Article(id=1243879842219930409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710950400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493664555, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493664555, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493664555, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493664555, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879841024553767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='9', pageStart='1297', pageEnd='1462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493664270, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493987725, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881197806404366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881197806404367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1297, endPage=1306, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879842542891819, articleId=1243879842219930409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical study on ballistic stability of projectile’s underwater motion with tail-slaps, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, numerical simulation of projectile’s underwater motion process with tail-slaps was studied based on CEL (coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian analysis) method. The stability principle of projectile’s motion with tail-slaps was studied. Some parameters, such as initial angle of attack when tail-slaps occurred, maximum angle of attack, and instability critical angle of attack were used to characterize the projectile’s tail-slap. The relationship between stability and angle of attack was revealed. The location change of pressure center caused by projectile’s tail-slap was studied, too. The results showed that the static stability margin of projectile was enough to meet its stability requirements. Finally, three constraint criteria for the motion stability of projectile, including the requirement for the size of cavity, the relative location of center of pressure and center of mass, and the static stability margin of projectile, were obtained. The location and area of tail-slap can be used to control the static stability margin of projectile, some suggestions for the design of projectile’s shape were proposed, too.

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针对超空泡射弹在水下航行过程中的运动稳定性问题,本文基于耦合欧拉—拉格朗日(CEL)方法,在对射弹尾拍航行的数值模拟、尾拍水动力载荷特性分析的基础上,对射弹的尾拍稳定机制进行研究,通过尾拍初始攻角、尾拍最大攻角、失稳临界攻角对射弹尾拍过程进行表征,并揭示超空泡航行稳定性与攻角的关系。而后,对本文锥台形式的射弹的航行稳定性进行评估,通过对其尾拍航行过程中压心位置变化的典型过程、射弹的静稳定度的分析表明,此超空泡射弹总体符合常规无控弹箭的12%~20%静稳定度要求。最后,本文得到超空泡射弹的外形设计需满足的空泡空间约束、尾拍航行稳定性约束以及静稳定度约束原则,进而从尾拍位置、尾拍范围的控制角度,对往复大扰动射弹的外形设计提出建议。

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王晓辉(1988-),男,高级工程师,E-mail:

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王晓辉(1988-),男,高级工程师,E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879842219930409, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=静稳定度)], refs=[Reference(id=1243879857764020591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879842219930409, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=30, issue=null, pageStart=57, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Hrubes J D, journalName=Experiments in Fluids, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hrubes J D. 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超空泡射弹尾拍弹道稳定性的数值研究
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王晓辉 , 苏亮 , 王志
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(9): 1297-1306
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(9): 1297-1306
超空泡射弹尾拍弹道稳定性的数值研究
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王晓辉 , 苏亮, 王志
作者信息
  • 中国船舶科学研究中心,水动力学国家重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 王晓辉(1988-),男,高级工程师,E-mail:

Numerical study on ballistic stability of projectile’s underwater motion with tail-slaps
Xiao-hui WANG , Liang SU, Zhi WANG
Affiliations
  • National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Hydrodynamics, China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2024-09-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.001
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针对超空泡射弹在水下航行过程中的运动稳定性问题,本文基于耦合欧拉—拉格朗日(CEL)方法,在对射弹尾拍航行的数值模拟、尾拍水动力载荷特性分析的基础上,对射弹的尾拍稳定机制进行研究,通过尾拍初始攻角、尾拍最大攻角、失稳临界攻角对射弹尾拍过程进行表征,并揭示超空泡航行稳定性与攻角的关系。而后,对本文锥台形式的射弹的航行稳定性进行评估,通过对其尾拍航行过程中压心位置变化的典型过程、射弹的静稳定度的分析表明,此超空泡射弹总体符合常规无控弹箭的12%~20%静稳定度要求。最后,本文得到超空泡射弹的外形设计需满足的空泡空间约束、尾拍航行稳定性约束以及静稳定度约束原则,进而从尾拍位置、尾拍范围的控制角度,对往复大扰动射弹的外形设计提出建议。

射弹  /  超空泡  /  弹道稳定性  /  尾拍  /  静稳定度

In this paper, numerical simulation of projectile’s underwater motion process with tail-slaps was studied based on CEL (coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian analysis) method. The stability principle of projectile’s motion with tail-slaps was studied. Some parameters, such as initial angle of attack when tail-slaps occurred, maximum angle of attack, and instability critical angle of attack were used to characterize the projectile’s tail-slap. The relationship between stability and angle of attack was revealed. The location change of pressure center caused by projectile’s tail-slap was studied, too. The results showed that the static stability margin of projectile was enough to meet its stability requirements. Finally, three constraint criteria for the motion stability of projectile, including the requirement for the size of cavity, the relative location of center of pressure and center of mass, and the static stability margin of projectile, were obtained. The location and area of tail-slap can be used to control the static stability margin of projectile, some suggestions for the design of projectile’s shape were proposed, too.

