Article(id=1243880216179880652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880211004113260, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.10.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713542400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493753714, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493753714, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493753714, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493753714, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243880211004113260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='10', pageStart='1463', pageEnd='1632', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493752479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774494057708, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881491290243855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880211004113260, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881491290243856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243880211004113260, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1541, endPage=1558, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243880216507036379, articleId=1243880216179880652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical analysis of the influence of underwater structure pitching motion on its hydrodynamic pressure field, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the influence of the pitching and translational coupling motion of underwater structure on its hydrodynamic pressure field, the potential flow theory was used to analyze the hydrodynamic pressure field of the coupling motion of the structure. The overlapping grid technology was used to analyze the hydrodynamic pressure field of the structure in the four motion states of translational motion, translational motion with attack angle, pitching motion, and pitching translation coupling. Taking elliptical structures of different axial length ratios as the research object, the hydrodynamic pressure field under different angular velocities was analyzed. The results show that the pitching motion of the elliptical structure will make the negative pressure peak of the hydrodynamic pressure field curve shift with time. The larger the angle of pitching oscillation is, the greater the negative pressure peak shifts. In addition, the axial length ratio of the elliptical structure will also affect the offset degree of the curve. The spectrum of the hydrodynamic pressure field caused by the pitching oscillation of the elliptical structure has a very low frequency spectrum peak. The frequency corresponding to the peak of the spectrum is consistent with that of the elliptical structure oscillation.

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为研究水下结构体俯仰与平动耦合运动对其水压场的影响,利用势流理论分析结构体耦合运动的水压场,并借助重叠网格技术分别对结构体在平动、存在攻角的平动、俯仰运动、俯仰平动耦合四种运动状态下的水压场进行分析。以不同轴长比的椭圆型结构为研究对象,分析不同振荡角速度下的水压场。结果表明,椭圆型结构的俯仰运动会使水压场曲线的负压峰随时间变化产生偏移,俯仰振荡的角度越大,负压峰偏移的程度也越大。此外,椭圆型结构的轴长比也会影响曲线的偏移程度。椭圆型结构的俯仰振荡引起的水压场的频谱具有一个甚低频谱峰,该谱峰峰值对应的频率与椭圆型结构振荡的频率一致。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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李学智(1994-),男,博士研究生

李松(1983-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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李学智(1994-),男,博士研究生

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李学智(1994-),男,博士研究生

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水下结构体俯仰运动对其水压场影响的数值分析
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李学智 3 , 李松 1, 2, 3 , 张揽月 1, 2, 3 , 张姜怡 1, 2, 3 , 荆晨轩 3
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(10): 1541-1558
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(10): 1541-1558
水下结构体俯仰运动对其水压场影响的数值分析
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李学智3, 李松1, 2, 3 , 张揽月1, 2, 3, 张姜怡1, 2, 3, 荆晨轩3
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工程大学 水声技术重点实验室,哈尔滨 150001
  • 2.海洋信息获取与安全工信部重点实验室(哈尔滨工程大学),工业和信息化部,哈尔滨 150001
  • 3.哈尔滨工程大学 水声工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 李学智(1994-),男,博士研究生

    李松(1983-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical analysis of the influence of underwater structure pitching motion on its hydrodynamic pressure field
Xue-zhi LI3, Song LI1, 2, 3 , Lan-yue ZHANG1, 2, 3, Jiang-yi ZHANG1, 2, 3, Chen-xuan JING3
Affiliations
  • 1.Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
  • 3.College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.10.008
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为研究水下结构体俯仰与平动耦合运动对其水压场的影响,利用势流理论分析结构体耦合运动的水压场,并借助重叠网格技术分别对结构体在平动、存在攻角的平动、俯仰运动、俯仰平动耦合四种运动状态下的水压场进行分析。以不同轴长比的椭圆型结构为研究对象,分析不同振荡角速度下的水压场。结果表明,椭圆型结构的俯仰运动会使水压场曲线的负压峰随时间变化产生偏移,俯仰振荡的角度越大,负压峰偏移的程度也越大。此外,椭圆型结构的轴长比也会影响曲线的偏移程度。椭圆型结构的俯仰振荡引起的水压场的频谱具有一个甚低频谱峰,该谱峰峰值对应的频率与椭圆型结构振荡的频率一致。

水压场  /  椭圆  /  俯仰运动  /  重叠网格

To study the influence of the pitching and translational coupling motion of underwater structure on its hydrodynamic pressure field, the potential flow theory was used to analyze the hydrodynamic pressure field of the coupling motion of the structure. The overlapping grid technology was used to analyze the hydrodynamic pressure field of the structure in the four motion states of translational motion, translational motion with attack angle, pitching motion, and pitching translation coupling. Taking elliptical structures of different axial length ratios as the research object, the hydrodynamic pressure field under different angular velocities was analyzed. The results show that the pitching motion of the elliptical structure will make the negative pressure peak of the hydrodynamic pressure field curve shift with time. The larger the angle of pitching oscillation is, the greater the negative pressure peak shifts. In addition, the axial length ratio of the elliptical structure will also affect the offset degree of the curve. The spectrum of the hydrodynamic pressure field caused by the pitching oscillation of the elliptical structure has a very low frequency spectrum peak. The frequency corresponding to the peak of the spectrum is consistent with that of the elliptical structure oscillation.

