Article(id=1243879842966516528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711123200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493664733, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493664733, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493664733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493664733, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879841024553767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='9', pageStart='1297', pageEnd='1462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493664270, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493987725, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881197806404366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881197806404367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1380, endPage=1393, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879843239146295, articleId=1243879842966516528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Analysis of lubrication characteristics of ship stern bearing considering wear depth and elastic deformation, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the analysis of the lubrication performance of the eccentric stern bearing, an elasto-hydrodynamic coupling lubrication model for the local wear and stiffness of the stern bearing was established. The joint program of finite difference method and finite element method was compiled to solve the elastic deformation of the bearing, and the mass conservation boundary condition was used to replace the Reynolds boundary condition. The effects of local wear depth, bearing elastic modulus and other factors on the hydrodynamic pressure, liquid film thickness, cavitation area and friction law of the bearing were discussed in detail. The results show that when the local wear depth of rigid body bearing is lower than the threshold value, it is beneficial for bearing lubrication. When the local wear depth exceeds the threshold value, the maximum hydrodynamic pressure, friction force and cavitation area increase significantly. The influence of bearing elastic deformation on the calculation results cannot be ignored. Elastic deformation and local wear exist at the same time, and the change law is basically consistent with the change trend of local wear of rigid body bearings.

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本文在分析偏心艉轴承润滑性能的基础上,建立艉轴承局部磨损和刚度的弹流耦合润滑模型,并编写有限差分法和有限元法联合程序求解轴承弹性变形,采用质量守恒边界条件代替雷诺边界条件,详细讨论局部磨损深度、轴承弹性模量等因素对轴承流体动压力、液膜厚度、空穴区域和摩擦力规律的影响。结果表明:刚体轴承局部磨损深度低于阈值时有益于轴承润滑,而超过阈值时对应的最大流体动压、摩擦力和空化区域将明显增加;轴承弹性形变对计算结果影响不可忽视,弹性形变和局部磨损同时存在,其变化规律与刚体轴承局部磨损变化趋势基本一致。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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赵泽宇(1998-),男,硕士

黄千稳(1987-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Selected parameters from Reference [19]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
轴承直径D/mm80
轴承长度l/mm80
间隙比c/m0.001
偏心率ε0.6
转速n/(r⋅min-1100-900
润滑剂动力黏度η/(Pa⋅s)0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1243879860859417051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879842966516528, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

参考文献[19]的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
轴承直径D/mm80
轴承长度l/mm80
间隙比c/m0.001
偏心率ε0.6
转速n/(r⋅min-1100-900
润滑剂动力黏度η/(Pa⋅s)0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1243879860955886047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879842966516528, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Selected parameters from Reference [8]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
轴承内径R/mm50
轴承长度l/mm80
间隙比c/m0.001 45
偏心率ε0.58
转速n/(r⋅min-12000
外载荷W/N4000
润滑剂动力黏度η/(Pa⋅s)0.0277
), ArticleFig(id=1243879861140435429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879842966516528, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

参考文献[8]的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
轴承内径R/mm50
轴承长度l/mm80
间隙比c/m0.001 45
偏心率ε0.58
转速n/(r⋅min-12000
外载荷W/N4000
润滑剂动力黏度η/(Pa⋅s)0.0277
), ArticleFig(id=1243879861278847464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879842966516528, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameters of the model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称符号/单位数值名称符号/单位数值
轴承内径R/mm30转速n/(r⋅min-1200
轴承外径R/mm32粘度η/(Pa⋅s)0.018
轴承长度l/mm66空化压力pc/Pa-721 39.79
半径间隙c/mm0.06外载荷W/N12 000
偏心距e/mm0.012
), ArticleFig(id=1243879861396287982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879842966516528, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称符号/单位数值名称符号/单位数值
轴承内径R/mm30转速n/(r⋅min-1200
轴承外径R/mm32粘度η/(Pa⋅s)0.018
轴承长度l/mm66空化压力pc/Pa-721 39.79
半径间隙c/mm0.06外载荷W/N12 000
偏心距e/mm0.012
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考虑磨损深度与弹性变形的船舶艉轴承润滑特性分析
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赵泽宇 a , 黄千稳 a, b , 盛明辉 a
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(9): 1380-1393
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(9): 1380-1393
考虑磨损深度与弹性变形的船舶艉轴承润滑特性分析
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赵泽宇a, 黄千稳a, b , 盛明辉a
作者信息
  • a.武汉科技大学 机械自动化学院,武汉 430081
  • b.武汉科技大学 冶金装备及其控制教育部重点实验室,武汉 430081
  • 赵泽宇(1998-),男,硕士

