数和游动速度的增加更为明显,摆尾幅度改变时最大侧向力系数的增加更为明显;(3)随着体宽指数的增加,纵向平均合力系数逐渐减小,需克服的游动阻力增加,使得鱼类游动速度逐渐减小,而最大侧向力系数逐渐增加;(4)随着尾鳍指数的增加,纵向平均合力系数和最大侧向力系数均增大,使得鱼类游动速度逐渐增大。研究成果可为鱼类生境恢复营造提供支撑。

推进机理  /  游动性能  /  摆尾频率  /  摆尾幅度  /  体宽指数  /  尾鳍指数

The propulsion mechanism and swimming performance are of great significance to the construction of fish migratory channels. By using computational fluid dynamics method combined with overlapping mesh technology, the two-dimensional fish autonomous swimming was simulated by compiling the UDF program for controlling fish body swing, analyzing the evolution process and parameter changes of fish body pressure field distribution and inverse Carmen vortex street structure, carrying out the changes of fish swimming performance and fish body force under different parameters of tail swing frequency, tail swing amplitude, fish body shape and tail fin size, etc., and revealing the swimming mechanism of fish in the process of autonomous swimming. The results show that: (1) the fish body’s tail fin periodically swings back and forth under the formation of anti-Carmen vortex street, which is the main source of the fish body forward thrust, and with the increase of tail swing frequency and tail swing amplitude, the fish body tail vortex street length and vortex street strength gradually increase, while the effect of tail swing amplitude on the vortex street width is greater; (2) with the increase of swinging frequency and swinging amplitude, the horizontal mean coefficient of synergy and the maximum lateral force coefficient increase, which makes the fish obtain a larger swimming speed, but the increase of mean coefficient of synergy and swimming speed is more obvious when the swinging frequency has been changed, and the increase of maximum lateral force coefficient is more obvious when the swinging amplitude has changed; (3) with the increase of body width index, the horizontal average coefficient of force gradually decreases, and the swimming resistance to be overcome increases, which makes the swimming speed of fish gradually decrease, while the maximum lateral force coefficient gradually increases; (4)and with the increase of caudal fin index, both horizontal mean coefficient of force and maximum lateral force coefficient increase, which leads to the gradual increase of swimming speed of fish. The results of the study can provide a support for fish habitat restoration.