hydrodynamic pressure field  /  ellipse  /  pitching motion  /  overlapping grid
李学智, 李松, 张揽月, 张姜怡, 荆晨轩. 水下结构体俯仰运动对其水压场影响的数值分析. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (10) : 1541 -1558 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.10.008
Xue-zhi LI, Song LI, Lan-yue ZHANG, Jiang-yi ZHANG, Chen-xuan JING. Numerical analysis of the influence of underwater structure pitching motion on its hydrodynamic pressure field[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (10) : 1541 -1558 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.10.008
近年来,随着水下潜器噪声的逐渐降低,对潜器探测的难度也逐渐加大,而甚低频段辐射声信息具有难以消除、传播衰减小等特点,逐渐成为各国水下探测主要关注的频段信息。文献[1]中提出了物体在水下运动时周期振荡会产生甚低频压力场,但并未说明这种压力场产生的原因。文献[2]在实际测试中也检测到了一种甚低频信号,但未解释这种信号的来源。在文献[3]与[4]关于潜体定深运动的描述中,潜体在定深直航运动时,其重心轨迹应为按直线运动方向定向的周期性曲线,即潜体的直航运动应为平动与转动的耦合运动。这种运动所包含的周期振荡符合文献[1]中对潜体周期振荡特征的描述,因此,本文以潜体的定深运动为出发点,展开水下结构体耦合运动引起的压力场的研究。
文献[1]中关于物体的周期性振荡运动,主要关注其在远离海面的深度下,因此,本文在忽略兴波阻力的前提下,研究潜体在远离海底和海面条件下运动引起的水中压力变化(以下简称“水压场”)。对于水压场的研究,国内外开展了大量的实验研究与理论分析[5-13]。根据国内外学者的研究结果可知,通过仿真软件计算的水下结构体水压场与实验结果近似,因此,本文借助仿真软件对水下结构体的水压场进行仿真分析。
随着计算流体力学的发展,国内外对耦合运动行为的研究也越来越多。Smits[14]通过理论和建模研究了鱼类的俯仰升沉耦合运动;Hemmati等[15]利用数值方法研究了两种不同俯仰频率对两个展弦比翼型产生的尾流结构的影响;Verma等[16]对具有起伏和俯仰运动的振荡泪滴水翼的尾迹进行了数值研究;Garmann等[17]利用大涡模拟对平板进行高振幅、振荡、保持和往复运动的计算研究;Manela[18]研究了浸在低马赫非均匀流中、由小振幅正弦俯仰运动驱动的薄弹性翼型的声远场,利用薄翼型理论和离散涡旋模型描述了翼型尾缘尾流的演化;杜超等[19]利用动态嵌套网格的方法模拟摆动翼型的粘性绕流,计算结果与实验结果接近;徐佩等[20]利用重叠网格方法计算了俯仰与升沉耦合运动的二维翼型水动力;何广华等[21]利用重叠网格技术计算了振荡水翼的水动力性能。这些研究成果证明了利用计算流体力学方法对结构体耦合运动研究的可行性,为本文的研究提供了指导。
为了研究文献[1]中所述甚低频压力场产生的原因,本文利用数值仿真软件对耦合运动的水压场进行仿真计算。通过对上述文献的总结,本文首先利用势流理论对二维椭圆耦合运动的水压场进行分析,再利用RNG k-ε模型结合重叠网格技术,对三种轴长比的二维椭圆水压场进行计算,总结水下结构体在耦合运动状态下的水压场分布特征。同时对水压场的频域特性进行分析,分析结果表明这种周期性振荡引起的水压场具有甚低频特性,水压场的频谱峰值对应的频率与结构体的振荡频率一致。