    黄千稳(1987-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Analysis of lubrication characteristics of ship stern bearing considering wear depth and elastic deformation
Ze-yu ZHAOa, Qian-wen HUANGa, b , Ming-hui SHENGa
Affiliations
  • a.School of Machinery and Automation, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
  • b.Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
出版时间: 2024-09-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.009
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本文在分析偏心艉轴承润滑性能的基础上,建立艉轴承局部磨损和刚度的弹流耦合润滑模型,并编写有限差分法和有限元法联合程序求解轴承弹性变形,采用质量守恒边界条件代替雷诺边界条件,详细讨论局部磨损深度、轴承弹性模量等因素对轴承流体动压力、液膜厚度、空穴区域和摩擦力规律的影响。结果表明:刚体轴承局部磨损深度低于阈值时有益于轴承润滑,而超过阈值时对应的最大流体动压、摩擦力和空化区域将明显增加;轴承弹性形变对计算结果影响不可忽视,弹性形变和局部磨损同时存在,其变化规律与刚体轴承局部磨损变化趋势基本一致。

艉轴承  /  局部磨损  /  弹性变形  /  润滑特性  /  有限元方法

Based on the analysis of the lubrication performance of the eccentric stern bearing, an elasto-hydrodynamic coupling lubrication model for the local wear and stiffness of the stern bearing was established. The joint program of finite difference method and finite element method was compiled to solve the elastic deformation of the bearing, and the mass conservation boundary condition was used to replace the Reynolds boundary condition. The effects of local wear depth, bearing elastic modulus and other factors on the hydrodynamic pressure, liquid film thickness, cavitation area and friction law of the bearing were discussed in detail. The results show that when the local wear depth of rigid body bearing is lower than the threshold value, it is beneficial for bearing lubrication. When the local wear depth exceeds the threshold value, the maximum hydrodynamic pressure, friction force and cavitation area increase significantly. The influence of bearing elastic deformation on the calculation results cannot be ignored. Elastic deformation and local wear exist at the same time, and the change law is basically consistent with the change trend of local wear of rigid body bearings.

