Article(id=1243879846875611691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711123200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493665665, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493665665, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493665665, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493665665, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879841024553767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='9', pageStart='1297', pageEnd='1462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493664270, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493987725, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881197806404366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881197806404367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1368, endPage=1379, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879847202767411, articleId=1243879846875611691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Experimental study on the effect of riblet on spanwise vortices structure in particle-laden turbulence flow, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effect of riblet wall on the two-phase turbulent boundary layer containing 355 μm polystyrene particles was investigated by using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The effects of riblet wall on the characteristics of two-phase turbulent boundary layer were analyzed by comparing the average velocity profile, turbulence and Reynolds shear stress of the flow over the riblet and smooth surface. The spatial multi-scale local average structure function and λci vorticity identification criterion of hairpin vortex head (clockwise spanwise vortex) were used together to accurately identify the vortex center and extract the spatial topology of the surrounding fluctuating velocity and streamline. The numerical law of the forward vortices at different wall-normal heights was calculated. The results show that, compared with the smooth surface, the buffer layer of the average velocity profile of the riblet wall rises partly, the logarithmic region shifts outward, and the friction velocity and frictional shear stress of the riblet wall decrease, resluting in a drag reduction of 4.86%. At the same normal height, compared with the smooth wall, the clockwise vortexes detected on the riblet wall have smaller dip angles and fewer numbers, and the streamwise fluctuating velocity around the riblet wall is weak, showing that in two-phase flow, the riblet wall can weaken the intensity and finally decreases the drag.

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采用粒子图像测速技术(particles image velocimetry,PIV)研究沟槽对含有355 μm聚苯乙烯颗粒的液固两相湍流边界层的影响规律,通过对比流过沟槽壁面与光滑平板含颗粒流的平均速度剖面、湍流度及雷诺切应力等湍流统计量,分析沟槽对两相湍流边界层特性的影响。采用空间多尺度、局部平均结构函数和λci涡量识别准则准确识别发卡涡展向涡的涡心,并提取周围脉动速度及流线的空间拓扑结构,对不同法向高度处顺向涡的数量规律进行统计分析。结果发现:与光滑平板相比,沟槽壁面平均速度剖面缓冲层部分抬升,对数区外移,壁面摩擦速度和摩擦切应力变小,表现出4.86%的减阻效果;在同一法向高度,相较于光滑壁面,沟槽壁面下检测到的顺向涡结构倾角较小,数量也较少,周围流向脉动速度较弱,说明在两相流中沟槽壁面能够削弱发卡涡的强度和发生可能,达到减阻的效果。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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葛雅馨(1998-),女,硕士研究生

孙姣(1978-),女,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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葛雅馨(1998-),女,硕士研究生

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Parameters of flow passing across the smooth and riblet surfaces in clean water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
壁面δ/mmReτuτ/(m·s-1τw/(kg·m-1·s-2CfDR(%)
平板56.6511.40.00880.07730.003 69-
沟槽58.3505.90.00840.07040.003 368.88
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清水流场光滑壁面和沟槽壁面的流动参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