在水压场的分析中,一般考虑流体为不可压缩流体,采用势流理论进行分析。本文考虑重心轨迹为周期曲线的水下结构体,这种轨迹产生的原因是由于水下结构体的运动为平动和转动的耦合运动,如图1所示。对于存在耦合运动状态的水下结构体,同样可以采用势流理论,先求出其速度复势,再进行水压场的计算。对于本文计算的二维椭圆模型,由文献[22]可知其在无限水域中的速度复势fz)为
系数AB按下式计算:
式中,z为复变量,U为椭圆平动的速度模值,α为速度与x轴的夹角,a为椭圆的长半轴,b为椭圆的短半轴,ω为角速度。
上式中速度复势的实部为速度势Φ,因此速度势的形式如下:
在只考虑椭圆运动(流体为静止状态),忽略重力影响的条件下,可以利用欧拉方程计算压力:
式中,ρ为流体密度,u为固体运动导致的流体速度,p为压力值。
此时流体的流动是由椭圆运动引起的。对上式积分可得:
式(4)给出了压力与速度势之间的关系,在流体为不可压缩流体的前提下,对式(4)的求解主要针对∂Φ/∂t这一项,即对式(4)求偏导:
式(5)右侧第一项代表了α角对水压场的影响,第二项则为角速度ω对水压场的影响。文献[1]所述潜艇的振荡周期,其量级一般要达到百秒以上,并且最大攻角的量级也非常小,一般为几度。在此条件下,角速度的量级为10-3(角速度单位为rad/s)。由于本文在进行水压场的计算时,计算点位置与水下结构体重心位置之间的垂直距离都大于10 m,相对角速度的单位可以考虑此距离的量级为10。将此量级代入式(5)右侧的第二项,此项的量级约为10-3。这说明角速度的大小对水压场大小的影响较弱,后续的仿真结果也验证了这一观点。
本文用于计算的二维椭圆模型,可以看作是一个椭球体的纵中剖面,即椭球体在图2所示的xoy面上的截面,文献[4]所述的潜体周期曲线运动就发生在上述截面所在的垂向平面xoy上,因此本文的计算域也设置在xoy面上。在进行数值仿真时,本文考虑椭圆的平动为匀速运动,对椭圆平动与转动耦合的处理是保留椭圆本身的转动,同时根据相对性原理设置流体水平运动,以简化计算模型。计算的椭圆模型一共有三种,椭圆的短轴与长轴之比(后文简称轴长比)分别为1:2、1:4和1:6。椭圆的长轴长度统一为90 m,三个计算模型的短轴长度分别为45 m、22.5 m和15 m。椭圆的振荡状态如图3所示。
本文利用重叠网格技术对椭圆的耦合运动进行数值计算,使用的计算流体力学软件为商业软件Fluent,关于重叠网格的设置可参考文献[23]。在利用重叠网格技术进行计算时,前景网格与背景网格的数据交互,发生在前景网格中的overset边界处,在该边界处应保证重叠区域中背景网格与前景网格的大小接近。在前景网格的划分中,为了保证壁面处的计算精度,对壁面处网格进行加密处理。网格划分结果如图4所示,整体计算区域设置如图5所示。对于湍流模型,常用的主要有k-ε模型、k-ω模型和大涡模拟等,这几种湍流模型各有优缺点,如果计算对象简单,上述几种湍流模型的计算结果基本一致,而在计算开销上,k-ε模型的开销小于其他模型[24]。本文用于计算的三种椭圆模型的长轴都为90 m,来流速度设置为5 m/s,因此雷诺数为4.5 × 108,选用的湍流模型为RNG k-ε模型,设置的y+值为50。
本文研究的水下结构体的耦合运动中,俯仰振荡主要考虑的两种因素是振荡的角速度与振荡的最大俯仰角。为了比较这两种因素对水压场的影响,在本文的数值仿真中,令椭圆的振荡周期为100 s。水下结构体的振荡角度在大于某一值时会出现流动分离现象。文献[25]中的研究表明,水下结构体(椭球体)的攻角小于6°时,不会出现流动分离的情况。由于无法确定流动分离现象是否会对本文的水压场计算产生影响,参考这一临界值,本文设置椭圆在相同振荡周期内达到的最大角度分别为±5°和±10°。在振荡周期为100 s的前提下,可以认为水下结构体的角速度为一定值,且水下结构体的俯仰运动为匀速转动。这样,在计算时可以设置角速度的模值分别为0.0035 rad/s和0.007 rad/s。对于水下结构体的平动,可以根据相对性原理设置来流速度为5 m/s,来流方向如图6中箭头所示。
