Article(id=1243879843411112763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711209600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493664838, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493664838, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493664838, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493664838, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879841024553767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='9', pageStart='1297', pageEnd='1462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493664270, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493987725, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881197806404366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881197806404367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1405, endPage=1419, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879843998315334, articleId=1243879843411112763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Experimental study on vortex-induced vibration of a flexible free-hanging pipe in uniform flow, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ocean thermal energy conversion is one of the research hotspots of marine renewable energy in recent years. Free-hanging water intake pipes are the key structure to extract deep cold seawater. At present, the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) response characteristics of free-hanging pipes in deep sea currents are not clear yet. In this paper, model tests of a free-hanging pipe under uniform flow were carried out, and the strain response of vortex-induced vibration was measured by the fiber Bragg grating strain sensor. The amplitude and frequency characteristics of the free-hanging pipe were investigated by modal analysis and wavelet transform data processing methods. It is revealed that the maximum amplitude of the VIV displacement response of the free-hanging pipe under the uniform flow mainly occurs at the bottom. The dominant frequencies in inline (IL) direction is basically two times that in cross flow (CF) direction. However, in the conditions where the modal transition occurs, the dominant frequencies in IL and CF directions are the same, accompanied by obvious "traveling wave", "multi-frequency response" and "time-sharing" phenomenon. In addition, the Strouhal number of the overhanging pipe model in CF and IL under uniform sea currents are 0.15 and 0.30, which are slightly smaller than the results of flexible risers hinged at both ends. This value may serve as the parameter input for the vortex-induced vibration prediction of free-hanging pipes.

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温差能发电是近年海洋可再生能源研究的热点,悬垂取水管作为温差发电装置中提取深层冷海水的关键结构,其涡激振动响应特性尚不明确。本文开展了均匀流下悬垂管的涡激振动水池模型试验,利用光纤光栅应变传感器测量涡激振动应变响应,通过模态分析法、小波变换等数据处理方法研究悬垂管的幅值和频率特征。分析试验结果发现:均匀流作用下,悬垂管的涡激振动位移响应最大幅值主要位于悬垂管底部;柔性悬挂立管IL(in-line)和CF(cross-flow)主导频率基本满足二倍频关系,但是在模态转换的流速工况下会出现IL和CF方向主导频率相同的现象,同时伴随着明显的“行波”、“多频响应”以及“时间共享”特征;处理得到背景洋流作用下悬垂管的CF和IL方向斯特哈尔数分别为0.15和0.30,略小于以往两端铰支柔性立管试验结果,该值将为悬垂输水管涡激振动预报研究提供参数输入。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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王靖(1998-),女,硕士研究生

许玉旺(1989-),男,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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1b.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
1c.Institute of Polar and Ocean Technology, Institute of Marine Equipment, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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1b.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
1c.上海交通大学 极地深海技术研究院,上海 200240
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王靖(1998-),女,硕士研究生

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1b.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
1c.Institute of Polar and Ocean Technology, Institute of Marine Equipment, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2.Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai 200240, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1243879855377461498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, authorId=1243879854945448172, language=CN, stringName=许玉旺, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1a, 1b, 1c, 2, address=1a.上海交通大学 海洋工程国家重点试验室,上海 200240
1b.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
1c.上海交通大学 极地深海技术研究院,上海 200240
2.高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心,上海 200240, bio={"content":"