壁面δ/mmReτuτ/(m·s-1τw/(kg·m-1·s-2CfDR(%)
平板56.6511.40.00880.07730.003 69-
沟槽58.3505.90.00840.07040.003 368.88
), ArticleFig(id=1243879863753490544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879846875611691, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of particle-laden flow passing across smooth and riblet surfaces

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壁面uτ/(m·s-1τw/(kg·m-1·m-2CfDR(%)
平板0.008 970.08030.003 83-
沟槽0.008 750.07640.003 644.86
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两相流情况下光滑壁面和沟槽壁面的流动参数

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壁面uτ/(m·s-1τw/(kg·m-1·m-2CfDR(%)
平板0.008 970.08030.003 83-
沟槽0.008 750.07640.003 644.86
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沟槽对液固两相湍流中展向涡结构影响的实验研究
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葛雅馨 a, b , 孙姣 a, b , 高天达 a, b , 陈文义 a, b , 严冬 a, b
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(9): 1368-1379
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(9): 1368-1379
沟槽对液固两相湍流中展向涡结构影响的实验研究
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葛雅馨a, b, 孙姣a, b , 高天达a, b, 陈文义a, b, 严冬a, b
作者信息
  • a.河北工业大学 化工学院,天津 300130
  • b.河北工业大学 化工节能过程集成与资源利用国家地方联合工程实验室,天津 300130
  • 葛雅馨(1998-),女,硕士研究生

    孙姣(1978-),女,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Experimental study on the effect of riblet on spanwise vortices structure in particle-laden turbulence flow
Ya-xin GEa, b, Jiao SUNa, b , Tian-da GAOa, b, Wen-yi CHENa, b, Dong YANa, b
Affiliations
  • a.School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
  • b.National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
出版时间: 2024-09-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.008
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采用粒子图像测速技术(particles image velocimetry,PIV)研究沟槽对含有355 μm聚苯乙烯颗粒的液固两相湍流边界层的影响规律,通过对比流过沟槽壁面与光滑平板含颗粒流的平均速度剖面、湍流度及雷诺切应力等湍流统计量,分析沟槽对两相湍流边界层特性的影响。采用空间多尺度、局部平均结构函数和λci涡量识别准则准确识别发卡涡展向涡的涡心,并提取周围脉动速度及流线的空间拓扑结构,对不同法向高度处顺向涡的数量规律进行统计分析。结果发现:与光滑平板相比,沟槽壁面平均速度剖面缓冲层部分抬升,对数区外移,壁面摩擦速度和摩擦切应力变小,表现出4.86%的减阻效果;在同一法向高度,相较于光滑壁面,沟槽壁面下检测到的顺向涡结构倾角较小,数量也较少,周围流向脉动速度较弱,说明在两相流中沟槽壁面能够削弱发卡涡的强度和发生可能,达到减阻的效果。

沟槽壁面  /  两相流  /  粒子图像测速  /  湍流边界层  /  展向涡

The effect of riblet wall on the two-phase turbulent boundary layer containing 355 μm polystyrene particles was investigated by using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The effects of riblet wall on the characteristics of two-phase turbulent boundary layer were analyzed by comparing the average velocity profile, turbulence and Reynolds shear stress of the flow over the riblet and smooth surface. The spatial multi-scale local average structure function and λci vorticity identification criterion of hairpin vortex head (clockwise spanwise vortex) were used together to accurately identify the vortex center and extract the spatial topology of the surrounding fluctuating velocity and streamline. The numerical law of the forward vortices at different wall-normal heights was calculated. The results show that, compared with the smooth surface, the buffer layer of the average velocity profile of the riblet wall rises partly, the logarithmic region shifts outward, and the friction velocity and frictional shear stress of the riblet wall decrease, resluting in a drag reduction of 4.86%. At the same normal height, compared with the smooth wall, the clockwise vortexes detected on the riblet wall have smaller dip angles and fewer numbers, and the streamwise fluctuating velocity around the riblet wall is weak, showing that in two-phase flow, the riblet wall can weaken the intensity and finally decreases the drag.