projectile  /  supercavity  /  trajectory stability  /  tail-slap  /  static stability margin
王晓辉, 苏亮, 王志. 超空泡射弹尾拍弹道稳定性的数值研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (9) : 1297 -1306 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.001
Xiao-hui WANG, Liang SU, Zhi WANG. Numerical study on ballistic stability of projectile’s underwater motion with tail-slaps[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (9) : 1297 -1306 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.001
超空泡射弹作为超空泡领域的一个重要应用,在航空反水雷、舰艇反鱼雷领域具有很大的军事应用潜力。以美国的机载快速灭雷系统(RAMICS)、“水下密集阵”自适应高速水下射弹(AHSUM)系统为代表,使用超空泡射弹直接命中并毁伤目标的“硬杀伤”型主动防御装备,已成为构建舰艇水下近程防御体系的重要组成。
对于超空泡射弹而言,入水、水中弹道的稳定性是决定其射击精度、作战效能的重要因素。射弹在跨介质入水、水下航行过程中,其扰动运动是局限在超空泡这一动力学边界之内的,除射弹头部空化器与水体持续接触外,弹尾穿越空泡壁面与水体接触,会产生恢复力使其返回超空泡内,如此往复摆动便形成了射弹的尾拍(tail-slap)现象。
尾拍作为超空泡射弹重要的弹道运动形式和动态稳定方式,国内外许多学者对其进行了研究。Hrubes[1]通过超空泡射弹水下发射试验,捕捉到了射弹超空泡航行下的尾拍过程。孟庆昌[2]、张纪华[3]等以轴对称超空泡近似关系式描述空泡边界,通过动力学建模分析了射弹尾拍的动力学特性。李杰[4]、王晓辉[5]等采用CFD数值模拟方法,对射弹尾拍水动力载荷、尾拍弹道特性,以及尾拍对射程的影响进行了一定的研究。
从弹道运动稳定性的角度看,射弹超空泡航行状态下的尾拍稳定方式,与弹、箭的尾翼稳定机制是相似的。本文即基于此,从超空泡射弹尾拍航行状态的表征、尾拍的压心位置的变化、射弹的静稳定度等方面,开展射弹尾拍航行的稳定性研究。
本文选用文献[1]中的超空泡射弹开展研究:射弹空化器直径d=1.42 mm,长度L=157.4 mm,尾端直径D=13.12 mm,弹体选用实心钨合金材质,质心与弹头距离为l=113.4 mm;在其质心位置建立弹体坐标系OxyzOx轴与弹体纵轴重合,Oy轴位于弹体纵向对称面内与Ox轴垂直,Oz轴垂直于Oxy平面并满足右手系。射弹几何形状及弹体坐标系如图1所示,其攻角α与弹体系下的速度分量uv的关系表示为:α=-arctan(v/u)。
对于超空泡射弹水下航行尾拍的数值模拟,采用显式动力学、耦合欧拉—拉格朗日CEL(Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian analysis)方法加以开展。此前在射弹高速入水、水下航行的数值研究中,已对CEL方法在双侧接触求解问题、空泡界面的捕捉精度[6],水动力载荷的模拟精度[57]等进行了验证,此处不再赘述。以下通过射弹带攻角、尾拍入水过程的模拟,引入初始扰动,实现射弹水下超空泡尾拍航行状态的构造。
以射弹在10 m水深、1000 m/s速度、1°攻角下的水平入水过程为例,数值模拟获得的射弹入水的首次尾拍过程,如图2所示。可见,伴随射弹尾拍、弹尾超出空泡触水,空泡界面表现出不连续演化特征。
射弹在入水的首次尾拍后,弹体反向偏转,再次触水、尾拍,进而开始形成射弹稳定的尾拍航行状态。射弹姿态偏转及后续的尾拍过程如图3所示。