许玉旺(1989-),男,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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许玉旺(1989-),男,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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1b.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
1c.Institute of Polar and Ocean Technology, Institute of Marine Equipment, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2.Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai 200240, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1243879855817863441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, authorId=1243879855532650756, language=CN, stringName=任浩杰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1a, 1b, 1c, 2, address=1a.上海交通大学 海洋工程国家重点试验室,上海 200240
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1c.上海交通大学 极地深海技术研究院,上海 200240
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figureFileBig=zcFqgE8OAWvbI+BrAkVq0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879860381266381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=CN, label=图8, caption=测量应变和重构应变对比(U=0.31 m/s), figureFileSmall=Msmo392vD+niU629UxkfdA==, figureFileBig=zcFqgE8OAWvbI+BrAkVq0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879860490318290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Spatial and temporal distribution of dimensionless displacement in CF direction, figureFileSmall=nPh5LxdG9EWH0yFp2wFClw==, figureFileBig=xHo11kGY77h3NQNCoJvihA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879860607758806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=CN, label=图9, caption=CF方向无因次位移时空分布图, figureFileSmall=nPh5LxdG9EWH0yFp2wFClw==, figureFileBig=xHo11kGY77h3NQNCoJvihA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879860737782233, 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articleId=1243879843411112763, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Maximum RMS amplitude of displacement in IL direction VS Vr, figureFileSmall=zieTdQQR0BI0ZBzyH19xFQ==, figureFileBig=UzZMIVz6RazP7LUSB9OxdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879861580837367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=CN, label=图13, caption=在IL方向上位移的最大均方根振幅随Vr变化, figureFileSmall=zieTdQQR0BI0ZBzyH19xFQ==, figureFileBig=UzZMIVz6RazP7LUSB9OxdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879861694083579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Frequency distribution along riser for different cases, figureFileSmall=0tU8sLkxftW6q5HsBhfLUA==, figureFileBig=2ZYTrjXREwqra0vcAXtQKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879861790552576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=CN, label=图14, caption=测点应变响应频率沿立管分布, figureFileSmall=0tU8sLkxftW6q5HsBhfLUA==, figureFileBig=2ZYTrjXREwqra0vcAXtQKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879861924770309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Time-varying response frequencies at selected probe points for case U=0.16 m/s Vr=12.83, figureFileSmall=R1W7MHXBhi2KN0fwiQhgrw==, figureFileBig=fgwz32ePocHKruibapRC+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879862029627912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=CN, label=图15, caption=小波变换时-频结果示意图(U=0.16 m/s,Vr=12.83), figureFileSmall=R1W7MHXBhi2KN0fwiQhgrw==, figureFileBig=fgwz32ePocHKruibapRC+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879862138679819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Time-varying response frequencies at selected probe points for 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figureFileSmall=cl7npDeJrEqjksghPXMiVw==, figureFileBig=fbR4oyZnWAH6CM3FuSiIcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879862570693145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Time-varying response frequencies at selected probe points for case U=0.31 m/s Vr=24.86, figureFileSmall=acXiLEURto5HXRUd+9cTNg==, figureFileBig=G7u/OH6wTgQmrVWtMlfpow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879862688133662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=CN, label=图18, caption=小波变换时-频结果示意图(U=0.31 m/s Vr=24.86), figureFileSmall=acXiLEURto5HXRUd+9cTNg==, figureFileBig=G7u/OH6wTgQmrVWtMlfpow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879862767825440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Frequency ratio against Vr along the CF and IL direction, figureFileSmall=gBPlEsyjKpNO+CtHylBXvQ==, figureFileBig=CeN8FU09hYlrDX1oXmOaTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879862897848867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=CN, label=图19, caption=CF和IL方向随约化速度变化的频率比, figureFileSmall=gBPlEsyjKpNO+CtHylBXvQ==, figureFileBig=CeN8FU09hYlrDX1oXmOaTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879862981734952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Vibration trajectory of pipe model in x-y plane, figureFileSmall=bw6SjhzYljuT2WqkOQOAOQ==, figureFileBig=4SAaMYO6ntaqtbRStV9mYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879863061426732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=CN, label=图20, caption=立管模型在x-y平面上的振动轨迹, figureFileSmall=bw6SjhzYljuT2WqkOQOAOQ==, figureFileBig=4SAaMYO6ntaqtbRStV9mYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879863153701423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Physical parameters of the experimental model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目符号/单位缩尺比实尺度模型尺度(设计)模型尺度(实测)
长度L/mλ100020(理论值)6.12(截断后)
外径(水动力直径)D/mλ1.350.0290.029
单位长度质量(空气中)1.025λ230721.391.37
弯曲刚度EI/(N·m21.025λ56.58E926.7828.14
质量比m*10.4770.4770.482
), ArticleFig(id=1243879863254364722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验模型物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目符号/单位缩尺比实尺度模型尺度(设计)模型尺度(实测)
长度L/mλ100020(理论值)6.12(截断后)
外径(水动力直径)D/mλ1.350.0290.029
单位长度质量(空气中)1.025λ230721.391.37
弯曲刚度EI/(N·m21.025λ56.58E926.7828.14
质量比m*10.4770.4770.482
), ArticleFig(id=1243879863342445110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Test matrix