riblet wall  /  two-phase flow  /  PIV  /  turbulent boundary layer  /  spanwise votex
葛雅馨, 孙姣, 高天达, 陈文义, 严冬. 沟槽对液固两相湍流中展向涡结构影响的实验研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (9) : 1368 -1379 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.008
Ya-xin GE, Jiao SUN, Tian-da GAO, Wen-yi CHEN, Dong YAN. Experimental study on the effect of riblet on spanwise vortices structure in particle-laden turbulence flow[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (9) : 1368 -1379 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.008
船舶在水路运输和海洋发展中发挥着重要作用,航运业一直在追求高速低能耗。在船舶运动中,船舶表面的摩擦阻力占其所受流体总阻力的50%,而对于潜艇,这一比例高达70%[1]。船舶航行的阻力越大,燃料的消耗越多,相应的二氧化碳排放和全球变暖问题也更加严重[2]。因此,寻求合适的减阻方法变得十分重要。
20世纪60~70年代,Walsh等[3]发现物体表面顺流向布置的微小沟槽可以达到减阻效果,这打破了之前有关物体表面越光滑阻力就越小的认知,同时也开创了沟槽减阻研究的先河。快速游动的鲨鱼皮肤上具有的微小结构被称作“肤齿”,其形状与沟槽类似且流动方向与流体流动方向同向。相应的研究表明,鲨鱼皮上的微小沟槽不仅可以防止涡流的形成,还可以使涡流远离表面,使水更容易流过鲨鱼皮肤。Walsh最早研究的沟槽壁面为不对称的V形,后来他们对三角形、刀口形、正弦形和U形沟槽进行了实验研究,发现最大减阻约为7%~8%[4]。Bechert[5]研究了锯齿形、圆齿形、刀刃形沟槽的减阻效果,发现在其各自最优的几何尺寸下,刀刃形沟槽减阻效果最佳,最大减阻率为9.9%,锯齿形沟槽的最大减阻率为5%,但是锯齿形沟槽最耐用、加工最简单、成本最低。由于飞机的表面摩擦阻力占总阻力的48%,为此美国国家航空航天局兰利中心[6]以及后来的德国航空航天中心[7]等机构,开展了飞机表面上各种沟槽结构的应用研究,发现当在飞机表面70%的面积上布置沟槽时,可以减少1%~2%的油耗。Benschop等[8]对一种具有防垢性能的沟槽表面进行了阻力测量,发现可达到6%的减阻率。在仿生工程研究领域,通过对微沟槽结构的研究发现,除了减阻效果之外,微沟槽结构还具有疏水防污、降低噪音和隐形等功能。因此,对微沟槽进行研究具有很高的理论意义和应用价值。
液-固两相流指的是固体颗粒相和液体相共存的流动,而船体和飞机航行时的环境就包括自然水体和大气中不可避免地存在的颗粒相,如自然水体中夹带的沙砾和空气中的灰尘及冰晶等。研究两相流中湍流边界层,对揭示流体的动量、热量及质量的传递机理,提高生产效率和降低能耗具有重要意义。颗粒在某些特定状况下能调制湍流,改变流动特性;反过来,湍流也会影响颗粒的分布。Shao等[9]采用虚拟区域方法对含有中性悬浮大颗粒的湍槽流进行了双重直接数值模拟,发现颗粒的存在不仅削弱了大尺度准流向涡结构,还降低了近壁处脉动速度强度流向分量,且颗粒的存在还会诱导出小尺度的涡结构,并增强近壁处横向和展向脉动速度。Levy等[10]和Parthasarathy等[11]发现添加较小颗粒能减弱近壁区的湍流强度,而较大的颗粒则能增强湍流。面对复杂的多相湍流中存在的颗粒/湍流/壁面多重耦合相互作用,在工艺及节能降耗的多重需求下,如何有效调控多相湍流边界层,已成为湍流理论研究及多相传递工程应用领域亟待解决的重点和热点问题。