propulsion mechanism  /  swimming ability  /  tail swing frequency  /  tail swing amplitude  /  body width index  /  caudal fin index
贾瑞, 杨光, 万宇, 张鹏, 杜洪波, 李文杰. 鱼类自主游动推进机理与游动性能二维数值模拟研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (10) : 1559 -1569 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.10.009
Rui JIA, Guang YANG, Yu WAN, Peng ZHANG, Hong-bo DU, Wen-jie LI. Numerical simulation of propulsion mechanism and swimming performance of 2D fish autonomous swimming[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (10) : 1559 -1569 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.10.009
鱼类游动涡流结构及游动性能对揭示其高效推进机理至关重要[1]。目前,常用的分析方法有粒子图像测速技术(Particle Imagine Velocity,PIV)和数值模拟。其中,余英俊[2]、王福君等[3]、杨国党等[4]、张奔等[5]利用PIV技术分别对拉萨裸裂尻幼鱼、斑马鱼和草鱼幼鱼游动时的压力分布、尾涡结构、受力特征及推进效率等水动力性能进行了分析。而在数值模拟方面,王亮等[6]利用浸没边界法分析了鱼类自主游动过程中推力、阻力和推进效率与游动雷诺数间的关系;王文全等[7]将反馈力法与浸没边界法结合分析了鱼类自主游动过程中的流场特征;严惠云等[8]采用Fluent软件结合动网格技术分析了鱼类巡游状态中的受力状态;周建军等[9-10]采用计算流体动力学方法(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)并结合动网格技术分析了鱼类自主游动的机理及鱼体受力情况;冯亿坤等[11-13]基于CFD方法分析了鱼体自主游动过程中的游动性能、鱼体表面压力变化和流场涡结构。研究结果表明,鱼类游动过程中两侧产生的压力差是鱼体前进的主要推力。但大部分研究仅对尾鳍摆动形成的反卡门涡街进行了定性分析,尚缺乏对涡街尺度及形态的定量分析,且更侧重于从流体力学角度对鱼类运动模型及推进机理开展研究,未结合鱼类的体形特性进行深入分析,对鱼类游动性能影响因素的分析也不够全面。此外,上述数值模拟多采用动网格方法和浸没边界法进行研究,但该方法需要的计算成本较高,且大部分针对的是低雷诺数或未考虑流体粘性的游动。
本文基于CFD的重叠网格方法对二维鱼类自主游动过程进行数值模拟,分析压力场分布及反卡门涡街结构演化过程与参数变化情况,并开展不同摆尾幅度、摆尾频率、鱼体体宽及尾鳍尺寸等运动与体型参数下鱼体受力状态及游动性能的研究,以期更为深入地揭示鱼类自主游动机制,为鱼类洄游通道建设和生境营造提供理论支撑。
流体运动控制方程为二维不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程组:
式中,u为流体速度,ρ为流体密度,p为流体压力,ν为流体运动粘度。
对于二维鱼体自主游动状态,其受力控制方程为
式中,m为鱼体质量,U为鱼体游动速度,Fx为鱼体沿水流方向上的合力。
采用鲹科推进模式的鱼体中线摆动规律[14]
式中:hxt)为鱼体中心线的侧向位移;x表示鱼体中心线沿长度方向上的位置坐标;ax)为鱼体摆动幅度,ax)=a0+a1x+a2x2k为鱼体波的数量,k=2π/λλ为摆动波长;ω为鱼体尾鳍摆动的角速度,ω=2πff为摆尾频率。其中a0=0.02LL为鱼体全长),a1=-0.08,a2=0.16/L,即鱼体摆尾幅度A=2axmax=0.2Lλ=0.95L[15]。相关研究表明,采用最大厚度为13%弦长的NACA 0013翼型作为鱼体的简化模型可以有效模拟出鱼类的游动特性[16-17]
二维鱼体水动力学系数分别定义为
式中,为轴向平均合力系数,Clmax为垂直方向最大侧向力系数,为鱼体沿轴线方向的平均力,Fymax为鱼体沿侧向的最大瞬时力。