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工况号拖车速度U/(m⋅s-1雷诺数ReVr
1~410.1:0.01:0.52.54×103~1.27×1048.02~40.10
), ArticleFig(id=1243879863426331194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况号拖车速度U/(m⋅s-1雷诺数ReVr
1~410.1:0.01:0.52.54×103~1.27×1048.02~40.10
), ArticleFig(id=1243879863547966013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

First six intrinsic frequencies of a pendulous water extraction pipe

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阶数No.1No.2No.3No.4No5No.6
Fre./Hz0.430.991.853.024.506.29
), ArticleFig(id=1243879863652823616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

悬垂取水管前六阶固有频率(Ca=1)

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阶数No.1No.2No.3No.4No5No.6
Fre./Hz0.430.991.853.024.506.29
), ArticleFig(id=1243879863753486916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Error between reconstructed strain and raw data

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U=0.16 m/sU=0.22 m/sU=0.26 m/sU=0.31 m/s
Cross Flow(横流向)0.47%1.15%1.76%8.15%
In Line(顺流向)2.57%3.64%5.49%2.54%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879863862538822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

重构应变和原始数据之间的误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
U=0.16 m/sU=0.22 m/sU=0.26 m/sU=0.31 m/s
Cross Flow(横流向)0.47%1.15%1.76%8.15%
In Line(顺流向)2.57%3.64%5.49%2.54%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879863950619209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Experimental conditions

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No拖车速度/(m⋅s-1雷诺数ReVr
10.163.93×10312.83
20.245.89×10319.25
30.266.39×10320.85
40.317.61×10324.86
), ArticleFig(id=1243879864042893899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879843411112763, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No拖车速度/(m⋅s-1雷诺数ReVr
10.163.93×10312.83
20.245.89×10319.25
30.266.39×10320.85
40.317.61×10324.86
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均匀流作用下柔性悬垂管涡激振动响应特性试验研究
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王靖 1a, 1b, 1c, 2 , 许玉旺 1a, 1b, 1c, 2 , 任浩杰 1a, 1b, 1c, 2 , 付雪鹏 1a, 1b, 1c, 2 , 付世晓 1a, 1b, 1c, 2 , 张萌萌 1a, 1b, 1c, 2
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(9): 1405-1419
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(9): 1405-1419
均匀流作用下柔性悬垂管涡激振动响应特性试验研究
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王靖1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 许玉旺1a, 1b, 1c, 2 , 任浩杰1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 付雪鹏1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 付世晓1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 张萌萌1a, 1b, 1c, 2
作者信息
  • 1a.上海交通大学 海洋工程国家重点试验室,上海 200240
  • 1b.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • 1c.上海交通大学 极地深海技术研究院,上海 200240
  • 2.高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心,上海 200240
  • 王靖(1998-),女,硕士研究生

    许玉旺(1989-),男,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Experimental study on vortex-induced vibration of a flexible free-hanging pipe in uniform flow
Jing WANG1a, 1b, 1c, 2, Yu-wang XU1a, 1b, 1c, 2 , Hao-jie REN1a, 1b, 1c, 2, Xue-peng FU1a, 1b, 1c, 2, Shi-xiao FU1a, 1b, 1c, 2, Meng-meng ZHANG1a, 1b, 1c, 2
Affiliations
  • 1a.State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 1b.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 1c.Institute of Polar and Ocean Technology, Institute of Marine Equipment, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2.Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2024-09-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.011
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温差能发电是近年海洋可再生能源研究的热点,悬垂取水管作为温差发电装置中提取深层冷海水的关键结构,其涡激振动响应特性尚不明确。本文开展了均匀流下悬垂管的涡激振动水池模型试验,利用光纤光栅应变传感器测量涡激振动应变响应,通过模态分析法、小波变换等数据处理方法研究悬垂管的幅值和频率特征。分析试验结果发现:均匀流作用下,悬垂管的涡激振动位移响应最大幅值主要位于悬垂管底部;柔性悬挂立管IL(in-line)和CF(cross-flow)主导频率基本满足二倍频关系,但是在模态转换的流速工况下会出现IL和CF方向主导频率相同的现象,同时伴随着明显的“行波”、“多频响应”以及“时间共享”特征;处理得到背景洋流作用下悬垂管的CF和IL方向斯特哈尔数分别为0.15和0.30,略小于以往两端铰支柔性立管试验结果,该值将为悬垂输水管涡激振动预报研究提供参数输入。