已有研究中关于沟槽调控湍流的实验多集中于对单相流的研究,而对于含颗粒液体和含尘气体中的沟槽壁面研究较少。严冬等[12]对清水和加入粒子后的平板及沟槽壁面的湍流边界层进行了研究,分析了颗粒对喷射、扫掠行为的影响。涡结构是相干结构的核心,涡结构的拓扑形态、尺度及数量等直接影响整个湍流结构的演化发展过程[13],在决定近壁面湍流特征方面具有重要作用。本文利用PIV系统对沟槽壁面作用下液固两相湍流边界层进行测试,在分析平均速度剖面及湍流度等统计量的基础上,对发卡涡展向涡头的顺向涡结构进行提取分析,以期获得沟槽壁面对多相流边界层调控机理。
实验在河北工业大学流体力学实验室的中型低速循环水槽中进行,实验时背景湍流度小于0.9%。实验装置如图1所示,水槽实验段长2600 mm,宽500 mm,高600 mm。光滑大平板材质为有机玻璃,长2200 mm,宽500 mm,厚15 mm,前缘进行8:1椭圆修形。在距平板前缘1600 mm处设置成300 mm×300 mm的凹槽,内可嵌平板和沟槽板以进行不同壁面形态的研究。沟槽设置为三角形顺流向沟槽壁面板,沟槽顶角α为60°,槽脊间距s为1.2 mm,槽深h为1.039 mm。实验中平板竖直放置,利用压力计采集测量区域前后的压差,通过调节平板后缘板角度,将平板表面沿流向的静压力梯度调节至接近于零。采用PIV对流场进行测量以复验其准确性,得出沿平板流、法向平面的平均速度云图,如图2所示。平板表面沿流向的静压力梯度已接近于零。工作表面距水槽侧壁260 mm,为获得充分发展的湍流边界层,在距离平板前缘100 mm处粘贴一条直径为5 mm的绊线。
实验分两步:首先,在清水条件下分别记录光滑平板和沟槽板表面的流场信息,以便验证沟槽板的减阻效果并确定清水流场的参数。然后,其他条件不变,播撒固相大颗粒,分别对流过光滑平板与沟槽壁面的两相流流场进行测定,研究沟槽在两相流动中的作用。实验使用15 μm的聚苯乙烯颗粒作为液相的示踪颗粒。研究发现,对于小于Kolmogorov尺度[14]的颗粒负载壁湍流,沟槽壁面具有较好的减阻效果[12]。为探究大于Kolmogorov尺度的颗粒负载壁湍流中沟槽的调控效果,本文选用固相颗粒直径dp=355μm的聚苯乙烯颗粒,颗粒密度ρp=1050 kg/m³,预配置成液固质量比为500:1 (水:固体颗粒)的混合液,从大平板上游1200 mm距液面300 mm深处注入水槽,待水流稳定后再开始实验。将Zhu等[14]使用的公式推广到整个视场,该测量区域的平均颗粒体积浓度为,其中,Δx、Δy为激光照射测量区域的长度与高度,均为120 mm;Δz为激光片光源的厚度,为1 mm;为测量区域颗粒个数的时间平均值。
图3为某一时刻瞬时流场中的颗粒个数。通过计算可知,该测量区域的平均颗粒体积分数为1.74 × 10-5,属于双向耦合,颗粒之间的相互作用可忽略不计[15-16]
实验数据通过德国LaVision公司的PIV系统进行采集,激光器为LPY700双脉冲激光器(能量100 mJ),4MX相机(像素2048×2048 pixels),图像采集模式为双帧、双曝光,采集频率为90 Hz。对不同工况下的流-法向平面进行采集,每种工况采集8000张样本,图像实测视野120 mm×120 mm(流向×法向)。对含颗粒流动中液相的数据处理应排除固体颗粒的影响(如图4所示)。首先,对液固两相流动采集的原始图像进行高斯滤波,消去原始图像中的不规则粒子;而后用中值滤波消去示踪粒子,留下大的固体颗粒;最后,将两相流动图像与固体颗粒图像相减即可得到液相流场图像。利用系统自带的Davis软件对采集的图像进行互相关算法处理,查询窗口大小为32×32像素,重叠率为75%,得到的瞬时速度场含256×256(流向×法向)个速度矢量,实验的速度不确定度小于1%[17-19]
为了能够对比分析沟槽对两相流动的影响,首先验证沟槽在清水中的效果。在清水流场中开展实验,分别采集平板和沟槽的近壁流场信息,统计并分析平均速度剖面、综合湍流度等流场参数。