本文在无限水域条件下进行数值计算,计算域的边界条件设置如图6所示。在无限水域条件下不考虑水底、水面边界条件对水压场的影响,因此设置上下两个边界为对称面边界。左侧边界设置为速度输入边界,右侧边界为压力输出边界。本文进行数值计算的计算域以椭圆重心为固定坐标轴的原点,关于平面固定坐标轴的轴向也在图6图7中给出,下文不再赘述。本文中水压场的计算位置如图7所示,通过改变h值的大小,计算不同位置的水压场分布曲线。
下面将对本文的网格划分、湍流模型、计算方法等设置分别进行验证。首先,作为计算方法的验证,需要把本文计算结果与相关实验结果进行对比。验证计算所用模型为Suboff无附体潜艇模型,潜艇模型及线型如图8所示,实验数据采用文献[26]中的数据。在文献[26]中,采用的是无量纲的横、纵坐标系数。为了与之对应,在本节所作验证的结果图中同样采用无量纲的横、纵坐标系数,其中纵坐标为压力系数(Cp),横坐标为纵中剖面脊线位置(x)相对艇长(K)的无量纲数(x/K)。利用软件计算得到的潜体表面纵中剖面脊线压力系数(Cp)分布如图9所示,与实验数据对比可发现,两者吻合良好,从而验证了本文数值计算方法的有效性和正确性。
文献[12-13]给出了Suboff无附体潜艇模型水压场曲线的实验数据与计算结果,在这些文献中,设置的固定坐标轴原点在Suboff模型的头部,因此本节在进行验证时同样遵循这一设置,计算的水压场位置分布如图10所示。文献中设置的检测位置与固定坐标原点的垂直距离h是艇长(K)的倍数,分别计算了0.1K~0.5K五种距离下的水压场,流体速度参考文献[13]设置为3 m/s。由于文献[12-13]中设置的水压场计算结果的横、纵坐标系数同样采用了无量纲的形式,因此本节的验证结果图也按照相同的设置进行绘制。计算结果如图11所示,其中纵坐标为无量纲压力系数(Cp),横坐标则为水压场检测点的横轴位置(x)与艇长(K)的无量纲比值(x/K)。其中,无量纲压力系数的公式如下:
式中,pref为参考静压强(无穷远处来流静压强),ρ为流体密度,v为来流速度。
图11~12中的计算结果可以发现,随着距离h的增大,水压场负压区分布曲线由W形变为U形最后变为V形。图11给出了本文与文献[13]在h=0.1Kh=0.2K的计算结果对比。需要说明的是文献[13]的计算模型与本文的计算模型存在一定差异,因此水压场分布曲线并不重合,但由图11的结果仍可以看出,在0.1K到0.2K的两种计算距离下,本文计算的水压场分布曲线的变化规律与文献[13]是相似的。
关于网格无关性与湍流模型的验证,以本文计算模型中轴长比为1:4的椭圆为例,分别计算网格数为5.7万、10.3万和21.2万这三种情况下的水压场,同时比较RNG k-ε模型和SST k-ω模型的计算结果。计算的水压场位置设置如图7所示,h值取椭圆长轴(A)的倍数,分别为0.2A和0.3A。计算结果如图13所示,其中横、纵坐标系数同样采用无量纲系数,纵坐标为压力系数(Cp),横坐标为水压场检测点的横轴位置(x)与椭圆长轴(A)的无量纲比值(x/A)。
通过图13的结果可知,在本文的计算中,不同的网格数与湍流模型对计算结果影响较小。如前文所说,k-ε模型的计算开销要小于k-ω模型,因此后文计算都采用RNG k-ε模型。
本文第1章中提出耦合运动状态是平动与转动的耦合。为了分析耦合运动状态对水压场的影响及产生这种影响的因素,下面分别讨论水平运动、俯仰运动、存在攻角的水平运动以及俯仰平动耦合运动四种状态下的水压场分布特征。