悬垂管  /  柔性立管  /  涡激振动  /  模型试验

Ocean thermal energy conversion is one of the research hotspots of marine renewable energy in recent years. Free-hanging water intake pipes are the key structure to extract deep cold seawater. At present, the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) response characteristics of free-hanging pipes in deep sea currents are not clear yet. In this paper, model tests of a free-hanging pipe under uniform flow were carried out, and the strain response of vortex-induced vibration was measured by the fiber Bragg grating strain sensor. The amplitude and frequency characteristics of the free-hanging pipe were investigated by modal analysis and wavelet transform data processing methods. It is revealed that the maximum amplitude of the VIV displacement response of the free-hanging pipe under the uniform flow mainly occurs at the bottom. The dominant frequencies in inline (IL) direction is basically two times that in cross flow (CF) direction. However, in the conditions where the modal transition occurs, the dominant frequencies in IL and CF directions are the same, accompanied by obvious "traveling wave", "multi-frequency response" and "time-sharing" phenomenon. In addition, the Strouhal number of the overhanging pipe model in CF and IL under uniform sea currents are 0.15 and 0.30, which are slightly smaller than the results of flexible risers hinged at both ends. This value may serve as the parameter input for the vortex-induced vibration prediction of free-hanging pipes.

free-hanging pipe  /  flexible pipe  /  vortex-induced vibration  /  model test
王靖, 许玉旺, 任浩杰, 付雪鹏, 付世晓, 张萌萌. 均匀流作用下柔性悬垂管涡激振动响应特性试验研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (9) : 1405 -1419 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.011