实验过程中,通过调节变频器使水槽自由来流速度为U=0.205 m/s,实验环境温度为20 ℃,此时水的密度ρf =998 kg/m3,水的运动粘性系数ν=1.006 mm2/s。图2给出了清水流场中两种壁面无量纲的平均速度剖面。对于光滑平板模型,摩擦速度可通过Clasuer[20]方法得到,光滑壁面平均速度的对数律表达式为。大量研究发现[21-23],沟槽壁面对数律区的截距B会发生偏移,其速度分布公式中需要增加表面粗糙度参数函数F[23]。因为对于沟槽表面模型,其理论零点低于沟槽槽脊平面,导致零点位置无法确定,传统的Clauser方法失效,因此改用修正的Clauser方法[25],该方法认为沟槽表面边界层对数区满足
式中,u+ = u/uτκ为卡门常数,y+ = yuτ/ν为无量纲法向高度,uτ为壁面摩擦速度,B为对数律截距,F为由于沟槽造成的截距偏移量。y为真实的法向高度,等于测量点到沟槽顶部的距离(y')与由沟槽引起的零点偏移(yv)之和(y = y' + yv)。零点偏移(yv)又称突出高度(hp[5],对于锯齿形沟槽,,其中,γ=0.5772为欧拉常数,ψ为Digamma函数。实验模型沟槽顶角α = 60°,代入上式得hp=0.204 mm,即零点偏移yv为0.204 mm。ΔuΔy分别表示流向速度和壁法向位置的微小变化量。Nugroho[26]等利用该方法对零点位置进行拟合,将式(1)对y进行微分可得
将修正的Clauser方法与Townsend外区相似性假说结合,采用迭代算法计算得到摩擦速度和沟槽表面的零点位置。如图5所示,光滑平板测量结果与标准湍流边界层对数区(30<y+<0.15 Reτ)符合良好,沟槽壁面缓冲层被抬升,对数区外移,对数区沟槽表面与光滑表面速度偏移量Δu+=0.604,符合沟槽减阻的特征。
图6为清水流场中两种壁面条件下的综合相对湍流度和雷诺切应力随y+的分布曲线。由图可见,沟槽壁面流场湍流强度与雷诺切应力的变化趋势均与光滑壁面类似。与光滑平板相比,在同一法向高度处,沟槽的综合湍流度与雷诺切应力数值均有降低,表明沟槽的存在削弱了湍流的脉动。以上现象均与减阻沟槽的特性相符合。
表1展示了光滑平板和沟槽壁面在清水流场中的流动参数。Reτ = uτ δ/ν为内尺度雷诺数,其中δ为边界层名义厚度。有了壁面摩擦切应力,以及平均自由来流速度U,则壁面摩擦系数,减阻率DR = (τwS-τwR)/τwS × 100%,其中τwSτwR分别为光滑和沟槽的壁面摩擦切应力。对比可知,沟槽边界层名义厚度增加,壁面摩擦速度和切应力均降低。综上可知,实验条件下沟槽壁面在清水流场中具有典型的减阻壁面特征。
在液固两相流中,光滑平板和沟槽面板的无量纲平均速度沿法向坐标的分布如图7所示。与光滑平板相比,沟槽壁面在y+>16.6范围的缓冲层和对数区均有明显的上移,符合减阻壁面特征。在5<y+<16.6的缓冲层中,沟槽流向平均速度略小于平板。在对数区范围,沟槽表面与光滑表面速度偏移量Δu+=0.794,该值与清水工况(0.604)相比明显要大,而Δu+增大,说明沟槽壁面在两相流情况下其对数区的速度提升更快。
两相流中流场参数的计算结果如表2所示。从表可知,与光滑平板相比,沟槽壁面的摩擦速度和摩擦切应力均比前者小,表现出4.86%的减阻效果。
湍流度是衡量流场中湍流强弱的指标。图8分别给出了流向和法向相对湍流度沿壁面高度的分布。由图可知,两种壁面流场的流向湍流度均大于法向湍流度,流向湍流度表现出先增大后减小的趋势,且在y+=22.7左右达到峰值;而法向湍流度的趋势则不同,开始并没有明显的增大态势,其中沟糟壁面下的湍流度反而随着y+的增大出现短暂的下降,其后随着流向湍流度从峰值开始下降,法向湍流度才随y+增大而增大并逐渐平稳。相比光滑平板,在13.4<y+<80.0范围内沟槽近壁的流向相对湍流度更大;同一壁面高度处的沟槽法向相对湍流度强度则小于光滑平板。说明在两相流动中,沟槽不仅会削弱法向湍流度,在一定壁面高度上又会增强流向湍流度。
雷诺应力是由流体微团产生脉动导致动量横向传递而引起的,雷诺应力越大,说明流体脉动引起动量交换对平均运动流体所产生的附加应力越大。在实际处理问题中,由于在粘性底层以外的雷诺应力要远大于粘性应力,故雷诺应力在湍流中起主导作用。图9表示无量纲雷诺切应力沿法向位置的分布。由图可见,两种壁面雷诺切应力随壁面高度先快速升高再缓慢下降,在下降过程中均存在数值平缓的平台期。此外,沟槽壁面的雷诺切应力在22.7<y+<80.0范围大于光滑平板,沟槽的存在将雷诺切应力的峰值提前到y+=47.4,且峰值强度高于平板。这说明在远离壁面范围,沟槽使雷诺应力降低,动量交换减弱,流体脉动被抑制。
