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Based on the OpenFOAM, a hybrid model coupling fully nonlinear potential flow theory (FNPT) with viscous flow method, and the propeller-rudder mode, the turn and zigzag maneuvers of a single-screw ship in waves were simulated. The FNPT was used to simulate the wave tank in the external field, while the viscous flow method was used to simulate the interaction between waves and ships in interal field. Then, the 6DOF ship maneuvers in waves was simulated. The KVLCC2 model was selected for simulation, and the method was validated by the tank test, and the maneuvers in beam waves were simulated. By various wavelengths, the effect of wavelength on the ship maneuvering performance in beam waves was investigated.

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本文基于开源代码OpenFOAM,采用基于全非线性势流方法与粘性流方法耦合的混合模型,结合桨舵推进模型,模拟单桨船在波浪中的回转和Z形操纵运动。外场采用全非线性势流方法(FNPT)模拟波浪水池,内场采用粘流方法模拟波浪与船舶相互作用,采用考虑波浪影响的桨舵力学模型计算航行中的桨舵推进受力,实现船舶在波浪中六自由度操纵运动的仿真。采用KVLCC2模型用于数值模拟,通过自航试验对比验证方法的有效性。模拟初始横浪条件下船舶波浪中操纵运动,通过改变波长研究和分析横浪下波长对船舶回转性能和机动性能的影响。

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龚家烨(1990-),男,博士,讲师

范佘明(1963-),男,博士,研究员

李云波(1963-),女,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

洪智超(1987-),男,博士,副教授

杨玉峰(1977-),男,博士,教授。

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Parameters of the model ship for calculation

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船型参数符号/单位数值船型参数符号/单位数值
水线长L/m2.909重心垂向高度zg/m0.169
水线宽B/m0.527方形系数CB0.810
吃水T/m0.189转动惯量Ixx/B0.4
重心纵向位置xg/m0.102转动惯量Iyy/L, Izz/L0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1243879858682577824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879847265681973, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
船型参数符号/单位数值船型参数符号/单位数值
水线长L/m2.909重心垂向高度zg/m0.169
水线宽B/m0.527方形系数CB0.810
吃水T/m0.189转动惯量Ixx/B0.4
重心纵向位置xg/m0.102转动惯量Iyy/L, Izz/L0.25
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基于混合算法的船舶波浪中操纵运动预报研究
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龚家烨 2 , 范佘明 1 , 李云波 2 , 洪智超 3 , 杨玉峰 4
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(9): 1347-1355
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(9): 1347-1355
基于混合算法的船舶波浪中操纵运动预报研究
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龚家烨2, 范佘明1, 李云波2 , 洪智超3, 杨玉峰4
作者信息
  • 1.上海市船舶工程重点实验室,上海 200011
  • 2.上海海事大学,上海 201306
  • 3.江苏科技大学,江苏 镇江 212100
  • 4.武警海警学院,浙江 宁波 315801
  • 龚家烨(1990-),男,博士,讲师

    范佘明(1963-),男,博士,研究员

    李云波(1963-),女,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

    洪智超(1987-),男,博士,副教授

    杨玉峰(1977-),男,博士,教授。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Predicting maneuvering performance of ship in waves by hybrid algorithm
Jia-ye GONG2, She-ming FAN1, Yun-bo LI2 , Zhi-chao HONG3, Yu-feng YANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ship Engineering, Shanghai 200011, China
  • 2.Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 3.Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
  • 4.China Coast Guard Academy, Ningbo 315801, China
出版时间: 2024-09-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.006
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本文基于开源代码OpenFOAM,采用基于全非线性势流方法与粘性流方法耦合的混合模型,结合桨舵推进模型,模拟单桨船在波浪中的回转和Z形操纵运动。外场采用全非线性势流方法(FNPT)模拟波浪水池,内场采用粘流方法模拟波浪与船舶相互作用,采用考虑波浪影响的桨舵力学模型计算航行中的桨舵推进受力,实现船舶在波浪中六自由度操纵运动的仿真。采用KVLCC2模型用于数值模拟,通过自航试验对比验证方法的有效性。模拟初始横浪条件下船舶波浪中操纵运动,通过改变波长研究和分析横浪下波长对船舶回转性能和机动性能的影响。