Jing WANG, Yu-wang XU, Hao-jie REN, Xue-peng FU, Shi-xiao FU, Meng-meng ZHANG. Experimental study on vortex-induced vibration of a flexible free-hanging pipe in uniform flow[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (9) : 1405 -1419 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.011
海洋温差能发电作为一种新型可再生能源技术正受到国内外广泛关注,如何提取深层冷海水是海洋温差发电的关键,其中,通过悬垂取水管将冷海水提升到海面浮式装置中进行冷热交换是最常见的技术方案。悬垂取水管在海洋环境中会受到背景洋流的作用,进而在立管两侧产生周期性交替的泄涡[1],引发涡激振动从而迅速导致悬垂立管的疲劳损伤并恶化,使得取水管的使用寿命缩短,这对安全生产和正常工作都会造成极大的影响。
模型试验是研究涡激振动的主要手段之一,能够为理论分析和数值结果的验证提供必要的信息,不少专家学者开展了两端约束条件下柔性结构的涡激振动试验研究。Trim[2]、Frank[3]和Tognarelli[4]等研究了柔性立管在均匀流和剪切流中顺流向和横流向的涡激振动响应特性、模态响应和不同流场剖面的影响。Chaplin等[5]开展了阶梯状流场下细长柔性立管涡激振动的试验研究,讨论了立管顺流向与横流向位移响应的幅值、运动轨迹、相位角、主导频率与主导模态、受力系数和尾涡模式,为数值模拟提供了有力参考。目前,对于悬垂立管这一特殊边界条件下的涡激振动相关的试验研究较少。Kitagawa等[6]研究了高风速下悬臂圆柱模型的涡激振动特性,结果表明悬臂圆柱自由端会产生间歇性的涡。Gao等[7]通过试验发现随着均匀流速的增加,自由悬挂的刚性圆柱呈现出不同的尾涡模式。Park等[8]对自由悬挂的柔性模型进行了强迫振荡试验,发现柔性自由悬管在底部的横向振动响应幅值最大,同时在试验中观察到了结构波的传播规律。Mao等[9]通过水槽试验发现柔性悬垂管In-Line(IL)和Cross-Flow(CF)两个方向的响应主导频率大小相同。其中,Kitagawa、Gao等研究的对象为刚性圆柱,响应特性与柔性悬垂管存在差异,Park等研究的为顶部周期性振荡运动下柔性悬垂管的响应特性,并未研究柔性悬垂结构在均匀流下的响应情况。
为了研究背景洋流引发的悬垂管涡激振动响应特性,本文于上海交通大学船模拖曳水池开展不同流速下柔性悬垂管涡激振动响应特性试验研究,基于模态分析、小波分析等方法处理、分析悬垂管涡激振动位移幅值、频率等响应特征,可为未来建立适用于悬垂取水管涡激振动的预报模型提供理论基础和技术支撑。
试验在上海交通大学多功能船模拖曳水池中进行,水池深7.5 m、长300 m。定义坐标系原点为柔性自由悬挂立管的铰接点,x轴为IL方向即拖车行进方向,y轴为CF方向,z轴为沿立管模型轴向。试验装置安装在拖车底部,拖车以一定的速度带动试验装置在水池中运动,模拟悬垂立管遭受背景洋流的作用,其装置在位状态见图1。模型端部结构如图2所示,试验时通过三分力仪测量立管模型顶部的动态张力变化。
本试验中,根据实际温差能平台的取水管模型参数,按照傅汝德相似(缩尺比λ=46.4)确定试验管的模型参数,如表1所示。受海洋工程拖曳水池深度的限制,本次试验中利用Wang等[10]提出的动力截断技术,对取水管模型进行了截断,选择了取水管底部张力较小但运动位移较大的部分进行试验模拟。
除此之外,需要说明的是,已有试验[11]和数值研究[12]发现,当内流流速小于10 m/s时,内部流动对管道涡激振动响应的影响非常小,而实际设计的海洋温差发电取水管的内流流速范围为2~4 m/s,远小于10 m/s,因此本试验中未对内部流动进行模拟,仅在模型质量缩尺中考虑内流质量。
试验立管模型由三部分组成:中心缆、PPR管材、外层热缩管,实际加工制作的试验立管模型截面示意图如图3所示。
试验过程中,通过光纤光栅应变片采集悬垂管模型响应应变信号[13],光纤光栅应变片布置方式如图4所示,在悬垂管模型周围布置四组光纤光栅应变片,其中,两组在横流向(CF)、两组在顺流向(IL)。IL方向布置12个应变片,间隔为0.46 m;CF方向布置10个应变片,间隔为0.55 m。试验中,顶部三分力仪信号、应变信号同步采集,采样频率为250 Hz。
涡激振动主要的无量纲控制参数有约化速度和雷诺数[16],约化速度Vr表示为
式中,fn1为试验管的1阶固有频率,U为拖车运行速度,D为模型外径。雷诺数Re表示为
式中,ρ为流体密度,D为模型外径,ν为水的运动粘度系数。