综上所述,在播撒355 μm聚苯乙烯颗粒的液固两相流中,沟槽仍能够起到减阻作用,但是相比于清水工况,减阻率有所降低。值得注意的是,在缓冲层中段到y+=80.0范围内,沟槽的流向相对湍流度和雷诺切应力均得到增强,这可能是导致减阻率降低的原因。分析可知,沟槽在两相流动中的近壁区域产生了不同的作用效果,这可能与颗粒的存在有关。
涡旋结构通过涡量的扩散、诱导,对周围的流体施加影响,能够大大提高质量传递的效率,所以涡旋结构是湍流演化过程不可或缺的关键元素。发卡涡是湍流边界层内重要的相干结构,一方面其内部有低速流体向外的喷射运动,另一方面其周围又有高速流体卷向底层的扫掠运动,因而通过提取发卡涡结构来研究壁湍流发展演化机理具有重要意义。严冬等[12]获取了液固两相流中沟槽壁面流体的喷射与扫掠拓扑结构形态,为探究沟槽壁面减阻机理提供了理论参考。此外,发卡涡头附近脉动最为强烈,容易产生较高的雷诺切应力,是影响湍流减阻的关键因素。为排除小尺度涡的干扰,先从瞬时速度场中精确辨识发卡涡展向涡头结构[26],再结合使用空间多尺度局部平均函数[27]λci涡识别准则,来提取展向涡头的顺向涡结构。
脉动速度沿流向的空间局部平均结构函数为
脉动速度沿法向的空间局部平均结构函数为
式中,分别表示中心坐标位于(x0y0)的相应方向上的流向和壁法向分量的局部平均速度,l是流动的湍流空间尺度。在x-y平面中,二维展向漩涡强度λci定义为速度梯度张量Juv的复共轭特征值虚部,由下式给出:
Juv结合多尺度局部平均函数可以表示为
然而,作为涡旋运动强度的指标,λci不能有效反映涡旋的方向。因此,选择涡量强度ω确定涡流方向。多尺度涡强度定义为
发卡涡的涡核中心定义为λci为最大值的位置。结合两种涡旋识别方法检测涡旋结构的公式定义为
Dxy)为涡核中心识别函数,当检测到涡心后,各物理量在尺度范围内的相位拓扑平均计算公式为
式中,N表示检测出的涡核的个数,(xm),ym))代表检测到的第m个涡核的位置,;为保证涡及周围流场信息完整,LxLy分别选取64和56个矢量单位。
到达一定法向高度(40<y+<100)时,流向涡逐渐抬升形成发卡涡[27]。在此范围内分别选取光滑平板和沟槽壁面三个不同法向位置(y+=46.3、y+=62.3、y+=89.0),对提取的顺向涡周围流场性质进行研究。图10为两种壁面的湍流边界层内发卡涡展向涡头周围流向脉动速度分布图,坐标用内尺度无量纲化。在检测高度可以发现涡量集中的展向涡头的涡心,不同高度检测到的顺向涡涡心周围均有明显的猝发现象,即涡心下方分布着u'<0的低速流体被喷射事件带离壁面,涡心上方分布着u'>0的高速流体被扫掠事件扫向壁面。由严冬等[12]的结论可知,在颗粒流中,猝发事件的强度和数量皆有改变。对比相同高度两种壁面的流向脉动速度分布,可发现沟槽壁面使检测涡心上方高速流体流向脉动速度的强度有所降低,同时也使得下方低速流体的流向脉动速度的强度增大,这说明在近壁处沟槽壁面削弱了展向涡头周围的流体脉动。
图11为两相湍流边界层内不同壁面高度处(y+=46.3、y+=62.3、y+=89.0)光滑平板和沟槽壁面发卡涡顺向涡头周围的流线分布图。可以看出,顺向涡周围的流线以涡心为中心呈螺旋结构顺时针旋转,低速流体与高速流体在涡心上游的下方相遇形成驻点。顺向涡发展的充分性,可用通过驻点的切线与水平方向的夹角表示。随着法向距离的增大,上述夹角随之增大,且顺向涡的法向尺度也随之增大,这与Elsinga等[29]的观点一致。在相同壁面高度处,沟槽近壁流场顺向涡角度均小于光滑平板,这说明沟槽抑制了展向涡头的抬升,限制了顺向涡的发展。