混合算法  /  操纵性  /  回转  /  Z形  /  横浪

Based on the OpenFOAM, a hybrid model coupling fully nonlinear potential flow theory (FNPT) with viscous flow method, and the propeller-rudder mode, the turn and zigzag maneuvers of a single-screw ship in waves were simulated. The FNPT was used to simulate the wave tank in the external field, while the viscous flow method was used to simulate the interaction between waves and ships in interal field. Then, the 6DOF ship maneuvers in waves was simulated. The KVLCC2 model was selected for simulation, and the method was validated by the tank test, and the maneuvers in beam waves were simulated. By various wavelengths, the effect of wavelength on the ship maneuvering performance in beam waves was investigated.

hybrid method  /  maneuverability  /  turn maneuver  /  zigzag maneuver  /  beam wave
龚家烨, 范佘明, 李云波, 洪智超, 杨玉峰. 基于混合算法的船舶波浪中操纵运动预报研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (9) : 1347 -1355 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.006
Jia-ye GONG, She-ming FAN, Yun-bo LI, Zhi-chao HONG, Yu-feng YANG. Predicting maneuvering performance of ship in waves by hybrid algorithm[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (9) : 1347 -1355 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.006
船舶操纵性与船舶航行安全密切关联,始终是船舶航行安全领域的重要组成部分,一直备受学者们的关注,同时也被作为海事领域研究的焦点。2002年,国际海事组织正式通过了《船舶操纵性标准》决议[1],要求在设计阶段完成船舶操纵性能评估,并对操纵性做出预报。值得注意的是,《船舶操纵性标准》主要针对船舶在深水中的横向、纵向及转首三自由度操纵运动。
虽然波浪中的船舶操纵性问题在几十年前就已经得到了国内外学者的关注与研究,但是由于该问题影响因素众多,研究非常复杂,导致波浪中操纵性问题的研究进展非常缓慢。直到近十年,随着研究技术的不断发展,船舶波浪中操纵性能的研究才逐渐取得了实质性的研究进展。2011年和2014年的国际拖曳水池会议(ITTC)[2-3]均把波浪中的船舶操纵性问题作为单独的研究专题进行探讨。2017年的ITTC第28届会议[4]成立了单独的研究委员会,对波浪中的操纵性问题进行重点研究,并为船舶的操纵性研究提出了新的指导方向。ITTC对船舶波浪中操纵性问题的关注,也从侧面说明了船舶波浪中操纵性问题是船舶工程领域的重点问题之一。