设计背景流速范围为0.1 m/s至0.5 m/s,通过拖车带动试验管在x方向运动,以模拟背景洋流实现不同约化速度和雷诺数下的试验工况,其参数如表2所示。
在模型试验中利用应变传感器测得的应变包括四部分:弯曲应变εb、轴向拉伸应变εT、初始应变εinitial和高频噪声应变εnoise,其中弯曲应变由涡激振动产生。
通过数据处理去除初始应变和高频噪声应变以后,可以获得CF和IL方向的涡激振动应变表达式分别为
其中,IL方向上的弯曲应变可分成两部分:弯曲变形的平均值εmb和脉动值εIL_VIV。涡激振动导致的弯曲变形为脉动值,由拖曳力导致的弯曲变形为平均值,如图5所示。
悬垂取水管模型顶部为铰接边界,在外载荷作用下会同时发生刚体转动和弯曲变形[17],如图6所示。其中,刚体转动可由顶部转角传感器测量;对于动态的弯曲变形,通过试验视频观测发现,取水管在外部流场的作用下振动响应仍为小位移、小变形(最大位移约为1倍管径),因此可采用模态叠加法来获得悬垂取水管的弯曲振动位移。具体方法就是基于模态叠加思想,将弯曲振动位移表示为多模态以不同的权重相叠加的形式:
式中,z代表沿模型的轴向位置,pit)为第i阶位移模态权重,φiz)为第i阶位移模态振型。
由于悬垂取水管的轴向张力会沿管长方向变化,为非定常张力,难以获得取水管位移模态阵型的解析表达,故本文中采用有限元方法对取水管试验模型进行模态分析,所得前9阶位移阵型如图7所示,前六阶固有频率见表3
根据位移与曲率之间的空间二次导数关系,模型弯曲的曲率可以表示为
式中,为模型的第i阶曲率振型函数,由于位移模态阵型解析表达的缺失,本文采用数值差分方法获得取水管的曲率阵型函数;kzt)为模型涡激振动曲率时历。根据弯曲应变与曲率的几何关系:
通过式(7)可以获得悬垂管模态权重,将权重pit)和振型φiz)代入式(5)中,即可获得悬垂管响应位移。
为了验证模态叠加法所得弯曲振动位移的准确性,本文根据梁弯曲位移与应变之间的差分函数关系,获得重构位移所对应的应变信息,并与试验测量应变进行比较。图8(a)~(b)为重构位移对应的应变与测量应变的对比结果,从图中可以看出,CF和IL方向上的重构应变与测量应变在时域上吻合良好;图8(c)为应变沿管长分布的RMS值,可以看出,重构应变和测量应变沿管长分布基本一致。不同工况下重构应变RMS值的相对误差(相对误差=(测量值-重构值)/测量值)如表4所示,可以发现,重构的最大误差不超过10%,这表明应用模态叠加法所得悬垂管弯曲振动位移还是比较准确的,模态叠加法对悬垂管的涡激振动位移重构是适用的。
定义整体FFT应变频谱[18]
式中,为试验管上第i个测点应变时历的FFT变换结果;N为试验模型沿管长方向的测点个数,本次试验中CF方向N=10,IL方向N=12;Fω)为N个测点的FFT结果算术平均值。整体FFT应变频率谱中最大应变幅值所对应的频率值为当前工况下的主导频率值。
本文基于小波变换方法研究悬垂输水管涡激振动响应的时频特征,连续小波变换方程表示为
式中,WTfaτ)为对应变时历εt)进行小波变换后得到的系数,表示时间尺度上的频率变化值,a为尺度因子,τ为平移因子,ψt)为小波母函数,本文中ψt)选取Morlet小波基函数,即
为了对均匀流作用下悬垂管涡激振动响应有清晰的认识,我们选取四个试验工况进行分析,具体分析工况见表5,重点从响应幅值和响应频率两个方面讨论试验结果。
通过模态分析法获得柔性悬垂管涡激振动沿试验管的响应位移分布情况,如图9所示,图中左侧为无因次位移沿管长分布的RMS值,右侧为试验管无因次涡激振动位移随时间沿管长变化分布图,图中以不同颜色表示瞬时归一化涡激振动振幅,红色为正、蓝色为负,黑色箭头表示行波现象。
图9可以看出,流速为0.16 m/s时,CF方向的涡激振动呈现明显的驻波现象,这是由涡激振动单模态响应特性所产生[19],涡激振动具有非常明显的周期性特征,此时的振动位移主导阶数为2阶。当流速增大到0.31 m/s时,振动主导阶数变为3阶。文中定义流速0.16 m/s和0.31 m/s下的涡激振动为稳定阶段。
图9(a)~(b)展示了振动阶数从2阶到3阶转换中的幅值响应变化过程,文中定义此阶段为模态过渡阶段。流速为0.24 m/s时,涡激振动主导阶数仍为2阶,但从响应位移的时空分布上看,由于模态转换涡激振动出现了明显的不稳定性:23~26 s时表现为驻波特性,26~28 s时呈现行波特征,涡激振动响应整体呈现出驻波和行波的混合模式。随着流速增大,从位移响应的RMS值和时空分布可明显观察到2阶模态和3阶模态相互竞争的现象,如图9(c)所示,30~35 s时间段内振动主导模态为2阶,20~30 s、35~40 s内的振动主导模态为3阶。而且,由于多阶模态的参与,位移响应RMS值分布不再是标准的振型曲线。结果表明,当试验管主要以一种有少量相邻模态贡献的模态响应时,涡激振动表现出驻波行为,而以多种模态组合振动时,则产生行波[20]