图12给出了两种壁面上检测到的顺向涡总数目随壁面高度的变化曲线。由图可知,沟槽壁面和光滑平板流场中顺向涡数量均随法向位置的增高呈递减趋势。沟槽壁面在近壁检测范围内顺向涡数量少于光滑平板,在10<y+<30范围内差异最明显。这表明沟槽会抑制发卡涡展向涡头的发生,且主要影响区域在10<y+<30范围,沟槽壁面阻碍了近壁区发卡涡的产生和发展。同时,严冬等[12]的研究发现,沟槽壁面削弱了喷射事件的猝发强度,但未解释这种现象的机理。本文研究表明,沟槽壁面会抑制展向涡头的抬升,同时阻碍近壁区发卡涡的产生和发展。由于在发卡涡的涡头和涡腿之间存在大量的喷射事件,阻碍发卡涡的发展即削弱了喷射事件的强度。这也可以解释图10中展向涡头附近流场中,涡心下方低速流体流向脉动速度强度增大的原因。正是由于喷射强度受到抑制,较少的低速流体被带离壁面,留下的低速流体更多。
综上所述,通过提取光滑平板和沟槽壁面近壁区不同法向高度处发卡涡展向涡头可知,在两相流动中,沟槽可以阻碍发卡涡的产生和发展,且削弱发卡涡周围的流向脉动,进而减少动量传递,达到减阻效果。结合清水流场中沟槽壁面的研究[28-29],沟槽壁面阻碍了流体的展向流动,使得发卡涡的涡腿位于沟槽尖端之上。发卡涡沿涡腿下方展向流动的流体与沟槽峰作用形成二次涡,这些小的二次涡削弱了流向涡的强度,被削弱的发卡涡诱导产生的喷射事件相对较弱,使流体剪切层变得更稳定,抑制了发卡涡的再生过程。
本文在含有大于Kolmogorov尺度颗粒的液固两相流中,使用PIV技术分别对流过光滑平板和沟槽表面的湍流边界层进行了测量,通过分析不同工况下的平均速度剖面、雷诺切应力和湍流度等统计量,利用空间局部平均结构函数和λci识别准则,提取、分析了两种壁面上对数区中的发卡涡展向涡头二维拓扑结构,得到如下结论:
(1)在两相流中,与光滑平板相比,沟槽壁面平均速度剖面对数区外移,法向湍流度减少,在y+>80.0范围内流向湍流度和雷诺切应力被削弱,表现出4.86%的减阻效果。平均速度剖面在5<y+<16.6范围对数区内移、流向湍流度在13.4<y+<80.0范围增大、雷诺切应力在22.7<y+<80.0范围增强,这可能与颗粒的加入有关,在近壁的范围内削弱了沟槽的减阻效果。
(2)通过提取发卡涡展向涡头结构发现,沟槽壁面作用下顺向涡周围的流向脉动速度均低于光滑壁面,这使高低速流体之间的差值减小,减弱了湍动程度。在同一法向高度,沟槽壁面展向涡的倾角较低,发生数量较少。这可能是由于沟槽近壁二次涡的存在抑制了发卡涡腿的强度和发卡涡头的抬升,使展向涡结构角度更小,结构发展不充分,进而削弱发卡涡周围猝发事件的强度,导致沟槽壁面的动量交换减弱,流体脉动被抑制,产生减阻效果。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11602077; 11572357)
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(A2021202009)
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2024年第28卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.008
  • 接收时间:2024-03-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-23
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(11602077; 11572357)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(A2021202009)
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    a.河北工业大学 化工学院,天津 300130
    b.河北工业大学 化工节能过程集成与资源利用国家地方联合工程实验室,天津 300130

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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