stern bearing  /  local wear  /  elastic deformation  /  lubrication performance  /  finite element method
赵泽宇, 黄千稳, 盛明辉. 考虑磨损深度与弹性变形的船舶艉轴承润滑特性分析. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (9) : 1380 -1393 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.009
Ze-yu ZHAO, Qian-wen HUANG, Ming-hui SHENG. Analysis of lubrication characteristics of ship stern bearing considering wear depth and elastic deformation[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (9) : 1380 -1393 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.009
径向滑动轴承是船舶、泵机等回转机构设备中不可或缺的零件,被广泛应用于不同行业。船舶艉轴在船舶运行中用于传递发动机功率,因此对船舶艉轴承进行润滑分析十分必要。一般在船舶轴承的流体润滑分析中,通常使用简化模型分析,轴承和轴颈被假定为刚体。随着润滑理论的发展和计算技术的进步,在船舶轴承的润滑计算中,可以考虑一些原本被忽略的因素,例如使用有限元法计算轴承的弹性变形效应,将局部磨损纳入考察并采用质量守恒空化边界条件(JFO)代替雷诺边界条件,从而在整体上更接近实际情况。
Ausas等[1]研究了空化效应对纹理滑动轴承的影响,并研究了考虑空化影响的雷诺方程;Sun等[2]基于轴承空化效应研究了轴颈涡动对滑动轴承静态和动态特性的影响,并将实验和仿真数据进行了比较;Chen等[3]通过考虑空化效应,研究了微观结构对滑动轴承承载力的影响,发现在考虑了空化效应后,轴承的承载能力得到了提高,计算的摩擦力矩明显大于传统模型计算的摩擦扭矩;Jamari等[4]通过修改轴承表面纹理和选择不同粘度的润滑液,研究了纹理表面、润滑剂粘度和空化效应对流体动压的影响。
Conway等[5]使用弹性位移方程研究了刚性轴承座中特殊形状轴瓦表面弹性位移分布的变化,并简化了求解弹性变形的过程;Xiao等[6]迭代求解表征内燃机柱塞泵润滑性能的参数,并分析了是否考虑弹性变形导致的润滑性能差异,发现考虑弹性变形后,其计算结果会受到影响;Shenoy等[7]使用有限元方法研究了不同纵横比下轴承的压力分布,并评估了轴承的应力和变形,发现弹流润滑的计算结果与标准计算程序结果的一致性吻合较好;Tauviqirrahman等[8]基于CFD-FSI方法,提出了考虑材料弹性变形和磨损劣化影响的水润滑聚合物复合轴承模拟分析和优化设计方法,提高了水润滑轴承的设计精度;Wang等[9]提出了滑动轴承弹性变形的耦合算法,该算法可以考虑每个压力迭代过程中弹性变形对压力分布的影响;汪盛通等[10]基于水润滑波纹轴承的流固耦合模型,研究了不同波纹类型和个数对轴承润滑性能的影响。
国内外还有许多学者开展了对磨损轴承润滑特性的研究。Dufrane等[11]基于汽轮机轴承的磨损建立了两个磨损模型,并将外部载荷施加到旋转轴上,在其表面上考虑颗粒磨损;Machado等[12]对第二种轴承磨损模型进行了实验分析,但只对该模型进行了定性分析;Sharma等[13]分析了磨损后不同纵横比轴承的润滑性能,发现磨损对小纵横比轴承润滑性能影响很大;Liu等[14]分析了水润滑橡胶轴承磨损后的润滑特性,比较了不同磨损深度对流体润滑的影响;宋新涛等[15]考虑了轴承运行过程中的局部磨损和空化效应,但忽略了在动载荷作用下轴会发生变形的可能。
事实上,为了更准确地分析船艉轴轴承润滑性能,应采用JFO质量守恒边界条件。如上所述,学者们已对滑动轴承的润滑特性进行了大量研究,其中包括在空化和弹性变形的综合模型中,使用了简单的Winkler变形公式和雷诺边界条件,但这些力学模型的计算精度还有待进一步提高,且前者假设模型是一维的,后者不能正确解释油膜重整时的情况,也不遵守质量守恒定律。有鉴于此,本文使用Elrod的改进算法,采用有限元算法代替Winkler的变形公式,同时把轴承磨粒磨损后的结构参数变化也纳入考察,因而所求解的弹性变形更符合实际情况。
在轴承运行过程中,油膜分为收敛区和发散区。当油膜压力小于空化压力时,轴承发散区(即空化区)内润滑油中溶解的气体逃逸,造成油膜破裂。在空化区,其中的压力是恒定的。在求解过程中,为了自动识别轴承的全膜区域和空化区域,并在不同区域求解不同的润滑方程,引入了开关变量g(用于识别空化区域)和一般变量p0[16]
基于JFO边界条件的雷诺方程为
式中,xy是轴承展开的周向坐标和轴向坐标,h为油膜厚度,η为润滑液粘度,U为转速,pc为空化压力,ρc为空化区域气液混合密度。