图10为IL方向上涡激振动变形位移响应的分布情况。当流速为0.16 m/s、0.31 m/s时,涡激振动表现为行波特性;当流速为0.16 m/s时主导阶数为3阶,行波从试验管顶端向下传播,传到底部时由于反射作用产生向上传递的行波;流速为0.31 m/s时位移主导阶数为4阶,此时悬垂管由底部传来的行波(如图10(d)中虚线所示)与悬垂管顶部向下传递的新一轮行波(如图10(d)中实线所示)叠加,行波不能完整传递到顶端,呈现出更为复杂的行波现象。当CF方向的涡激振动处于模态过渡阶段时,IL方向的涡激振动位移响应非常紊乱,此时的位移响应由多阶共同影响,位移主导阶数为1阶。
在选取工况中,由于悬垂管底部无约束,故IL和CF方向的最大位移总是出现在模型的底端,这与以往的研究结果相同[21]。对试验中所有工况的响应幅值进行一般性讨论,并将结果绘制到图11中,横坐标为最大响应幅值所在位置,纵坐标为应变、无因次位移幅值最大RMS值。
图11(a)为测量应变最大RMS值沿管长分布情况,结果表明,测量应变最大点集中在柔性悬垂管的0.8L~1.0L处,相较于悬垂管的其他部分,此段的应变幅值更大,在悬垂管实际工程应用中应当着重关注悬垂管下半部分的涡激振动应变响应抑制措施。图11(b)为利用模态分析法获得的响应位移最大值分布情况,图中结果显示,由于悬垂管底部无约束的特点,涡激振动位移最大处位于悬垂管底端,在工程应用中应格外关注悬垂管底部的碰撞问题。
为进一步讨论涡激振动的最大位移响应与流速、振动模态之间的关系,绘制CF、IL方向响应幅值随约化速度变化的散点图,红色虚线表示相同应变主导模态下幅值随约化速度变化的趋势。
图12图13结果显示,CF方向最大振动幅值为0.97D,IL方向最大振动幅值为0.26D。相同振动主导模态下,CF方向的振动响应幅值随约化速度的增加呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。多数情况下IL方向的响应幅值随着约化速度的增加而逐渐增加,这一现象在以往的均匀流试验中也有出现[2]
为探讨涡激振动不同阶段频率响应特性,采用傅里叶变换获得各测点的应变响应频谱,并绘制在一张图上,横坐标为响应频率,纵坐标为测点所在位置。
图14结果表明,在稳定的涡激振动状态下,CF方向上的振动呈现为单频响应,IL方向上的振动主导频率等于CF方向的两倍,且IL方向的振动频率呈现多频特征。由于IL和CF二个方向涡激振动的相互影响,IL与CF方向存在相同的响应频率,如图14(a)、(d)所示,此现象也在Zhu等[22]的试验中被观测到。流速为0.24 m/s时,CF方向有两个响应频率分量,即1.2 Hz和1.88 Hz,此时IL方向存在以1.2 Hz为主的多个频率分量;流速为0.26 m/s时,CF方向两个响应频率分量相差更小。随着振动向稳态发展,多个响应频率逐渐锁定为单一频率。
为了研究图14中的多频响应是任一时刻均为多频、还是由单一响应频率在时域上的变化导致的,在图14对应的各流速工况下选取CF和IL方向上三个应变测量点,并通过小波时频变换研究测点处响应频率随时间变化的情况,如图15~18所示。图中颜色深浅代表信号瞬时响应强度,红色代表响应信号更强,黑色实线代表该测量点的瞬时响应主导频率。
图16(a)图17(a)表明,CF方向并不存在瞬时的多频响应,而是从一个频率转移到另一个频率上,即响应频率的“时间共享”[23];IL方向的响应频率较混乱,在涡激振动稳定时存在瞬时多频振动特性,模态过渡阶段响应主导频率随时间变化。整体上,模态过渡时涡激振动呈现“时间共享”特征,这种现象是各阶模态相互竞争的结果。而发生稳定振动时,IL方向瞬时多频响应则是由前文提到的CF、IL方向的相互影响导致的。
探讨响应主导频率与约化速度之间的关系可为涡激振动预报提供重要参考数据,为此研究0.10 m/s至0.50 m/s下悬垂管的主导频率随约化速度变化的分布情况。图19中横坐标为约化速度,纵坐标为振动主导频率与一阶固有频率的比值,黑色虚线为前四阶固有频率。主导频率和St数之间的关系可通过式(11)线性拟合获得:
式中,fdom为主导频率,单位为Hz;D为模型直径,单位为m;U为流速,单位为m/s。