在2.2节中,已对本文的计算方法进行了验证。在本节将使用第2章所述方法对三种椭圆模型进行计算。设置椭圆模型静止,来流速度为5 m/s。图中的h值及其设置在2.1节中已提及,对于轴长比为1:4和1:6的椭圆分别选取长轴(A=90 m)的倍数(0.2A~0.4A),计算不同距离的水压场分布曲线。而轴长比为1:2的椭圆由于短半轴长度较大,选取的三种距离为0.3A~0.5A。三种椭圆在不同位置处水压场的计算结果如图14所示,其负压区域的压力分布曲线形状都是V字型,并且水压场的负压区域峰值对应的位置点相同,都在椭圆重心的正下方,随着检测位置与椭圆重心距离的增加,负压峰值的模值逐渐降低。
本节分析的椭圆运动状态为俯仰振荡,设置的来流速度为零,椭圆以模值为0.0035 rad/s的角速度作俯仰振荡。以逆时针方向为正方向,在0~25 s和75~100 s的时间段内,椭圆角速度为0.0035 rad/s;在25~75 s的时间段内,椭圆角速度为-0.0035 rad/s。在这100 s的周期内选择8个时间点的计算结果进行分析,8个时间点对应的椭圆的姿态如图15所示,图中角度仅为了表示椭圆的俯仰变化而非实际值。
以轴长比1:4的椭圆为例,8个时间点的计算结果如图16所示。当椭圆只做振荡运动时,水压场的分布特征主要体现在正压区域。由椭圆振荡产生的水压场的量级很小,正压峰值的大小不超过10 Pa,这一量级远小于平动水压场在对应区域的负压值,上述仿真计算结果符合理论分析中的结论。由图16还可以看出:随着时间的推移,两个正压峰值也不断变化,当椭圆的攻角为正值时,左侧正压峰值要高于右侧;当椭圆转动到水平位置,左右两侧峰值接近;当椭圆攻角为负值时,右侧正压峰值要高于左侧。图17中压力云图随时间的变化可以解释这一结果。
椭圆的振荡运动使椭圆周围的压力场分布特征也随之发生变化,由于整个计算域中,速度场仅由椭圆转动产生,压力场的分布完全取决于椭圆的运动状态。当椭圆的位置发生偏移时,正负压区域会随着椭圆的振荡发生偏移,正是这种周期性的偏移使得水压场曲线的正压峰值随之发生变化。在相同条件下,对轴长比为1:2和1:6的椭圆进行计算,计算结果如图18~19所示。由图中结果可知,轴长比为1:2和1:6的椭圆振荡产生的水压场随时间变化的规律与轴长比为1:4的椭圆类似。由于角速度为0.007 rad/s时,也存在类似的结论,为了避免内容重复,在此略去这一角速度的计算结果。
与3.1节中计算结果对比,可以发现负压峰值与正压峰值是完全相反的,这是因为在本节中仅设置椭圆存在振荡角速度,流体为静止状态。这时流体获得流速是由于椭圆运动引起的,在椭圆长轴端点处,线速度最大,因此此处流体的速度也是最大的。而在3.1节中,流体处于运动状态而椭圆是静止状态,此时在椭圆长轴的两个端点处为流场的驻点,此处的流体速度最小。正是这两种不同工况导致了负压峰值与正压峰值完全相反的情况。对比图161819的结果,可以发现在距离(h值)相同的条件下,当椭圆的轴长比越大,水压场正压峰值就越尖锐。对于同一轴长比的椭圆,随着距离增加,这种尖锐程度会逐渐平缓。这也反映了在沿椭圆壁面曲线的流线上速度的变化程度。根据伯努利定律,在同一流线上的伯努利方程等于同一常数,而不同位置处速度不同,压力也就不同,当不同点处速度差值较大时,压力差值也比较大。
3.2节分析了只做振荡运动的椭圆的水压场分布特征,本节将对存在攻角的水平运动椭圆进行分析。设置椭圆模型静止,来流速度为5 m/s,计算的攻角分别为±5°和±10°,椭圆攻角姿态如图20所示。由于轴长比为1:4的椭圆在本文分析的三种椭圆中比例适中,因此选其为首要计算对象。在攻角分别为±5°和±10°时,不同位置处的水压场分布曲线如图21所示。与图14(a)中的结果进行对比,可以发现四种攻角下,负压区域的分布特征曲线都出现了偏移。当攻角为负值时,正压区域的特征曲线变化明显。在正压区域,左侧的峰值明显高于右侧峰值。当攻角为正值时,虽然两侧的正压峰值相差不大,但右侧的峰值还是略高于左侧区域。这些变化表明,攻角会对水压场曲线的分布特征产生显著影响。