本文以鱼头为坐标原点,沿鱼体体干方向为x轴,垂直体干方向为y轴,如图1所示。鱼体全长均取为L=0.1 m,计算域大小为15L×6L,其中入口边界距鱼头10L,出口边界距鱼尾4L,左右两侧边界距鱼体中线各为3L,加密区尺寸为3L×1.5L。计算域入口设置为速度边界条件,出口设置为自由出流边界条件,两侧设置为无滑移光滑壁面。采用重叠网格方法,其中背景域采用结构化网格,前景域采用三角形非结构网格,并采用弹簧平滑和重构法来更新网格。基于公式(3),编写用户自定义函数(User Defined Functions,UDF)对鱼体运动进行控制,实现鱼体波状摆动推进过程中相应网格的动态变化。计算采用SST k-ω湍流模型,利用双精度求解器对连续方程中的压力和速度进行耦合。
为确定网格和时间步的收敛性,采用摆尾频率f=1.0 Hz进行游动模拟,选用网格数为114 161、245 713和442 113来研究网格收敛性,选用时间步为Δt=T/100(T为鱼体摆动周期)、T/200和T/400来研究时间步收敛性,结果如图2所示。由图可知计算结果最终均收敛,彼此间差值较小,对时间成本和精度进行折衷,选用网格数为245 713,时间步为Δt=T/200进行计算。
为验证所建模型在模拟鱼类自主游动时的精确性,本文计算了鲹科鱼游动实例[18],鱼体全长L=0.1 m,摆尾摆幅A=0.2L,摆动波长λ=0.95L,周期T=1 s,入口来流流速U0=0.04 m/s,水的运动粘度ν=1.062×10-6 m2/s,密度ρ=998.7 kg/m3,结果如图3所示。由图可知,本文计算得出的鱼类游动速度最终趋于收敛,表明鱼类最终能够达到稳定游动状态,即推力与阻力相平衡,且与文献中的计算结果相接近。因此,本文所建模型中的参数设置是准确的。
为深入探索鱼类游动推进机理,分析鱼类游动性能,在上述计算模型的基础上,设置以下计算工况:
(1)分别将摆尾频率f设置为0.16 Hz、0.24 Hz、0.32 Hz、0.40 Hz、0.48 Hz、0.56 Hz、0.64 Hz、0.72 Hz、0.80 Hz和1.00 Hz,摆尾幅度A设置为0.1L、0.2L、0.3L和0.4L,通过调节摆幅系数Ac来改变鱼体的整体摆动幅度,即ax)=Aca0+a1x+a2x2),具体计算过程如下:
当摆尾幅度A=0.2L时,本文拟合所得的关系为ax2=ax)=0.02L-0.08x+(0.16/Lx2,当摆尾幅度A=0.1L时,ax1=0.5ax2=0.01L-0.04x+(0.08/Lx2,将体长L=0.1 m代入,得ax1=0.001-0.04x+0.8x2,同理可分别计算出A=0.3LA=0.4L时所对应的ax),拟合公式如式(5)所示,计算在相同体长下的游动情况。
(2)基于NACA翼型模型将鱼体体宽指数(表示体宽相对体长的形态,γ=b/L)分别设为0.13、0.14、0.15、0.18和0.24,计算在相同体长(L=0.1 m)、摆尾幅度(A=0.2L)与摆尾频率(f=1 Hz)下的游动情况。
(3)一般情况下,将鱼体分成3段:L1鱼头段(0~0.2L)、L2躯干段(0.2L~0.7L)和L3尾鳍段(0.7L~L[19],基于NACA 0013翼型将鱼体尾鳍指数(表示尾鳍相对体长的发育程度,δ=L3/L)分别设为0.22、0.26、0.30、0.33和0.36,计算在相同摆尾幅度(A=0.2L)与摆尾频率(f=1 Hz)下的游动情况。
通过分析鱼体摆动过程中的流场分布及涡系结构的演化过程,可以更加直观地解释鱼类的受力情况及游动机理[20]图4给出了摆尾频率f=1 Hz、摆尾幅度A=0.2L时,一个摆动周期内不同特征时刻鱼体附近流场压力及涡量分布的数值模拟结果。由图可知,在鱼体摆动过程中,鱼体头部始终为高压区,鱼体上下表面交替出现正、负压力分布,尾鳍产生两个方向相反的涡。从t=(10+1/4)T鱼体后三分之一处开始逐渐向下弯曲,在鱼体两侧形成两个压力中心,压力梯度从上方指向下方,当t=(10+1/2)T时,尾鳍的摆动幅度从零到正的最大,顺时针的涡逐渐脱落;当t=(10+1)T时,鱼体两侧压力中心的正负发生变化,压力梯度从下方指向上方,逆时针的涡逐渐脱落。鱼体与尾鳍在同一旋转方向上产生的漩涡相互融合,随着尾鳍的周期性摆动而脱落,在尾流场中形成反卡门涡街,并形成一系列连续的射流,从而推动鱼类向前游动。
为深入探究鱼类游动推进机理,图5给出了不同摆尾频率、摆尾幅度下鱼体尾部涡结构分布图,表1给出了不同摆尾频率、摆尾幅度下鱼体尾部涡街尺度(通过涡街宽度h和涡街长度x来描述)。由图表可知,随着摆尾频率的增加,鱼体尾部涡街长度x、涡街强度Γ逐渐增加,但反卡门涡街宽度h基本不变;随着摆尾幅度的增加,鱼体尾部反卡门涡街长度x、涡街宽度h、涡街强度Γ逐渐增加。同时,摆尾频率、摆尾幅度所导致的反卡门涡街长度x变化幅度相接近,而摆尾幅度所引起的反卡门涡街宽度h变化幅度约为摆尾频率的2倍。Yu[21]、崔祚等[22]的研究结果表明,反卡门涡街结构特征的改变将导致推力的增加,而随着摆尾频率、摆尾幅度的增加,鱼体尾部涡街宽度h、涡街强度Γ逐渐增加,使得游动推力逐渐增加。