图19中结果显示,IL方向上的主导频率与CF方向上的主导频率呈一倍频或二倍频的关系。当CF方向振动主导阶数发生变化时即进入模态过渡阶段,CF方向脱落的旋涡产生了较大的升力,导致IL方向的振动以CF方向振动频率为主[9],此时IL方向的振动主导频率与CF方向相同。将主导频率与约化速度拟合获得CF和IL方向的St数分别为0.15和0.3。由于悬垂取水管会发生刚体转动,作用在试验管上的斜向流使得涡激振动强度降低[24],CF方向上的St值小于均匀流作用下两端约束的柔性管试验结果(St=0.18)[25]
图20中黑线为所选工况下试验管在x-y平面的截面运动轨迹,红色虚线为试验管主导模态振型。图中结果表明,悬垂管从顶部到底部轨迹位移与振型分布一样。流速为0.16 m/s和0.31 m/s时,IL方向响应频率为CF方向的两倍,各截面轨迹呈现典型的“8”字型。在0.34L、0.68L附近相位角发生转变。
流速为0.24 m/s、0.26 m/s时,由于CF、IL方向的响应频率随时间变化,此时截面轨迹表现更为混乱(如图20(b)、(c)所示),为I字形,这与以往的试验[26]规律类似。流速为0.31 m/s时由于泄涡方式的不同,试验管顶部x-y方向的运动轨迹相反。
本文对均匀流作用下的悬垂管进行了试验研究,分析了悬垂取水管的应变、频率和位移等涡激振动特性,得到以下结论:
(1)通过对比基于重构位移获得的应变与测量应变的吻合性,证明了模态分析法对悬垂管涡激振动位移重构同样适用。
(2)试验中柔性悬垂管在CF方向和IL方向响应的RMS最大值分别达到0.97D和0.26D。在同一个主导模态组内,随着约化速度的增大,CF方向响应幅值呈现先上升后下降的趋势,IL方向响应幅值呈现随约化速度增加而增大的趋势。由于柔性悬垂管底端无约束,涡激振动横向位移和应变的最大值多发生于底部附近,在工程设计中应当重点关注相关位置的疲劳损伤以及碰撞问题。
(3)均匀流下柔性悬垂管IL和CF方向各测点主导频率基本满足二倍频关系,拟合各流速下的振动主导频率获得柔性悬垂管IL方向的St为0.30,CF方向St为0.15,相比传统均匀流作用下的柔性立管,上述斯特哈尔数较小,可为后续悬垂取水管涡激振动预报提供参数输入。
(4)当悬垂管发生稳定涡激振动时,瞬时主导频率基本不随时间变化,振动位移表现为“驻波”特性,截面运动轨迹呈现典型的“8”字型;在模态转换流速区间,瞬时响应主导频率随时间变化,各阶模态相互竞争,在频域上呈现“多频响应”特征,时域上位移出现明显的“行波”现象,截面运动轨迹较混乱。
  • 国家杰出青年科学基金资助项目(51825903)
  • 国家自然科学基金基础科学中心资助项目(52088102)
  • 自然科学基金联合基金资助项目(U19B2013)
  • 政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2018YFE0125100)
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2024年第28卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.011
  • 接收时间:2024-03-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-24
基金
国家杰出青年科学基金资助项目(51825903)
国家自然科学基金基础科学中心资助项目(52088102)
自然科学基金联合基金资助项目(U19B2013)
政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2018YFE0125100)
作者信息
    1a.上海交通大学 海洋工程国家重点试验室,上海 200240
    1b.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
    1c.上海交通大学 极地深海技术研究院,上海 200240
    2.高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心,上海 200240

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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