船舶在波浪中的操纵性问题,可以看作是静水中操纵性和波浪中耐波性两者的结合,其相对后两者更为复杂。Kinoshita等[5]进行了船模在波浪中的PMM试验,在试验过程中对船舶的受力和在水平面上的位移进行了测量;Yasukawa等[6]针对KVLCC2在不规则波中的回转和Z形运动开展了模型试验,并对波浪中操纵运动特性进行了初步分析;Shen等[7]基于OpenFOAM和重叠网格技术模拟船舶在迎浪和艉浪下的自主航行,研究和分析了该船型的航向稳定性,并通过试验数据对比验证了重叠网格对大幅运动和操纵运动模拟的可靠性;Zhang等[8]采用时域方法计算了船舶在操纵运动状态下不同浪向波浪中的运动响应,并结合船舶操纵性运动方程对波浪中操纵运动进行预报;Wang等[9]应用重叠网格技术处理复杂的船体-螺旋桨-舵运动系统,采用非定常雷诺时均流模拟了船舶在波浪中的回转和Z形操纵运动;Kim等[10]对KVLCC2模型进行了波浪中回转运动的模型试验,通过试验得到了船模在不同浪向波浪中的回转运动轨迹和运动时历曲线,为算法验证提供了数据支撑;White等[11]结合粘流方法、边界元方法和螺旋桨力模型,研究给出了一种船舶在波浪中操纵运动的快速预报方法;Zhang等[12]使用势流理论计算波浪漂移载荷,代入操纵性运动方程中预报船舶在波浪中的操纵运动,从而研究了波浪对船舶操纵性的影响,并对比测试了两种数值方法来处理耦合操纵-耐波问题,即时域方法和准稳态方法。
可以看出,目前波浪中操纵运动的研究主要基于模型试验、双时标方法、统一理论以及粘流模拟方法,而随着计算技术的发展,粘流方法在船舶波浪操纵研究中的应用逐渐增加。粘流方法的优点是可以考虑船舶在波浪中操纵过程中的非线性现象,如间出间歇性入水、砰击、上浪等,但是其对螺旋桨的模拟会显著降低对操纵运动模拟的计算效率,而应用桨舵模型和粘流方法的结合来模拟和研究船舶在波浪中的操纵运动,具有理论和工程意义。
本文基于势粘流匹配的混合算法,结合桨-舵推力方程,实现船舶在波浪中的回转运动和Z形操纵运动直接数值模拟,通过数值计算结果与模型试验结果的对比,对数值方法进行验证。由于船舶的初始浪向会对船舶的操纵性能产生一定的影响,而横浪又会对船舶的航行和货物安全产生较大的威胁[13],因此,本文在此基础上模拟船舶在初始左舷侧横浪的不同波长波浪中的回转和Z形操舵运动,研究和分析波浪参数变化对船舶回转性能和机动性能的影响。
本文将外场基于FNPT理论QALE-FEM方法的波浪水池与内场粘流计算域结合,基于OpenFOAM平台形成自主开发求解器,其中外场波浪水池采用基于全非线性势流理论的QALE-FEM方法模拟波浪的生成和传播,内场采用不可压缩非稳态纳维斯托克斯模型,模拟三体船在波浪中的运动及侧体出入水、砰击等强非线性现象,通过匹配面和过渡区域实现内外场物理量的传播。混合方法的数值波浪水池如图1所示。
混合算法模拟时,外场计算域为理想流体,波速势满足拉普拉斯方程,自由表面满足非线性自由表面条件,应用拉格朗日方法保持自由表面节点与流动质点同步运动,右侧为造波板,左侧为自适应消波区。内域应用基于粘性流理论的RANS方法求解船舶和波浪的相互作用,忽略流体的可压缩性,流动满足质量和动量守恒,采用VOF方法捕获空气和水之间的自由表面,k-ω SST模型作为湍流模型。由于粘流算法已经相对成熟,混合算法也应用于船舶波浪中运动[14-15]和特殊波浪模拟[16-17],因此本文不对具体细节作过多论述。
模拟船舶六自由度操纵运动时,采用右手坐标系进行描述,其中o'-x'y'z'为大地坐标系,o-xyz为随船坐标系,随船坐标系原点位于船舶重心且完全与船舶一起运动,x'轴指向船艏,z'轴垂直水平面向上。随船坐标系下速度uvw和角速度pqr用来表示船舶的运动。因此可以得到船舶在局部坐标系下的六自由度运动方程为
式中,m为船舶质量,(IxIyIz)为局部坐标系下的转动惯量,(XYZ)和(LMN)为局部坐标系下船舶受到的力和力矩,下标H、P、R分别代表船体、桨、舵。船体受力由内场计算域求解得到,桨舵受力则通过桨舵力学模型计算得到。