对于无控超空泡射弹的弹道稳定性的含义,本文认为应包括:(a)超空泡需始终完整地包覆弹体;(b)侧向扰动使弹体产生攻角、侧滑角,弹体穿越空泡发生尾拍,其尾拍水动力中心需位于弹体质心之后,从而使弹体返回超空泡内;(c)理论上无控超空泡射弹的扰动运动,其质心轨迹不可能是直线,姿态角也会偏离初始值,但偏移量足够小、在工程研究许可范围内,可认为射弹近似的直线弹道运动是稳定的。
由以上数值模拟可见,超空泡射弹在入水首次尾拍、形成初始扰动后,可通过后续尾拍产生的恢复力矩,保持弹道稳定。对于射弹是否进入稳定的尾拍航行状态,可通过射弹尾拍水动力载荷的变化趋势加以判断。
以射弹在10 m水深、1000 m/s速度、1°攻角水平入水后的航行过程为例,伴随射弹的尾拍,弹体系下射弹受到的轴向载荷Fx和侧向载荷Fy的变化如图4所示。
可见在射弹入水初期,相邻的2次尾拍引起的弹体轴向、侧向载荷变化有明显差别;但在射弹第3、4次尾拍,其水动力载荷的形式、幅值以及尾拍作用时间均较为接近,即载荷变化趋于一致,这表明射弹开始进入稳定的水下超空泡尾拍航行状态。
为了进一步验证在不同初始扰动作用下,射弹是否都能呈现相近的稳定尾拍航行状态。以下在相同的入水速度下,通过改变射弹的入水攻角构造射弹在不同初始扰动下的水中弹道发展。射弹以1000 m/s速度水平入水,在入水攻角α分别为0.75°、1.25°、1.75°下,射弹超空泡尾拍航行过程中,轴向载荷Fx和侧向载荷Fy的变化对比如图5所示。
图5时域曲线表明,在不同的初始扰动作用下,射弹的尾拍水动力载荷同样在2次尾拍后,载荷形式、幅值、尾拍作用时间皆趋于一致,射弹开始进入稳定的超空泡尾拍航行状态。因此,对于以上数值模拟,可选取射弹第3次尾拍过程,表征射弹相应航速下稳定的尾拍航行状态,进一步开展射弹尾拍航行稳定性的研究。
超空泡射弹的航行过程,主要包括两种典型运动状态:超空泡包覆航行状态与尾拍航行状态。当射弹航行攻角较小时,弹体的姿态偏转在超空泡形成的空间以内,仅射弹头部空化器与水体接触,此时为超空泡包覆航行状态;随着射弹航行攻角的增大,弹尾穿越空泡与水体接触、发生尾拍,即形成射弹的尾拍航行状态。射弹的这两种运动状态如图6所示。
上述射弹在10 m水深、1000 m/s速度下的稳定尾拍航行过程中,单次尾拍弹体受到的侧向水动力载荷变化、以及相应的航行攻角变化,分别如图7图8所示。其中,A-B、C-D为射弹的超空泡包覆航行状态,B-C为射弹的尾拍航行状态。
可见,相较于射弹尾拍引起的侧向水动力载荷,射弹带攻角航行状态下作用于其头部空化器的侧向水动力载荷是可以近似忽略的。以射弹的单次尾拍过程(A-D)为例,A-B阶段为超空泡包覆航行状态,且射弹的航行攻角持续增大;而后在B-C阶段射弹发生尾拍,在尾拍稳定力矩作用下,射弹的航行攻角得到控制并逐步减小,尾拍起到了稳定弹道的效果;C-D阶段射弹重新回到超空泡包覆航行状态,航行攻角减小至零后反向增大,进入下一个尾拍周期。
射弹发生尾拍才产生稳定力矩,即射弹的超空泡包覆航行状态是不稳定的。同时可见,超空泡射弹的尾拍稳定方式,与空中弹、箭的尾翼稳定机制是相似的,都是通过较大的水动/气动力作用于弹体尾段,使其水动/气动力压心位于弹体质心之后,起到稳定弹道的作用。
沿用尾翼弹的静稳定度[8]定义,在本文图1的弹体坐标系下,其静稳定度为
式中,h为压心与质心之间的距离,l为弹长,xp为压心坐标,为弹体静力矩系数的导数,为其升力系数的导数。
对于尾翼弹、箭而言,在其受到扰动、弹轴离开速度线而产生攻角,由于尾翼的气动力大,压心位于质心之后(h >0),可使弹轴有向速度线靠拢、减小攻角的趋势,进而使其攻角限制在一定范围之内,保持弹道运动的稳定。大量研究与试验显示,对于无控尾翼弹,为保证较好的直线弹道性能,一般要求其静稳定度为12%~20%[8]
超空泡射弹与尾翼弹箭的不同之处在于,随着飞行攻角的增大,尾翼弹的压心逐渐向弹底靠近,静稳定度有所增加;而超空泡射弹随着航行攻角的增加,弹体的尾拍触水范围增大,则会使压心位置快速前移,造成射弹的静稳定度减小,甚至使弹体静不稳定。