通过对流体动压力进行积分,可以获得承载力,在XY方向上的承载力分量分别为
式中,Foilx为水平承载力,Foily为竖直承载力,A为完整的液膜面积。
承载角ϕ和承载力Foil分别为
ϕ又可表示成ϕ' = arctan|Fx/Fy|。
在稳定状态下,轴颈中心的平衡位置可由Foil和外载荷W确定,平衡方程为
采用与文献[17]中相同六面体单元对轴承进行有限元网格划分,其内表面的网格尺寸与差分离散雷诺方程时的网格尺寸保持一致,轴承网格划分见图1。绿色面为周边固定支撑边界,Ke为单元刚度矩阵,B为应变矩阵,C为材料常数矩阵。
在获得单元刚度矩阵后,将轴瓦厚度分层以划分节点并编号,以便将单元刚度阵组装成总刚度矩阵。通过总刚度矩阵,可以建立单元节点力和节点位移之间的关系。位移矩阵可以通过将力矩阵乘以总刚度矩阵的逆矩阵来获得。
式中,K为总刚度矩阵;F为各个节点等效载荷;u为各节点位移,代入油膜厚度的计算中。
流体部分和固体部分具有相同的力和变形。流固耦合边界条件为
对于轴承磨损模型,Dufrane提出了两个几何模型来描述轴承磨损后的形状。第一种是轴承磨损后其磨损半径与轴半径相等,第二种是轴承磨损后的磨损半径大于轴半径,其中,第二种更加贴合实际情况。基于Dufrane提出的模型(图2),膜厚方程为
式中,θs是磨损的起始角,θf是磨损的终止角,hmax为磨损的最大深度,c为半径间隙。
本模型的液膜厚度是初始膜厚与局部磨损和弹性变形量的叠加,按照文献[18]膜厚方程可表示为
式中,ε为偏心率,eφ分别是中间截面的偏心率和偏心角,Δδ是有限元方法计算所得的弹性变形量,γ为偏转角。
轴承的摩擦力由流体剪切应力产生,根据文献,滑动轴承的剪切力τ
摩擦力foil和摩擦系数μ可分别表示为
先获得的一组压力作用在轴瓦内表面,作为FEM求解的边界条件得到对应的弹性变形量,然后将变形量添加到下一迭代循环的膜厚度方程中。具体求解流程如图3所示。
本章假设轴承为刚性。为了验证承载力准确性,本文使用文献[19]中的相同参数进行模型验证,文献[19]中的参数如表1所示,轴承承载力计算与实验结果的对比情况如图4(a)所示;为了验证空穴程序的有效性,本文使用与文献[8]相同的参数,文献[8]的参数如表2所示,相应的计算结果与文献[8]中的实验数据对比如图4(b)所示。
轴承承载力计算结果与实验结果符合程度较好,误差小于5%。文献[8]中考虑了进油槽影响,本文流体动压计算数值与实验数据有一定差异但趋势一致,故本文的计算程序能够用于后续研究。
为考察轴承局部磨损深度和轴承弹性形变对轴承润滑特性的影响,本文将设置以下4种不同算例:
①算例a:既考虑局部磨损深度又考虑弹性变形(WEHD,Wear and Elastic Hydrodynamic Dynamics);
②算例b:只考虑局部磨损深度不考虑弹性形变(WHD,Wear Hydrodynamic Dynamics);
③算例c:只考虑弹性变形不考虑局部磨损(EHD,Elastic Hydrodynamic Dynamics);
④算例d:局部磨损和弹性变形都不考虑的刚体轴承(HD,Hydrodynamic Dynamics)
本文轴偏角γ默认为0.01°,起始偏心率e为0.2,模型参数如表3所示。
分别使用雷诺边界条件和质量守恒边界条件,对比由算例d所得的膜厚、流体动压等参数,其中轴偏角γ为0°。图5为两种边界条件对应的流体动压和膜厚对比二维图,可以看到,质量守恒边界条件比雷诺边界条件的最大流体动压值略大。图6为两种边界条件对应的流体动压对比三维图。
下面以膜厚、流体动压、空穴区域、摩擦力为主要指标,对比分析算例b(WHD),在不同的最大磨损深度(hmax分别为0.1c,0.3c,0.5c)和算例d(HD)的计算结果。
轴承二维膜厚图如图7所示,WHD的膜厚周向分布较HD的膜厚有明显差异,在底部区域随着磨损深度增加逐渐平坦,承压区域增大,最小膜厚均大于HD算例,在周向角为0°时可以清楚看到偏心率随着磨损深度增加而变大,膜厚曲线发生偏移说明局部磨损深度会改变轴承的承载角并让轴颈下沉。图8为轴承不同局部磨损深度的摩擦力,磨损深度小于0.3c时摩擦力降低7%,超过0.3c后逐渐增加至33.2 N。
图9图10分别为轴承不同局部磨损深度条件下的膜厚三维图和流体动压三维图。最大液膜压力从无磨损的26.419 MPa减少到24.06 MPa再增加至34.227 MPa,由于偏角的存在,HD的流体动压收敛图形靠近轴承一端,符合实际情况。随着磨损增加,流体动压的收敛图形逐渐发生巨大改变,峰值位置逐渐向轴承中点靠拢并且有多个收敛峰,承压区域明显增加。图11为空化区域云图,空化区域从轴承一端向轴承中点移动,区域逐渐变大,发生干摩擦的风险增加。空化区域产生原因是流体区域压力低于液体的饱和压力,液体溶解的气体析出导致油膜破裂,计算结果为负值但实际为0。在船舶实际运行时,船艉轴出现微小磨粒磨损虽然可以增加最小液膜厚度,减小摩擦耗散和流体动压,但磨损深度增加对轴承润滑性能影响不可忽略。