下面再从压力场分布云图中来观测攻角的存在对压力场分布的影响,由图22可以看出,当攻角为零时,椭圆周围的压力分布云图相对椭圆的短轴为对称分布,受来流直接冲击的左侧驻点及周围区域产生的正压区的中心,皆处于椭圆长轴所在的水平直线上。当攻角为负数时,椭圆左侧端点处的正压区域偏移到椭圆下方偏左的区域,因此在水压场的分布曲线中可以观测到,左侧的正压峰值要明显高于右侧的正压峰值。与之相对的,当攻角为正数时,此时正压区域在椭圆的上方区域,而我们在计算压力场时设置的计算区域都在椭圆重心以下的区域,这时该正压区域对观测区域的影响减弱,因此水压场的正压峰值明显降低。
对于轴长比为1:2和1:6的椭圆,在四种攻角下的水压场分布特征曲线如图23~24所示。两种椭圆水压场的分布规律与轴长比为1:4的椭圆相似,但与轴长比为1:4的结果相比,轴长比为1:2时,水压场的分布曲线变化较小,轴长比为1:6时,水压场分布曲线变化较大。三种轴长比下,水压场分布曲线上负压区的峰值对应的位置都存在变化。在攻角为零时,水压场负压区的分布曲线关于直线x=0对称。而当攻角为负值时,负压区峰值对应的位置在x=0这一直线的右侧,负压区的曲线整体向右偏移。当攻角为正值时,负压区峰值对应的位置在x=0这一直线的左侧。此外,随着轴长比的增加,负压区峰值对应位置与x=0这一直线的偏移程度也逐渐增加,曲线的偏移程度逐渐变大。这说明不同轴长比的椭圆其水压场分布特征都会受到攻角的影响,并且这种影响会随轴长比的增加而增大。
当椭圆的运动状态为平动与振荡的耦合运动时,我们首先分析转动角速度的模值为0.0035 rad/s、来流速度为5 m/s的情况,椭圆振荡周期以及振荡过程与3.2节相同。由前文计算结果可知,当水压场的观测位置与椭圆重心的距离越近,水压场分布曲线的变化特征越明显。因此,为了更好地观测耦合运动对水压场的影响,本节主要分析距离椭圆重心18 m处的水压场分布曲线。由于轴长比为1:4的椭圆线型适中,首先对其进行计算,截取8个时间点的压力云图如图25所示。
图25给出了耦合运动状态下椭圆在8个时间点的压力场分布云图。随着时间的变化,椭圆的攻角也不断变化,从而导致压力场的分布特征不断变化,在任意时刻下,压力场的分布特征都与该时刻椭圆的攻角大小有关。压力场与攻角的关系已在3.3节中进行过讨论,此处不再赘述。在八个时间点的水压场分布曲线如图26所示。计算结果表明水压场分布曲线会随着椭圆的振荡发生偏移,并且这种偏移现象与3.3节中攻角导致的偏移现象相同。这说明当椭圆运动状态为俯仰平动耦合的运动时,俯仰运动的存在使椭圆的攻角不断变化,进而影响了水压场的分布曲线。
当二维椭圆在100 s的周期内转动的角速度模值为0.007 rad/s时,不同时间点水压场的分布曲线如图27所示。对比图26图27可以发现,在周期相同的条件下,角速度的增加会使攻角的变化加剧,这又同时加剧了压力场的变化。水压场分布曲线中,压力量级的大小与3.3节中的计算结果相近,说明在角速度的量级为10-3时,角速度的大小对水压场量级的影响可以忽略不计,这与第1章中的理论推导结果相同。
本文同时还计算了轴长比为1:2和1:4的椭圆存在俯仰平动耦合运动时的水压场,计算结果如图28~29所示。由于轴长比为1:2的椭圆短半轴为22.5 m,大于18 m,因此在分析时将水压场位置与椭圆重心的垂直距离选为27 m。对比图26272829可以发现,对于三种轴长比的椭圆,当椭圆在水下的运动为平动与俯仰振荡的耦合运动时,水压场的分布曲线都会随时间发生偏移,并且负压区域的峰值与正压区域的峰值也会随椭圆攻角的变化而变化。椭圆的轴长比越大,攻角的变化对水压场分布曲线的影响越显著。在图29(b)中,对于轴长比为1:6的椭圆,攻角分别达到10°和-10°时(即t=25 s和t=75 s的时间点),水压场的分布曲线差异十分明显。而图28(b)中,对于轴长比为1:2的椭圆,这种差异就要小得多。