式中,ρ为水的密度,tP为推力减额系数,n为转速,DP为螺旋桨直径,KT为推力系数,J为进速系数,k0k1k2为螺旋桨敞水性征曲线系数,wP为实效伴流分数,FN为法向舵力,xR为舵位置纵坐标,tRaHxH为船舵间相互作用的水动力系数,tR为推力减额系数,具体参数可参考文献[18]。模拟过程中,在大地坐标系下求解内外场计算域,得到船体的受力和力矩,通过坐标系变换[19]得到局部坐标系下的船体受力和力矩,然后经由矩阵转换为随船坐标系下的船体受力,根据船舶运动状态计算螺旋桨力和舵力,最后将得到的船舶所受所有外力代入六自由度方程求解船舶的运动。
模拟过程中,外场QALE-FEM造波水池长度为40L,水池深度为2L,波长方向网格尺寸为0.023L,垂向网格尺寸为0.006L,QALE-FEM计算时间步长与内场计算域同步,更多关于QALE-FEM参数设置可查阅文献[16-17]。内场计算域x方向船艏最前端以前、船艉最后端以后计算域长度分别为1.0L、1.5Ly方向左、右舷侧最远端到内场左右边界的距离为1.0Lz方向水线以下、水线以上的计算域高度分别为1.5L和0.5L,其中L为船舶的水线长。计算域尺寸及边界条件如图2所示。
采用非结构化的六面体网格对计算域进行网格划分,为了较好地捕捉自由面波形来计算船体受力,对船首、船尾局部和自由面区域的网格进行了加密,由于本文为操纵性模拟,在模拟过程中需要面对浪向的随时变化,因此,需要对波高范围内的网格进行加密。根据ITTC建议,船体表面附近设置了4层棱柱形网格,网格增长率为1.2,无因次壁面距离y+在30~100范围内。最终的网格数量在360万左右,网格示意图如图3所示。
本文采用KVLCC2模型进行数值模拟,计算模型参数如表1所示。由于本文所采用混合算法已完成了波浪生成和传播的模拟验证[14-15],因此本文不再进行单独验证。验证算例选取的螺旋桨转速所得推力,对应计算航速为船长弗汝德数Fr=0.142时的静水中推力,波高Hw=0.02L,波长λ=1.0L,舵角δ=-35°,浪向分别为χ=270°和χ=180°。模拟所得结果与试验数据[10]进行对比,验证算法的计算精度。
图4为初始浪向为迎浪和左舷侧横浪状态下船舶的回转运动轨迹对比。可以看出,回转轨迹都沿波浪传播方向成一定角度漂移,数值模拟的船舶回转轨迹相对较小,通过简化的桨舵模型很好地提高了计算效率,避免了螺旋桨模拟和舵模拟造成的计算资源大幅提升,同时简化的桨舵模型并未给模拟造成较大误差。虽然随着时间的累积,模拟和试验的船舶波浪中回转轨迹存在一定的区别,并且误差有随时间增大的趋势,但是,在操纵运动所要求的540°回转圈范围内,误差值总体是可以接受的,并且模拟所得不同初始浪向波浪造成的船舶回转轨迹偏移趋势和偏移方向都与试验值吻合良好,算法很好地反映了波浪变化所产生的影响。
船舶在横浪中进行操舵时,在操舵初始状态下会有漂角和速度骤降产生,此时伴随着横浪造成的横摇运动,不同的波长下横摇运动幅值也存在差异。因此,基于验证后的算法模拟了船舶在不同波长横浪中的回转和Z形操舵运动。浪向角χ=270°,即初始波浪由左舷向右舷传播,选取波长在λ/L=0.6~1.6范围内变化的5个波长,波陡ak=0.02不变,每个不同的波浪参数下进行δ=-35°的回转运动舵角和-10°/+10°的Z形运动模拟。
图5为模拟所得船舶在不同波长的横浪中的回转运动轨迹、航速以及漂角变化结果,其中U0为初始航速,β为漂角。从图5(a)~(b)可以看出,船舶在初始左舷侧横浪的波浪中回转运动时,速度和航向的震荡主要发生在船舶从迎浪到右舷侧横浪的过程中,此时船舶的漂角甚至出现由负转正的状况,这意味着回转运动从迎浪到右舷侧横浪变化时需要面对波浪造成的较大艏摇力矩作用,导致航速和航向的震荡;同时也可以看出,波长增大会显著增加船舶航速和漂角振幅,但是从左舷横浪到右舷横浪,即艏斜浪为主时,短波明显会造成更大的速降和漂角,而艉斜浪为主时不同波长并不会对航速和漂角的平均值产生较大影响。由图5(b)可见,对于回转轨迹而言,波浪的作用会使得轨迹发生偏移,轨迹偏移方向与波浪传播方向间始终存在一定的夹角,而轨迹偏移随波长的变化也存在一定的规律性,波长的增大使得船舶回转轨迹不断向x轴正方向偏移,这与图5(a)中短波下船舶速度相对降幅更大是对应的。