因此,对于超空泡射弹而言,其稳定的尾拍航行是限制在一定的攻角范围内的。结合上文空泡包覆状态下的稳定性分析,射弹的航行稳定性与攻角的关系如图9所示。图中α1为射弹弹尾浸湿、发生尾拍的临界攻角,α3为射弹尾拍范围增加、压心过度前移失稳的临界攻角,α2为射弹稳定尾拍航行的最大攻角,其在不同航速下有所不同,但应使α2 <α3
要改善射弹的尾拍稳定性,一方面应使射弹的航行攻角较小即产生尾拍(减小α1),这也与减小射弹散布、保证射击精度要求是一致的;另一方面可通过射弹的构形设计,控制射弹尾拍的触水位置、触水范围,使其水动力作用压心始终处于质心之后(增大α3),以增大射弹稳定运动的攻角范围(α1~α3)。
由以上分析及数值模拟可见,本文研究的超空泡射弹虽然几何形式简单,但是具有一定的代表性,它具有以下特点:(1)射弹整体以超空泡为设计约束边界,通过射弹空化器尺寸、航速的匹配性选择,保证空泡对弹体的完整包覆;(2)通过射弹锥度的选择,沿弹身向后,使弹体与空泡界面的间隙逐渐减小,控制射弹的拍击位置,并使射弹在较小的航行攻角下即发生尾拍。以上这些对保证射弹在尾拍航行过程中的稳定性均是有利的。
以下就以射弹发生尾拍的临界攻角α1、尾拍航行的最大攻角α2、尾拍频率k为表征参数,描述射弹尾拍航行过程,射弹尾拍航行的稳定性,则可通过其在尾拍过程中压心位置变化(尾拍的静稳定度量值)加以评估。
以射弹在1000 m/s航速下的稳定尾拍航行过程为例,由图8可见,射弹发生尾拍的临界攻角α1 ≈1.05°,进入稳定尾拍航行状态后最大的尾拍航行攻角α2 ≈1.40°,尾拍频率k ≈1400 Hz。而射弹单次尾拍过程中,其水动力压心位置变化如图10所示(图中同时标出了弹体质心距弹顶的相对距离)。
由图可见,射弹在超空泡包覆航行状态(A-B、C-D)下,射弹水动力压心位于质心之前;而射弹尾拍航行状态下(B-C),压心位于质心之后。以其最大航行攻角时刻(E时刻)为界,射弹尾拍进入水体阶段(B-E),随着航行攻角的增加、触水范围的增大,压心位置前移;而后射弹反向偏转、离开水体阶段(E-C),航行攻角减小,触水范围减小,压心位置又向后移动。可见,对本文研究的射弹而言,尾拍触水范围是影响其水动力压心位置的重要因素。
考虑到射弹的动态偏转,弹体尾拍航行过程中其有效攻角αeff表示为
式中,αt)为射弹瞬时几何攻角,为射弹偏转引起的诱导攻角,为瞬时角速度,为弹体偏转尾端线速度,Vt)为弹体的瞬时轴向速度。
可以看到,对于起到弹道稳定作用的、射弹尾拍进入水体的(B-E)阶段,随着弹体的几何攻角持续增大,其偏转角速度、诱导攻角分量均逐步减小,直至最大航行攻角时刻(E时刻)角速度、诱导攻角分量为零。由量级分析可知,射弹的诱导攻角分量至少比几何攻角分量小一个量级[5],因此,可忽略射弹偏转角速度的影响,近似地以射弹的几何攻角αt)代替有效攻角αeff,得到射弹尾拍过程中水动力压心与攻角的关系,如图11所示。
由静稳定度的定义,进一步得到射弹尾拍航行、不同攻角下静稳定度的变化,如图12所示。由图可见,本射弹在1000 m/s航速下稳定的尾拍航行过程中,除尾拍触水初始的静稳定度略大外,总体是符合常规的12%~20%静稳定度要求的。
基于本文射弹尾拍的数值模拟方法,改变射弹的初始速度,获得其不同航速下的稳定尾拍航行过程,即可用于射弹在整个水弹道运动过程中尾拍运动特性的研究。同样以射弹10 m水深水平航行过程为例,航速分别为400 m/s、600 m/s、800 m/s、1000 m/s时,射弹单次尾拍其弹体受到的侧向水动力载荷、航行攻角的变化,分别如图13~14所示。
水动力载荷与航速正相关,射弹的航速减小,其尾拍侧向水动力载荷的幅值随之减小;射弹的航速减小,超空泡整体尺度的减小也使弹尾与空泡壁面的间隙逐步减小,尾拍最大航行攻角α2也有所减小。而尾拍作用时间的增加,会使射弹的尾拍频率k随航速的降低呈逐渐减小的趋势。同时由图13可见,射弹航速的降低、超空泡尺度的减小(射弹减速至400 m/s时),还会使其超空泡包覆运动形式(前文图10中的A-B、C-D)逐步消失,形成完全由尾拍运动形式构成弹道运动过程,如图15所示。
进一步得到射弹不同航速下单次尾拍过程中弹体水动力压心的变化,以及不同航速下射弹尾拍进入水体阶段的静稳定度的变化,其结果分别如图16~17所示。