3.4节对椭圆俯仰平动耦合运动水压场的时域特征进行了分析,本节将对其频域特性进行分析。对于频域特性的分析,如图30所示,选择流场中的一个点作为观测点,对其在一个周期内的压力变化做快速傅里叶变换(FFT)。由三种轴长比的椭圆俯仰-平动耦合运动在观测点产生的压力场的频域图如图31~33所示,图中纵坐标为压力幅值,横坐标为频率值。从图中可以看出,在三种椭圆的耦合运动产生的水压场的频域图中都存在一个谱峰,峰值对应的频率都是0.01 Hz,而本文设置的椭圆振荡周期为100 s(即振荡频率为0.01 Hz)。由此可以说明椭圆的俯仰-平动耦合运动产生的压力场存在甚低频特性,其频率与椭圆的振荡频率一致。
通过计算在无限水域条件下存在俯仰-平动耦合运动的椭圆水压场,发现这种周期性的俯仰运动会在流场中产生具有甚低频特性的压力场,这种压力场的产生与椭圆的轴长比无关。本文的计算结果表明了一种甚低频场产生的原因,这为水下结构体运动的甚低频压力场产生机理的研究奠定了基础。
本文针对不同的轴长比的椭圆,对其在平动、俯仰运动、存在攻角的平动、俯仰与平动耦合运动的四种状态下的水压场进行了数值计算分析,分析了四种运动状态下水压场分布曲线的特征,主要结论如下:
(1)对于只有俯仰运动的椭圆,当俯仰周期为百秒量级以上,且俯仰角度较小时,椭圆俯仰运动产生的水压场量级很小,并且水压场的分布特征曲线也随时间不断变化。
(2)对于存在攻角的水平运动,椭圆攻角的存在会使水压场的分布特征曲线发生偏移,并且这种偏移还受攻角大小与正负的影响。以椭圆重心所在直线x=0为基准,若攻角为正,则水压场负压区的分布曲线向基线x=0的左侧偏移,反之,则向右侧偏移。
(3)对于存在平动与俯仰振荡耦合运动的椭圆,其水压场的分布特征曲线会随时间的变化不断发生偏移,水压场的大小与任意时刻椭圆的攻角有关,而该时刻椭圆的转动角速度对水压场大小的影响较弱。椭圆的轴长比同样会影响其水压场分布特征曲线。以椭圆重心所在直线x=0为基准,轴长比越大的椭圆在转过相同角度时,水压场负压区的曲线偏离基线x=0的程度越大。
(4)水下结构体的振荡-平动耦合运动产生的水压场具有甚低频特性,其频谱峰值对应频率由结构体振荡的周期决定。
  • 声纳技术重点实验室基金资助项目(2021-JCJQ-LB-031/05)
  • 中央高校基本业务费资助项目(3072021CFT0501)
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2024年第28卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.10.008
  • 接收时间:2024-04-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-20
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声纳技术重点实验室基金资助项目(2021-JCJQ-LB-031/05)
中央高校基本业务费资助项目(3072021CFT0501)
作者信息
    1.哈尔滨工程大学 水声技术重点实验室,哈尔滨 150001
    2.海洋信息获取与安全工信部重点实验室(哈尔滨工程大学),工业和信息化部,哈尔滨 150001
    3.哈尔滨工程大学 水声工程学院,哈尔滨 150001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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