图6为相同初始左舷横浪下船舶在不同波长中的Z形操舵运动结果,其中初始浪向为左舷侧横浪,因此艏向角ξ6为正时代表艏斜浪,ξ6为负值时代表艉斜浪。从图6可以看出,虽然Z形运动会产生一定的航向变化,但是船舶遭遇的浪向始终处在艏、艉斜浪间变化,无论是轨迹、漂角还是转艏都存在较大的相位差,这主要是波浪对航速的影响造成的,图6(d)也可以看出短波会产生较大的速度下降,同时,波长增大仍然会显著增加轨迹、转艏、速度和漂角的震荡幅度。从图6(a)可以看出,波长增大会增加船舶在机动操舵过程中的轨迹偏离。从图6(c)中不同波长下的转艏可以看出,短波下无论是艏斜浪还是艉斜浪都不会显著改变船舶的超越角,波长增大不光会增加船舶机动过程中的超越角,也会明显增强艏向角的不确定性,可以看出船舶在艉斜浪下进行反向机动时会产生更大的超越角,即艏向角为负值情况下的超越角明显更大。
图7的回转运动波形云图可以看出,船舶在波浪中进行回转运动的过程中,波长的增大会导致相对更为严重的船舶上浪现象,相对于船舶面对左右舷侧的横浪,船舶在回转到迎浪和艉随浪附近时的上浪现象更为显著。从图8的Z形操舵运动则可以看出,船舶机动过程中受到左舷侧横浪的作用,不断地向波浪传播方向发生偏移,尤其是在反向操舵过程中图8(b)中的航向偏离尤其明显。对比图7图8,可以明显看出,虽然初始浪向都是左舷侧横浪,但是回转运动时在横浪转向艏斜浪或艉斜浪过程中,都伴随了大幅的上浪现象,即图7中的甲板上红色部分,而图8的Z形操舵过程中航向在艉斜浪和艏斜浪间变换并未导致明显的上浪现象发生。
本文将基于粘流的六自由度运动模拟与桨舵推进模型相结合,采用势粘流匹配的混合方法模拟单桨船在波浪中的回转和Z形操纵运动。将计算结果与模型试验结果进行了对比,验证了算法。模拟了船舶在初始横浪状态下回转和Z形操舵运动,通过改变波浪长度,分析了波浪参数对船舶初始横浪状态下回转和Z形操舵运动所产生的影响。通过本文研究可以得到以下结论:
(1)本文采用的数值方法可以模拟船舶在自由运动、砰击、上浪等波浪中操纵运动过程中发生的现象,在操纵运动模拟中加入推进力代替真实桨舵模拟,计算结果与试验值吻合良好,提高了数值模拟的效率。
(2)对于横浪中回转运动,速度和航向的震荡主要发生在船舶从迎浪状态变换到横浪状态的过程中,即转艏90°到转艏180°期间,此时波浪造成的艏摇力矩较大;这一过程中船舶主要面对艏斜浪,波长增大会显著增加速度的震荡,而波长减小会增加速降和漂角;当艉斜浪为主时,不同波长下的航速和漂角较为接近。
(3)对于横浪中Z形机动,波长增大会显著增加运动的震荡幅度和机动过程中的轨迹偏离,同时也会增大Z形机动过程中的超越角,尤其是长波中,浪向角增大到艉斜浪时反向机动的超越角会明显更大。
  • 上海市船舶工程重点实验室基金项目(SE202101)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52101359)
  • 上海市青年科技启明星计划项目(22YF1415900)
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2024年第28卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.006
  • 接收时间:2024-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-26
基金
上海市船舶工程重点实验室基金项目(SE202101)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52101359)
上海市青年科技启明星计划项目(22YF1415900)
作者信息
    1.上海市船舶工程重点实验室,上海 200011
    2.上海海事大学,上海 201306
    3.江苏科技大学,江苏 镇江 212100
    4.武警海警学院,浙江 宁波 315801

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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