研究成果[23-24]表明,鱼类游动能力与摆尾频率、摆尾幅度相关。图6~7给出了不同摆尾频率、摆尾幅度下鱼类相对游动速度及作用力系数变化情况。由图6可知:鱼类游动过程分为加速游动和稳定巡游两个阶段,由于开始阶段鱼类尾鳍摆动产生的推力较大,而此时需克服的阻力较小,鱼类呈加速游动状态;随着相对游动速度的增加,鱼游阻力逐渐增加,最终达到推力与阻力平衡,即稳定巡游状态。在稳定巡游阶段,鱼类相对游动速度呈周期性变化,且随着摆尾频率、摆尾幅度的增加而增大。因此增加摆尾频率、摆尾幅度均能够使鱼类获得更大的相对游动速度,有利于鱼类的快速游动,但改变摆尾频率时相对游动速度的变化更为明显。由图7可知,鱼体水平向纵向合力系数和最大侧向力系数均随摆尾频率、摆尾幅度的增加而增大,但摆尾频率改变时平均合力系数的增加更为明显,摆尾幅度改变时最大侧向力系数的增加更为明显,这也解释了为什么图6中相对游动速度随摆尾频率、摆尾幅度的增加而增大。
(1)鱼体宽度
相关研究表明,鱼类游动能力取决于体形[25-26],大多数快速游动的鱼类具有良好的流线型,以减少阻力[27]。本文建立不同体宽指数的鱼体数值模型来代表不同体形的鱼类(图8),以此分析鱼体体形对其游动行为的影响规律。图9分别给出了鱼类相对游动速度及作用力系数随体宽指数的变化情况。
图9(a)可知,随着体宽指数γ的增加,鱼类加速游动阶段的加速度逐渐减小,达到的稳定相对游动速度也逐渐减小。由图9(b)可知:在相同摆尾频率与摆尾幅度下,纵向平均合力系数随鱼体体宽指数γ的增加而逐渐减小,表明鱼体体宽指数γ较大的鱼类需要克服更高的游动阻力;最大侧向力系数随鱼体体宽指数γ的增加而逐渐增加,但变化幅度较小。
(2)尾鳍尺寸
据统计85%的鱼类采用身体/尾鳍(Body/Caudal Fin,BCF)推进模式[28],通过身体及尾鳍的波状摆动来产生反作用力并形成向后传播的推进波,以实现快速高效的游动。部分研究开展了尾鳍形状对推进性能的影响[29-30],而本文建立不同尾鳍指数的鱼类数值模型,如图10所示,以此分析鱼类尾鳍尺寸对其游动行为的影响规律。图11分别给出了鱼类相对游动速度及作用力系数随鱼体尾鳍指数的变化情况。
图11(a)可知,随着尾鳍指数δ的增加,鱼类加速游动阶段的加速度逐渐增大,达到的稳定相对游动速度也逐渐增大。由图11(b)可知:在相同摆尾频率与摆尾幅度下,纵向平均合力系数随鱼体尾鳍指数δ的增加而逐渐增大,表明鱼体尾鳍指数δ较大的鱼类可以获得更高的游动推进力;最大侧向力系数随鱼体尾鳍指数δ的增加而逐渐增加,变化幅度也较大,表明尾鳍长度对鱼类的游动至关重要。
本文采用CFD方法结合重叠网格技术对二维鱼类自主游动进行了模拟,分析了压力场分布及反卡门涡街结构演化过程与参数变化情况,深入探究了鱼类游动的推进机理,并通过改变摆尾幅度及鱼体体形,分析了鱼体受力状态及游动性能的变化,主要结论如下:
(1)鱼体尾鳍周期性往复摆动下,其两侧流场形成压力差并向后移动,在尾鳍产生两个旋转方向相反的漩涡,脱落形成反卡门涡街,并形成一系列连续的射流,是鱼体前进推力的主要来源。且随着摆尾频率的增加,鱼体尾部涡街长度、涡街强度逐渐增加,但反卡门涡街宽度基本不变;随着摆尾幅度的增加,鱼体尾部反卡门涡街长度、涡街宽度、涡街强度均逐渐增加。
(2)鱼类游动开始阶段尾鳍摆动产生的推力较大,而此时需克服的阻力较小,鱼类呈加速游动状态;随着游动速度的增加,鱼游阻力逐渐增加,最终达到稳定巡游状态。随着摆尾频率、摆尾幅度的增加,纵向平均合力系数和最大侧向力系数均增大,使得鱼类获得较大的游动速度,但摆尾频率改变时平均合力系数和游动速度的增加更为明显,摆尾幅度改变时最大侧向力系数的增加更为明显。
(3)随着体宽指数的增加,纵向平均合力系数逐渐减小,鱼类游动过程中需克服更高的游动阻力,使得游动速度逐渐减小,而最大侧向力系数逐渐增加,但变化幅度较小。随着尾鳍指数的增加,纵向平均合力系数逐渐增大,鱼类游动过程中可以获得更高的推进力,使得游动速度逐渐增大,而最大侧向力系数逐渐增加,变化幅度也较大,表明尾鳍尺寸对鱼类的游动至关重要。
  • 重庆市自然科学基金资助项目(cstc2021jcyj-jqX0009)
  • 重庆交通大学研究生科研创新基金资助项目(2023B0006)
  • 长江航道局科研资助项目(KY2022-01)
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2024年第28卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.10.009
  • 接收时间:2024-04-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-21
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重庆市自然科学基金资助项目(cstc2021jcyj-jqX0009)
重庆交通大学研究生科研创新基金资助项目(2023B0006)
长江航道局科研资助项目(KY2022-01)
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    a.重庆交通大学 水利水运工程教育部重点实验室,重庆 400074
    b.重庆交通大学 国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心,重庆 400074

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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