下面对比算例c(EHD,弹性模量取800、1200、1600、2000 MPa)和算例d(HD)的计算结果,以分析轴承弹性模量对润滑性能影响。图12Length=100的端面处二维膜厚图,图中可以清晰看到,最小膜厚随轴承弹性模量增加而减小,与HD算例的计算膜厚结果有一定差异。图13中摩擦力从33.44 N增加至33.60 N,变化基本可以忽略不计。
三维膜厚如图14所示,可以看出,弹性模量的变化不会让膜厚收敛图形发生改变,只有其数值发生微小变化。图15中最大流体动压从26 MPa增加至30 MPa,流体动压略有增加,与HD算例计算所得25 MPa有明显差异。图16为空穴云图,可以看到空穴形状和位置没有明显改变,与HD算例空穴一样,靠近轴承一端形状为水滴形。
滑动轴承摩擦力和空化区域对弹性模量变化不敏感,但弹性模量变化会影响最大流体动压和最小膜厚,进行轴承润滑分析时,可考虑弹性变形以获得更高计算精度。在选用轴承时,在满足最小弹性模量基础上,可选用弹性模量较小的轴承以增大最小膜厚。
为分析局部磨损和轴承弹性形变对轴承润滑性能的综合影响,下面通过对比算例a(WEHD)(最大磨损深度hmax分别取0.1c、0.3c,弹性模量E取1200、2000 MPa)和算例c(EHD)(E取1200、2000 MPa)作进一步分析。
二维膜厚如图17所示,液膜厚度在弹性形变和局部磨损的双重作用下,其中起主导影响的是局部磨损深度,轴承的最小膜厚、承载角和偏心率等主要参数随局部磨损深度增加而变化。
轴承不同局部磨损深度和弹性模量的摩擦力如图18所示。在微小局部磨损下,WEHD算例的摩擦力变化趋势与EHD算例的变化趋势基本一致,摩擦力小幅度降低;当局部磨损增加至0.3c时摩擦力出现大幅增加,平均增长为31.2%。对比4.1~4.3节中摩擦力计算结果可知,滑动轴承摩擦力主要与轴承结构有关,弹性模量对摩擦力的影响可忽略不计。
不同局部磨损深度和弹性模量的最大流体动压如图19所示,WEHD算例条件下微小的局部磨损会降低最大流体动压,最大流体动压会近似线性增加,流体动压收敛图形趋势与EHD算例一致;当局部磨损深度增加至0.3c后,最大流体动压平均增加24%。空化区域云图见图20,随着局部磨损深度增加,空穴位置形状发生了显著改变,从边缘向轴承中点转移,油膜破裂区域有增大趋势,弹性模量的改变基本不会改变空化区域的形状和位置。
综上所述,在EHD条件下引入局部磨损会大幅改变膜厚、摩擦力和最大流体动压的变化规律。当轴承局部磨损深度小于0.3c时,对轴承的润滑性能产生有益影响,如降低摩擦耗散和流体动压,空化区域也不会明显增加;当局部磨损深度超过0.3c时,摩擦耗散、流体动压和空化区域会显著增加,也使得轴承磨损加剧和磨损范围变大。
本文为更准确地模拟船舶艉轴的真实运行情况,默认轴偏角为0.1°,并考虑磨损轴承的弹性变形,提出了一种更加贴近船艉轴真实运行情况的润滑分析模型。通过4种不同工况(算例)比较,得出了以下几点结论:
(1)刚体轴承存在微小局部磨损,轴承的润滑性能会提升,最小膜厚增加,收敛斜率降低,最大流体动压和摩擦力减小;当磨损深度超过一定阈值后,轴承润滑性能会大幅下降,油膜破裂的区域、最大流体动压、承压区和摩擦耗散都会增加,有磨损加剧的风险。
(2)轴承的弹性模量会对润滑分析造成影响,对比HD模型计算其数值变化不可忽视,在进行油膜润滑分析时需要考虑弹性变形;摩擦力对弹性模量的变化不敏感,它与轴承结构有关。
(3)轴承处在弹性形变和局部磨损的双重作用下,但对轴承润滑性能起重要作用的是局部磨损,在WEHD算例条件下,局部磨损深度变化对轴承润滑性能的影响规律与WHD条件下的变化规律基本一致,摩擦力相比于EHD算例平均增加31.4%,最大流体动压增加24%,油膜破裂区域增大。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52272377; 51809201)
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2024年第28卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.009
  • 接收时间:2024-03-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-23
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国家自然科学基金项目(52272377; 51809201)
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    a.武汉科技大学 机械自动化学院,武汉 430081
    b.武汉科技大学 冶金装备及其控制教育部重点实验室,武汉 430081

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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