图16可见,不同航速下,射弹尾拍运动过程中水动力压心位置的变化规律一致,压心的变化范围也是相近的。图17则显示,随着射弹航速的衰减,弹体尾拍航行过程中尾拍的临界攻角α1、尾拍航行的最大攻角α2均逐步减小。同时,弹体尾拍进入水体过程中(从触水尾拍到达到最大浸没深度(α1~α2)),弹体的静稳定度变化规律、量值变化也是基本一致的。因此,射弹在其整个水弹道运动过程中,基本满足12%~20%静稳定度要求。
由此可见,静稳定度同样是超空泡射弹尾拍稳定航行的重要参量,相较于空中弹箭通过尾翼的布局设计获得所需的静稳定度,超空泡射弹则是通过控制弹体尾拍位置、尾拍触水范围的方式来调整其静稳定度的。
由本文的研究可知,在保证空泡完整包覆和足够的尾拍静稳定度要求下,超空泡射弹的尾拍稳定航行过程可视为一种自适应的稳定控制过程。相对地,空泡的空间约束与尾拍航行稳定性约束,就构成了超空泡射弹设计的两个重要的约束条件。
射弹整个弹道运动过程中的超空泡轮廓作为空间约束,决定了射弹的总体尺度;而射弹的尾拍航行稳定性约束,使其水动力压心位于弹体质心之后,保证其在一定攻角下的弹道运动不发散;以控制射弹的尾拍位置、范围为目的,调整射弹结构,从而满足其静稳定度要求,即构成超空泡射弹设计的第三个重要的约束条件。
如前文所述,以空泡轮廓为设计约束边界,本文研究的超空泡射弹在外形设计时,以控制弹体与空泡界面间隙的方式控制射弹的尾拍位置,保证了其超空泡航行的稳定性。但也可以看到,此射弹在大攻角航行状态下,由于尾拍范围过大、压心位置过度前移易造成弹道失稳,因此仅适用于具有较小初始扰动的水下发射方式。
对于机载发射的、具有较大初始扰动与入水攻角的超空泡射弹而言,在其尾拍航行稳定约束下,锥—柱—尾翼结合形式的射弹构型是较好的选择。
以上文射弹在航速V=1000 m/s、攻角α=2.5°时的航行状态为例,可自射弹尾拍触水起始位置起向后切除弹体,构造锥—柱结合形式的射弹主体结构;同时以空泡轮廓为约束边界设计射弹尾翼,使射弹尾拍触水范围限制在尾翼部分,达到控制尾拍位置、范围的效果(图18),进而还可通过调整尾翼面积、翼片数目、尾翼安装位置等以获得合适的静稳定度,实现水下超空泡射弹的稳定航行。
本文针对锥台形超空泡射弹的水中航行弹道稳定性问题,基于数值模拟方法对射弹尾拍航行过程中的空泡包覆状态、水动力载荷变化、水动力压心位置变化、尾拍静稳定度进行了研究,得到如下结论:
(1)超空泡包覆航行状态与尾拍航行状态是超空泡射弹的两种典型航行状态,超空泡包覆航行状态是不稳定的,射弹主要通过尾拍产生的恢复力矩保持其弹道运动的稳定。
(2)超空泡射弹在尾拍航行过程中,随着航行攻角的增大、尾拍触水范围的增加会使压心位置快速前移,从而可能造成弹道运动的不稳定。本文提出了超空泡航行状态下攻角与稳定性准则,可用于超空泡射弹等的评价与设计参考。
(3)超空泡射弹的外形设计,应当同时满足空泡的空间约束以及尾拍航行稳定性约束。空泡对射弹的完整包覆要求,重点关注射弹的航行速度、空化器大小选择;而射弹运动的静稳定度要求,可从其尾拍位置、尾拍范围的控制上加以实现。对于具有较大初始扰动与入水攻角的超空泡射弹而言,锥—柱—尾翼结合形式的射弹构型可能是较好的选择。
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2024年第28卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.001
  • 接收时间:2024-03-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-21
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    中国船舶科学研究中心,水动力学国家重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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